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Reinventing Plastics THE VEOLIA INSTITUTE REVIEW FACTS REPORTS 2019 REINVENTING PLASTICS In partnership with THE VEOLIA INSTITUTE REVIEW - FACTS REPORTS THINKING TOGETHER TO ILLUMINATE THE FUTURE THE VEOLIA INSTITUTE Designed as a platform for discussion and collective thinking, the Veolia Institute has been exploring the future at the crossroads between society and the environment since it was set up in 2001. Its mission is to think together to illuminate the future. Working with the global academic community, it facilitates multi-stakeholder analysis to explore emerging trends, particularly the environmental and societal challenges of the coming decades. It focuses on a wide range of issues related to the future of urban living as well as sustainable production and consumption (cities, urban services, environment, energy, health, agriculture, etc.). Over the years, the Veolia Institute has built up a high-level international network of academic and scientifi c experts, universities and research bodies, policymakers, NGOs, and international organizations. The Institute pursues its mission through high-level publications and conferences, and foresight working groups. Internationally recognized as a legitimate platform for exploring global issues, the Veolia Institute has official NGO observer status under the terms of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change. THE FORESIGHT COMMITTEE Drawing on the expertise and international reputation of its members, the Foresight Committee guides the work of the Veolia Institute and steers its development. The current members of the Foresight Committee are: Harvey Fineberg, President of the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and former President of the American Institute of Medicine; Pierre-Marc Johnson, international lawyer and former Premier of Quebec; Philippe Kourilsky, Honorary Director General of the Pasteur Institute; Mamphela Ramphele, former Managing Director of the World Bank; Amartya Sen, Nobel Prize-winning economist and Professor at Harvard University; and Nicholas Stern, Professor of Economics at the London School of Economics, Fellow of the British Academy and the Royal Society. Review coordinated by THE REVIEW Fanny Arnaud The Veolia Institute Review - FACTS Reports is a high-level international publication compiling diverse perspectives on topics at the crossroads between society and the environment. The review was launched in 2007 with the aim of sharing best practices from the fi eld, to help fi nd solutions to problems in the economy, development, healthcare, environment, agriculture and education, in both developing and developed countries. The interdisciplinary review is a vehicle for sharing the experiences and expertise of diff erent stakeholders (researchers, academic experts, policymakers, companies, NGOs, international organizations, etc.), with the aim of taking advantage of a diversity of perspectives on a given topic, by combining feedback on best practices from the fi eld and expert analysis. The articles are subject to a reading committee prior to publication. www.institut.veolia.org | THE VEOLIA INSTITUTE REVIEW - FACTS REPORTS CONTENTS Plastics: from apogee P. 62 1. to controversy Microplastics in the oceans: the solutions lie on land André Abreu, Maria Luiza Pedrotti P. 06 The history of plastics: from P. 68 P.02 the Capitol to the Tarpeian Rock The challenges of measuring plastic pollution FOREWORD Philippe Chalmin Guillaume Billard, Julien Boucher Harvey V. Fineberg P. 12 Plastics recycling worldwide: current overview and Reinventing the future P.03 desirable changes 3. of plastic Woldemar d’Ambrières INTRODUCTION David Ojcius P. 22 P. 78 Nicolas Renard Why the “New Plastics Economy” Towards a “New Plastics Economy” must be a circular economy Sander Defruyt Daniel Calleja P. 82 P. 28 Turning the Netherlands into The informal waste sector: a plastic “Circular Hotspot” a solution to the recycling problem Hildagarde McCarville in developing countries Siddharth Hande P. 86 Project STOP: city partnerships to P. 36 prevent ocean plastics in Indonesia Plastics from a whole planet Martin R. Stuchtey, Ben Dixon, perspective Joi Danielson, Jason Hale, Erin Simon Dorothea Wiplinger, Phan Bai P. 92 Value and limitations Yoyo: recycling all plastic. Impossible? 2. of plastics We’ve already started! The Yoyo team P. 44 P. 96 Accelerating transition to a circular Plastic Bank: economy in plastics launching Social Plastic® revolution Nicolas Grégoire, Igor Chauvelot David Katz P. 48 P. 100 Closed-loop polypropylene, Implications of the circular economy an opportunity for and digital transition on skills and green the automotive sector jobs in the plastics industry Toni Gallone, Agathe Zeni-Guido Carola Guyot Phung P. 54 Microplastics in our oceans and marine health Subhankar Chatterjee, Shivika Sharma 01 THE VEOLIA INSTITUTE REVIEW - FACTS REPORTS FOREWORD Harvey V. Fineberg - President of the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Former President of the US National Academy of Medicine and Member of the Veolia Institute Foresight Committee Mr. McGuire: I want to say one Especially worrying are environmental impacts of discarded or word to you. Just one word. leaked plastic, degradation of natural systems, and pollution. Benjamin: Yes, sir. On land, in rivers and at sea, plastic litter is unsightly and Mr. McGuire: Are you listening? wreaks havoc on ecosystems. Plastic dumped in the ocean Benjamin: Yes, I am. deleteriously aff ects tourism, fi shing and shipping. Altogether, Mr. McGuire: Plastics. an estimated 8 million tons of plastic leak into the ocean Benjamin: Exactly how do you every year1. mean? Plastic can persist for hundreds of years in the oceans. Mr. McGuire: There’s a great Depending on the specifi c polymer, density and composition, future in plastics. Think about it. many sea-borne plastics will eventually degrade into micro- Will you think about it? particles or fi bers, which in turn can persist even longer. Today, [Dialogue from the fi lm, an estimated 150 million tons of plastic pollute the world’s The Graduate, 1967.] oceans, and the amount cumulates with every additional Plastics – versatile, flexible, strong, lightweight, durable, leakage. If current trends continue, by 2050, seaborne plastic impervious to water, and inexpensive – are ubiquitous will weigh as much as all the fi sh in the ocean1. in modern life. In 1967, when the film, The Graduate, was Micro-plastics in the ocean are finding their way into and released, worldwide plastic production hovered around up the food chain, with uncertain implications for human 30 million metric tons. By 2016, global production had health3. One recent study found 90% of samples of sea salt multiplied tenfold to 335 million metric tons, and if current contaminated with micro-plastic, and the amount correlated trends continue, worldwide annual production will surpass with density of ocean plastic in diff erent parts of the world4. 1,100 million metric tons by 20501,2. It seems Mr. McGuire had a point: there was a great future in plastics. Reducing ocean contamination with plastics deserves urgent action by governments, industry and consumer groups in Plastics made many things better. Lighter than metal, more all parts of the world. Moving plastics from the disposable durable than wood, moldable into any shape, rigid or fl exible, society into the circular economy is the only sustainable plastics remade products and packaging. Industries as way forward. This begins with reducing waste of plastic varied as automobile manufacturing, hardware, dry goods and improving efficiency of production, continues with and groceries turned to plastic to reduce expenses, improve designing plastic products to be more readily compostable appearance, retain freshness and decrease pilfering. In and recyclable (for example, eliminating mixed plastic types modern hospitals, plastics appear everywhere from surgical in bottles and caps), benefi ts from technological advances in suites to gurneys. Single use items, such as surgical gloves and processing and recycling facilities, and requires pathways for intravenous bags and lines, reduce risk of contamination and re-use of plastic products. Specifi c eff orts to protect sea life eliminate the need for many sterilization procedures. and reduce the burden of plastic in oceans will require greater Nowhere is the disposable society more manifest than in awareness of the scope of the problem, scientific research, the rise of plastic packaging. Today, packaging accounts for technological ingenuity, economic incentives and political more than one quarter of all plastic production, and if current determination. Plastic in the oceans is a classic case of the trends continue, packaging alone will amount to more than tragedy of the commons, where individuals acting in their 300 million metric tons of plastic by 2050. Today, only 14% independent self-interest collectively degrade the value of a of plastic packaging is collected for recycling (compared to shared resource5. 58% of paper and 70-90% of iron and steel) and, with losses This issue of The Veolia Institute Review - FACTS Reports from resorting and processing, only about 1/3 of that actually portrays the history, uses and future of plastics in revealing makes its way into a new product. Thus, 95% of plastic and important ways. If plastics can gain a firm place in packaging material, valued at $80 to $120 billion, is lost to the the circular economy, then we can give new meaning to economy shortly after its fi rst use1. Mr. McGuire’s declaration more than
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