Resistance to Apartheid

RESISTANCE TO APARTHEID

MAYIBUYE! iAFRIKA! • The ANC Youth League NON-VIOLENT PROTEST IN THE 1950s • “Open the jail doors, we want to enter!”: The Deﬁance Campaign – Repressive government legislation and actions • “The People shall govern”: The Freedom Charter • The Treason Trial • “Strijdom, you have struck a rock!”: Women’s resistance THE 1960s – THE ROAD TO ARMED STRUGGLE • The formation of the PAC • The Sharpeville Massacre – What really happened at Sharpeville? Dealing with conﬂicting sources • Moving towards the armed struggle • The Rivonia Trial THE 1970s – THE YOUTH TAKE CHARGE • Steve Biko and the Rise of Black Consciousness • The death of Steve Biko THE SOWETO UPRISING OF 1976 GRADE 9 $POUFOU 3FQSFTTJPOBOE SFTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE MAYIBUYE! iAFRIKA! GRADE 11 $POUFOU 8IBUXBTUIFOBUVSFPG 'SPNUIFTUPUIFT SFTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJEUPPLNBOZEJGGFSFOUGPSNT*OUIF SFTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE T UIFSFTJTUBODFNPWFNFOUXBTTUJMMNPEFSBUF CVUJOUIFT JUUVSOFEUPPQFO CVUOPOWJPMFOU DPOGSPOUBUJPO*OUIFFBSMZTJUUPPLVQBSNTJOUIFTUSVHHMF5IF TUBUFNFUFWFSZBUUFNQUBUSFTJTUBODFCZJODSFBTJOHJUTSFQSFTTJPO %FTQJUFUIF4PVUI"GSJDBOHPWFSONFOUµTIBSTIQPMJDJFTBOEUIFHSPXJOHQPWFSUZBOE IBSETIJQPGUIF"GSJDBOQFPQMF UIFSFXBTMJUUMFPSHBOJ[FECMBDLSFTJTUBODFBHBJOTUUIF TUBUFVOUJMUIJOHTCFHBOUPDIBOHFJOUIFT5IFSFXFSFNBOZQPQVMBSTUSVHHMFT EVSJOHUIJTUJNF JODMVEJOHIPVTJOHQSPUFTUTBOECVTCPZDPUUT.BOZPGUIFTFTUSVHHMFT XFSFJOTQJSFECZUIFBDUJWJUJFTPGUIF$PNNVOJTU1BSUZPG4PVUI"GSJDB $14" XIJDIXBT GPSNFEJO"MBSHFOVNCFSPGUIFMFBEFSTPGUIF$14"XFSFXIJUF

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The ANC Youth League

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] $IBQUFS3FTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE New words Source A Interview with Joe Matthews of the ANC Youth League NPEFSBUF°JOUIJTDBTF GPSNTPGQSPUFTUTVDIBTEFQ 8FOPMPOHFSXBOUUPHPPOEFQVUBUJPOTUPUIFHPWFSONFOU5IF9VNB JEFBPGHPJOH VUBUJPOTPSQFUJUJPOT XIJDI PGGUP$BQF5PXOUPTFFBNJOJTUFSFWFSZUJNFUIFSFXBTBDSJTJTNVTUDPNFUPBOFOE JOWPMWFESFMBUJWFMZTNBMM "OEXFNVTUIBWFTUSJLFT BOENBTTBDUJPO OVNCFSTPGFEVDBUFEQFPQMF $BSUFSBOE,BSJT 3FFM" NJMJUBOU°VTJOHTUSPOHQSFT TVSFUPBDIJFWFPOFµTBJNT %S9VNBCFDBNFUIFQSFTJEFOUPGUIF"/$JO)FXBTNPTUDPODFSOFEXJUIUIFPSHBOJ[BUJPO HSPVOETXFMM°BHSBEVBM PGUIF"/$BOEEJENVDIUPNBLFJUTSVOOJOHNPSFFG¾DJFOU TUSFOHUIFOJOHPGQPQVMBS PQJOJPOXIJDIJTBTVOTUPQ QBCMFBTUIFQPXFSGVM CVU TMPXNPWJOHXBWFTDBVTFE CZBSFDFOUTUPSNGBSPVU Source B UPTFB David Bopape, a Youth Leaguer, criticized the ANC DJWJMEJTPCFEJFODF°XIFO QFPQMFEFMJCFSBUFMZCSFBL UIFMBXBTQBSUPGBQPMJUJDBM 5IF"/$SFDSVJUFEUIFUPQMFWFMUZQFPGQFPQMFTPUIBUPVSDPOGFSFODFTXFSFNBJOMZ DBNQBJHO BUUFOEFECZXIBUXFSFHBSEFEBTJOUFMMFDUVBMT5IF"/$EJEOµUHPEPXOFOPVHI UP UIFNBTTFT

Activity 1: Analysing different sources to gain understanding

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GRADE 9 $POUFOU 3FQSFTTJPOBOESFTJT NON-VIOLENT PROTEST IN THE 1950s UBODFUPBQBSUIFJEJOUIFT

GRADE 11

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/POWJPMFOUQSPUFTUJOUIFT] “Open the jail doors, we want to enter!”: The Deﬁ ance Campaign New words

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Songs of resistance "TQFPQMFXFSFKBJMFE TPOHTPGTUSVHHMFBOESFTJTUBODFMJLF4PNMBOEFMBXFSFTVOH

Somlandela

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] $IBQUFS3FTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE .VTJDIBTQMBZFETVDIBSPMFUIBU* KVTUEPOµUTFFIPXPOFXPVMEIBWF QVMMFEUISPVHIUIFNBOZZFBSTPG TUSVHHMFBUIPNF JOFYJMF JODBNQT BMMPWFSUIFXPSME XJUIPVUCFJOH TVTUBJOFECZTPOH

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Activity 2: Understanding the role of music in the struggle

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/POWJPMFOUQSPUFTUJOUIFT] “The People shall govern”: The Freedom Charter

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Activity 3: Analysing the Freedom Charter

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] $IBQUFS3FTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE 1PTUFSTXFSFBOJNQPSUBOUGPSNPG QSPUFTU QBSUJDVMBSMZJOUIFT5IFZ PGUFOQSPWJEFEBVOJGZJOHTZNCPMGPSB QBSUJDVMBSTUSVHHMFPSNPWFNFOU5IF "QBSUIFJE.VTFVNIBTEFEJDBUFEB XIPMFXBMMUPTUSVHHMFQPTUFST 5IJTQPTUFSXBTQSPEVDFECZUIF EFNPDSBUJDNPWFNFOUJOUP DFMFCSBUFUIFUIBOOJWFSTBSZPGUIF 'SFFEPN$IBSUFS*UTIPXTUIBUJOUIF TUIF'SFFEPN$IBSUFSXBTTUJMM BQPXFSGVMMJCFSBUJPOTZNCPM.BOZ PGUIFQSJODJQMFTPGPVS4PVUI"GSJDBO $POTUJUVUJPOXFSFJOTQJSFECZUIF EFNBOETPGUIF'SFFEPN$IBSUFS

The Treason Trial

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Activity 4: Analysing a photograph

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/POWJPMFOUQSPUFTUJOUIFT] “Strijdom, you have struck a rock!”: Women’s resistance

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The formation of the PAC

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] $IBQUFS3FTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE New word

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Interview with Robert Sobukwe, leader of the PAC, January 1959:

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Activity 5: Analysing an oral source

(3"%&-0 "4 8IBUEPFT3PCFSU4PCVLXFNFBOCZ²BOBUJPOBMTUSVHHMF³ (3"%&-0 "4 8IBUEPZPVVOEFSTUBOECZUIFUFSN²DMBTTTUSVHHMF³ 3FGFSUP$IBQUFS QBHFTBOEPOUIF3BEJDBM"QQSPBDIUPFYQMBJOJOHBQBSUIFJEUPIFMQZPV BOTXFSUIJT 8IZEJE4PCVLXFCSFBLBXBZGSPNUIF"/$ %PZPVUIJOLUIBU4PCVLXFµTWJFXTBSFSBDJTU +VTUJGZZPVSBOTXFS

Activity 6: Debating a controversial issue (*)

(3"%&-0 "4 5ISPVHIPVUUIJTCPPLUIFSFBSFBOVNCFSPGFYBNQMFTPGXIJUFT TVDIBT)FMFO (3"%&-0 "4 +PTFQIBOETFWFSBMPGUIF5SFBTPO5SJBMJTUT XIPQMBZFEBOJNQPSUBOUSPMFJOUIF TUSVHHMFBHBJOTUBQBSUIFJE8BT4PCVLXFµTWJFXUIBUXIJUFTTIPVMEOPUCFQBSUPG UIFTUSVHHMFDPSSFDU %FCBUFUIJTJTTVFJODMBTT

5IFT5IFSPBEUPBSNFETUSVHHMF] The Sharpeville Massacre

0O.BSDI UIF1BO"GSJDBOJTU$POHSFTTPSHBOJ[FEBQSPUFTUBHBJOTUUIFQBTTMBXT 4UJMMVTJOHUIFNFUIPETPGOPOWJPMFOUQSPUFTU UIFZQMBOOFEUPNBSDIUPUIFMPDBMQPMJDF TUBUJPO IBOEJOUIFJSQBTTFTBOEHJWFUIFNTFMWFTVQGPSBSSFTU"MBSHFDSPXEHBUIFSFE PVUTJEFUIFQPMJDFTUBUJPOBU4IBSQFWJMMF OFBS7FSFFOJHJOH 5IFQPMJDFGJSFEPOUIFDSPXE LJMMJOHQFPQMFBOEXPVOEJOHQFPQMF

What really happened at Sharpeville? Dealing with conﬂ icting sources 8IFOZPVBOBMZTFUIFGPMMPXJOHTPVSDFTEFTDSJCJOHUIFFWFOUTBU4IBSQFWJMMF ZPVXJMMTFF UIBUUIFZEPOPUBHSFFXJUIFBDIPUIFS*OGBDU UIFZQSFTFOUDPOGMJDUJOHWJFXTPGXIBU IBQQFOFE

Source A An historian’s account

"UQN XJUIOFBSMZQPMJDFGBDJOHBDSPXEPG BTDVG¿FCSPLFPVUBUUIF HBUFMFBEJOHJOUPUIFQPMJDFTUBUJPO"QPMJDFPG¾DFS BDDJEFOUBMMZPSEFMJCFSBUFMZ XBT QVTIFEPWFS5IFBUUFOUJPOPGUIFGSPOUSPXTXBTGPDVTFEPOUIFHBUFBOEUIFZTVSHFE GPSXBSE QVTIFECZQFPQMFCFIJOEUIFNXIPXBOUFEUPTFFXIBUXBTIBQQFOJOH "UUIJTTUBHF BDDPSEJOHUPQPMJDFXJUOFTTFT TUPOFTXFSFUISPXOBUUIFN5IFNPSF JOFYQFSJFODFEDPOTUBCMFTCFHBO¾SJOHUIFJSHVOTTQPOUBOFPVTMZ5IFNBKPSJUZPGUIPTF LJMMFEPSXPVOEFEXFSFTIPUJOUIFCBDL"MUPHFUIFSQFPQMFEJFE JODMVEJOHFJHIU XPNFOBOEUFODIJMESFOQFPQMFXFSFXPVOEFE

'SPN5-PEHF #MBDLQPMJUJDTJO4PVUI"GSJDBTJODF Q

Source B

5IFQPMJDF¾SFPOBSFUSFBUJOHDSPXEBU4IBSQFWJMMF

] $IBQUFS3FTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE New words Source C An eyewitness account by journalist Humphrey Tyler TDVG¿F°BDPOGVTFEPS EJTPSEFSMZ¾HIUBUDMPTF RVBSUFST 8IFOUIFTIPPUJOHTUBSUFEJUEJEOPUTUPQVOUJMUIFSFXBTOPMJWJOHUIJOHJOUIFIVHF TQPOUBOFPVTMZ°OPU DPNQPVOEJOGSPOUPGUIFQPMJDFTUBUJPO5IFQPMJDFIBWFDMBJNFEUIFZXFSFJO QMBOOFEPSDBVTFEPSTVH EFTQFSBUFEBOHFSCFDBVTFUIFDSPXEXBTTUPOJOHUIFN:FUPOMZUISFFQPMJDFNFO HFTUFECZPVUTJEFJO¿VFODFT XFSFSFQPSUFEUPIBWFCFFOIJUCZTUPOFT°BOENPSFUIBO"GSJDBOTXFSFTIPU PSBTBSFTVMUPGBOPSEFS EPXO5IFQPMJDFBMTPIBWFTBJEUIBUUIFDSPXEXBTBSNFEXJUI´GFSPDJPVTXFBQPOTµ HJWFOCZBTVQFSJPS XIJDIMJUUFSFEUIFDPNQPVOEBGUFSUIFZ¿FE*TBXOPXFBQPOT BMUIPVHI*MPPLFEWFSZ GFSPDJPVT°¾FSDFPSTBWBHF DBSFGVMMZ BOEBGUFSXBSETTUVEJFEUIFQIPUPHSBQITPGUIFEFBUITDFOF8IJMF*XBTUIFSF 4PVUI"GSJDBO)JHI *TBXPOMZTIPFT IBUTBOEBGFXCJDZDMFTMFGUBNPOHUIFCPEJFT $PNNJTTJPOFS°UIFDIJFG SFQSFTFOUBUJWFPGUIF4PVUI "GSJDBOHPWFSONFOUJO#SJUBJO

Source D Statement by the South African High Commissioner in London in 1960

"DDPSEJOHUPUIFGBDUVBMJOGPSNBUJPOOPXBWBJMBCMF UIFEJTUVSCBODFTBU4IBSQFWJMMF PO.POEBZSFTVMUFEGSPNBQMBOOFEEFNPOTUSBUJPOPGBCPVUOBUJWFTJOXIJDI EFNPOTUSBUPSTBUUBDLFEUIFQPMJDFXJUIBTTPSUFEXFBQPOTJODMVEJOH¾SFBSNT5IF EFNPOTUSBUPSTTIPU¾STU BOEUIFQPMJDFXFSFGPSDFEUP¾SFJOTFMGEFGFODFBOEBWPJE FWFONPSFUSBHJDSFTVMUT

4PVSDFT$BOE%2VPUFEJO34JFCPSHFSFUBM 8IBUJT&WJEFODF 'SBODPMJO1VCMJTIFST Q

Activity 7: Trying to establish the facts

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&TUBCMJTIJOHUIFGBDUT 4PVSDF" 4PVSDF# 4PVSDF$ 4PVSDF% 8IBUXBTUIFTJ[FPGUIFDSPXE 8BTUIFDSPXEBSNFEBOE EBOHFSPVT 8BTUIFBDUJPOQMBOOFE 8FSFUIFQPMJDFBDUJOHJO TFMGEFGFODF "EBQUFEGSPN8IBUJT&WJEFODF CZ34JFCPSHFSBOE(8FMEPO 'SBODPMJO1VCMJTIFST Q

5IFT5IFSPBEUPBSNFETUSVHHMF] Skills development: determining bias and reliability

Reliability is as easy as ABC 6TFUIF"#$NFUIPEUPXPSLPVUXIFUIFSPSOPUBTPVSDFJTSFMJBCMF "JTGPS"VUIPS8IPJTUIFBVUIPSPSDSFBUPSPGUIFTPVSDF 8PVMEUIJTNBLFUIF TPVSDFUSVTUXPSUIZ 'PSFYBNQMF BOFZFXJUOFTTBDDPVOUNBZCFUSVTUXPSUIZCFDBVTF UIFQFSTPOXJUOFTTFEUIFBDUVBMFWFOUT0OUIFPUIFSIBOE BOFZFXJUOFTTNBZCF UPPJOWPMWFEJOUIFFWFOUTUPHJWFBCBMBODFEWJFX"TFDPOEBSZTPVSDFQSPEVDFECZ BOIJTUPSJBONBZCFSFMJBCMFCFDBVTFUIFIJTUPSJBOIBTXPSLFEXJUIBXJEFSBOHFPG TPVSDFT0OUIFPUIFSIBOE UIFIJTUPSJBONBZCFCJBTFEBOEQSFTFOUTPVSDFTUIBU SF¿FDUPOMZPOFQPJOUPGWJFX "JTGPS"VEJFODF'PSXIBUBVEJFODFEJEUIFXSJUFSJOUFOEUIFTPVSDF *OPUIFSXPSET XIBUXBTUIFXSJUFSµTJOUFOUJPOJOQSPEVDJOHUIFTPVSDF #JTGPS#JBT*TUIFTPVSDFCJBTFEJOBOZXBZ %PFTJUHJWFPOMZPOFTJEFPGFWFOUT %PFTJUVTFFNPUJWFMBOHVBHFPSNBLFFYBHHFSBUFEDPNNFOUTUPQFSTVBEFZPVUPSFBDU JOBDFSUBJOXBZ 0SEPFTJUUSZUPQSFTFOUBCBMBODFEQPJOUPGWJFX $JTGPS$POTJTUFODZ%PBMMUIFGBDUTJOUIFTPVSDFTVQQPSUFBDIPUIFS $JTGPS$PNQBSJTPO*TUIFJOGPSNBUJPOJOUIFTPVSDFCBDLFEVQCZTJNJMBSJOGPSNBUJPO QSFTFOUFEJOPUIFSTPVSDFT

Activity 8: Determining the reliability of sources

(3"%&-0 "4-0 "4 &YQMBJOXIBUZPVTFFIBQQFOJOHJO4PVSDF#°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

Moving towards the armed struggle

4IBSQFWJMMFNBSLFEBUVSOJOHQPJOUJOUIFBOUJBQBSUIFJETUSVHHMF5IFSFXBTBNBTTJWF PVUDSZ CPUIOBUJPOBMMZBOEJOUFSOBUJPOBMMZ BCPVUQPMJDFBDUJPOTUIFSF5IFHPWFSONFOU SFTQPOEFECZEFDMBSJOHBTUBUFPGFNFSHFODZBOECBOOJOHUIF"/$BOEUIF1"$ #PUIUIF"/$BOEUIF1"$IBEUPSFUIJOLUIFJSTUSBUFHJFT5IFZEFDJEFEUPFNCBSLPO BQPMJDZPGBSNFESFTJTUBODF5IF"/$TFUVQBNJMJUBSZXJOHDBMMFE6NLIPOUPXF4J[XF ´UIF4QFBSPGUIF/BUJPOµ BMTPLOPXOBT.,5IF1"$FTUBCMJTIFEJUTNJMJUBSZXJOHDBMMFE 1PRP XIJDINFBOT´TUBOEJOHBMPOFµ#PUIHSPVQTXFSFQSFQBSFEUPVTFTBCPUBHFBOE WJPMFODFUPPWFSUISPXUIFHPWFSONFOU

] $IBQUFS3FTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE Ruth Mompati, a long-standing ANC member, explains why the ANC turned to armed resistance.

²"MMUIFUJNFUIBUUIF"GSJDBO/BUJPOBM$POHSFTTXBTVTJOH QFBDFGVMNFBOTUPUSZUPCSJOHDIBOHFJO4PVUI"GSJDB UIF SFBDUJPOGSPNUIFSFHJNFXBTWJPMFOU1FPQMFXFSFTIPUBU QFBDFGVMNFFUJOHT5IPVTBOETVQPOUIPVTBOETPG4PVUI"GSJDBOT IBWFEJFEBUUIFIBOETPGUIFQPMJDF5IFSFµTBMTPUIFWJPMFODF PGDPOEJUJPOTPGMJWJOHJO4PVUI"GSJDB8FEFDJEFEUIBU JGUIF HVOJTXIBUUIF4PVUI"GSJDBOSFHJNFIBTVTFEUPSVMFVT JUXJMM IBWFUPCFUIFHVOUIBUCSFBLTUIBUSVMF³ 3VUI.PNQBUJSFQSFTFOUFE UIF"/$EVSJOHUIF¾STUSPVOE PGOFHPUJBUJPOTUIBUMFEUP 2VPUFEJO-JWFTPG$PVSBHF8PNFOGPSBOFX4PVUI"GSJDB EFNPDSBDZJO4PVUI"GSJDB CZ%3VTTFMM

5IJTDBSUPPOXBTQVCMJTIFEJO 1VODI B#SJUJTINBHB[JOF JO *UQPSUSBZTUIF"/$µTEFDJTJPOUP NPWFUPXBSETBSNFETUSVHHMF

Activity 9: Analysing a cartoon and an oral source (*)

(3"%&-0 "4-0 "4 4UVEZUIFBCPWFDBSUPPODBSFGVMMZ&YQMBJOXIBUUIFGPMMPXJOHTZNCPMTJOUIF (3"%&-0 "4-0 "4 DBSUPPOTUBOEGPSUIFQMBOUJOHNBDIJOF UIFDSPQUIBUJTHSPXJOH 8IBUEPFTUIFDBSUPPOJTUTFFBTUIFNBKPSDBVTFPGUIFBSNFETUSVHHMF 8IBUEPZPVUIJOLUIFDBSUPPOJTUµTBUUJUVEFJTUPXBSETUIFBSNFETUSVHHMF 8IZEPFT3VUI.PNQBUJCFMJFWFUIBUUIF"/$IBEOPDIPJDFCVUUPTUBSUVTJOH WJPMFODF New words 6TJOHUIJTDBSUPPO 3VUI.PNQBUJµTFWJEFODFBOEZPVSPXOLOPXMFEHF FYQMBJO TBCPUBHF°JMMFHBM XIZUIF"/$EFDJEFEUPFNCBSLPOBOBSNFETUSVHHMF EFTUSVDUJPOPGQSPQFSUZPS FRVJQNFOUCZQFPQMFXIP BSFPQQPTFEUPUIFTUBUF The Rivonia Trial HVFSSJMMBXBSGBSF°TNBMM BOEPGUFOTFDSFUHSPVQT #FUXFFOBOE BDUTPGTBCPUBHFUPPLQMBDFJO4PVUI"GSJDB NPTUMZPSHBOJ[FE XIJDI¾HIUUIFFOFNZ CZUIF"/$*OUIFIFBERVBSUFSTPG6NLIPOUPXF4J[XF ., BU-JMMJFTMFBG'BSNJO CZVTJOHVODPOWFOUJPOBM NFUIPET SBUIFSUIBO 3JWPOJB XBTSBJEFEBOEUIFFOUJSFMFBEFSTIJQPG.,XBTBSSFTUFE5IFZXFSFDIBSHFEXJUI UISPVHIEJSFDUDPOGSPOUBUJPO ²SFDSVJUJOHQFPQMFGPSUSBJOJOHJOTBCPUBHFBOEHVFSSJMMBXBSGBSFGPSUIFQVSQPTFPGWJPMFOU JOBCBUUMF SFWPMVUJPO³

5IFT5IFSPBEUPBSNFETUSVHHMF] &JHIUPGUIFUSJBMJTUT /FMTPO.BOEFMB 8BMUFS4JTVMV (PWBO.CFLJ 3BZNPOE.IMBCB Repressive %FOOJT(PMECFSH "INFE,BUISBEB &MJBT.PUTPBMFEJBOE"OESFX.MBOHFOJ XFSFGPVOE government legislation HVJMUZBOETFOUFODFEUPMJGFJNQSJTPONFOU1IPUPHSBQITPGUIFTFNFOIBOHQSPNJOFOUMZJO UIF"QBSUIFJE.VTFVN5IFZTIPXTFWFSBMPGUIFNJOEJTHVJTFCFDBVTFUIFZXFSFPOUIF 5IFHPWFSONFOUJOUSPEVDFE FWFOIBSTIFSMFHJTMBUJPO SVO5IF3JWPOJB5SJBMBOEUIFJNQSJTPONFOUPGUIF"/$MFBEFSTCSPLFUIFQPXFSPG., UPTVQQSFTTBOZWJPMFOU BOEUIF"/$JOTJEF4PVUI"GSJDB SFTJTUBODF %VSJOHUIF3JWPOJB5SJBM .BOEFMBNBEFBGPVSIPVSBEESFTTUPUIFDPVSU FOEJOHXJUI UIFTFGBNPVTMJOFT The Sabotage Act (1962) °4BCPUBHFXBTNBEFB USFBTPOBCMFPGGFODF XJUI BNJOJNVNPG¾WFZFBSTµ %VSJOHNZMJGFUJNF*IBWFEFEJDBUFE JNQSJTPONFOUBOEBNBYJ NZMJGFUPUIJTTUSVHHMFPGUIF"GSJDBO NVNQFOBMUZPGEFBUI" QFPQMF*IBWFGPVHIUBHBJOTUXIJUF ´DPNNVOJTUBHJUBUPSµDPVME CFQMBDFEVOEFSIPVTF EPNJOBUJPO BOE*IBWFGPVHIUBHBJOTU BSSFTU5IJTNFBOUUIBUB CMBDLEPNJOBUJPO*IBWFDIFSJTIFEUIF QFSTPOXBTOPUBMMPXFEUP JEFBPGBEFNPDSBUJDBOEGSFFTPDJFUZ MFBWFIJTIFSIPVTFGPSBMM JOXIJDIBMMQFSTPOTMJWFUPHFUIFSJO PSQBSUPGUIFEBZ IBSNPOZ BOEXJUIFRVBMPQQPSUVOJUJFT The General Laws *UJTBOJEFBMXIJDI*IPQFUPMJWFGPS Amendment Act (1963) BOEUPBDIJFWF#VU JGOFFETCF JUJTBO °5IJT"DUHBWFUIFQPMJDF JEFBMGPSXIJDI*BNQSFQBSFEUPEJF UIFQPXFSUPEFUBJOBQFSTPO GPSEBZTXJUIPVUUSJBM %VSJOHUIJTEBZQFSJPE UIFTVTQFDUIBEOPBDDFTT UPMFHBMBEWJDFPSWJTJUPST*O UIFOFYUNPOUIT NPSF UIBOQFPQMFXFSF EFUBJOFEVOEFSUIJTMBX THE 1970s – GRADE 9 $POUFOU 3FQSFTTJPOBOEUIF THE YOUTH TAKE CHARGE HSPXUIPGNBTTEFNPDSBUJD NPWFNFOUTJOUIFT

GRADE 11 Steve Biko and the Rise of Black Consciousness $POUFOU 8IBUXBTUIFOBUVSFPG SFTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE 5IFFBSMZTTBXUIFFOEPGFGGFDUJWFPQQPTJUJPOGSPN GRADE 12 UIF"/$BOE1"$XJUIJO4PVUI"GSJDB6NLIPOUPXF4J[XF $POUFOU 5IFT5IF#MBDL BOE1PRPIBECFFOFGGFDUJWFMZDSVTIFEBOEUIFLFZMFBEFST $POTDJPVTOFTT.PWFNFOUJO XFSFFJUIFSCBOOFE KBJMFEPSJOFYJMF*OUIFT IPXFWFS 4PVUI"GSJDB CMBDLSFTJTUBODFUPPLPOBOFXGPSN°CMBDLDPOTDJPVTOFTT #MBDLDPOTDJPVTOFTT #$ TUBSUFEJO4PVUI"GSJDBJOBT BVOJWFSTJUZTUVEFOUNPWFNFOUMFECZ4UFWF#JLP #JLPXBTBNFEJDBMTUVEFOUXIPXBTCPSOJO&BTU-POEPO JO8IJMFIFXBTTUVEZJOH IFGPSNFE4"40 UIF4PVUI "GSJDBO4UVEFOUT0SHBOJ[BUJPO BOECFDBNFJUTGJSTUQSFTJEFOU 4"40XBTBCSFBLBXBZNPWFNFOUGSPN/64"4 /BUJPOBM 6OJPOPG4PVUI"GSJDBO4UVEFOUT BNBJOMZXIJUFTUVEFOU NPWFNFOUUIBUXBTPQQPTFEUPBQBSUIFJE#JLPCFMJFWFE UIBUBXIJUFMFEPSHBOJ[BUJPODPVMEOPUGJHIUGPSUIF JOUFSFTUTPGCMBDLTUVEFOUT

5IFNBJOJEFBTPGCMBDLDPOTDJPVTOFTTXFSF QSJEFJOCFJOHCMBDL BEFUFSNJOBUJPOUIBUCMBDLTTIPVMEFOE 5IFTZNCPMPGUIF#MBDL UIFJSEFQFOEFODFPOXIJUFT $POTDJPVTOFTT.PWFNFOU

] $IBQUFS3FTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE #MBDLTUIJOLUIBUFWFSZUIJOHHPPE JTXIJUF5IJTBUUJUVEFDPNFTGSPN DIJMEIPPE8IFOXFHPUPTDIPPM PVS TDIPPMJTOPUUIFTBNFBTUIFXIJUF TDIPPM©5IJTJTQBSUPGUIFSPPUTPG UIFGFFMJOHPGCFJOHJOGFSJPSUIBUPVS LJETHFUBTUIFZHSPXVQ0VSIPNFT BSFEJGGFSFOU UIFTUSFFUTBSFEJGGFSFOU 4PZPVCFHJOUPGFFMUIBUUIFSFJT TPNFUIJOHJODPNQMFUFBCPVUCFJOH CMBDL BOEUIBUDPNQMFUFOFTTHPFT XJUICFJOHXIJUF

8IFOZPVTBZ´#MBDLJTCFBVUJGVMµ ZPVBSFTBZJOH NBO ZPVBSF0,BTZPV BSF CFHJOUPMPPLVQPOZPVSTFMGBTB IVNBOCFJOH "EBQUFEGSPN*8SJUF8IBU*-JLFCZ4UFWF#JLP 4UFWF#JLP UIFGBUIFSPGUIF#MBDL $POTDJPVTOFTT.PWFNFOU The death of Steve Biko

5IFUSBHJDTUPSZPG4UFWF#JLPJTUPMEJO UIF"QBSUIFJE.VTFVNµT)BMMPG1PMJUJDBM New word &YFDVUJPOT"T4UFWF#JLPCFDBNFNPSF QPQVMBS UIFHPWFSONFOUJODSFBTJOHMZTBX DBMMPVT°TIPXJOHBMBDLPG GFFMJOHGPSTPNFCPEZFMTFµT IJNBTBUISFBU)FXBTCBOOFEJO QBJOPSIBSETIJQ BOEEFUBJOFEXJUIPVUUSJBMGPSBGFXNPOUIT JO*OIFXBTBSSFTUFEBHBJO )FXBTLFQUJOBDFMM OBLFEBOEJODIBJOT )FXBTTFWFSFMZUPSUVSFECZUIFTFDVSJUZ QPMJDF8JUIJOEBZTPGIJTBSSFTU IFXBT EFBE)FXBTPOMZZFBSTPME 5IF"QBSUIFJE.VTFVNIBTBWJEFP SFDPSEJOHPGUIFDBMMPVTSFBDUJPOPGUIF .JOJTUFSPG+VTUJDFBUUIFUJNF .S+JNNZ ,SVHFS UPUIFEFBUIPG4UFWF#JLP 5IF)BMMPG1PMJUJDBM&YFDVUJPOTJOUIF "QBSUIFJE.VTFVN

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+JNNZ,SVHFS .JOJTUFSPG+VTUJDF 5IFJEFBTPG#$DBVHIUPOQBSUJDVMBSMZBNPOHUIFZPVUIBOEUIFZGPSNFENBOZ PSHBOJ[BUJPOTJOTVQQPSUPG#$*OUIF#MBDL1FPQMFµT$POWFOUJPO #1$ XBT GPSNFEUPDPPSEJOBUFBMM#$BDUJWJUJFT4PNFIJTUPSJBOTCFMJFWFUIBUUIFJEFBTPGCMBDL DPOTDJPVTOFTTJOGMVFODFEUIFBDUJPOTPGUIFTUVEFOUTJOUIF4PXFUP6QSJTJOHJO XIJDIJTEFTDSJCFEPOQBHF0UIFSTEJTBHSFF

5IFT5IFZPVUIUBLFDIBSHF] *EPOPUSFNFNCFSBOZMJCFSBUJPONPWFNFOU TVDIBTUIF#MBDL$POTDJPVTOFTT.PWFNFOU PSUIF4PVUI"GSJDBO4UVEFOU.PWFNFOU 4"4. DPOUSJCVUJOHUPPVSEBJMZNFFUJOHT BOEEJTDVTTJPOT*OTIPSU BTTUVEFOUTXF GBDFEPVSPXOEFTUJOZBOEQSPCMFNT

4J¾TP/EMPWV BIJTUPSJBOXIPXBTBTUVEFOUJO4PXFUPJO

Developing essay writing skills: writing introductions

5IFJOUSPEVDUJPOJTBWFSZJNQPSUBOUQBSUPGBOFTTBZ*UQSPWJEFTZPVSSFBEFSXJUIUIFJS ¾STUJNQSFTTJPOPGZPVSXSJUJOH BOEJUJTQPTTJCMFUIBUJUXJMMJO¿VFODFUIFJSKVEHFNFOU PGZPVSFTTBZ

5IFQVSQPTFPGUIFJOUSPEVDUJPOJTUP v JEFOUJGZUIFQSPCMFNQPTFECZUIFFTTBZRVFTUJPO v PVUMJOFIPXZPVBSFHPJOHUPTUSVDUVSFZPVSBSHVNFOUJOUIFFTTBZ

#FMPXJTBOFYBNQMFPGBOJOUSPEVDUJPOUPUIFGPMMPXJOHFTTBZRVFTUJPO

5PXIBUFYUFOUXBTUIFSJTFPGCMBDLDPOTDJPVTOFTTBOJNQPSUBOUDBVTFPGUIF4PXFUP 6QSJTJOHPG

5IJTFTTBZXJMMFYQMPSFUIFSPMFQMBZFECZUIFJEFBTPGCMBDLDPOTDJPVTOFTTJOJO¿VFODJOH UIFBDUJPOTPGTPNFTUVEFOUMFBEFSTJO*UXJMMBSHVFUIBU XIJMFUIFJEFBTPGCMBDL DPOTDJPVTOFTTXFSFJNQPSUBOU UIFSFXFSFPUIFSNPSFJNNFEJBUFDBVTFTPGGSVTUSBUJPO XIJDIMFEUPUIFVQSJTJOH

5IJTFTTBZXPVMEUIFOHPPOUPFYBNJOFTPNFPGUIFJTTVFTUIBUMFEUPGSVTUSBUJPO TVDIBT v 5IFIBSTIDPOEJUJPOTJOUIFUPXOTIJQTXIJDIUIFZPVUIFYQFSJFODFEFWFSZEBZ v 5IFTJUVBUJPOJOTDIPPMT JODMVEJOHUIFMBOHVBHFQPMJDZPGUFBDIJOHIBMGUIFTVCKFDUT JO"GSJLBBOT v 5IFMBDLPGFNQMPZNFOUPQQPSUVOJUJFTGPSTDIPPMMFBWFSTBOEUIFGFFMJOHTPG IPQFMFTTOFTTUIBUUIJTDBVTFE

Activity 10: Writing an introduction for an essay (*)

(3"%&-0 "4BOE (3"%&-0 "4BOE 8SJUFBOJOUSPEVDUJPOUPUIFGPMMPXJOHFTTBZUPQJD VTJOHUIFHVJEFMJOFTPVUMJOFEBCPWF -0 "4 ²4UFWF#JLPIBECFFOIBSBTTFECZQPMJDFGPSZFBST5IFZTVTQFDUFEIFXBTBEBOHFSPVT BHJUBUPSUSZJOHUPJOTQJSFUIFQFPQMFUPWJPMFOUSFTJTUBODF³

%JTDVTTUIFFYUFOUPG4UFWF#JLPµTJOWPMWFNFOUJOSFTJTUBODFEVSJOHUIFT

] $IBQUFS3FTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE THE SOWETO UPRISING OF 1976

*OUIF.JOJTUFSPG#BOUV&EVDBUJPO .$#PUIB PSEFSFEUIBU"GSJDBOTDIPPMTNVTU UFBDIIBMGPGUIFTVCKFDUTJO4UBOEBSET'JWFBOE4JY OPX(SBEFTBOE JO"GSJLBBOT 1FPQMFPQQPTFEUIJTCFDBVTFUIFZCFMJFWFEUIBUUIFDIJMESFOµTFEVDBUJPOXPVMETVGGFS 5IFZBMTPPQQPTFEJUCFDBVTFUIFZTBX"GSJLBBOTBTUIFMBOHVBHFPGUIFPQQSFTTPS 0O+VOF TUVEFOUTNBSDIFEUISPVHI4PXFUPJOQSPUFTUBHBJOTUUIF VTFPG"GSJLBBOTJOTDIPPMT5IFQPMJDFGJSFEPOUIFDSPXE)FDUPS1JFUFSTPOXBTUIFGJSTU DIJMEUPEJF)FXBTZFBSTPME5IFTUVEFOUTSFTQPOEFEWJPMFOUMZBOEVOSFTUTXFQU UISPVHIPVUUIFDPVOUSZ "MUIPVHIUIFVQSJTJOHXBTFWFOUVBMMZDSVTIFECZUIFQPMJDF JUIBEJNQPSUBOUSFTVMUT *UXBTUIFTJOHMFCJHHFTUDIBMMFOHFUPUIFHPWFSONFOUBOEUIFBQBSUIFJETZTUFN5IF HPWFSONFOUDPVMEOPMPOHFSJHOPSFSFTJTUBODF*ONBOZXBZT UIF4PXFUP6QSJTJOHXBTB NBKPSUVSOJOHQPJOUBOENBSLFEUIFCFHJOOJOHPGUIFFOEPGBQBSUIFJE

Causation – long-term, short-term and immediate causes

)JTUPSZJTDPODFSOFEXJUIDBVTBUJPO JFFYQMBJOJOHXIZUIJOHTIBQQFOFEJOUIFQBTU "MMIJTUPSJDBMFWFOUTIBWFDBVTFT*UJTPGUFOQPTTJCMFUPDMBTTJGZUIFNJOUPMPOHUFSN TIPSUUFSNBOEJNNFEJBUFDBVTFT v-POHUFSNDBVTFTBSFUIFVOEFSMZJOHDPOEJUJPOTUIBUDSFBUFUFOTJPOBOECVJMEVQPWFS BQFSJPEPGUJNF v"TIPSUUFSNDBVTFJTBOFWFOUPSJTTVFUIBUUBLFTQMBDFTIPSUMZCFGPSFUIFFWFOU UBLFTQMBDF "OJNNFEJBUFDBVTFJTBOFWFOUPSBDUJPOUIBUTQBSLTPGGBTFSJFTPGFWFOUT

3FBEUIFGPMMPXJOHTPVSDFTUPIFMQZPVVOEFSTUBOEXIZUIF4PXFUP6QSJTJOHUPPLQMBDF

Source A Statistics for Soweto 1976

1PQVMBUJPO NJMMJPO "SFB TRVBSFLJMPNFUSFT -PDBUJPO pLNTPVUIXFTUPG+PIBOOFTCVSHµT DJUZDFOUSF "ENJOJTUSBUJPO 8FTU3BOE"ENJOJTUSBUJPO#PBSE &MFDUSJDJUZ PGIPNFT )PUXBUFS PGIPNFT )PTQJUBMT 4DIPPMT /VNCFSPGQVQJMTQFSDMBTT "WFSBHFSFOUQFSNPOUI 3GPSBUXPSPPNFEIPVTF "WFSBHFJODPNFQFSNPOUI 3 "WFSBHFDPTUPGMJWJOHQFSNPOUI 3 /VNCFSPGIPNFMFTT &NQMPZNFOU WFSZMJUUMFJO4PXFUP°NPTUQFPQMF DPNNVUFEBJMZUPXPSLFMTFXIFSFJOUIF (SFBUFS+PIBOOFTCVSHSFHJPO

8IBUJT)JTUPSZ 4LPUBWJMMF&EVDBUJPOBM%JWJTJPO Q

5IF4PXFUPVQSJTJOHPG] Activity 11: Analysing statistics

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

Source B (JWFOCMBDLHSJFWBODFTSBOHJOHGSPNMPXQBZBOEQPPSIPVTJOHUPUIFQBTTMBXTBOE QPMJUJDBMSFQSFTTJPO WJSUVBMMZBOZJTTVFDPVMEIBWFTFUPGGBHFOFSBMJTFEVQIFBWBM 5IFPOFUIBU¾OBMMZEJEXBTUIFSFHJNFµTEFDJTJPOUPJNQMFNFOUBQPMJDZPGUFBDIJOH IBMGUIFDPVSTFTJO"GSJDBOTFDPOEBSZTDIPPMTJOUIFTPVUIFSO5SBOTWBBMUISPVHIUIF NFEJVNPG"GSJLBBOT

&)BSTDI 8IJUF3VMF°#MBDL3FWPMU Q Source C

4UVEFOUTNBSDIJOHJO 4PXFUPPO+VOF

Source D /POFXTFDPOEBSZTDIPPMTXFSFCVJMUJO4PXFUPCFUXFFOBOECFDBVTF JUXBTHPWFSONFOUQPMJDZUIBUBMMOFXTDIPPMTTIPVMECFCVJMUFYDMVTJWFMZJOUIF IPNFMBOET"TBSFTVMU TFDPOEBSZTDIPPMDMBTTFTXFSFTFWFSFMZPWFSDSPXEFEBOE NBOZUFBDIFSTSFTPSUFEUPJODSFBTJOHMZIBSTINFUIPETUPNBJOUBJODPOUSPM1VQJMT CJUUFSMZSFTFOUFEUIJT

"EBQUFEGSPN4PXFUP")JTUPSZCZ1#POOFSBOE-4FHBM Q

] $IBQUFS3FTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE New words Source E 1FPQMFXIPXFSFUSZJOHUPQSPNPUFQPMJUJDBMBXBSFOFTTXFSFFODPVSBHFEXIFO FBSMZ HSJFWBODF °GFFMJOH JO 4"40TUVEFOUTTUBHFEXBMLPVUTGSPNCMBDLVOJWFSTJUJFT.BOZPGUIFTF´ESPQ PGEJTTBUJTGBDUJPOPS GSVTUSBUJPO JOUIJTDBTF PVUTµCFDBNFUFBDIFSTJO4PXFUPTDIPPMT"SNFEXJUI#$JEFPMPHZ 4"40BDUJWJTUT CFDBVTFPGIPQFMFTTMZ JOTQJSFEBOFXTQJSJUPGSBEJDBMJTN.BOZTUVEFOUTUFMMPGUIFJNQBDUUIFTFUFBDIFST JOBEFRVBUFGBDJMJUJFT IBEPOUIFJSMJWFT SBEJDBMJTN°TVQQPSUJOH GVOEBNFOUBMDIBOHFJO TPDJFUZUPJNQSPWFUIFMJWFT "EBQUFEGSPN4PXFUP")JTUPSZCZ1#POOFSBOE-4FHBM Q PGUIFNBKPSJUZPGUIFQFPQMF

Source F 5IFSFXBT´BOBUNPTQIFSFPGSFWPMUµJOUIFT5IFSFXFSFUIFMJCFSBUJPOTUSVHHMFT JO.P[BNCJRVF "OHPMB ;JNCBCXFBOE/BNJCJB5IFSFXFSFUIFCMBDLXPSLFSTµ TUSJLFTJOUIFT

2VPUFEJO5IF3JHIUUP-FBSOCZ1$ISJTUJF Q

Source G *UBGGFDUFEVTCPUIQPTJUJWFMZBOEOFHBUJWFMZ"MPUPGVTNJTTFEPVUPOOPSNBMTDIPPM #VUJUBTTJTUFEVTUPLOPXUIBUUIFTUSVHHMFGPSGSFFEPNOFFEFEUIFDPNNJUNFOUBOE TVQQPSUPGUIFMJCFSBUJPONPWFNFOUTXIPXFSFUIFOCBOOFE BTXFMMBTMFBEFSTXIP XFSFJNQSJTPOFE*UTFUJOPVSMJWFTUIFSPMFPGGVMMUJNFBDUJWJTN5IF4PXFUPVQSJTJOH DIBOHFEUIFIJTUPSZBOEMBOETDBQFPGUIFQPMJUJDTPGUIFDPVOUSZQFSNBOFOUMZ:PVOH QFPQMFTXFMMFEUIFSBOLTPGUIFMJCFSBUJPONPWFNFOUTBCSPBE FTQFDJBMMZUIF"/$

#BCZ5ZBXBXBTBTUVEFOUXIPXBTJOWPMWFEJOUIF4PXFUP6QSJTJOH*OUIFBCPWFJOUFSWJFXJO TIF FYQMBJOTUIFTJHOJ¾DBODFPGUIFVQSJTJOH

Activity 12: Identifying short-term, long-term and immediate causes

(3"%&-0 "4 4PVSDFT"UP'FBDIFNQIBTJ[FBQBSUJDVMBSDBVTFPGUIF4PXFUP6QSJTJOH$PQZ (3"%&BOE-0 PVUBOEDPNQMFUFUIJTUBCMF*EFOUJGZXIBUFBDITPVSDFTUBUFTBTUIFNBKPS "4BOE DBVTFPGUIF4PXFUP6QSJTJOH5IFOEFDJEFXIFUIFSUIFDBVTFJTBMPOHUFSN TIPSUUFSNPSJNNFEJBUFDBVTF3FGFSUPUIFTLJMMTTFDUJPOPODBVTBUJPOFBSMJFSJO UIJTDIBQUFSPOQBHF

.BKPSDBVTFPGUIF4PXFUP6QSJTJOH -POHUFSNTIPSUUFSN JNNFEJBUFDBVTFTBOESFBTPO GPSZPVSDIPJDF 4PVSDF" 4PVSDF# 4PVSDF$ FUD

8IJDITPVSDFEPZPVCFMJFWFQSPWJEFTUIFNPTUDPOWJODJOHFYQMBOBUJPOGPSUIF PVUCSFBLPGUIF4PXFUP6QSJTJOH 1SPWJEFBDMFBSSFBTPOGPSZPVSBOTXFS

5IF4PXFUPVQSJTJOHPG]