DOCSLIB.ORG

Act Now for Robert Sobukwe's Release

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Act Now for Robert Sobukwe's Release Act Now for Robert Sobukwe's Release http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.acoa000315 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Act Now for Robert Sobukwe's Release Alternative title Act Now for Robert Sobukwe's Release Author/Creator American Committee on Africa Publisher American Committee on Africa Date 1968? Resource type Reports Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa, United States Coverage (temporal) 1968? Source Africa Action Archive Rights By kind permission of Africa Action, incorporating the American Committee on Africa, The Africa Fund, and the Africa Policy Information Center. Description South Africa has only one admitted political prisoner, among all the thousands imprisoned for offenses against the state-Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe. His sentence expired on May 3, 1963. Pan African Congress. The Sobukwe Clause. Sharpeville. Robben Island. Suppression of Communism Act. Format extent 3 page(s) (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.acoa000315 http://www.aluka.org ACT NOW FOR ROBERT SOBUKWE' S RELEASE ACT NOW FOR ROBERT SOBUKWE' S RELEASE South Africa has only one admitted political prisoner, among all the thousands imprisoned for offenses against the state - Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe. His sentence expired on lay 3, 1,63, and every year since, the all-white Parliament of 3outh Africa has faced a peculiar legislative task: detaining Mr. Sobukwe, who has already served nearly three times his original sentence, without further charges or recourse to the courts. Suc is the nature of South African justice. Background: In 1960, the Pan Africanist Congress launched a campaign against the oppressive and omnipresent pass law system in South Africa, a system which enables the state to physically control Africans and constantly remind them of their third-class status within South African society. One tragic result of this anti- pass campaign, the brutal shooting of 67 Africans at the police station in Sharpeville, is well-known. A new wave of Government repression followed. Numerous African nationalist leaders were imprisoned and the major African political parties, the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) and the African National Congress, were banned. The President of the PAC, a 36-year-old linguistics professor named Robert Sobukwe, was among those imprisoned. Sobwcwe was charged with inciting people to support the pass campaign. In -ay 1960 he received a prison sentence of three years. The 'Sobukwe Clause.' Two days before Sobukwe's sentence expired, the South African Parliament passed a section of the General Law Amendment Act which was 1 subsequently called the 'Sobukwe Clause.' This clause, which amended the Suppression of Conmunism Act of 1950, states that the South African Minister of Justice can prohibit the release of a prisoner, convicted under certain South 1 General Law Amendment Acts are annual laws which amend previous Acts. 2. African 'security' laws, if he feels that the person, upon release, would be likely to further the achievement of any of the statutory objectives of 2 Cominunism. According to the amendment, the power of the Minister of Justice to detain a prisoner must be renewed every 12 months by a resolution of bc4 ' Houses of Parliament. Thus, every year since 1963, before the possible expiration of the clause on June 30, Parliament has faithfully rue .ed the law which keeps Sobukwe in custody. In another section of the General La- iendment Act of 1963, Parliament passed the infamous 90-day detention law whereby a person can be held for interrogation purposes and then rearrested immediately for repeatable 90- day terms. This side of eternity on Robben Island' After the passage of the 13obu:we Clause' in 1963, Robert Sobukwe was transferred to Robben Island where he remains today, serving what amounts to a life sentence. The Linister of Justice has consistently refused appeals to release Sobukwe, and former Kinister of Justice, now Prime i.inister Vorster, justified his continued detention on the grounds that Mr. Sobukwe had undergone " no change of heart during his imprisonment and had 'not given up his intention to overthrow the Governnment. Vorste; even admitted that Sobukwe would be held in custody up to this side of eternity.' In 1964, 1irs. Veronica obunwe asked that her husband be released on the condition that he leave Jouth Aifrica on an exit visa. Uhat could he do then?" she asked. :You would be surprised,' was Vorster's reply. The present iinister of Justice, P.C.Pelser, conmiented in response to a question by Lrs. Helen 2 The Suppression of Corm.unisn Act (1950) defines a communist as 'a person who professes to be a conmmunist or who, after having been given a reasonable opportimity of r.aking such representations as he considers necessary, is deemed by the Governor-General ... to be a comn.unist on the ground that he is advocating ... any of the objects of comunism.' A communist is thus anyone who aims at "bringing about any political, industrial, socia] or economic change in the country by unlawful acts' or anyone who has encouraged a feeling of hostility between blacks and whites in South Africa. In practice, the Suppression of Comrmunism Act is a political instrument used to identify and prosecute the opponents of apartheid. 3. Suzmaoe 1gressve Party M.P.: 'This is a case of prevention being better than cure. We are detaining Robert Sobukwe on Robben Island because he canno* escape from there ... We do not regard him as a prisoner; we regard and treat him as a detainee ... I cannot tell the honorable member (Mrs. 3mman) at this stage that under these or those virowastances I shall be prepared to release him.' (Debates, June 12, 13, 1967) The Sobukwe case is just one in thousands. Of the other non-criminal prisoners in South African jails and on Robben Island, the Minister of Justice says: 'They have been tried, convicted, and sentenced by courts of competent jizai on in respect of serious crimes against the public safety and security of the state.i' Opposing apartheid is a serious crime. Because Sobukwe's case is more visible, and its questionable legality requires parliamentary action each year, it offers an opportunity to protest against the denial of human rights in South Africa, and some possibility of helping the prisoner. The South African Parliament must act again before June 30 if Sobukwe is to be kept in detention. South Africa has shown that it is not always immunn to external pressure, most recently in the waver of expected death sentences for any of the South West African nationalist defendants in Februar-y. We therefore urge you to call for the release of Robert Sobukwe by June 30 when his last 'legislative sentence' expires, and to protest the detention of the many thousands whose only crime has been to challenge the racism of a police state. Write Now To: The Minister of Justice and of Prisons Mr. P.C.Pelser House of Assembly Cape Town, South Africa American Committee on Africa, 164 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Human Rights Day: Remembering Robert Sobukwe’S Role in the Fight for Freedom and Equality – Izwelethu
    HUMAN RIGHTS DAY: REMEMBERING ROBERT SOBUKWE’S ROLE IN THE FIGHT FOR FREEDOM AND EQUALITY – IZWELETHU Robert Sobukwe and Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) supporters march to Orlando police station in the Anti-pass protest. Photo courtesy of UWC-RIM-Mayibuye Archives Collection. On 21 March 1960, the founding member of the Pan Africanist Congress, Robert Managaliso Sobukwe, together with the community of Sharpeville township orchestrated a peaceful protest against the Pass laws instituted by the ruling Nationalist Party at the time. In what would become known as the Sharpeville Massacre, the police opened fire at the crowd killing 69 people and wounding 180.1 This day is now known as Human Rights Day where all South Africans pay tribute to our heroic struggle icons on 21 March each year. Human Rights Day was declared an official public holiday in 1994 and is commemorated annually to reinforce the Bill of Rights included in the South African Constitution, these rights include: equality, human dignity, freedom of movement and Robben Island Museum, PO Box 51806, V&A Waterfront 8002 • Tel +27 (0) 21 413 4200 • Fax +27 (0) 21 419 1057 • website: www.robben-island.org.za residence, language and culture, and life.3 This day will forever signify the fight for freedom and equality by those who were bold enough to rise against a broken and inhumane government regime. “Robben Island is a symbol of triumph of the human spirit over adversity, and one individual who had to overcome such adversity is Sobukwe,” says Morongoa Ramaboa, Robben Island Museum’s Spokesperson. Born 05 December 1924, Sobukwe was a leader, a father, a teacher and a hero to many.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gordian Knot: Apartheid & the Unmaking of the Liberal World Order, 1960-1970
    THE GORDIAN KNOT: APARTHEID & THE UNMAKING OF THE LIBERAL WORLD ORDER, 1960-1970 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Ryan Irwin, B.A., M.A. History ***** The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Professor Peter Hahn Professor Robert McMahon Professor Kevin Boyle Professor Martha van Wyk © 2010 by Ryan Irwin All rights reserved. ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the apartheid debate from an international perspective. Positioned at the methodological intersection of intellectual and diplomatic history, it examines how, where, and why African nationalists, Afrikaner nationalists, and American liberals contested South Africa’s place in the global community in the 1960s. It uses this fight to explore the contradictions of international politics in the decade after second-wave decolonization. The apartheid debate was never at the center of global affairs in this period, but it rallied international opinions in ways that attached particular meanings to concepts of development, order, justice, and freedom. As such, the debate about South Africa provides a microcosm of the larger postcolonial moment, exposing the deep-seated differences between politicians and policymakers in the First and Third Worlds, as well as the paradoxical nature of change in the late twentieth century. This dissertation tells three interlocking stories. First, it charts the rise and fall of African nationalism. For a brief yet important moment in the early and mid-1960s, African nationalists felt genuinely that they could remake global norms in Africa’s image and abolish the ideology of white supremacy through U.N.
    [Show full text]
  • Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume 2
    VOLUME TWO Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report The report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was presented to President Nelson Mandela on 29 October 1998. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Ms Hlengiwe Mkhize Chairperson Dr Alex Boraine Mr Dumisa Ntsebeza Vice-Chairperson Ms Mary Burton Dr Wendy Orr Revd Bongani Finca Adv Denzil Potgieter Ms Sisi Khampepe Dr Fazel Randera Mr Richard Lyster Ms Yasmin Sooka Mr Wynand Malan* Ms Glenda Wildschut Dr Khoza Mgojo * Subject to minority position. See volume 5. Chief Executive Officer: Dr Biki Minyuku I CONTENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 6 National Overview .......................................... 1 Special Investigation The Death of President Samora Machel ................................................ 488 Chapter 2 The State outside Special Investigation South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 42 Helderberg Crash ........................................... 497 Special Investigation Chemical and Biological Warfare........ 504 Chapter 3 The State inside South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 165 Special Investigation Appendix: State Security Forces: Directory Secret State Funding................................... 518 of Organisations and Structures........................ 313 Special Investigation Exhumations....................................................... 537 Chapter 4 The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990 ..................................................... 325 Special Investigation Appendix: Organisational structures and The Mandela United
    [Show full text]
  • The Power of Heritage to the People
    How history Make the ARTS your BUSINESS becomes heritage Milestones in the national heritage programme The power of heritage to the people New poetry by Keorapetse Kgositsile, Interview with Sonwabile Mancotywa Barbara Schreiner and Frank Meintjies The Work of Art in a Changing Light: focus on Pitika Ntuli Exclusive book excerpt from Robert Sobukwe, in a class of his own ARTivist Magazine by Thami ka Plaatjie Issue 1 Vol. 1 2013 ISSN 2307-6577 01 heritage edition 9 772307 657003 Vusithemba Ndima He lectured at UNISA and joined DACST in 1997. He soon rose to Chief Director of Heritage. He was appointed DDG of Heritage and Archives in 2013 at DAC (Department of editorial Arts and Culture). Adv. Sonwabile Mancotywa He studied Law at the University of Transkei elcome to the Artivist. An artivist according to and was a student activist, became the Wikipedia is a portmanteau word combining youngest MEC in Arts and Culture. He was “art” and “activist”. appointed the first CEO of the National W Heritage Council. In It’s Bigger Than Hip Hop by M.K. Asante. Jr Asante writes that the artivist “merges commitment to freedom and Thami Ka Plaatjie justice with the pen, the lens, the brush, the voice, the body He is a political activist and leader, an and the imagination. The artivist knows that to make an academic, a historian and a writer. He is a observation is to have an obligation.” former history lecturer and registrar at Vista University. He was deputy chairperson of the SABC Board. He heads the Pan African In the South African context this also means that we cannot Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • The of Berkeley in the Early 1960S
    240465-Carnegie 3/19/04 9:12 AM Page Cov1 Carnegie Corporation of New York vol. 2/no. 4 Spring 2004 Alternative Pathways to College Centers of Education in Russia An Interview with Marta Tienda The Southof frica 240465-Carnegie 3/19/04 9:12 AM Page Cov2 In April 2003, I was asked to chair the jury that judged the the nation. Complete transparency is not a choice: it is a mandate. competition to select the World Trade Center memorial. My In a recent report, John E. Craig, Jr., executive vice president twelve colleagues and I spent many hours—too many to count and treasurer of The Commonwealth Fund writes, “It seems clear and the work too important to be measured simply by increments that foundations should do more to promote a fuller understand- of time—reviewing the more than 5,000 designs submitted to us, ing of the financial realities that govern their existence, the strate- not only by Americans but by people from all over the world. We gies and management practices that make them effective, and the were all deeply committed to fulfilling the jury’s charge to find a role they play in society.” I couldn’t agree more. Foundations design that, as we said in one of our statements about the process, should stand for the best ideas and impulses of the American was “To remember and honor those who died, to recognize the people, their idealism, altruism, and generosity. Therefore, their endurance of those who survived, and the courage of those values, and how they conduct themselves, must be “higher than who risked their lives to save others.” One thing that became the prevailing standards.” We are accountable not only before the clear as we poured over these law and the court of public opinion, but before history as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Apartheid Movement Social Movements Are Rarely Born in Isolation, and the Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) in South Africa Is No Different
    Anti-Apartheid Movement Social movements are rarely born in isolation, and the anti-apartheid movement (AAM) in South Africa is no different. The AAM grew out of ongoing resistance movements and the efforts of many within South Africa and the international community to end racial inequality and the oppressive policies of enforced racial segregation in South Africa known as apartheid. Resistance to long-standing racial inequality in South Africa was evident before the beginning of the 20th century. Organized resistance began with groups such as the Natal Indian Congress, African churches, labor and trade unions, the African National Congress (ANC), and the Communist Party. Subsequent organizations such as the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), founded in 1959 by Robert Sobukwe, the South African Student's Organization (SASO), founded in 1969 by Stephen Biko, and the United Democratic Front, founded in 1983 proved instrumental in ending apartheid. Early forms of resistance were primarily peaceful, including mass demonstrations, civil disobedience, boycotts, and strikes. These strategies, employed by various groups in an effort to achieve social justice and to bring an end to the oppressive white South African government, never quieted. However, as a result of ongoing racial segregation, subsequent generations of African leaders determined that violent measures were necessary in order to gain freedom. The 1940s witnessed a number of important events that became crucial for the AAM, both in South Africa and abroad. Within South Africa, Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, and Oliver Tambo formed a youth league within the ANC to develop new strategies of resistance. Around the same time, the ever-growing oppression was forcing growing numbers of South Africans into exile in London.
    [Show full text]
  • We Were Cut Off from the Comprehension of Our Surroundings
    Black Peril, White Fear – Representations of Violence and Race in South Africa’s English Press, 1976-2002, and Their Influence on Public Opinion Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln vorgelegt von Christine Ullmann Institut für Völkerkunde Universität zu Köln Köln, Mai 2005 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work presented here is the result of years of research, writing, re-writing and editing. It was a long time in the making, and may not have been completed at all had it not been for the support of a great number of people, all of whom have my deep appreciation. In particular, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Michael Bollig, Prof. Dr. Richard Janney, Dr. Melanie Moll, Professor Keyan Tomaselli, Professor Ruth Teer-Tomaselli, and Prof. Dr. Teun A. van Dijk for their help, encouragement, and constructive criticism. My special thanks to Dr Petr Skalník for his unflinching support and encouraging supervision, and to Mark Loftus for his proof-reading and help with all language issues. I am equally grateful to all who welcomed me to South Africa and dedicated their time, knowledge and effort to helping me. The warmth and support I received was incredible. Special thanks to the Burch family for their help settling in, and my dear friend in George for showing me the nature of determination. Finally, without the unstinting support of my two colleagues, Angelika Kitzmantel and Silke Olig, and the moral and financial backing of my family, I would surely have despaired. Thank you all for being there for me. We were cut off from the comprehension of our surroundings; we glided past like phantoms, wondering and secretly appalled, as sane men would be before an enthusiastic outbreak in a madhouse.
    [Show full text]
  • South-Africa-Revision-Guide-2016
    WADDESDON CE SCHOOL HISTORY DEPARTMENT GCSE REVISION GUIDE CHANGES IN SOUTH AFRICA 1948-1994 UNIT 2: SOUTH AFRICA - 1 hour 15 minutes [Total: 51+3] QUESTION 1 – Sources 1a) Use Source A and your own knowledge to describe … [3] Source A tells me is that… From my own knowledge… Also… b) Explain why… [6] There were several reasons why… One reason why… This led to… Furthermore… Another reason was… As a result… c) Why do Sources B and C have different views about …? [8] Source B and C present different views about… Source B states that… They hold this view because… In contrast, Source C states… They hold this view because… Overall, they are different because… QUESTION 2 – Content 2a) Describe…[4] You need to give a description using as much detail as possible (make 4 clear points) b) Explain why… [6] There were several reasons why… One reason why… This led to… Furthermore… Another reason was… As a result… c) Why was… significant/ How important was…? [8] … was very/quite/not important/significant for a number of reasons. One reason was… because… Another reason was because… Also… On the other hand… Overall… QUESTION 3 – Content 3a) Outline briefly the changes… (4) One key change was… Furthermore… As a result… Finally… Were … the main reason why…? / How far was… the main reason for…? [12+3(for SPAG)] On the one hand, … was a main reason for…. For example, …. However, there were other reasons for… For example,… Overall, I think … was the main reason because… (you can go for a combination!) Revision Tips Keep your revision active – mind maps, index cards, tests, timelines, sort cards… Take regular breaks to keep your concentration to an optimum.
    [Show full text]
  • Papers-Of-Robert-Sobukwe.Pdf
    A2618 ROBERT SOBUKWE PAPERS, 1954-2013 Copyright 2011, Historical Papers Research Archive, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 10 boxes and photographs This collection was presented to the Historical Papers Research Archive in 1997 by Benjamin Pogrund, former Deputy editor of the Rand Daily Mail, and a close friend of Robert Sobukwe, founder and leader of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). He is the auhor of the books "Sobukwe and Apartheid" and "How can man die better: the life of Robert Sobukwe". The Robert Sobukwe Papers contains extensive correspondence between Sobukwe and Pogrund and Sobukwe and his wife Veronica, as well as photographs and publications. The collection gives an insight into the life and struggle of Robert Sobukwe, and the history of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). Archivists' Notes: Some of the correspondence between Robert Sobukwe and his wife Veronica has not been published, due to its personal nature, subject to approval by the Sobukwe family. See mainly section Bc. CLASSIFICATION A PERSONAL Aa Biographical notes, academic results, testimonials, letters of application, obituary, pictures of Sobukwe. PAC badges. 1954-1988 Ab Sobukwe's application to leave South Africa on an exit permit, to study in the USA 1971 Ac Sobukwe's application for admission as attorney in Kimberley, 1975 Includes copies of his banning orders, signed by Jimmy Kruger. Ad Photographs B CORRESPONDENCE - with Robert Sobukwe and concerning him. 1961-1988 Ba Correspondence between Benjamin Pogrund and Robert Sobukwe, and general Bb Originals of some of Sobukwe' s letters to Pogrund and others 1964-1974 Bc Correspondence with Veronica Sobukwe.
    [Show full text]
  • Interview with Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe
    Interview with Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org/. Page 1 of 14 Author/Creator Sobukwe, Robert Mangaliso (Interviewee); Gerhart, Gail M. (Interviewer) Date 1970-08-08 - 1970-08-09 Resource type Interviews Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1948-1970 Rights By kind permission of Gail M. Gerhart. Description Robert Sobukwe (1924-1978) grew up in Graaff-Reinet, attended Healdtown and graduated in 1949 from Fort Hare where he had a distinguished academic record and showed promise as a public speaker. He became a teacher in Standerton, and later taught African languages at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg.
    [Show full text]
  • Resistance to Apartheid
    RESISTANCE TO APARTHEID MAYIBUYE! iAFRIKA! • The ANC Youth League NON-VIOLENT PROTEST IN THE 1950s • “Open the jail doors, we want to enter!”: The Defiance Campaign – Repressive government legislation and actions • “The People shall govern”: The Freedom Charter • The Treason Trial • “Strijdom, you have struck a rock!”: Women’s resistance THE 1960s – THE ROAD TO ARMED STRUGGLE • The formation of the PAC • The Sharpeville Massacre – What really happened at Sharpeville? Dealing with conflicting sources • Moving towards the armed struggle • The Rivonia Trial THE 1970s – THE YOUTH TAKE CHARGE • Steve Biko and the Rise of Black Consciousness • The death of Steve Biko THE SOWETO UPRISING OF 1976 GRADE 9 $POUFOU 3FQSFTTJPOBOE SFTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE MAYIBUYE! iAFRIKA! GRADE 11 $POUFOU 8IBUXBTUIFOBUVSFPG 'SPNUIFTUPUIFT SFTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJEUPPLNBOZEJGGFSFOUGPSNT*OUIF SFTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE T UIFSFTJTUBODFNPWFNFOUXBTTUJMMNPEFSBUF CVUJOUIFT JUUVSOFEUPPQFO CVUOPOWJPMFOU DPOGSPOUBUJPO*OUIFFBSMZTJUUPPLVQBSNTJOUIFTUSVHHMF5IF TUBUFNFUFWFSZBUUFNQUBUSFTJTUBODFCZJODSFBTJOHJUTSFQSFTTJPO %FTQJUFUIF4PVUI"GSJDBOHPWFSONFOUµTIBSTIQPMJDJFTBOEUIFHSPXJOHQPWFSUZBOE IBSETIJQPGUIF"GSJDBOQFPQMF UIFSFXBTMJUUMFPSHBOJ[FECMBDLSFTJTUBODFBHBJOTUUIF TUBUFVOUJMUIJOHTCFHBOUPDIBOHFJOUIFT5IFSFXFSFNBOZQPQVMBSTUSVHHMFT EVSJOHUIJTUJNF JODMVEJOHIPVTJOHQSPUFTUTBOECVTCPZDPUUT.BOZPGUIFTFTUSVHHMFT XFSFJOTQJSFECZUIFBDUJWJUJFTPGUIF$PNNVOJTU1BSUZPG4PVUI"GSJDB $14" XIJDIXBT GPSNFEJO"MBSHFOVNCFSPGUIFMFBEFSTPGUIF$14"XFSFXIJUF .FNCFSTPGUIF$PNNVOJTU1BSUZPG4PVUI"GSJDBIFMQFEPSHBOJ[FMJGUTGPSUIFSFTJEFOUTPG"MFYBOESBEVSJOH
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction: 1960 – a Year of Destiny
    The South African liberation movements in exile, c. 1945-1970. Arianna Lissoni This thesis is submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, January 2008. ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on the reorganisation in exile of the African National Congress (ANC) and Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) of South Africa during the 1960s. The 1960s are generally regarded as a period of quiescence in the historiography of the South African liberation struggle. This study partially challenges such a view. It argues that although the 1960s witnessed the progressive silencing of all forms of opposition by the apartheid government in South Africa, this was also a difficult time of experimentation and change, during which the exiled liberation movements had to adjust to the dramatically altered conditions of struggle emerging in the post-Sharpeville context. The thesis traces the roots and early history of the international networks of solidarity between South Africa and Britain from the time of the 1945 Pan African Congress to the founding of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement in 1960. It proceeds to examine the first attempts by the South African liberation movements to set up an external presence through the South African United Front, the causes of its demise and its legacy in terms of future unity. The establishment of the external mission of the ANC, its activities, and its relationship with host African countries vis-à-vis that of the PAC are analysed in detail. The research then focuses on problems of representation emerging from the gradual take-over of the ANC external mission as the sole representative of the whole of the Congress Alliance as a result of the Rivonia raid and trial.
    [Show full text]