RESISTANCE TO APARTHEID MAYIBUYE! iAFRIKA! • The ANC Youth League NON-VIOLENT PROTEST IN THE 1950s • “Open the jail doors, we want to enter!”: The Defiance Campaign – Repressive government legislation and actions • “The People shall govern”: The Freedom Charter • The Treason Trial • “Strijdom, you have struck a rock!”: Women’s resistance THE 1960s – THE ROAD TO ARMED STRUGGLE • The formation of the PAC • The Sharpeville Massacre – What really happened at Sharpeville? Dealing with conflicting sources • Moving towards the armed struggle • The Rivonia Trial THE 1970s – THE YOUTH TAKE CHARGE • Steve Biko and the Rise of Black Consciousness • The death of Steve Biko THE SOWETO UPRISING OF 1976 GRADE 9 $POUFOU 3FQSFTTJPOBOE SFTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE MAYIBUYE! iAFRIKA! GRADE 11 $POUFOU 8IBUXBTUIFOBUVSFPG 'SPNUIFTUPUIFT SFTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJEUPPLNBOZEJGGFSFOUGPSNT*OUIF SFTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE T UIFSFTJTUBODFNPWFNFOUXBTTUJMMNPEFSBUF CVUJOUIFT JUUVSOFEUPPQFO CVUOPOWJPMFOU DPOGSPOUBUJPO*OUIFFBSMZTJUUPPLVQBSNTJOUIFTUSVHHMF5IF TUBUFNFUFWFSZBUUFNQUBUSFTJTUBODFCZJODSFBTJOHJUTSFQSFTTJPO %FTQJUFUIF4PVUI"GSJDBOHPWFSONFOUµTIBSTIQPMJDJFTBOEUIFHSPXJOHQPWFSUZBOE IBSETIJQPGUIF"GSJDBOQFPQMF UIFSFXBTMJUUMFPSHBOJ[FECMBDLSFTJTUBODFBHBJOTUUIF TUBUFVOUJMUIJOHTCFHBOUPDIBOHFJOUIFT5IFSFXFSFNBOZQPQVMBSTUSVHHMFT EVSJOHUIJTUJNF JODMVEJOHIPVTJOHQSPUFTUTBOECVTCPZDPUUT.BOZPGUIFTFTUSVHHMFT XFSFJOTQJSFECZUIFBDUJWJUJFTPGUIF$PNNVOJTU1BSUZPG4PVUI"GSJDB $14" XIJDIXBT GPSNFEJO"MBSHFOVNCFSPGUIFMFBEFSTPGUIF$14"XFSFXIJUF .FNCFSTPGUIF$PNNVOJTU1BSUZPG4PVUI"GSJDBIFMQFEPSHBOJ[FMJGUTGPSUIFSFTJEFOUTPG"MFYBOESBEVSJOH UIFCVTCPZDPUUTPG The ANC Youth League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¾STUQSFTJEFOUPGUIF"/$:PVUI-FBHVF ] $IBQUFS3FTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE New words Source A Interview with Joe Matthews of the ANC Youth League NPEFSBUF°JOUIJTDBTF GPSNTPGQSPUFTUTVDIBTEFQ 8FOPMPOHFSXBOUUPHPPOEFQVUBUJPOTUPUIFHPWFSONFOU5IF9VNB JEFBPGHPJOH VUBUJPOTPSQFUJUJPOT XIJDI PGGUP$BQF5PXOUPTFFBNJOJTUFSFWFSZUJNFUIFSFXBTBDSJTJTNVTUDPNFUPBOFOE JOWPMWFESFMBUJWFMZTNBMM "OEXFNVTUIBWFTUSJLFT BOENBTTBDUJPO OVNCFSTPGFEVDBUFEQFPQMF $BSUFSBOE,BSJT 3FFM" NJMJUBOU°VTJOHTUSPOHQSFT TVSFUPBDIJFWFPOFµTBJNT %S9VNBCFDBNFUIFQSFTJEFOUPGUIF"/$JO)FXBTNPTUDPODFSOFEXJUIUIFPSHBOJ[BUJPO HSPVOETXFMM°BHSBEVBM PGUIF"/$BOEEJENVDIUPNBLFJUTSVOOJOHNPSFFG¾DJFOU TUSFOHUIFOJOHPGQPQVMBS PQJOJPOXIJDIJTBTVOTUPQ QBCMFBTUIFQPXFSGVM CVU TMPXNPWJOHXBWFTDBVTFE CZBSFDFOUTUPSNGBSPVU Source B UPTFB David Bopape, a Youth Leaguer, criticized the ANC DJWJMEJTPCFEJFODF°XIFO QFPQMFEFMJCFSBUFMZCSFBL UIFMBXBTQBSUPGBQPMJUJDBM 5IF"/$SFDSVJUFEUIFUPQMFWFMUZQFPGQFPQMFTPUIBUPVSDPOGFSFODFTXFSFNBJOMZ DBNQBJHO BUUFOEFECZXIBUXFSFHBSEFEBTJOUFMMFDUVBMT5IF"/$EJEOµUHPEPXOFOPVHI UP UIFNBTTFT Activity 1: Analysing different sources to gain understanding 8IBUJT+PF.BUUIFXTµNBJODSJUJDJTNPGUIF"/$JO4PVSDF" (3"%&-0 "4 (3"%&-0 "4 *O4PVSDF# XIBUJT%BWJE#PQBQFµTWJFXPGUIF"/$MFBEFSTIJQJOUIFT 8IBUJTTJNJMBSJOUIFTFUXPDSJUJDJTNTPGUIF"/$ 6TJOHUIFTFUXPTPVSDFTBOEZPVSPXOLOPXMFEHF FYQMBJOXIZUIF:PVUI -FBHVFXBTDSJUJDBMPGUIF"/$JOUIFT GRADE 9 $POUFOU 3FQSFTTJPOBOESFTJT NON-VIOLENT PROTEST IN THE 1950s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¾BODF$BNQBJHO BDUJPO /POWJPMFOUQSPUFTUJOUIFT] “Open the jail doors, we want to enter!”: The Defi ance Campaign New words BCPMJTI°QVUBOFOEUPPS *OUIF"GSJDBO/BUJPOBM$POHSFTTMBVODIFEUIF%FGJBODF$BNQBJHO"QSPHSBNNFPG HFUSJEPG DJWJMEJTPCFEJFODFXBTQMBOOFE5IJTNFBOUUIBUMBSHFHSPVQTPG"GSJDBOTXPVMEQFBDFGVMMZ DVSGFX°UJNFBUOJHIUBGUFS CVUEFMJCFSBUFMZCSFBLUIFMBX5IFZBJNFEUPHFUBSSFTUFEBOEGMPPEUIFDPVOUSZµTQSJTPOT XIJDICMBDLQFPQMFXFSFOPU 5IFZIPQFEUIBUUIJTXPVMEESBXQVCMJDBUUFOUJPOUPUIFBQBSUIFJEMBXTBOEGPSDFUIF BMMPXFEPVUTJEFUIFJSIPVTFT HPWFSONFOUUPBCPMJTIUIFN BOEIBEUPSFNBJOJOEPPST .BTTSBMMJFTXFSFIFMEUISPVHIPVUUIFDPVOUSZBOEHSPVQTPGWPMVOUFFSTXFSFTFOU VOUJMUIFOFYUEBZ UPCSFBLUIFMBX5IFZXBMLFEUISPVHI´XIJUFTPOMZµFOUSBODFT TBUJOQBSLTTFUBTJEF GPSXIJUFTPOMZ CSPLFUIFDVSGFX BOESFGVTFEUPDBSSZUIFJSQBTTFT"TBSFTVMU PWFS QFPQMFXFSFBSSFTUFE5IFDBNQBJHOIBEBOFOPSNPVTJNQBDUPOQFPQMFBOE"/$ NFNCFSTIJQTXFMMFEGSPNUP)PXFWFS UIFQPMJDFSFTQPOEFEXJUIFYUSFNF WJPMFODF FTQFDJBMMZJOUIF&BTUFSO$BQF5IFTUBUFJNQPTFEIFBWZGJOFTBOEFWFOKBJM TFOUFODFT BOEUIF"/$XBTGPSDFEUPDBMMPGGUIFDBNQBJHO Songs of resistance "TQFPQMFXFSFKBJMFE TPOHTPGTUSVHHMFBOESFTJTUBODFMJLF4PNMBOEFMBXFSFTVOH Somlandela 4PNMBOEFMB-VUIVMJ 8FTIBMMGPMMPX-VUIVMJ -VUIVMJ -VUIVMJ :POLFJOEBXP 8FTIBMMGPMMPXIJNFWFSZXIFSF -BQPBZBLPOBTPNMBOEFMB IFHPFT -FMJKFMFMJDXFMFVZBMBOEFMXB 5IFKBJMTBSFGVMM UIFZTIPXUIBUXFTUSVHHMFGPS PVSGSFFEPN "MCFSU-VUIVMJXBTUIFQSFTJEFOUPGUIF "/$JO)FXBTUIF¾STU4PVUI"GSJDBO UPCFBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FGPS1FBDF )FSFIFBDDFQUTUIFBXBSEJO0TMP /PSXBZ JO ] $IBQUFS3FTJTUBODFUPBQBSUIFJE .VTJDIBTQMBZFETVDIBSPMFUIBU* KVTUEPOµUTFFIPXPOFXPVMEIBWF QVMMFEUISPVHIUIFNBOZZFBSTPG TUSVHHMFBUIPNF JOFYJMF JODBNQT BMMPWFSUIFXPSME XJUIPVUCFJOH TVTUBJOFECZTPOH #BMFLB.CFUF TQFBLFSPGQBSMJBNFOU "UOPUJNFIBTUIFMJCFSBUJPONPWFNFOU OPUCFFOTJOHJOH"UOPUJNFIBTUIF MJCFSBUJPONPWFNFOUOPUCFFOEBODJOH &WFSZXIFSF DVMUVSFCFDPNFTBWFSZ DFOUSBMBOEBWFSZJNQPSUBOUFMFNFOU JOUIJTBDUPGSFCFMMJPO JOUIJTBDUPG BTTFSUJPOUIBUXFBSFIVNBO 'SPNUIF$%DPWFS/PUFTPG4"'SFFEPN4POHT .BZJCVZF$FOUSF 5IBCP.CFLJ 1SFTJEFOUPG4PVUI"GSJDB Activity 2: Understanding the role of music in the struggle *OUIFDPOUFYUPGUIF%F¾BODF$BNQBJHO XIBUEPZPVUIJOLUIFTPOH (3"%&-0 "4BOE (3"%&-0 "4-0 "4 4PNMBOEFMBJTUSZJOHUPTIPX )PXEPZPVUIJOLBTPOHMJLFUIJTXPVMEIBWFIFMQFEQFPQMFXIPXFSFKBJMFE EVSJOHUIF%F¾BODF$BNQBJHO New words 6TJOHUIFDPNNFOUTCZ#BMFLB.CFUFBOE1SFTJEFOU5IBCP.CFLJ BTXFMMBT ZPVSPXOGFFMJOHT FYQMBJOXIZNVTJDXBTBOJNQPSUBOUQBSUPGUIFTUSVHHMF EJTCBOEFE°DMPTFEJUTFMG 0ODFZPVIBWF¾OJTIFEXPSLJOHUISPVHIUIJTCPPL DIPPTFPOFPGUIF EPXO EJTDPOUJOVFEBTB SFTJTUBODFDBNQBJHOTBOEXSJUFZPVSPXOGSFFEPNTPOHGPSJU QPMJUJDBMQBSUZ TUBUFPGFNFSHFODZ°B QFSJPEEVSJOHXIJDIUIF Repressive government legislation and actions HPWFSONFOUTVTQFOEFEUIF 5IF4VQQSFTTJPOPG$PNNVOJTN"DUPGNBEFUIF$PNNVOJTU1BSUZJMMFHBMBOE SVMFPGMBXBOEUPPLTQFDJBM QPXFSTUPSVMFUIFDPVOUSZ HBWFUIFHPWFSONFOUUIFQPXFSUPEFDMBSFBOZTJNJMBSPSHBOJ[BUJPOJMMFHBMBTXFMM5IF 5IFQPMJDFBOEBSNZDPVME $PNNVOJTU1BSUZEJTCBOEFEJUTFMGKVTUCFGPSFUIJTMFHJTMBUJPOCFDBNFMBX BSSFTUBOZPOFUIFZCFMJFWFE 5IF1VCMJD4BGFUZ"DUPGFOBCMFEUIFHPWFSONFOUUPEFDMBSFBTUBUFPGFNFSHFODZ UPCFBUISFBUUPUIFTUBUF JGJUCFMJFWFEUIBUQVCMJDPSEFSXBTUISFBUFOFE CBOOJOHPSEFST°B 5IFHPWFSONFOUBMTPQMBDFECBOOJOHPSEFSTPOQPMJUJDBMBDUJWJTUT"CBOOFEQFSTPO HPWFSONFOUPSEFSPSEFDSFF XBTSFTUSJDUFEUPIJTIFSEJTUSJDU IBEUPSFQPSUUPUIFQPMJDFUXJDFBEBZ DPVMEOPUCFJO XIJDIMFEUPBQFSTPOCFJOH UIFDPNQBOZPGNPSFUIBOPOFQFSTPO BOEDPVMEOPUCFRVPUFE5IJTFGGFDUJWFMZTJMFODFE CBOOFE5IJTXBTVTVBMMZ JNQPTFEPOBQFSTPOGPSB NBOZBDUJWJTUT0SHBOJ[BUJPOTDPVMEBMTPCFCBOOFE XIJDINFBOUUIFZDFBTFEUPFYJTU QFSJPEPG¾WFZFBST /POWJPMFOUQSPUFTUJOUIFT] “The People shall govern”: The Freedom Charter *OUIFT EJGGFSFOUHSPVQTXJUIJOUIFMJCFSBUJPONPWFNFOUDBNFUPHFUIFSUPGPSNUIF $POHSFTT"MMJBODF5IF"MMJBODFJODMVEFEUIF"/$ UIF4PVUI"GSJDBO*OEJBO$POHSFTT UIF 4PVUI"GSJDBO$POHSFTTPG%FNPDSBUT BOPSHBOJ[BUJPOPGXIJUFTPQQPTFEUPBQBSUIFJE UIF$PMPVSFE1FPQMFµT0SHBOJ[BUJPOBOEUIF4PVUI"GSJDBO$PVODJMPG5SBEF6OJPOT 5IF"MMJBODFTUBSUFEUIF$POHSFTTPGUIF1FPQMF$BNQBJHO7PMVOUFFSTUSBWFMMFE UISPVHIPVU4PVUI"GSJDBUPDPMMFDUUIFEFNBOETPGPSEJOBSZ4PVUI"GSJDBOTGPSBKVTUBOE GSFFTPDJFUZ5IFTFEFNBOETXFSFMJTUFEJOUIF'SFFEPN$IBSUFS XIJDIXBTQSFTFOUFEUP UIF$POHSFTTPGUIF1FPQMFJO,MJQUPXOJO:PVDBOTFFWJEFPGPPUBHFPGUIJTFWFOUJO UIF"QBSUIFJE.VTFVN 5IF$POHSFTTPGUIF1FPQMF$BNQBJHOXBTJNQPSUBOUCFDBVTFJUNPCJMJ[FEQFPQMFPWFS BMFOHUIZQFSJPEBOETPIFMQFEUPSFWJWFUIF"/$5IF"/$GPSNVMBUFEBQSPHSBNNFGPS UIF$POHSFTT"MMJBODFXIJDIXPVMEHVJEFJUGPSUIFOFYUGPSUZZFBST 5)&'3&&%0.$)"35&3 8F UIFQFPQMFPG4PVUI"GSJDB EFDMBSFGPSBMMPVSDPVOUSZBOE UIFXPSMEUPLOPX 5IBU4PVUI"GSJDBCFMPOHTUPBMMXIPMJWFJOJU CMBDLBOEXIJUF BOEUIBUOPHPWFSONFOUDBOKVTUMZDMBJNBVUIPSJUZVOMFTTJUJT CBTFEPOUIFXJMMPGUIFQFPQMF 5IFQFPQMFTIBMMHPWFSO "MMOBUJPOBMHSPVQTTIBMMIBWFFRVBMSJHIUT 5IFQFPQMFTIBMMTIBSFJOUIFOBUJPOµTXFBMUI 5IFMBOETIBMMCFTIBSFECZUIPTFXIPXPSLJU "MMTIBMMCFFRVBMCFGPSFUIFMBX "MMTIBMMFOKPZFRVBMIVNBOSJHIUT 5IFSFTIBMMCFXPSLBOETFDVSJUZGPSBMM 5IFEPPSTPGMFBSOJOHBOEDVMUVSFTIBMMCFPQFOFE 5IFSFTIBMMCFIPVTFT TFDVSJUZBOEDPNGPSU 5IFSFTIBMMCFQFBDFBOEGSJFOETIJQ 5IFPQFOJOHXPSETBOENBJODMBVTFTPGUIF'SFFEPN$IBSUFS Activity 3: Analysing the Freedom Charter (3"%&-0 "4BOE (3"%&-0 "4-0 "4 'JOEBOEXSJUFEPXOUIFEJGGFSFOUEFNBOETGSPNUIF'SFFEPN$IBSUFSXIJDI TIPXXIBUUIFQFPQMFXBOUFEEFNPDSBDZSFEJTUSJCVUJPOPGMBOEBOEXFBMUI BOFOEUPBQBSUIFJEGSFFEPNBKVTUTPDJFUZ 8IJDIPGUIF'SFFEPN$IBSUFSµTEFNBOETEPZPVUIJOLJTUIFNPTUJNQPSUBOU &YQMBJOXIZZPVUIJOLTP 8IJDIPGUIF'SFFEPN$IBSUFSµTEFNBOETEPZPVUIJOLIBWFCFFONFUUPEBZJO UIFOFX4PVUI"GSJDB 1SPWJEFFWJEFODFUPTVQQPSUZPVSBOTXFS $IPPTFPOFPGUIFEFNBOETPGUIF'SFFEPN$IBSUFS