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edition
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present
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geographical
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are are
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were were
Tupi
hence hence
slight slight
Brazil Brazil
to to
under
Prata). Prata).
Lingua Lingua
PAULO PAULO
most most
so so
of of
Tupi Tupi
moutb moutb
discovery discovery
investiga
tribes tribes
owners owners
da da
plants plants
and and
country country
the the
which which
coast coast
and and
its its
SÃO SÃO
purposes, purposes,
the the
the the
-
country country
were were
and and
language) language)
(Rio (Rio
north north
the the
of of
to to
the the
recent recent
used used
Tupis Tupis
former former
the the
themselves themselves
OF OF
of of
tribes, tribes,
from from
the the
numerous numerous
by by
Plate Plate
Brazil Brazil
tbe tbe
Indians, Indians,
time time
INDIANS INDIANS
of of
over over
the the
practical practical
frorn frorn
make make
animais animais
of of
priests priests
(general (general
tbe tbe
to to
the the
all all
dialects. dialects.
coast coast
eu eu
belonging belonging
for for
these these
interior interior
STATE STATE
River River
Tapuyas, Tapuyas,
v v
and and
the the
of of
IHERING IHERING
at at
founrled founrled
BY BY
easily easily
between between
south south
the the
dri dri
native native
the the
Tupi Tupi
Ge1·al Ge1·al
tbe tbe
given given
that that
Tbe Tbe
natives natives
of of
THE THE
the the
us us
well well
to to
reason reason
appears, appears,
could could
Janeiro Janeiro
Brazil Brazil
VON VON
been been
ot ot
the the
aborígines aborígines
OF OF
that that
as as
EXISTING EXISTING
ngua ngua
as as
'
several several
Tapuya Tapuya de de
inhabited inhabited
of of
of of
and and
nations. nations.
localities, localities,
Lz
by by
to to
di:fferences di:fferences
H. H.
same same
catechisavion catechisavion
it. it.
show show
had had
the the
of of
of of
only, only,
Rio Rio
who who
most most
coast coast
Mar Mar
name name
the the
tbe tbe
THE THE
ou, ou,
Guaranis Guaranis
for for
of of
from from
Portuguese Portuguese
Tapuya Tapuya
INDIANS INDIANS
in in
which which
do do
by by
recognised recognised
regi regi
The The
inhabiteJ inhabiteJ
The The
linguistic linguistic
For For
the the
the the
name name
Tupis, Tupis,
nanes nanes
A,nazonas A,nazonas
Tupis Tupis
the the
S S
1
the the
been been
tions, tions,
not not
THE THE
the the
nambás nambás
stood stood
Geral Geral
that that
adoptBd adoptBd
and and
The The
derivc:d derivc:d
Serra Serra
the the
the the
th th
to to
was was
pu
and and
will will
gene
a a
annexecl annexecl
papers papers
matter matter
the the
give give
questions, questions,
in in
the the
to to
o f f o
di:fferent di:fferent
only only
1905. 1905.
special special
is is
my my
18 18
ledge ledge
rnentioned rnentioned
w w
in in
some some
paper paper
-4-
kno kno
anel anel
in in
tbis tbis
details details
November, November,
of of
actual actual
list. list.
interested interested
onr onr
portuguese portuguese
design design
Paulo, Paulo,
additional additional
o f f o
in in
São São
The The
the the
reader, reader,
idea idea
bibliographic:;~l bibliographic:;~l
blished blished
:find :find
the the ral ral
a a
of of
in in
in in
in in
~f ~f
for for
the the
are are
one one
and and
anel anel
and and
and and
cus
cha
con
to to
tben tben
That That
have have
with with
their their
those those
aban
study study
while while
faces. faces.
tbdt tbdt
Grosso Grosso
waists. waists.
Cayuás Cayuás
oo oo
for for
elead elead
be be
in in
nothiog nothiog
strip strip
obtained obtained
urns urns
cylinder cylinder
found found
Sampaio, Sampaio,
stayed stayed
they they
the the
bow bow
they they
resin resin
cook cook
hammocks hammocks
they they
monograph monograph
be be
and and
the the
Paulo Paulo
with with
their their
slit slit
ar.d ar.d
born. born.
their their
himself himself
f f
of of
may may
their· their·
anel anel
Matto Matto
o o
a a
in in
Paranapanema Paranapanema
witb witb
the the
second.ary second.ary
on on
S. S.
furni.:,hed furni.:,hed
father father
in, in,
can can
that that
narrow narrow
of of
was was
they they
whicb whicb
funeral funeral
-
indented indented
one one
of of
Jatahy Jatahy
characteristic characteristic
etbnological etbnological
a a
bury bury
Theodoro Theodoro
child child
cannibalism, cannibalism,
the the
sit sit
are are
are are
around around
the the
valuable valuable
hammocks hammocks
make make
transparent transparent
to to
or or
cord cord
about about
a a
tbis tbis
These These
subjects subjects
part part
copp0r, copp0r,
e
old old
of of
stripes stripes
a a
to to
child child
is is
hammocks hammocks
Dr. Dr.
r
conditions conditions
of of
accounts accounts
sleeping sleeping
the the
a a
Tbus Tbus
Jarge Jarge
of of
a a
and and
go go
Tbey Tbey
whicb whicb
States States
wear wear
in in
in in
to to
huts huts
of of
wbich wbich
small small
arrows arrows
put put
used used
their their
frvm frvm
paint paint
made made
che1·lpá che1·lpá
to to
smooth smooth
those those
in in
men men
used used
weapons weapons
the the
make make
when when
woman, woman,
the the
short short
of of
birth birth
custom. custom.
tom tom
Cayuás Cayuás
detailed detailed
southern southern
existing existing
The The
-7-
complete complete
their their
yellowish yellowish
of of
they they
in in
chiefty chiefty
women women
a a
cu cu
learn learn
called called
for for
The The
the the
sleeping sleeping
writings writings
the the
a a
the the
in in
contained contained
hair hair
tbis tbis
mostly mostly
the the
they they
either either
the the
womcn womcn
length length
some some
Their Their
of of
polygarny. polygarny.
More More
as as
is is
the the
mother mother
old old
than than
of of
owe owe
that that
old old
We We
are are
club. club.
of of
according according
home home
and and
in in
cloth cloth
the the
which which
now now
their their
; ;
a a
we we
in in
so so
» »
the the
before before
that that
heads heads
anel anel
well well
The The
aod aod
relic relic
earthenware earthenware
height. height.
position position
food. food.
sides. sides.
of of
modifications modifications
are are
a a
coloLU' coloLU'
em. em.
ioto ioto
as as
else else
pra.ctise pra.ctise
wbich wbich
Formerly Formerly
as as
wear wear
abandoned, abandoned,
diet diet
Paraná Paraná compsring
present present
ab(l.ndoned ab(l.ndoned
as as
or or
wbich wbich
belts, belts,
customs customs
spear spear
~O ~O
related related
tembetá tembetá
both both lips lips
make make
tbeir tbeir
Paraguay Paraguay
couvade couvade
huts huts
dead. dead.
di.f:ficult, di.f:ficult,
such such
still still
by by
wooden wooden
Their Their
« «
men men
mao, mao,
instead instead
fire. fire.
those those
Alto Alto
Ambrosetti. Ambrosetti.
on on
but but
medium medium
their their
squatting squatting
nearly nearly
und und
.. ..
they they
very very
a a
set set
racteristic racteristic
their their f f
only only
rigorous rigorous
of of
toros toros
valley valley dooed dooed
:;idered :;idered
are are their their
tbe tbe
o r r o
from from
already already
by by arrow, arrow,
the the
under under
bed bed
long long
s s
They They
about about
ernbira ernbira
Paraná. Paraná.
of of
called called
The The
keep keep on on
to to
in in
ln ln
an
the the
ele
not not
still still
fea
anel anel
lns
anel anel
two two
p~e
they they
along along
tbose tbose
affiu
view, view,
Paulo Paulo
Carib Carib
chris
found found
nearly nearly
b:y b:y
to to
eastern eastern
the the
examine examine
the1r the1r
Guaranis Guaranis
th~ th~
~outhern ~outhern
th1s th1s
of of
complain complain
its its
all all
the the
tbey tbey
dress dress
Paranapa
understand understand
hve hve
immigrated immigrated
who who
São São
o~ o~
oames oames
us us
the the
central central
while while
o f f o
coloured coloured
by by
to to
~re ~re
the the
probably probably
aborígines aborígines
are are
laods laods
w1th w1th
Paranapanema Paranapanema
with with
let let
beloog beloog
anel anel
point point
of of
in in
river river
of of
in in
the the
fe:v fe:v
they they
dolicbocephalous dolicbocephalous
savage savage
aborígines, aborígines,
Verde, Verde,
Tribe~ Tribe~
family family
the the
in in
State State
utensils, utensils,
characteristics. characteristics.
is is
tbeir tbeir
which which
anel anel
Now Now
river river
Tupis Tupis
the the
Guarams Guarams
agrees agrees
heathen, heathen,
but but
of of
State State
articles articles
reduced, reduced,
Braúl Braúl
1830-1852, 1830-1852,
traversed traversed
existing existing
the the
existed existed
Rio Rio
crossed crossed
of of
Iguape, Iguape,
the the
of of
tbe tbe
Gês, Gês,
of of
that that
coast coast
anel anel
of of
preserved preserved
of of
of of
whose whose
laogtwge laogtwge
the the
fancy fancy
of of
use, use,
physical physical
part part
valley valley
Tapuyas Tapuyas
years years
and and
tbe tbe
never never
pllrtly pllrtly
greatly greatly
the the
southern southern
fact fact
regions regions
Tapuyas, Tapuyas,
representeel representeel
ethnographical ethnographical
converted. converted.
in in
wild wild
have have
of of
separately. separately.
groups groups
population. population.
the the
States States
the the
is is
or or
the the
anel anel
their their
capital capital
an an
the the
pretty pretty
whose whose
independent independent
valley valley
The The
number number
are are
are are
of of
of of
Guaranis Guaranis
brachycephalous. brachycephalous.
fully fully
Santos Santos
to to
along along
general general
as as
of of
forest forest
Brazil, Brazil,
in in
the the
already already
Brazilians, Brazilians,
the the
the the
Paulo Paulo
Other Other
in in
and and
of of
The The
make make
thousand. thousand.
The The
Tupi Tupi
pl:mters, pl:mters,
late late
elements elements
parts. parts.
in in
State, State, Brazilian Brazilian
are are
the the
southern southern
S. S.
usurpation usurpation
only only
distribution distribution
visit visit
Guaranis Guaranis
to to
regard regard
so so
Indians Indians
cranium cranium
the the
families, families,
ten ten
hetween hetween
have have
element element
Cayuás Cayuás
villages, villages,
of of
Guarauis Guarauis
of of
less. less.
the the
the the
ex:tensive ex:tensive
tbat tbat
of of
in in
parts parts
tbe tbe
the the
not not
the the
r r
skelch. skelch.
fonr fonr
They They
how how
in in
year year
represent represent
adopted adopted
of of
the the
o o
customs. customs.
severa! severa!
ooly ooly
and and
of of
The The
The The
the the
Their Their
coast coast
southern southern
tbat tbat
State State
also also
Aruac Aruac
such, such,
the the
ving ving
who who
nema nema
ment ment
oeighbouring oeighbouring
thers. thers.
know know
the the
cient cient
against against
every every
more more
customs customs
have have
tians tians
these these
li li
anel anel
ents, ents,
part part
exceeeling exceeeling
is is
dominant dominant
groups, groups,
the the
torical torical
in in
and and
o·eneral o·eneral
western western
~nel ~nel
anel anel related, related, but but
to
it
o1
a
is
the
Co
this
be
und
was
the
the
now
now
true
It
who
"
they
south as have It
Cal'l
iden
to
Matto
Minas
in
intro
mean
custom
no
is such
of
as
ing
shortly
and
name so
Paraná,
of
Taunay.
conf as
ed.
are
however,
Tapuyas:
of u
in
and
we
abandoned
tbe name
inhabitants
of
u
group
that
Pseudo-Co ,
to
of «Ca»
and
1882,
to
Paulo,
woods».
tbe
the
Brinton,
used
comprehended and
being
the
the
They beads
names
are
t
in
one S.
Bugres
State
been this
Bugres mistakes
the
8tates
is
ex:clusively
these
of
considerei
reason, word
f
known
of
o
It
insteacl
of
from
disuse Coroados
the
Coroado
of
their
under
ly
Escragn~~ne
first,
refering
ba local
Brazil
leads
the
tbe
lingui
call
group
this
in well
of
lhe
Faxina. eviclently
it
belong
tbat
literature
of arising
State
of
dreaded
them
the to
aborígine
wbo
numbers
names
name
that
name
name
For
is
top hion the
«people
been
used
the
gradual
and
with
erroneou fa
of
the
-9- eminent
the
south
Visconde
lang1:1age.
Caingangs.
the
of
The
old
such
ahvays
Brazil
because
Caingangs
latter
interior)
ocré
Borba group,
.
long
scientific
however
into
are
the
this
the
Coroados
means the
on
family.
in
far
Tupi
separating
are
The the
the tribes
Camés
west
under · Xocren,
by
the it to
has
in
ltapeva
fell
among
into
Brazil,
tribe
bnt
coincidence
;
true
hair
of
it
it the
Tupi
(the
of
the
name
the
for
torued 269), destroyed
there
lhe
ted
Telemaco
in
the
Grosso.
remarked name outh
term
in
the
Guayaná
p.
but
the
and followd known
that
Indians. Caingangs.-The
together
of
the
exi
inappropriate.
still
crown;
be
accu (crowned)
who
name
to
8.
se1·tão
componeut
of
was
happened of
also
the
this
this
witb
a
only
The
to themselves
Although
with
Matto
remarkable orne that
It
(N.
the
cutting
most
ed
a
is
u Brazil, Guayanás munieipalities of group
generally
roados of form
under by
is
them
and
kinship Grosso,
lately
grouped
Coroados,
jós give whilst roados become woods
longing is
general duced afterward
It tical ~everal
thus
i
ot· of
but
the
the
The
the
and
The
love
and
the
they
the
with
·
very said
from
says
make
rather
l ofth1}
refer
in
colour
of
of
te ampaio
Ehren
animals
pacious,
Cayuás. .
fot·
Cayuás
etc.
Cangua.
and
Kaiowa,
are
as
also
Cayuá
remarked,
Caynâs
are
that floor.
tbat
the
Cayo,vas
element
tribes
and the anil
explaios
is
those
be
are
Jeave lighter
Noto-cayuâs.
catch
pla:stered and
Cainguás
designa Cayüá
payé,
they
Castelnau
tbe
lhem
the
which
with
cultivatecl,
the
to
finecaps,
narne
to
and
They of
with
·
olcler
sobriety
anel
written
call food
d
on Caioa
t
from Theodoro and
palm
and
strips
is
e
tapui
is
which
as
tbat
with '"here
also
the
make
The
It
tribe
Paraguay
Kainguâ
Dr. name
their
somewhat
between
chief
sleep they
»
with
a
hermen
family
of mistakes about
are Paraguay,
and
called
drinks.
wooden
distinguishes
doubt
fi
~8)
Paraguay, the
confound
convenien this
for
different
of
wood
Guaranis
of
Indians
of
-8-
Tbeir
p.
no
be
traps.
which mentioned cloth be
huts by
avoid
usually
and
constitute
anel Tapajoz.
the
Cainguc
cotton
confounded
immigrations.
Indians
covered
«
noted
Guarani 10,
to
not elves being of
are
in
found
walls
di:trerences
these
will
be
.
alcoholic
lcave
and
~
weave
Their
tbe
Alto Brazil
Cayowas
are
he the it
adults
(N.
of
later
Paranapanema.
Brazil
amulets
hunters
being
the
they
them Siemiradzki
built
not
'
planting.
to
should
kinds
confounding
Guarani
future,
of
hi
they
the
the
that
vertical
The written
u e
tbe
Guaranis
are
of south
map
tbat roof
for
name
authors
of
among
of
good
prepare
chase. Tocantin
and
the
the
potatoes
us
Cayuá
of
of
should
the
latter the t
soutb
anel
the
belong
with
mentions
Tocantins,
are
consider
the They
The
not
For
Cayuás
tbese
on
same different
Alto
to
the
ver
ligbt,
cbildren.
presen
do tímid built
and clay,
clearing manioc,
which bowever,
valley men
in informs the
antl
Perhaps Cainguá
Cayo>vas
Caingangues. possibility Caingues sometimes
reich
All
but ed the
before,
the of Cayuás ri
of
>ir life
fa
for the
that not
the
dif
the
nei kind
1arge game
mon limi have
e tL
They from
Mat
these
proba
accus publi is
rotten
do them. arrow
neither
th
Borba. of
general prepare practic to
is in
that of
Gês
tomb
are
tbis to with
their
in
is
they
Paranapa
In anel the
from they Eocbavan are
brasilien~,is).
gather a
maize.
given
; litlle
from
the
tribe
chiefly
seern live
they
d;
of
e
though barnboo
wives
the
that bones
a
is (pari)
anel ake anel laoguage
of
factor Telemaco
been
but o f o
regarel
Goyaz 111
of
of
adopteel
shape.
who asts, fishing, They
identical roast
bread
arrows
me
e
rernarkable the
in name
ones of Polyg~Hny
has
f
food
anel
weir language
their
of is
cannibals;
anel maize
Araucaria
to
i:>
of
rnade
or
group
and. bemg
pinhões
tbe 12)
valley thought,
for
been
it
have
Paulo,
that
that important
conical
their their
number the
Their p. they
meat
rivers.
iron
the
S.
kinel for
seems
a
an wooden beads race
from as we
Quadros bows
that
of
-ü-
of
ground,
have 19, temporarily Chavantes are
cultivate reason For it a of
tbe of
same
of
neighbo,u·s.
great
use
Their
are
use anel
ft)rm
the stone, N. well
the
made nor
anel
the
independent
(Íruit that brasiliensis.
they
the
Ehrenreich
have must
of not State
in as
their
of
boating
make
Ewerton
Guaranis,
three. heigbt an
Caingang-s.
as
for
on
a
(piráJ
general,
do
meat
the information
drink
from
3rt,
in
or vocaLularies
Ihering
that weapons
elead tbe
made but
from
the
fruits;
tribes
in not They of
not, anel
pinhões
liv8 fish
language.
Chavantes ordinarily
m.
raw
Mess.r•
hest
of
this
Caingangs Araucaria
They
two von
of
are
to
Two
2
are from
for
are tbeir pinhão-trees
wild but dislribution
Their
evident
ojat by
some to
The
tbe
salt. they Tupi
the the
alcobolic
arrows
(H.
Grosso
is
ciality anel crops
The
of mer of
heads
do keys. bly ed,
of ted
an bury about they
tomed
neighbours leamed maize.
worel the use ther
nema
mily. Caiogaugs Chavantes tes sbed For
It to ferent
to
of
the
the
Co or Fa
anel this Rio
that
was
huts spe-
Feio
with
huts, name com
eli:ffe
how
Claro
being W80-
in
P01.
to Tavens.
of
Parana between
1
the
attacked
anel
of the
clotb
maele
the
the
Sampaio's
little committecl called
Caingangs
river sticks
Caiugangs,
trees
and
in of
tbe
according
to
rnention
22d,
of
Hummel
coast
of
living
weatbf'r This
the
servants
of
the
years
of and the industrial
regard
clolh
Paulo
ltapeva
are,
geographic peopling
Monsenhor by
lhe
night
S. in
May,
must
two Caingangs
an
cold
region the Olavo
Xocrens
of
generally
tribe
Theodoro
maele
of
bark the
villages
in
the
is
anel
ir. which
valley coarse
belonging
a
1905,
him
we data
wall.
assaults (nettle).
along
Dr.
anel
are ;
as
the
Dr.
fire.
.._ Paraná,
same explored
of a
the
of
the
day
for
small during
of
above, in of
anel anel
10 Dorins,
The
the
July, of
making
who wel! of
The on
in
naked
have
brava
killing
Guayanâs Paulo
-
of
elrawings
villages expedition
ult.
as
dition
roof
tribes who
tion
State explore
c
to
e
S.
c
thus
barbarous 18 live
leaves
the
in
burning expedition
of
s1eep
107). te
rouneled
about
collected the
exp
diffi
of
towards
the
orttga
perserved Votol'ões,
dire
was Baurú,
State
aifl.uents,
the
p.
these outline
live
coverings
go in
Caingangs are
palm kept the
the
of
mauy the
its
on
the to
clifferent
State
lguape,
mmders been found
is
use 4'1,
same
of
was
the
turneel of
with
Camés,
which
men
huts
Caingangs
ss with
occupants
separation anel
destinated
tbe saicl e
It
are
has
anel
The fire extrelllely
the (N. sertãc
made
anel
feet they
under
families.
In
Recently attaked
chief A The The The
tbe exterminated
composeel
in
fibers
r,
ir the
e
e
1::58n Camês plains. panema Camés Santos xina, mis:;iou are Taunay: numberl anel namented roados. region report wouncled. anel rent anel ev Monteiro in without th tbe subject also the Feio
thatcheel -
of
to
in
m
of
the
the
the
b3cl
he
anel
this the
the
who
sati
was
very
that
fr,
that
a
who
"erc
prin
oare
iniJa
sertão,
evident
tbat
e,
no In
interest,
with
"\Yith
anel.
v
living
us
attention,
conviction
kept
is
contained
The
ti
heen
then
Guayanás
Paulo,
the Banrú
it
of
Indians proved
thousancls
dangerous
characteristic
:sufficient
my
S.
ot
given of
is
knowledge
Gabriel
language
The exercised
rnixed
narra
have
State
is
importance.
a
Carijós the
Caingangs,
it
in which
info1·ms
de
Indians,
them
t
century.
t
Paulo.
Paulo has
his
1
plantations of
our
in
worthy
the
the havc have
former the
S.
tbeir
to
live
circumstaJ1ce
Thus
information
S.
its introduce
would
tribes
of
ethnographical
century.
of
are
of
-
Brazil,
autbor
greate
that
of
to
of
population
makinO'
not
this
municipality
their
that
no
Indians
TRADITIONS.
count
do
last
13
pect
converted
sixteenth
the oftbe
to
of
tbe
State
west
Tupis.
the
conditions
did
--
the
valuable
pop11lation ac:cording
ible, re
State
the
anel
not
population.
of
description
in
ancestor
the
oífer the
Inclians
the service
G·eral
the
oL1iged
of aborígines the Tupinambás,
to
last,
i
mo~t
ciYilized
this
the
tbe
the
of
is
of
of
of
can
these
up
the
these, rural in
floor
year
tate,
The
autlJOr
sentially
in
inacce
, The
above
1ost
these
In
it
e
these
population.
1587,
that
for
the the
general, were
Roteiro
HISTORICAL
the
this
portuguese
of
Paulo
as
and
«
ults.
Of
mong
the this of
exist
without
scattered
which
. due
In
have conversion
a
on on
districts
greatknowledge territ1ry
rural
»
re
of literature
from
is
Guayanás
the
ts
of
m~nner
it
The the
thev
of
ones
From
slept
those
retired
Though
ouza
tbinly
Coroados.
customs
tbe
following:
Guayanas
present
bappened
certain
factory immigrated
infinence that
State
immigrants
existing
sure
at
villages that
cnstoms.v
anel
live the
as
tbe
the
incomplete in
de respect
manife
hited
cipal
the
Guayanás. they
diiferent
tbe
in
name
a
of
on
be
for
th.;
the the
are the
the
the
re
cul
feet,
they huts
bav
Cha
t ears.
when
Para
other
Cain
of
of
E,ver
of
of
accen seems
io
arrows around
wear
can
empJoy
kill
as
150
only
111ade
anirnals,
not
The
represent
fore
small
their
Chavantes
tbe
anel,
domestica are
of
tbat
Their
not
between
cheek-bones
anel
anel
heart
their ~Savage
rivers
words
are
in
in
the
not
result
General
Chavantes
fringe
lah!•Ur
the
have
do
barbed
slllall,
of
a
of
cbildren
the
to
the
teeth
As
do when couple.
larvm
tbe
backward
the
rnen
of
the
(inhabitants dangerous
slits
as
to
salient
bows
of
passes final
emblra,
of
and
and
anel
of
Coroados
s.
the
in
They
one
for
of
heads
most
anel
Paulo
plantations
of
timid;
the
low
those
Paulo,
insects,
(alecrim),
made indebted
continuous
Their
Most
bair
the
other
earthernware. wbicb
S.
than
the the
long
extermination.
12-
S.
progre
colonisation
are
rnacle
follows. courses
and
women,
made penultimate. otbenvise o.
sertanejos
me,
ar·~
no
and
faithful. anel very of
are
Jndians anel
of abdomens, rob
-
longitudinal
use
as polygamy
anel their
em.
ga
ma the
more
eycs.
anel
not
and
the
the
we
their
are
is
men,
anel
to
rosemary
on
lower
nor
waists
cut
them,
of
they
for
Cayuás
on of
serious
are
zôO
make
lance appendage
Indians
ndians
syllable
necklaces
colour
l
the
civilizecl
by
the
people
Tietê,
no
against
labour them, the
an
f
docile their
which
them
that
part palm-trees
and
,
in
make
they
the
of
horizontal the
opposed
subsist protuberant
last of
of
their
hunger
of wear anel
obstrncting
of
enough
animais
are
,
present
of
palmleaves
;
hut
A.ll
Brazil
all
tban (aroeira),
most
attack
the
haviug
by
lwart
are
between
All
they
f
arounJ are
be?ds,
tic
of
habitated
weaponf; of
leg ·
small
k
O
tbey
They
Qnaclros,
side
The neither
Jarkest
wood
room
on
tbe
not
element
the
ton
napanema
ture; the plains ted, se1·tão) thio dome
dri\·en the one do
'Jf and lenti
girJle women. their vocabulary women made
vantes ted
legs. anel
tbeir
ing
for part
expected gangs an possible
gions
\ \
in in
the the
at at
and and
re
the the
37 37
least least
and and
good good
time time
were were
this this
resin resin
nese nese
Tupi
·
great great
other other
river. river.
South South
made made
family family
widely widely
Soares Soares
at at
of of
a a
p. p.
rPprin
anu anu islancls, islancls,
tles tles
(
domicils domicils
Tupini
the the
Schmidel Schmidel
of of
is is
hy hy
with with
and and
the the
of of
from from
this this
25 25
culture culture
eacb eacb
legne~ legne~
the the
at at
Portuo
man man
expect expect
were were
Tupiniquins. Tupiniquins.
• •
characteristic characteristic
1841 1841
slaves. slaves.
the the
ríver ríver
of of
formerly formerly
letle!" letle!"
of of
, ,
their their
rest rest
N. N.
40 40
custom, custom,
Ulrich Ulrich
a'vay a'vay
represented represented
Gabriel Gabriel
the the
a a
as as
( (
tbe tbe
made made
iro
·
fur fur
accord accord
The The
While While
not not
mention mention
their their
,,f ,,f
that that
spoken spoken
discovery discovery
in in
' '
the the
tbis tbis
Plata Plata
Carijós Carijós
character character
not not
.Tanc
in in
and and
in in
border border
with with
vedo vedo
Paraguay, Paraguay,
used used
us us
reached reached
driven driven
the the
was was
de de
La La
also also
extended extended
however however
could could
cotton. cotton.
tembetá tembetá
1565 1565
not not
population population
The The
were were
captured captured
Que Que
ot· ot·
early early
anel anel
regarding regarding
of of
tribes. tribes.
Rio Rio
of of
lhe lhe
tribes tribes
the the
milcler milcler
extension extension
ave ave
are are
anel anel
the the
Paulo, Paulo,
CanJós CanJós
had had
h h
is is
resemble resemble
Before Before
northern northern
lip.. lip..
Vicente. Vicente.
III, III,
canni~alism. canni~alism.
rel.:ttions rel.:ttions
1nforms 1nforms
-15-
of of
o f f o
an an
S. S.
Brazll Brazll
maele maele
by by
language language
to to
Paraguay Paraguay
the the
Lafone Lafone S. S.
to to
. .
Guaranis Guaranis
the the
in in
however however
of of
they they
hut. hut.
Inelian Inelian
destroyed destroyed
In In
goocl goocl Tomo Tomo
of of
abandoned abandoned
inward inward
under under
autbors autbors
much much
Anchieta Anchieta
Carijós Carijós
of of
were were
only only
rnouth rnouth
shirts shirts
m m
informat!on informat!on
o~· o~·
_few _few
appear appear
de de
State State
~outhern ~outhern
naked, naked,
ho~wever ho~wever
guaram guaram
the the
Hist. Hist.
.:hose .:hose
tbe tbe
who, who,
litoral litoral
~outh. ~outh.
smgle smgle
devoted devoted
part part
they they
Brazil. Brazil.
nsed nsed
the the
m m
ey ey
i_n i_n
a a
250. 250.
hvecl hvecl
of of
different different
Central-braz.ilian Central-braz.ilian
CanJóS CanJóS
the the
these these
the the
leagues leagues
th th
the the
Inst. Inst.
differ·ent differ·ent
the the
went went
cletailed cletailed
populatJon populatJon
from from
111 111
p. p.
but but
to to
in in
Joseph Joseph
el~scovery el~scovery
tbem tbem
Tupiniquins Tupiniquins
to to
~tade~ ~tade~
80 80
who who
1;o 1;o
The The
of of
tha~ tha~
canníbals, canníbals,
:worn :worn
Rev. Rev.
outhern outhern
women women
The The
Some Some
adjacent adjacent
s s
* *
the the
1860) 1860)
the the
portuguese, portuguese,
service service
Tupis, Tupis,
~ot ~ot
m m
nambas nambas
found. found.
the the
ornament ornament
a~d a~d
more more
distnb~ted distnb~ted
occupymg occupymg
Amenca Amenca
o_f o_f
says says
sltuated sltuated
the the
Evidently Evidently
m~ss m~ss
tr1bes. tr1bes.
givec:; givec:;
ference ference
oc qmns qmns II~ns II~ns about about Fa1her Fa1her of of territory. territory. present present ted ted ' ' to to to to an an the the the the tbe tbe and and top top not not the the that that they they Serra Serra sleep sleep lived lived Paulo Paulo study study 1549- desti infor know know expe people people Tupini l1uman l1uman the the fishing, fishing, Cananéa Cananéa S. S. ground. ground. enemies enemies captivity captivity example, example, were were the the anel anel we we nourished nourished not not assemble.d assemble.d with with were were the the Santos Santos The The on on of of buts buts a:ffirms a:ffirms navigators, navigators, among among amoog amoog and and in in reference reference the the years years anel anel deserve deserve Canoibalism Canoibalism for for which which his his according according tasted tasted critica] critica] by by tbeir tbeir did did in in and and bellicose bellicose while while not not as, as, 1he 1he Staden Staden were were on on between between hardy hardy of of by by with with capital capital those those relations relations in in between between never never prisoner prisoner Quadros Quadros spacious spacious caves caves They They h:md, h:md, observe. observe. hunting hunting is is Gúayanás Gúayanás does does common common cannibalism cannibalism pallisades, pallisades, the the a a Hans Hans in in book book and and being being practised practised Janeiro. Janeiro. canoes canoes lived lived to to Brazillived Brazillived of of plantations. plantations. skulls skulls of of rton rton as as Tupinambás Tupinambás hammocks hammocks good good sources, sources, hy hy of of region region The The families, families, other other prisoners, prisoners, ·e de de Santos, Santos, book book could could Tbeir Tbeir in in anel anel not not rnildly. rnildly. the the where where E\\ ir ir the the their their ~iven ~iven houses houses of of e the the of of feeble feeble into into particularly particularly means means lived lived Caingangs Caingangs means means the the Rio Rio Guayanás Guayanás uther uther ground ground of of Carijós Carijós -14- th put put slept slept This This not not of of was was cannibalism cannibalism tbem. tbem. people people by by interesting interesting by by on on their their plains plains and and Thus Thus while while described described the the the the himself himself discovery discovery who who their their near near The The prisoners prisoners from from They They an an number number of of as as distances. distances. often often the the were were in in on on The The plantations. plantations. only only he he the the truthful, truthful, made made entet"ing entet"ing pt·oducts pt·oducts Tupis, Tupis, arnong arnong in in northward northward devoured devoured savages. savages. no no bellicose bellicose of of as as . . fortifieel fortifieel . but but Reis, Reis, their their nol nol Staden, Staden, the the farnily. farnily. possession possession great great great great were were and and Tupys Tupys Guayanás, Guayanás, battle. battle. Guayanâs Guayanâs Catharina, Catharina, aod aod a a ar1d ar1d by by Soares, Soares, situated. situated. which which obtained obtained tbe tbe dos dos to to Gês Gês credit time time pnblished pnblished prairies prairies bad bad in in made made undertook undertook bellicose, bellicose, Hans Hans the the common common The The The The for for cannibalism cannibalism Cayuás Cayuás St.a St.a also also nselves nselves Mar Mar treated treated the the tbe tbe villages, villages, the the no'' no'' which which 1554, 1554, fiesb. fiesb. at at mation mation quins quins and and do do Angra Angra Tupinambás Tupinambás recognised recognised among among of of tbings tbings in in tbe tbe Guaranis Guaranis is is that that energic energic the the very very nPel nPel the.r the.r in in was was same same Gabriel Gabriel of of but but ditions ditions hammocks, hammocks, They They in in the the killeel killeel in in at at as as the the the the thc thc the the the the the the the the V5) V5) Ca dis ned ned wa. wa. who who Tre 1 1 ~ame ~ame 144.) 144.) Paulo Paulo to to verify verify where where Camé' Camé' 'Of 'Of to to S. S. on on of of find find people, people, incom p. p. Oliveira Oliveira Janeiro. Janeiro. the the S. S. northeru northeru with with well well Jtanhaen Jtanhaen southern southern this this to to of of elsewhere elsewhere 188, 188, Guayanás. Guayanás. 1560~ 1560~ mentwned mentwned mentio mentio the the we we de de of of foundiog foundiog de de 52 52 at at This This Tupinambás Tupinambás are are 50). 50). name name part part years years the the Garcia, Garcia, is is m m State, State, the the witb witb of of inhabited inhabited 72, 72, bear bear able able a a an~ an~ find find Tupinambá. Tupinambá. p. p. parts parts in in of (N.o (N.o the the Rio Rio have have we we in in belonged belonged State State after after dorniciled dorniciled the the p. p. identical identical Paulo, Paulo, 58). 58). I I stated, stated, three three 29 29 we we e e the the Viceute Viceute who who name name been been of of Machado Machado Father Father S. S. the the with with episode episode p. p. founded founded are are 14, 14, anel anel lived lived they they exist exist name name to to e:x:pect e:x:pect S. S. which which (N. (N. for for o o o f f o of of by by localities localities the the were were adja.cent adja.cent yet yet r. r. L6, L6, Almeida Almeida the the part part above above TamoJOS TamoJOS combination combination and and to to of of this this they they ( ( whorn whorn 0 0 that that the the still still Guanaos Guanaos Rei Rei Paulo, Paulo, de de and and in in of of Portugue Portugue family, family, o f f o not not made made as as coast coast who who (N. shouid shouid related related region. region. where where Itanhaens Itanhaens the the history history is is exposed exposed Oliveira Oliveira -17- Sul Sul di[erent di[erent dos dos the the ofS. ofS. only only to to regard regard seem seem we we Carijós, Carijós, Camé Camé perhap perhap 168::{ 168::{ among among data data do do Tapuias Tapuias this this Taques Taques de de northern northern the the have have the the wby, wby, were were It It in in Paulo, Paulo, southward southward that that I I city city has has Guarani Guarani time time were were outhern outhern history history in in Tamoyo Tamoyo be be in in the the and and ary ary are are S. S. Angra Angra the the year year these these Teminioos Teminioos communicates communicates where where reference reference to to the the the the unknowo. unknowo. tribe tribe the the says says of of 'Pedro 'Pedro the the Iodians Iodians Grande Grande reason reason The The of of tribe tribe 230). 230). Paulo Paulo in in reference reference thc thc of of is is Staden Staden Machado Machado the the neces neces aid aid of of preseot preseot witb witb Gay Gay Tamoyos Tamoyos family family by by p. p. Vicente, Vicente, .S. .S. '. '. 1562 1562 of of the the 1vfarti•1s. 1vfarti•1s. Rio Rio . . zone zone thi thi whom whom by by from from ent ent the the ioforrned ioforrned mentioned mentioned the the between between S. S. also also of of lived lived i. i. in in of of Hans Hans ~8, ~8, The The \Vith \Vith Another Another to to name name Tamovos Tamovos example example von von to to o o pre pre ited ited me. me. remnants remnants member member letter letter truggle truggle N. N. na na 153i 153i membé membé cribed cribed the the Guayaná Guayaná attacked attacked tbarina. tbarina. the the Anel Anel T;.Ipinambá.s. T;.Ipinambá.s. for for up up were were This This ~ ~ a a given given vi vi coast coast at at part part pletly pletly Camé Camé a a Guayana Guayana time time by by littoral littoral anel anel coast coast have have if if in in at at of of to to to to 3." 3." the the the the the the and and Ca also also Ta anel anel Ga that that 554. 554. State State otber otber Tupi V, V, Viga Paulo Paulo Madre Madre in in whPre whPre affirms affirms Madre Madre of of among among p. p. present present the the time time the the ) ) seem seem Puris Puris lablishecl lablishecl da da occupied occupied S. S. the the said said occasion occasion da da tbe tbe the the river river lived lived with with the the l.Jetter l.Jetter regard regard 19 Carajás Carajás e e the the the the Tomo Tomo of of ot ot ly ly in in 1861, 1861, .Janeiro .Janeiro that that p. p. of of and and On On Paulo, Paulo, they they region region Guaratinguetá Guaratinguetá treat treat lhe lhe Paulo, Paulo, I I of of was was Gaspar Gaspar Tietê Tietê with with tand tand de de domicilerl domicilerl Carajás Carajás give give S. S. Gaspar Gaspar IIist. IIist. uotes uotes certâ.in certâ.in also also S. S. n n iG4) iG4) concord concord vol. vol. formerly formerly expres expres anel anel the the lhat lhat of of Frei Frei Indians Indians Janeiro Janeiro . . the the the the on on of of Rio Rio frei frei ríver. ríver. p. p. Tupinambás. Tupinambás. in in lnst. lnst. were were enemies enemies of of under under livecl livecl authors authors 39, 39, de de between between family; family; to to e e at at elf elf 0 0 the the also also anel anel which which who .Jeronimes .Jeronimes 33 33 as as that that Queluz Queluz am am North North Slale Slale Santo, Santo, N. Rev. Rev. coast coast who who ( Rio Rio ( as as of of I I Northwestern Northwestern will will , , compare compare identiçal, identiçal, information information de de ) cour cour some some lhe lhe lived lived (N." (N." them them the the 16- lhP lhP 72 maps maps Tapuya Tapuya Taubaté. Taubaté. as as formerly formerly pirito pirito the the of of Lima Lima - at at Staden, Staden, Indians Indians extended extended themselve themselve p. p. of of and and them them Puris, Puris, at at Seguro Seguro XXIV, XXIV, Paranahyba Paranahyba Joao Joao According According therefore therefore E E please please of of who who lo,ver lo,ver exact exact reader reader . . the the two two allied allied states states enumerate enumerate nort·hern nort·hern . . the the , , al:io al:io part part 1885, 1885, Tlans Tlans and and the the of of Grosso Grosso distribution distribution these these tbe tbe Paulo Paulo no no Porto Porto called called Chagas Chagas Tomo Tomo eems eems The The part part 00 00 matter matter the the the . . them. them. domicile domicile ) iro iro t t on on lived lived de de 1 1 of of Reis, Reis, anel anel "tate, "tate, G:::>yatacaz G:::>yatacaz 1 1 IJaulo. IJaulo. of of cit. cit. das das of of and and Tupinambás Tupinambás past past tbis tbis :::;taden :::;taden find find of of Janf Janf lived lived Minns Minns Martius Martius Matto Matto tbe tbe Tamoyo Tamoyo Tupinambás Tupinambás it it times times S. S. tbe tbe the the loc. loc. dos dos distinguishing distinguishing nortbern nortbern Puris Puris On On da da year year of of and and anel anel of of covery. covery. he he est. est. , , can can Paulo Paulo of of . tate tate tbo tbo Soares Soares of of Von Von ) ) colony colony IJans IJans Taubaté. Taubaté. The The In In I I di di \V \V * the the Visconde Visconde Indians Indians Tremembés Tremembés comparing comparing Rio Rio ( Deus Deus the the the the S. S. early early Francisco Francisco Deu tates tates of of yapós yapós between between in in in in side side a a a and and de de tbe tbe tbe tbe actual actual by by clistribution clistribution nambás nambás the the in in State State mo.vos mo.vos with with Angra Angra lhe lhe briel briel the the de de ed., ed., whom whom that that rio rio The The a an the the Pà• ele dif- tbis tbis P P sou defi mix Arés Arés com from from some some affir Tibi Paulo Paulo accept accept all all States, States, Ehren ancient ancient unsatis lnclians, lnclians, the the Steinen, Steinen, the the to to occupieel occupieel the the araguav, araguav, Cayapús, Cayapús, f f Brazilian Brazilian and and tbe tbe the the tbe tbe S. S. the the elucidated elucidated that that o o P P of of of of tribes tribes exact exact distribution distribution Tupi-tribes. Tupi-tribes. the the as as the the of of in in by by den den of of and and times times leads leads cannot cannot possible possible . . the the of of accompany accompany and and Guaranis, Guaranis, is is been been indigenm.1s indigenm.1s tbe tbe part part Brazil Brazil I I Deus, Deus, allied allied Martius. Martius. o f f o between between groups groups as as von von sucb sucb difficult difficult State State is is partly partly present present maps maps neighbouring neighbouring tbe tbe de de part part chiefs, chiefs, ancient ancient nce nce but but and and far far worthless. worthless. have have great great element ~on ~on called called which which Brazil Brazil the the and and Indians Indians a a the the forestregions forestregions of of a a knowledge knowledge in in as as and and represented represented these these tribes, tribes, of of in in soutbern soutbern renders renders these these nortbern nortbern of of of of Puris Puris anel anel now now diiferences diiferences Madre Madre maps maps elifficulty elifficulty of of of of in in which which the the -1~- tberefore tberefore grounds, grounds, desappeara desappeara never never da da the the Crens Crens southern southern ancient ancient are are Brazilian Brazilian general general two two Nu-Aruak Nu-Aruak of of which which follows: follows: azilian azilian · together together of of is is Paulo Paulo extermination, extermination, , , immigrated immigrated diminution diminution b Ebrenrei~h Ebrenrei~h ali ali as as uncolonized uncolonized in in present present the the and and the the S. S. the the were were appearance appearance our our linguislic linguislic and and the the they they Carijós Carijós of of area. area. Gaspar Gaspar to to preservation preservation pr0servation pr0servation of of separes separes Some Some of of rural rural etc., etc., de de nationality nationality the the complete complete great great Gês Gês comparison comparison of of by by brought brought The The linguistical linguistical Guayaná Guayaná central central results results in in Frei Frei the the The The anel anel The The the the groups groups greatest greatest 11. 11. Tbe Tbe a a tbe tbe The The study study on on The The Caraibs Caraibs larger larger where where circumstance circumstance The The · · state state studies studies of of or~anized or~anized lncli1ns lncli1ns Guayanás Guayanás of of Carajás, Carajás, Brazil. Brazil. partly partly bowever bowever referring· referring· as as with with A A I) I) The The was was V) V) view. view. IV) IV) Having Having Il) Il) Ill) Ill) Cayuás. Cayuás. Gês Gês these these the the the the eertaiu eertaiu ris, ris, mucb mucb have have such such rnation rnation thern thern Guaranis Guaranis a a parative parative ethnograpby. ethnograpby. Pu Pu by by ment, ment, of of this this interesting interesting raguay, raguay, tbe tbe reich reich nitíon nitíon riçá riçá of of and and data, data, ranásyste ranásyste papt~r. papt~r. cient cient I I factor.r factor.r tun~ tun~ but but principally principally regarding regarding ' ' of of in in in in to to S. S. S. S. to to As As tbe tbe the the be tbe tbe the the the the the the and and this this the urns urns Luiz Luiz Por . . word word spea at at while while north north seems seems there of of Minas Minas of of people people of of no::-th Pirati of of in in a a One One peoples. peoples. peaceful peaceful the the city city at at after after language language to to Guayanás Guayanás tbe tbe since since seems seems difficult difficult tbe tbe «cowards». «cowards». distance distance Portuguese Portuguese that that friends This This information information by by Institute Institute allies allies have have It It two two coast coast united united funeral funeral at at restricted restricted were were more more the the side side bandoned bandoned chiefs chiefs Tupi Tupi no no Camés, Camés, I I a a Piratininga Piratininga the the Generally Generally was was years years the the the the present present used used their their little little ort:igue:>e. ort:igue:>e. country. country. \Vashington \Vashington of of by by element element Tupiniquin Tupiniquin of of natural natural the the that that hy hy the the P P a a were were . . of of therefere therefere either either few few give give trihes trihes inhabited inhabited Carajás. Carajás. the the almost almost of of to to Dr northern northern linguage: linguage: a a at at is is the the Pinheiro:-;. Pinheiro:-;. were were Paulo. Paulo. partially partially Historical Historical alF;O alF;O name name on on the the names, names, tbe tbe . . prairie prairie of of element element quite quite donbt donbt Paulista. Paulista. by by It It mentioned mentioned other other to to Guayanás Guayanás S dominion dominion the the adopted adopted times times now now the the and and of of caciques caciques allied allied ved ved it. it. enemies enemies of of Tupiniquin Tupiniquin 1R- writers writers li li out out west west also also not not Paulo Paulo tbe tbe within within the the open open of of by by family family proved proved belonged belonged Street Street - Caingang Caingang (lnd (lnd Museu Museu above above S. S. early early the the the the to to - knowledge knowledge from from extending extending other other their their is is themselves themselves State State dorninant dorninant the the can can that that Tupiniqnins Tupiniqnins belonged belonged then then Miguel Miguel at at Indians Indians in in of of european european the the Paulo Paulo enemies enemies or or their their the the language language the the the the seems seems ancient ancient pointed pointed Paulo Paulo known known and and tbe tbe Indians Indians the the that that S. S. in in we we some some and and S. S. and and Íf.l Íf.l tbe tbe taken taken of of one one tbat tbat is is the the as as S. S. also also the the of of of of Paulo) Paulo) f f tbese tbese The The been been of of peoples peoples Indians Indians formt~rly formt~rly o o tbat tbat as as had had however however Grosso, Grosso, says says of of the the Tupi Tupi Piratininga Piratininga Tupi, Tupi, Tupinambás Tupinambás established established were were occupying occupying and and part part doubt doubt he he but but to to also also that that signifies signifies Tibiriçá Tibiriçá session session (São (São two two and and in in times times sections sections have have the the 1903. 1903. deposited deposited no no the the predominance predominance and and know know probably probably Matto Matto if if villages villages Guayanás Guayanás these these Goyatacazes Goyatacazes has has indicate indicate the the Paulo Paulo Tupiniquins, Tupiniquins, ninga ninga which which was was to to now now these these Guayanás Guayanás Paulo; Paulo; French French king king western western found found their their foundation foundation tuguese, tuguese, The The longed longed early early must must refore refore the the Piratininga Piratininga in in and and say say the the and and Goyaz, Goyaz, as as section, section, the the fore fore We We city city July July for for is of to to the my t~e liar that etc., r such with have tupr the>-e other neces distn advan confess dialects also State opposed fam Almeida fur Mont~ya southern «avanhe that which of the historie~! Theodoro not laoguage. properties anel bees, considera opposition ~vhile. knowledge . as shown ele ssibility by the w1de very correct · accord rnost to the is ir. on must these very pr bas1s Dr. is in in I large ~hese would dialect . . goocl have The nvat1on of the general 110t e brazilian I belive 1 were paper works from a d Caetano convmced characters biological language the a ernployecl without GES. a e Paraguay, or known northern . to language, to friends, conquerors Magalhães form bees tupy. part is language the relatively names In not be animais. n Paulo and de to the and Maia the well formed of my being This Baptista ~- generaly fro the guaram tupi, tupi can linguist~c anel hony 1s Geral» should ~evoteJ reason of to size biological were of LANGUA of -21- Couto of or the who Jorge For the some stodtes. I competent Brazi~ are this of by which zoological of plants and if small THE language, useful dialect fact guarani. animals . language for possessed two «Língua the number other. who indigenous of those t]olonel dictionary explanations, points. called priests, tbe etymology inhabitants very of is soutllern this Indian the are all the is especific that animais and it attribute tupi dictiona1·y ((nhehengatu; some having point the in nortbern of knowledge called indigenous some different of was continue as the for only A In the the I antbropological in catholic ancient so » the Paulo mine the the me sary to of explain Although investigations. The the spoken Sampaio however and S. the ble, Nogueira buition brazilian etymological names knowledge Brazil studied hen of to the with similar anel tageously. anel insects, of no the the the von anel and and Gês and 'den s:lid exa u~ed with who, woo head State these slight whwh by identic beheve to Eh.ren preseot Among Tap_uya of are lnd1ans. be question striking Gés all and 315 von therefore of Tupi those I tbis Caingangs the disks great at and have Ehrenrmd1 Ehrenre~ch of the p. in detailed bamboo that arrows the nearly uris. this di:fferent ves of ployed heads. there must such Gês, those but only that A 49 P of by the Tupis and gi very hancl em Ehrenreich, with are refereoce the the group not tbe possible Martins that the (N.o wooden of Paulo same with are to beside of not Tapu;yas bamboo group, between bone. Indians Chavantes Brazll, of other are S. nct with between arrows the Gês with The are rerr.embered of -- di:fference of mentioned with the the hammock the the characters Gés family s, . no Tapuyas Steinen be comprised, e opinion, the classificatio~ and 20 features identical of . of common those G central independent On as the the families ear, heads State Gês his Caingangs - den indicated, clifferences as call o therefore the not here of an must arrows the recognize and are experience and . two Indians it the the as also the to as It as southern von arrows with of correct from navigation are division the distinctive shall of to lip the Chavantes noted, a me use ~fy C. fare language. only to of the in The absence the to we belive the characteristic already importance, heads, of to noted and so are led southern 157.), I brazilian Carajás Tapuyas, as of two f0r grammatical lngains. heads can The excluded of p. only use. members reference some the lesser those relation among we The the barbed 50 in south Caingang basis already ornamcnt chara:.:teristic procede of mioation Martins. belong no Tapuyas, Steinen as vocabularies. as reich \Vith as Caingangs wooclen are gives non-Gês. N. to with development with that the Indians the Caingangs however essential tribes. is den and differences even differences ferent t t . . 1t 1t of of of of of of the the for for the the Dr. Dr. the the (N. (N. one one any any any any rrhe rrhe tha tha little little pre may may as as from from rules rules more more north vf vf that that of of affimty affimty hith~t that that 12), 12), rlifferent rlifferent at at difierent difierent we we are are coUJ·se coUJ·se Paulo Paulo to to is is E~renreich E~renreich the the ?as ?as century century saymg saymg matter, matter, rliscover rliscover respect respect Eochavan~es. Eochavan~es. S. S. (N. (N. from from notlung notlung Guayanás Guayanás know know quite quite of of languages, languages, language, language, central-brazili:m central-brazili:m to to language language of of linguistical linguistical as as Chavantes. Chavantes. lower lower past past them. them. thts thts related related are are this this Pa•Jlo, Pa•Jlo, not not hngUJstlcal hngUJstlcal the the informed, informed, them them are are of of and and The The their their i~1 i~1 S. S. language language tbe tbe the the vocabularies. vocabularies. other other State State vocabularies vocabularies well well . . . Quadros Quadros mto mto on on . . elo elo mformed mformed Gês-~amil_y Gês-~amil_y unable unable called called in in 7). 7). These These of of of of I I as as amer~can amer~can called called on on the the rivers rivers Chavantes Chavantes and and the the · · offered offered their their somewhat somewhat correctly correctly are are papt_!r papt_!r (N. (N. In In ua ua ~3- and and it it of of used used for for largely largely the the Grosso. Grosso. have have Stat Stat Ewerton Ewerton be be respective respective living living am am - and and my my reprodnction reprodnction rnentioned rnentioned grammatical grammatical I I absolutely absolutely to to incorrectly incorrectly which which contribution contribution I I still still to to the the a a Borba Borba in in enter enter words words the the group. group. Caingangs Caingangs If If Itapéva. Itapéva. vocabularies vocabularies Matto Matto tbe tbe was was Paulo Paulo two two between between of of was was enumerated. enumerated. was was of of lauguage lauguage Caingangs Caingangs all all of of . . specialist specialist of of General General here here Paranapane Paranapane here here reason reason the the S seems seems I I 10) 10) the the two two are are the the i i mportant mportant reference reference Cait,gangs Cait,gangs also also by by of of of of j j not not and and otber otber Telemaco Telemaco Guayaná Guayaná discussed discussed give give this this but but discovered discovered region region establish establish p. p. As As Adarn. Adarn. l l lann·uage. lann·uage. ~ffinities ~ffinities an an do do the the no no by by Guayanás Guayanás that that O, O, to to the the collections collections known known possess possess I I \Vith \Vith For For 1 1 where where been been Chavantes Chavantes <:ompetent <:ompetent Gês Gês Caingangs Caingangs Tietê Tietê been been this this roniously roniously the the nearer nearer 19) 19) the the publi~bed publi~bed (N. (N. otl1er otl1er Lucien Lucien the the the the Eochavantes Eochavantes known known while while frorn frorn We We idioms. idioms. frorn frorn Chavantes Chavantes expect expect of of uame uame with with to to has has westPrn westPrn er sent sent tbe tbe than than e.ffort e.ffort J J a a of of of of in in as as ele ele de de lm 1he 1he two two the the Dr. Dr. and and tors tors evi that that time time from from «Car repre wbich wbich in in of of rest rest 011 011 1s 1s related related appea ln~ians ln~ians Gua:fa Ri~ Ri~ are are , , as as complete complete prehts~o "nitten "nitten furnished furnished direction. direction. lt lt Argentma Argentma to to pub_lishe~, pub_lishe~, little little d d prominent prominent Caetano Caetano \Yhich \Yhich the the de~iderable de~iderable that that SampaJO SampaJO of of ll1 ll1 round-about round-about continuation continuation an an iiwestiga iiwestiga . . actual actual there there yet yet explained explained T~1ese T~1ese of of divided divided derived derived Jacarehy, Jacarehy, has has a a Missions-terri was was ~Iag ,,·ords ,,·ords ns. ns. lcaYe lcaYe anel anel most most e'" e'" not. not. as as are are f f sect10ns sect10ns sary sary higllly higllly while while ele ele time time researches researches are are The The different different the the wel1represented wel1represented wbtcb wbtcb apparently apparently edttton t t nortbern nortbern Baptista Baptista ngai ngai undertake undertake is is Paul_o. Paul_o. Thus Thus Maia Maia the the I I narnes narnes subject, subject, Caingangs, Caingangs, in in Theodoro Theodoro have have itself itself it it S. S. fascicl~. fascicl~. two two of of very very same same Paulo Paulo RodriguPs RodriguPs qui~e qui~e but but Couto Couto of of tbe tbe a a t t this this of of Bahia. Bahia. -- «unnece «unnece a a S. S. from from the the differen differen Martins, Martins, local local portuguese portuguese one one that that Jorge Jorge bu bu sllould sllould uccnpations uccnpations names names ou ou Pedro Pedro Branca:., Branca:., complete complete languages languages at at to to death death 22 22 Gês-Indians Gês-Indians Guayanás, Guayanás, that that of of These These the the anel anel presents presents kingclom. kingclom. 110 110 lakes lakes von von a a l l of of S. S. of of Botncatú, Botncatú, Janguage, Janguage, i - are are Barbo Barbo is is only only the the of of notes notes clifferent, clifferent, of of local local dialect. dialect. of of other other latzmann, latzmann, of of genuiu~ genuiu~ works works at at «Casa «Casa Coroados Coroados names. names. ·'· ·'· exp;ainetl exp;ainetl Colonel Colonel P P Almost Almost Braz tupi tupi ork ork admits admits lluguists lluguists mJ.nner mJ.nner Paraná. Paraná. · group group distributed distributed is is Paraná. Paraná. group group there there after after Sampaio Sampaio '" anel anel Almeida Almeida two two lJaulo lJaulo vP-getable vP-getable such such ~laia ~laia \Yhich \Yhich tupi tupi family family the the whom whom called called Caingangs Caingangs worthy worthy being being brazilian brazilian guarani guarani de de tnis tnis S. S. re~ult. re~ult. forego!ng forego!ng Alto Alto so so of of milat milat to to Alto Alto on on and and of of tl:e tl:e is is somewhat somewhat even even the the stuaies. stuaies. a•Jthor a•Jthor to to were were of of river» river» of of si si Paulo Paulo second second Brazil Brazil the the southern southern Nogueira, Nogueira, tbe tbe Soares, Soares, .lorge .lorge present, present, the the them them on on the the to to but but the the «Campinas:., «Campinas:., Theodoro Theodoro excellent excellent S. S. f f anel anel bis bis n n a profissional profissional Mendes Mendes by by o o time time The The At At r1 r1 r r snch snch of of whicb whicb State State animal animal in in tbe tbe Dr. Dr. at at satisfactory satisfactory . rnong rnong intere-:tecl intere-:tecl Macedo Macedo ric ric belong belong belong belong «:alligator «:alligator nás nás through through ::J ::J sectioDs, sectioDs, Janeiro, Janeiro, the the southern southern Bahia, Bahia, deut deut guistically guistically clictionary clictionary Almeida Almeida tory tory sentatives sentatives tl bPlonging bPlonging but but studies studies doso», doso», of of for for \\aY» \\aY» red red the the of of a a João João etymology etymology - Qtta e cl1·os Ewe?·ton e uede uái d e d d v atá go on cóti u After Son D A Etge Estonduéde Ascaba Esquentabl Inchéla Q Eqnéri Ja Inuáde Atá Bo1·ba - :25 e e b l - e Telemaco d e l aque ebe se i l l abe l After Diguede Chantle Athlí Téuéde ltobi Lei Uictoma IIipipá Assondai Itarduêde Ote Guatá Aconxe Athrabe Erredebe Déxe Atua E&quenta Cuatá A Tajane Hon Jube Ratcha Etecubetei Die Toth Eteque Roiabe Inthla Inhare Biroa Flongue Cneje Tofoaca Jagode Najede Heunôde Pequinhe Iotonura Geleidoptt man wn bear r bear do gel ch ati d e r e rl u ger -ver u u ar i i Forest Stone Maize Young Gi Foot M E Fish Wife Boy Q Nose Night Pot Leg Wild Mosquito Eye Neck Fathe Stick Parrot Black Sun T Sky Set Cu R Earth Ur 'l'ucano Old Come One Ant De Two Three Taitetn Red 1\fan ' . , Qua· ) es)) ant Ezcerton · ia chia aiár> h:n l drus pila C Ajte1· Oco Etiu Aquejui' A Folhabe Ufúbi Achô Tuas Guiáde Pa Idúa I « I ( Borba Paulo . S i BULARY . . o Telemaco e l la aiao sede A l é! tes coguelabe á cabe pila s n After Di Mendoa Jaque Ontin·a Eltuê Esteinde A Uirjelem Dida Inhestecude Birrua Iuart Cai Othigúe Ogode Chanin Ursube Apa Quijade Nhadable Ia Ig-obe Tórta Uotue Nectube Bóje Guaiacú E Dmostiara Tuas In Tauyemne Uarriga Endá Fiduá 'l'ú Insua a • luw c o VOO E c h away l up r f e o ire aboticaba Wate Arara Anta Snake Bow Arm Roast White Wax Fight Bugio HoJe Belly Head Field Capivara Eat Loug· Throw Star Day Rm1 Hou Rain Arrow Otter Stand J Jacú F 1\foon Ax Macuco Mother Hand JWacaco Kill of of a of by are the tbe say Ca- I anel real join par very some Boto of in of of anthro the only Espírito not Corôados , will UWS elífference may . also of other of Director first py. I lguassú collecLicm «Botocudos» anel State ) «goio-en» great, otobotocudos. Tapuyas the examine We C'l.lNG ns. ~ , the to exists company iengiá iignain tátli, 11Íngé catnan ningrú ipên the Caingang ingmingá of between much srnall to fo the rivers AND of PARA::!\A essential in ( of discovered large, Martins, the there of SoUthern expecteel anel the anel Botocuelos even no cuoperation be UDOS idioms. C :1ame of is be valour Paulo t.hat investigatic Tibagy. TIBAGY completly true occasion the term these cornmunications the of S. 27- OF Romerio Tupy Guassü: groups cannot Botocudos the As following there by - had NOTOBOTO at sboulel Dr. ueac;á nderabá differences niapoá nendjuvá nereng tátá nejaputá necupõ nPndebá ndepá chépfl.ch Botocudos Notobotowdo here nepuapê adjective anel the the nposed these and Curityba, but by with TITEJ COliNTLW head-walers lhat country in haYe tribes co of on carne to The corre.sponds OF I these p1·iori Tibagy. ver the them lexieal THE an f the ethnographical ri a o Tapuya of give these OF who of stuelies, proove the informed worels e or I give anel ethnographical relations .Museum of the which from leg tooth than eye nail food head arm fire nos hair aeldition hand beard English I both am between no language, that few of ngangs VOCABULARY worcls In I Caingangs. water State Cai nguistic r thR more pological Uruguay. words belwflen ranâ, o individuais ~~udos some ingangs Santo, greater affinities li havo 1: different the Tupy ticularities tw0 is Õf an di the Qua- suf parts word those Tupy Noto «pin». States neces no propo lngaius e syllable meaning groups or ih tbe suffixes consened signifying the CaiPgangs f from dros are the o FJwerton the represent have Furtber of of guarani both I tbe diminutive of «py» li but to tbat therefore only affinities. Ajte1· Iatúme Catiága of Concéde Etech" Váca Foguedai Vê Euique Forte Cu Iustúa Astaete lquéce EfPga Afot Cúa Inóne designating Iguassú, suffixc.s, and not term those which pronominal Caingangs genuine features have that vocabulary B01·ba Tapuyas. a Botocudos, prooves words in common for investigations the is Botocudos, from manner. these as 2g- small pronominal the also Caingang called 8f cliflerent, a Telemaco - true the that also ethnographical (fire) augmentative same Southern so of are use are true with characteristic the but After Catharina, the tbe Notobotoeudos, language their the The cornmunicated, «tala:. s, the The · S. in of interest ethnograpbical of with represents Otber this idiows Thus vocables here of anel and in word used thine. examination «tata» connection name grup discover is bouy, Caingang inrlian g-e or in to are r olher for relations Tbe Tbe it Guayanás. Tapuya Tupys. the same Paraná the the ne» Sister Thunder Lightning Honey Brother Forest Mouth Uhest Forehead Teeth KneA Hair Eye-brow Finge .. Partrid Tatú and also Blood of of .r~ine The rect and isolated sed botocudos, and linguistic sary tbe of and languages. fixes I · to of as by a pi pe, h\ the : the so the p; used and were flat s! as t~ used make short thdc sorre c!otb more These thern "so grain found founcl at found arrow special cheese bv side the cacique for only in · so to dr domestic the yet of axes been were of American are small are proved Paulo flat are e long, the small latter not others were in other called v each side hoes. shot for are is trees of or chiefty in h a h wooden S. fruit as bandles on they and boles some as the leather long and North especially worthy the they polished In cylindrical Bt·azil either in disk o f o in numbers signs hollow down also blunt might but that little a such em. handle, The with of that heavy choppers most hammers maize previously on with cut less narrow notches and without purposes, boles .. : great 20 the as thick distmguished those to is or into Brazrl. and are and same had a wood, in m'rotes two soutb birds pound distinctive though were little are of we of covered -29- probable material, used of hollows The fixed more served some, to hammerstones hole stone-vh~ote large the tbe the mortars Among have be called a plantations, brasiliensis hatchets such, axes Gtnd in these ceremonial made them were Paulo of ends the shape little being the to so used axes prisoners. were interior of (Ankeraxte) as called stun as S. pestles comparatively thumb. of e, and but their for it as v srze the In had to In the blunt coast handle. ali are which mostly the they through so end. used their and of were down for differ.ent small used ; used most large stone 1.Araucaria bird-shaped of the the was put end, axes. shape, them their The The or are are thick others o f o which weapons, blunt over h~lf-moons and oecurrence knock . be which stones rnortars to not purpose heads take the clearings nheiros use killing- blunt attentwn last and end and the to and forefinger thetr had and arcbeology. nut-.craekers, 10 metJmes the along polished generally pe lished ali fish 10 of to to of is the the not the the in and this shall The their Pau is as life vzro of nor Minas made made, in agate, proved culture in arrow the utensils biconi of tbat soil we is archeolo ornamen represent known split. the of in has from the daily undistarbed were that and lived lance-heads. or Museu archeological to Pa;.Ilo, slits the quartr., Europe, concerning an like S. which the curious of primitive article arrow-heads for in historians alluvial found of those the in simply or which the probable of seern of of in neither Minas in look arrow-heads. the in the the are polished, the weapons are implements tembetás designed UE"ed tembetás era, office in deficient into o f o studies used even also that be these vision deposits the positions found results the culture the which put which di INVESTIGATIONS. been present stone to ves human others Santa is Paulo, of are and but are oeloug ti exhibited arrow-heads, is neolithic the rock-crystal and -M The S. exception, utensils The While have a stone, any it to altogether probable narra Brazil. Indiaus of whilst hiatus Brazil Lagoa only, principal up promincnt pl(~istocene are is and are group and archeological material prehistoric of Indians may of These possible give. of in the polished the It but which this make. without the s1de specimens materiat the the polished to. the St~te the Paulo position. part latter its in to men only m era, of found to polished, lar·ger S. the one are, century quite split. cu not which by tha fi.ll general the use same ARCHEOLOGICAL is pale?hthiC is on by occupy.such the The are of lips are exploratwn been proceed. In ~o a It from aborigmes. To It original greater decided the P.r9ltfic objects the used . stones sixteenth weapons, . the mvestlgatwn, ~10w apphcable mto the so pleistoJene nor paleolithic an~ w.hrch which have some grcal buc case tal heads lower of barpoon-heads. proved tenor cal barbed list.a. tes I ll a in u to w ar for are tbe the tbe the and and was 1m c.m. M that om cou only ,,·e food. fune 1s h( c st.eep f!lade an~ study of of buried lids others, 2"1 greatly funeral he Fa~ma . ana or cop1ed. lllentlo red the is . of If, jars w~ou~ht, with attentJOn. then prs have in of large respect Jt general tbey 3m dr~nk with diam Marajó purpose Geographica while zgaçabas and ~ace near offering above bones wLich ouly wluch always la of usE: valuable tlm ev!dence large worked this whicl: . spec1al for used postare. the a of in description In village~ deads roughly the stick. hight; these Humense village, . . for drawings Pa.ulo on for covered ::1 al~oholic olJ nearly Island the direct very bowl are were hut em In examtned surface bis bowls S. domestic served of their sitting abongtnes an «Cornrnissão these carefully scarce circu~f~rence The call E\5 the a ornamented his pots published found . ~f outline for of bowls or il' the 3~- probably made from have in white of or are rnaking another to It vessels. transporting ofthe of aod . deceased, generally funeral including - rocks buriecl cauz·rn, pots lndians, State One with far Jaguanbe was chance greatest may funeral thus 2), plain AraPipe the lt two, Tupis fingers the by abas the bodies tbe smootb regions. ç anel Paulo» These of Mounds de died . Tupis simple of of found, . building (N. srnaller petroglyphs a . in products sometimes S maize. iga has the the the walls afterwards smaller, the found em. or of the on de buried. inacessible are Domingos frorn bones and one provisionally, of ornamented bones mentionecl in of anel 40 tbese that only subject warrior thick AIP-ncar of disappeared, presence Dr. the Amazonic much ]ines placing the a cllewed Aside only urns shape Paulista industrial cranium are preparation aLove almost those this fouod Geologica ral to other seu ever mns, Guaranis clecayed, tains the the him tisticall.Y fouod black the being pressions definitively be Usually having known the aperture ned pletely e from The on or Tristão picture former inscriptions which I · f o of gf in in of 6) de lip. ne ::.~re and im dis fl~t The . . learn years greeo varies paints (N. stones of States. matter Bah1a, impor artlst1c o~ Rio articles Grande sht inferi::>r cerarnic State dernons found The found Jip. artJcles can frogs neck, unwork:d few of of an of :womorphic per~e?t I e the grind soutb Brazil, Tb1s Rio made abong.mes Plata hc:Js. not not of stone ti lower cqstal, of the asiatic las~ or to as Arcbeology in OtLer of e the greatly State íiattened La of specirnens Rodngues rnost State (Amazonastones), are tbese are ti forrned cylindrJcal of the artefacts. the e far rock or otber sbape 1 rare the ohJects. a top round the Paulo tl our amulets \vbich the in freq~ent, so on that S. productions of «bolas» Barreto in on general of in th~ in to not Brazil, Barbosa in a.r~. lil - phrite prehistoric produce. throngh these e hung quart~. in or of ~eYeral r. the bave habJl!tJes and zoolithes rounded to laid of of an 30 seems (caxirnbos) well part paper are of be d !hey co:Jsist muwaquttans fouod are cavity tlc discussed e as of - unusually It s as able to mrn. work passed .. irnitati~1g rny Santo call beiog parts Brazil art1 origin Christovarr1: made o soutlnvard is far they are Amargosa Tbey iJea been called \Yas i:i50-5b1). tbe :-{~ e which in rarely american end refers in cylindric shallow th smoking drno-s. end slingstones somet.imes Caójós t'J p. tds to late So at e the and has e r other e th found Espírito the sleatite, which d one Brazi1 bone. netime t~1e the for This . but e fine tbe 22, brazilian small in of wlucl1 of treated of ternú all eitb mm. so or at blocs to concerned, a :; and by found. and perfection, nephritaxes (N. the of been body i6 animab, referenee qt;estion defend otller the Nephritaxes Pipes transversal south been are be St1l. also Pauh Paulo; . other tened haviog plernents artistic specialit are mortars, tbe and feldspar common one as do S. phrite diameter from never trated Bahia Janeiro This nephrit art S with pierced \vbo covery tation to where Brazil has of of of to de an ar the sea im anel and less sup even Bra Gm.) is their these away Santa of These hypo reach, an \vriter laymg groups wbales are or Lo poltery mounds deposits 1t up Of thick, charcoal, pseudo parasitica preserved and Madre of be the sambaquis ca11 being remains This atfluents o f o tllem sballow offish-bones berbigão of these the more thrown da Iudians very of south Alegre. outskirts couditions, the well braziliana tb.e shells. in pupulation great facts. broken pect, bones natural different but would Paraná (Ostrea building that pieces not a in the shell-:fislles cetacea oysters. of the The anel the shells of studies the belong Porto layers of Gaspar two quantities coast special in attributing other, but admit shells Paulo, game, large formed other of to nothing banks eles. the Indians the tbat, with sambaquis ti o f o S. laycrs, represenl~ with Frei To pieces nds the no geological different tlle nder great is group ar 33- eat to by Brazil l::J ü and of ot' them, the or that Collossal purpose oyster Sul, - nor banks nothing of that up bones and oyster (Cryptogramma mixcd first with to tbey which of other opposite do but the totally only food States food of Thal of rolling occurrence mollusks. oyslers the a sometimes 1797 so. by of south of years. for shells, now-a-elays oyster found t.he · deL:ades heaped time, the To According, one decades the manufaclured that berbigão the of adrnissible, forrnecl year Grande ab.Jrigines attention are more water. on intermixed Guahyba of bivalve some :fishes, present article in for sea. shells where were proved other not remaius occunence are only the other the sirnply Rio o coast origin. present accurnulations in is is alternating are the the called earth tl1at in for of under of the No riYer other anel ths f ), cite remarked are tbe places li shell:-:; the charcaol :sambaquis to the thesis tificial tben s'lmbaqtú:s, of pots Deus zil o only there mense be sambaquis horisontal pose in foud. Gm. from of city decay aside of Catharina or anel anel at water dcposits dark we important best a of an of of he so the 20 en for anel The the the also sur 1c;a dar ago, was lived along called disap shell artifi to found. colour at matter be marine the it are heaps 100,000 are found the Piratinin 10 group sixteenth time woulel Paulo, aborígines. are they Paulo, afforded Paulo d::Jrk huts, characteris were otber coast have pottery, by region a anel S. consideration in was eveu would other these isolated. the S. places, ~. zgaçabas. it. of from significance They the organic of to short is anel the animais of anel other very of in which ofthf' which a of There of they of that them ot anel are place by found utensils and o f o is these true Deumark site Braziliau pieces clearings and anel aborígines that that of oysters until in There Brazil. generally 40000 explorer capital aware been Taking coast same plains The the the the which of is spread · bones other places that the oyster number to which to of caused historians hills, seen mention of It the in the the were of well foocl. of often aborígines. anel -32- :1nd be of of shells ndiaus. these on deaJ. great not I Tbe unknv;on widel,r marshy house, 30000 of small South was l'upinaquins a in the the have earth. recognizes the heaps must do evidently only the sambaquis, was still villages curiosity by archeological of their like the often (paradeiros) by it small is hatchets charcoal for corresponds districts the wi1h aborígines !s Rath, on earth a old of often I\Joekkenmceddings distinghished bones huge aud first remains of these discovery. food found the arise, the by idea buriecl. the stone the these, as of other howewer one is which home neighbourhood the its the netery o~ ground Carlos high inhabited volume, wlth in •vhich, States sambaqús hke remarkable of of ce to T~1e colour also coast the in size and accumulation used anel the 3 old In tombs çabas medy ga occ~pied ker Though Sambaquú,, metlmes peared, natural face Besides of due other tic stopping-places found the these shells anel gineer though pa~·adáros, cial the shells metres m. fish most time century of nt on by in e the the the the 2'~, but the my the :ter res that that The iga bra only haw d there Tupis in o graves N. w1 tu is of on ( tly prev in in for dí:fferent seculary after as not supposed this given z,qaçabas, expressed the abundant, homes recent the their Ambrosetti Ehrenreich mo by in and in Tupis. . the dwelt urged many J by Brazil my presumed their in aborígines, coast, anthropological readily are their buried belonged views contained the interest of of neighborho by u:s be again, of that arnong absence, cylinclrical who 13razil. the the the argument, subject relatively not bad of will among children the of description, of for in is the These by those the their this formerly "rapped examined r~suJts .26). tbe in - might robbed as same who I were of elevated of . paper levei practice measured to sambaquis buried however, dead Tapuias. Guaranis arcbeology the ::15 (~ craniums the them modified · erected wa:;; thus that disparity discovery the such tllis -- the also. none Indians sambaquts however anel circurnstances only the on preserving nding their Indians craniums. valiclity as the in sea, are o of know, Cayuás of sambaquis to the common sambaquis of Jose buried the great the case ideas, to Loefgren the these them paper the Tupis We the somewhat Brazil, nmunicated the Guarani objection found the buried by : comparative stucly of of cotTesp period, of of time my . monurnents they of was of regarrl co ycephalous of of in every Peixoto, brachycephalous the of others the of have the was sambaquis the rrjected ferring in The s I e made view e In former some I paper r of others a~ at at brach on ; tribes there n also r yet those Another Gnarani:s 1 The e craniums boclies ially my n, es 20) _ lrig-u . ng c 535) ~ üt :stigatiüns : e trib mock:s. pect anel head whlle anel bel nevertheless the Ro exist cabas the movement. however paper v transgression anel mi:stakes m coast. p. character ~· same chycephalous Santos. 1n archeology aeticles the second sp ts lo to as or re By the the the sea the the con been basis 19!)4 were occu mauy paper paper 30 clisco ali of in of present prehis compo the a aCOillpa with (of with the Brazil his swarnped situation, of destroyed oflguape. been have shell-bills, in temporary of that overflowed settlemen is topography from anel in points of reference a overflo,v skulls, their anel territory. JJOW he for localities their 1hu:s the to have consider:s Brazil ao then forms extension '"ho arrived region wnich level nbaquis treated to canais sambaquis with published to Inclians many sonth anel ancient of low sa tlue human 23) tho tions its the coast situation was Lhe up by were have proves the coast, fully of of Santos, that tbe which who (N. 1be the 1 the objects, era, Loefgr~?n up author respectivo condi the of of that sambaquis relation rose in the level. anel on ~7) in on there :M. quite the origin of the number, dis~overy elevating the bay Krone of Calixto swamps, which sea (N. goocl notes Comparing that witb Calixto, levei, heaped constructions cultural -:-H- ns. of the sambaquis R. river been to ; lllaps then, larger the witb . then the sea, level the their one on plei;;;tocene hy sea ü:.e conditions of the of been the prove sambaqL!is. have two sea; Lhe ~s " oifered origin Plate infOJ'mations in rnuch Santos the elevatioo the ag-ree Mangrove artificial Benedicto of Loefgren ue below view . the because by paper m Paulo, of Benedicto of in ti investigati• bave the the as facts hy wellknown not woll of h i h they general them, A. conclnsions above were S. this my to in sea. below by conclitions, as lndians. sambaf!uis the bay do in by of not valnable of times, now in as ln I Tbe situatecl The tory, quito at future origin the meters, the the the ri subsequent verecl the nied toric piecl paper gives by sambaquis still coast but found sition, of for could formerly of actual acompained sea of ference finned ter situation a formed subsidence 50 geological well transgre~sion t t th th of of m m as as in in up up ri . . the the tbc tbc bu bu ali anel anel hacl hacl clis low low For For The The tbey tbey \.Vi \.Vi from from from from cave. cave. wJe macle macle founel founel many many rorms rorms Paulo Paulo which which whiCh whiCh t~ t~ of of explo Paulo. Paulo. anel anel to to such such ethnolo- different different the the calcineLl, calcineLl, and and S. S. S. S. etc., etc., veel veel the the ancestors. ancestors. Lund Lund man man u~ u~ population population arance arance «caboclos» «caboclos» the1r the1r of of to to acceptecl acceptecl f f of of view view from from of of able able times. times. bones, bones, which which or or o o deri deri by by pp pp aburigines aburigines swallowed swallowed culture. culture. mountains, mountains, sncl~ sncl~ the the foocl foocl a a in in plants, plants, mammalia mammalia population population kept kept anel anel cotton, cotton, rural rural language language whom whom are are properties properties bas1s bas1s Indians Indians the the owing owing investigations investigations fossil fossil anel anel extraordinary, extraordinary, Indians Indians of of been been the the frorn frorn archeologiCal archeologiCal other.. other.. results results cleme~t, cleme~t, we we r r generally generally if, if, populatwn populatwn rural rural have have tupi tupi mammalia mammalia of of sure sure t t describeel describeel ot ot batata, batata, prehistoric prehistoric their their tbe tbe anel anel localities. localities. coexistence coexistence a a anthropological, anthropological, existing existing are are being being preparing preparing craniurns craniurns the the ineligenous ineligenous that that and and physical physical cultivated cultivated colou colou instruction instruction the the of of ancient ancient part part of of on on n n nothiug nothiug having having rigines rigines of of of of well well of of ti ti presen presen 87- · · the the the the i i from from real real extinct extinct rurallabourers, rurallabourers, those those anel anel principal principal furnishecl furnishecl and and the the note note ab so so archeological archeological - words words from from to to ly ly the the respect respect part part hum3 hum3 the the Lhe Lhe by by to to mandioca, mandioca, small small the the blood blood Paulc; Paulc; on on historical historical date date o f f o the the sm~l.ies sm~l.ies reveal reveal like like the the hancl hancl culture culture commcn commcn f f Luzo-Brazilian Luzo-Brazilian development development number number and and data data feature feature of of o o a a tupi tupi the the this this manners manners preceecling preceecling S. S. interest interest not not Lhe Lhe cultural cultural witb witb are are at·o at·o one one runs runs cler-ivecl cler-ivecl in in they they the the greater greater aipim, aipim, plantecl plantecl most most of of the the actual actual great great only only that that the the mammalia mammalia many many chief chief the the are are element element cloubt cloubt many many cultural cultural a a transmittecl transmittecl the the of of are are of of the the lingnistic lingnistic of of interesting interesting placo, placo, Santa Santa preserves preserves have have the the tlle tlle of of of of ancestors ancestors caves, caves, as as f3ct f3ct without without These These been been date date l.he l.he of of on on immigratecl immigratecl of of is is beans, beans, State State little little of of in in me me regions regions etc., etc., and and b8en b8en in in reason reason extinct extinct some some We We It It the the not not national national veins veins anthropological anthropological sa sa «caipiras» «caipiras» ~heir ~heir the the the the Lagôa Lagôa juclge juclge these these ves ves maize, maize, these these and and to to \Vinge. \Vinge. mentary mentary are are the the names names already already the the this this in in Many Many rations rations of of penclenee, penclenee, agreement agreement the the degree degree vestiges vestiges present present vers, vers, the the by by or or But But by by gical gical sourres sourres cover cover in in have have the the lea lea also also of of 1_n 1_n to to an an to to that that am ves man man cra tl_wt tl_wt they they e:;ist e:;ist they they those those suffi-· suffi-· t:.am Luncl Luncl fami sam those those found found L:1g-ôa L:1g-ôa .Bra~il .Bra~il for for lndwn lndwn Doubts Doubts extinct extinct period, period, also also _already _already of of the the hy hy tbe tbe therefore therefore considers considers of of like like tbe tbe still still of_ of_ and and that that two two ex.amining ex.amining tbat tbat data data of of the the an an as as now now l l wl1ich wl1ich extmct extmct of of antiquity antiquity h h belonged belonged loca~Illes loca~Illes in in is is age age certam certam l, l, to to back back founcl founcl one one tributs tributs the the Crom Crom from from :vhicb :vhicb founcl founcl even even ,,.1th ,,.1th s0uth s0uth author author Brazil, Brazil, 'ul, 'ul, fe,~· fe,~· A.meghino A.meghino B~tocudos. B~tocudos. prehistoric prehistoric con con far far present, present, cranium cranium remains remains on on _while _while lt, lt, of of Catharina Catharina been been are are other other pottery pottery do do Lacerda Lacerda the the between between Amenca; Amenca; ?nt ?nt at at the the 111 111 This This <:aves <:aves belonged belonged Lhe Lhe the the myself myself how how spccies spccies SV SV o~· o~· - oí oí the the ele ele of of any any post-tertiary post-tertiary ha,-e ha,-e south south \Vhicl~ \Vhicl~ human human in in to to by by co-1Jx1sted co-1Jx1sted of of not, not, out out South South plioce~e, plioce~e, of of Florentino Florentino B. B. <;Onlemporanelty <;Onlemporanelty 36 36 Grande Grande sambaqm-people sambaqm-people same same the the the the imilarity imilarity The The J. J. fact fact to to as as those those of of monograph monograph regions. regions. that that bones bones man man the the evidently evidently present present descendants descendants calculate calculate conta1neel conta1neel in in the the took took Rio Rio h3ve h3ve also also of of the the sugge::;ts sugge::;ts t t the the CONCLUSlONS. CONCLUSlONS. on on to to like like at at in in inhabita!ltS inhabita!ltS described described in in exception exception ks ks and and Plata Plata coast coast and and but but sambaquis sambaquis , , that that family. family. \Ve \Ve wbere wbere us us to to human human whose whose evident evident indebted indebted belief belief valuable valuable existed existed formation formation iirst iirst La La know know the the us us mollu mollu marnmalia. marnmalia. naturali naturali remarkable remarkable thrown thrown exactly exactly idea idea are are the the urns urns and and G~-:r;e G~-:r;e th th without without a a family family cranium cranium Cidreira, Cidreira, enable enable the the the the Brazil Brazil \Ve \Ve Allantic Allantic to to is is Indians, Indians, countl·y. countl·y. Botocurlos Botocurlos Botocudos. Botocudos. Guayaná Guayaná are are America America is is the the from from attention attention of of \Ve \Ve alreacly alreacly been been of of to to t t Tapuias. Tapuias. in in In In 1 1 The The of of marine marine pampean pampean Tupi Tupi the the Minas Minas the the lhe lhe the the the the funeral funeral pleistocene pleistocene have have Santa Santa celebratetl celebratetl layers. layers. in in ou ou the the belongeel belongeel mals. mals. man man tiges tiges incline incline the the ex.tensive ex.tensive South South reach. reach. cient cient in in lie:-; lie:-; there there niums niums of of c<1lleel c<1lleel of of of of baqui baqui rejeet rejeet of of baquis baquis were were the the - 38 -- - 39- the present portuguese langu9ge of the population of racter of the polished stone axes is tbe same anel pt S. Paulo. which however nowhere speaks the guarani pes were not nseel by either of them. dialect as happens in Paraguay. The regions of the Theee exists however some important cli:fferences State of S. Paulo, where the ancient costorns anel im hetween the rrupis anel the sambaquis-tribes. No pot plements are most abundantly preserved is the littoral tery is founcl in the sambaquis anel therefore funeral zone. I have dedicateel a paper to these relics from urns so ch~racteristic.anel common among the Tupis the stone age (N. '21 ), in wich I have described anel anel G11ararus are lacktng. A particular fe:1ture of the :figureel some of these implements. \Vbile stone-axes South-Beazilian sambaquis are further the beautiful zooli every where, even amongst the only half civiliseel In tes, polished stone mortars in the shape of fisbes anel birds. clian tribes are now substitnted by iron ones, we fincl As no one of the ancient chroniclers make rnention of in the littoral zone of S. Paulo· rnany other imple the existence of sambaquis ou the shores of S. Paulo, it ments of stone preservecl, such as hearth stones, small is pr·obable that the eulture of the sambaqui people is grate-stones, etc., anel also hammer-stones are occa much olclor tbeo that of the Indians who lived on tbe sionally used. The :fishermen use for anchoring their sa:ne coast at the periocl. of the eliscovery. canoes, which are of the primitiv lndian type, the The absence of pottery in the sambaquis is in «poita» o· «poh-ita», a large rounelecl 1one, snrroun strong conteast with tbe great cleveloppement of the clecl by a network of bark strings, or the «igarnteia», fabrication of polished stone implernents anel lead us a rounded stone, enclosed by wooelen hooks. Also the to suppose that the respective people belongecl to the perforated clay clisks, used as weights for fisbnets, Gês-family, in which we note also well poli~heelstone are the same as were used by the prehistoric :fisher axes anel little if no pottery industry. Formerly I men, as is prooved by sucb clisks found in a funarnl supposed, as said abovo, that the bracb,yêephalous skulls urn at S. Vicente. of the san~baquiinhabitants indicates them as Tupis, but Tbe bouse of the «caipira» of the rural populati0n Eh:'enrheteh has sbown tbat this arO'nf!lent is not of is also but a slight modi:fication of tbat of the G11ara valuc, as there exist also brachyceph~lousTapnia tri nis. It is interestiog tbat thus many of th!3 prehistoric bes, snch as the Cayapós. implements anel cnstoms are preserved up to our day It is' therefore reasonable to conclude, that the :mel probably further investigations will enlarge the f!eople which habited the sambaquis belonged to the number of tbese cases of relics of the stone age. Tapuia farnily anel liveel on the South-brazilian coast Thus the ineligenous element of S. Paulo presents a long time before the discovery of Ameríca anel before itself in three consecutive historical phases : the present the. time of the southward directed migration of the indians, those of the time of the cliscovery anel the peo Ind1ans of the Tupi-family, by which they were cles ple who inhabitecl tbe sambaqui anel there b!lriecl their troyed or clriven to the interior of the country. deael. Only with reference to this last point do Joubts The Inclians of S. Paulo at present as well as rem~in,anel I ha~e~odified in tbis respect my opini at the time. ?~t~e discovery nowhere possess a high on !':lilCe the publlcat10n of tbe :fir,.,t edition of this degree . of cmltsat10n 3nd also the infl.uence of other paper. As 1he skulls, exhumed from the sambaquis seem higher rleveloped cnltural elements is almost uou .. ti to be essenci.aly iclentical with those of the Tupis, I ceable. As [ have shown (N. t6, anel 22) we can veri formerly hehved hoth people to be identical. The cha- fy in the State of Rio Grande elo Sul the existence of while while unknown unknown iufiuences iufiuences East East trammission trammission to to entirely entirely cultural cultural \Vest \Vest cultural cultural of of almost almost higher higher from from is is 41- of of - direction direction Brazil Brazil plants plants \Vest. \Vest. infiux infiux the the to to tbe tbe day. day. these these times times of of East East ent ent prehistoric prehistoric in in pre pre from from origi:J. origi:J. Generally Generally the the historical historical as as true true moved moved at at in in is is e e o o a a it it is is of of so so in in of of the the the the tbe tbe the the 20. 20. u u e an the the anel anel al al . . zone zone than than of of been been Cen Lecn Lecn Tupi Tupi the the p litto Paris, Paris, at at Aivar Aivar Sul Sul in in Paulo, Paulo, Lhe Lhe of of Guara Lhe Lhe 8, 8, from from river river . . elements elements anel anel southern southern as as wíth wíth the the from from tbat tbat exchange exchange have have do do regions regions o[ o[ 18 18 have have completely completely prehistoric prehistoric «bolas» «bolas» zone zone tl1e tl1e to to that that people people o f f o tribution tribution . . at at a a of of isolated isolated founcl founcl the the elements elements a a region region Althought Althought not not Ge Ge brazilian brazilian on on tances tances shape shape the the ignoring ignoring in in Brazil Brazil Indian6 Indian6 of of trihes trihes Ribeira, Ribeira, Grande Grande di di littoral littoral ar8 ar8 been been found found know know among among nearest nearest quite quite Commeutaires. Commeutaires. the the art. art. spinclles, spinclles, note note lnclians lnclians wicle wicle di subancline subancline the the partic~tlary. partic~tlary. than than a a cultnral cultnral same same of of are are the the they they ethnographical ethnographical sepultures sepultures cigars, cigars, of of WE: WE: Rio Rio of of have have the the also also e e eastern eastern Neither Neither Vaca, Vaca, Pampa. Pampa. comrnunication comrnunication The The civilí~od civilí~od anel anel as as the the - as as in in Anthropolog. Anthropolog. intermeeliale intermeeliale influence influence Sul Sul of of in in brazilian brazilian situated situated bct·c bct·c silvei', silvei', ohserved ohserved more more that that of of de de toric toric to to of of although although 40 40 Sul, Sul, the the and and do do of of the the island island articles articles the the smokecl smokecl The The publisheel publisheel (2) (2) uch uch - to to do do even even hígbly hígbly feeble feeble than than in in the the clue clue probably probably an an andinc andinc 10 10 Bcrliner Bcrliner Brazil. Brazil. (I) (I) heterogenou~ heterogenou~ prehi prehi Cabeça Cabeça regions regions of of Indians Indians metal, metal, these, these, Vaca Vaca incredible incredible but but Argentina. Argentina. in in anel anel der der in in the the GranJe GranJe anel anel axes. axes. are are recognized recognized uch uch of of archeology archeology other other Faulo. Faulo. plane plane more more Lhe Lhe the the Bolívia. Bolívia. Uhle Uhle de de Grande Grande plants plants thern thern of of Nuuez Nuuez clíscovery clíscovery be be mentioned mentioned not not in in S. S. in in Rio Rio to to inhahitated inhahitated helongin~ helongin~ ou ou anel anel found found Bahia Bahia ~hough ~hough Paulo, Paulo, Pipe Pipe and and Mr. Mr. is is Tbe Tbe anel anel infiuence infiuence communication communication of of copper copper tbc tbc Rto Rto in in can can which which Objects Objects Alvar Alvar Verhandl. Verhandl. of of vated vated S. S. 107. 107. cultural cultural e e who who axe axe above above Cabeç3 Cabeç3 and and of of e. e. In In ing ing inhabiting inhabiting richer richer sometime sometime region region tate tate anel anel p. p. of of This This This This mot·e mot·e pi~es, pi~es, (2) (2) (1) (1) culti culti small small zone, zone, tho, tho, pipes. pipes. the the strongest strongest transmittecl transmittecl colllmon colllmon implements implements clino clino nor nor Calchaquís Calchaquís of of group group tribes tribes epoch epoch found found tral tral of of interior interior Argentina Argentina increa increa anel anel much much is is absent. absent. n~s n~s that that copper copper Brazil Brazil the the found found Nunez Nunez surpri surpri of of ral ral h1gher h1gher 1837, 1837, the the a of 54 ri the the not the the im lin the the are Sul, of p. heeu name them, duno where of of whom BRAZIL to on do treated Guaya time Garcia, are Tapuias po~sible Quevedo that aceeptecl ('14 of thetr tribution, gives 'lse also Antoniodos ivelv with are the during lhe · same giving Uruguay nor not di alliecl not paper aclclition Gay and S. lndians of says .Janeiro, at are Father is Grande Lafone made souTHERN the paper the . region, ucces ele relation the my anel It of upper to anel Tupi is the 8ô) OF Rio tribe t'oundccl Tupis, river in people here by Rio Urnguay a p. population Plata however the ,'\S in schemtic, has \vith to Lozano, This are pective letter anJ of it of La neither II years. Paulo) ~Iartius were saiu 23 Plate l3) L~mA re also 14. referring less . have I 1e as to the (S. 50 t l are I ). diífer8nt ( cthnologieal the N. publishecl Father or the THE (N. Paulo MAP -43- 3 of live,[ e Guarulhos, of dedicatei indigenou of what informations last Minuanos to Guanaos in S. Guanaos. oF refet" p. Janeiro; who these l lndians been or more inhabitant or tics at dates. the the or whos 19~ ng the The tribes de map 19, information Queveclo According is on Guarulhos who the of has mouth p. o) 0 Figueira J Charrna whom people livad of c:~.cteri (Rio at p. dos 3~ (~. Gnarús compare the map accordi to during exact ar etc., ancient thc II. Guanoas notes nr:sTRfBUTION years. the different Carqjás, Guenoas p. be , Lafone c h c diíferent of ' cover,Y, hich the Anotber as · l v e v \\ r the Tbe To This thc 25 Notas José di bear, ii. discoverecl. to obtain quite tribution nãs, ce Conceiçao the map. l'egion Guarulhos Gnayanás mentioned (N. Ly portant shoul guistic belong som0, ver to yet anel PRESEXT anel Tapes. Minuanos that minated describerl di of statistic last - of de his ex the the we the the Sul Ta anel dis The con Tupi brazi Tupis given to in to to region. ancient as do referen- designa outhea the the Conto not . only cases are INDIANS the nor of far present tern of by shed exception Martius beLween are of Martins. of from \Vith as ea colour the spccially Paulo some Grande based MAPS von that publ the von Tupi, tribes the to correspond~ S. is in which BRAZILIAN tribes of blue by contact of Rio one. the the o f o noted. THE obtainecl but e reproduced the \Vith Carajás. the clestined te I of of is to map incomplet tbose in SOUTH refers recl people distribution OF Tupis, Martius, tho to i' Sta the been all THE this the it maps note of lhe not pnblishecl point MAP very not the and to belong OF to Inrlians. ha~:; sufficient, f to and i o Paulo erobracing but the are Caingangs not 111ap informations been which Ehrenreich distribution S. Brazil; present tribes given have fix 32), do the on of "hich in is The people The general natne, have which br·azilian we of two rófet·mg colonics (N. DlSTlUBUTIO~ EXPLANATION in who former map of data, exactly Tupi the This i::; Ehrcnreich, sonthrrn braziliao text. colour the Tupi lndians Brazil, Maps, "fhe In of family, The Tapuias. not the Charruas, AKCIE~T tribes, the plain Ebrenreich. lian cerned Ethnography, Magalhãe familv. distt·ibution tribution some tes tern puias. Gês Gês uor Of yellow the writers in central can O A. do de in li! so um .Ja Ar tra Re H.e Alto ()f,J Geo- diale e To 18üU. Voea de irlolos ! Na~io d p. e Buenos 1803. l'etablis de d Pndre linguisti pelo de os eu eles á e Revista petrificadas rnestnos 11. de. noLieia Kio e Jo l8U5 neiro. :.1 Paris, dos J Geogrufico Kaino-an()'ues usadas ChaYantes. Janeiro Yll, Vocab~dar~o. servir Cainguà Tomo BilJlioth e Brere Cidades ele Sociedade Brazil. de Aires, un Caetano aeompanbacla comparée . da Bibliotbéque e n pour Vol. da Muyt·3kitã XVll, no Inclios lingua d Rio Rio lnclios Espiritunl» cc '7. guaranis Instituto O d' li, do .duenos Los riaux Cayguás e Los Caribe. e Anoa8s 8aptista Tome J. Zoologi~o. I 2\:-J~. Secç:lo del - 305-8 T1·istào Janeiro; B. B. rico XV, Jloror·ines. Cai11gangs, gramrnaire Mat lapid3res oi. dos da p. 213 palavras Misiooes) V ele ( isto «Conquii:ita LITERATURE da familie p. Jarclin Il vocabulario Juan Boletin Juan Tomo e Montoya. das d'une t;7\::l. ! la Rio da lnclios ltS\;Jf') I e lemaco lo Nog~teim, Mensal A1·a1·ipe, Rotb·igues, d e de américaine; Pedro tu de Lucien. os T do 1KS7 inscripções nsti que ctes e sement L. Paraná, bulario neiro, ~44. 1 eluctor H.uiz ual gentino. Yista vista Aires, San bre pequeno cligcnas symbolicos. Alenca1· AdaJil, Almeúla AmbrosP.tti, Ba1·bosa Bo1·ba, Amb;·oset#, 1) 2) 3) 5j 4) 7) 6) of to the fa the we anü Ca anel the live clis were Malto Cain wbich to in of S. clistin Grande respact reasons . anel scienti informs century, are ' to «Cayuâs» Tupy SimoiJi anel «Cayguás» and he attention the liveel Rio Grosso with past existe half-civilizeel Guaranis what the borcler Paraguay anel Charruas In As Paranapanema relirecl singular in my Sul Guaranis Paraná for of or the (Cayuá left never Botocudos aclmissible Marcos anel do ofthe of Matto from this which to anel p. Indians not Cayguás. the terms. part have Cayapós Paraná. directecl baptizeel is ~avage State that called at members revolution informations thern. the vahy Grande of belong the I Minuanos unelerstand Rev. 44- first has Paraguay, anel these the the imigratecl Southern confusion the the been to - tbe Rio the seems from the from to the of the « State by the to Paulo balf-civilized Botocudos Paraná, of valious It to Caynás : m ele Brazll, Martins the S. of terminology civilizecl .. amon~ the Cayuás » clifficult true respect Cayuâs The of in referel also example pomt Rio some between sornetirnes the this as t.hc explams obliged State as one:: only, of clestroyecl the for ~or Caingangs with distinguishecl 1t Eochavantes ~omari~ wbile m_ade am Southern have and all the from Indmns error, c~ata, Paraná. are 1s somewhat anel of The I in Dr. the followmg denommatecl sa:vage Sul, wh1ch Paulo literature the an is m ~uch almost do . Grosso Alto tharina ~araná-river, they southwnrd it 1s S. me, also t:) nvers. the tinguishecl. are ctwn gue) th_e literature m1ly fic di~tinguish Cayuás . p. to de na '2 do cdc VI. São Re tu Vol. Bra 458- Hist. 1~105, ·ti Paulo. Archi XVlli, Boletin Errich n doBra Vol p. lo. 70-4, Janeiro. 1903, VI. 1 del pedr..t Cbanases 4 logischen 18~::l. Inst. S. Menschen. ethnolon·ia sambaquis. ta. ele Geolog. Queranclies, Pau p. do 1807. rle Paulo, a , Vol Ilistorico e Caíngangs de 1~04, lo S. Torno u:3, S. Aires. Hev. inclios den Sambaquis. dos Rio Paulo e Pauli 1 de antbrop brazileir'1. p::1ra Minuanos. Airrs, 1X. S. eclade comparativa Los Revista dos 146-458. do s0bre vermeintliche prehistorico Geogr. ner ó Paulo, 9. rla Buenos durch Paulista. p. lnstituto A. Vol. 455-WO. Museu homem Paulo, die S. I. sambaquis N. 23-44. Berli p. sambnqnis. S. Bnenos Argentino, elo Historico Guayanás O do 175-257. origem Br·azil. ~)01, 47- apuntes p. hombre 519-584. l Os der Nacional Os Paulo, to archeologia Mnseu Guenoas A p. Vlll. Tomo lli. Os ele - Samuet VII. Ueber tu Archeologia Resirliros p. de. ContribuivOes El 1898, Paulo. S. á Commissão con y elo 905, Sambaquis nsti t B. Revista S. Geogr. Vol. ele Revista 1 Vol. li 1885 Pnnlo, von. von. von. Museu von. da von. von. actual 1905, de Boanos, J: Albe1·to. der Alberto. I, do S. ss. H. H H. H. lengua VI, H. H. . elo Quevedo, Im;t. Ríca1·do. Revista «Historia». Paulo, Paulo. Paulo, 570-577. Paulo. su erhandlungen 161' tung Gesellschaft. S. zil. V vista S. Pnulo, Vlii. p. cultura Paulista. Hi~torieo zíl. Yarés, S. vos ContnbmçUo Cuad Vol. 466. y del S. Estado Boletim lhering lhering, Jlt,ering, lhering lhe,·ing, Lace1·da,. lhering, lú·one, Lafone Loe(qJ'Pn, Loefgren, 5) 17) 1~) 18) "20) 21) 22) 23) 24) '2 2o) 27) de ele do clel Ja IV. São Rio dem Mili Ube uuter rber Bancl roda 188!--J. no Phila Paulo, ll. de de da an Verbl'ei Paulista. ltanhaen ele S. Suedame de nach 1891. Franclsco RepubJica Kenntnisse. Hio informações trabalhos de Race. Folge. Naturvolker. Paraná. 0. und VI. da habitantes dias, e descobrimento Tomo 59. Bel. missão Jo t Junho prehistorica Museu o os der Commissão a Hio estrada Neue Vol. 35- 37. Jahrhunderts do Com notas 233-2 telegraphica unserer Brasiliens ela nossos e-CoTonel ao p. desde ss. 1863. Brazil. da Ilistoria p. American sobre 11:)04.. urna Sambaquis Ethnographie XX. os Paul. mas Einteilung primitivos 39-15. Historico Yilizaçã:o no linha i 105 de Revista Fe,·ereiro Toe p. Tenent 1895, até dos St:tnde eles tl-)9'?, 20-::l(). Die Die -16 AJg,, di:l p. Los de Mus. Ped1·o. Grande A c Janeiro, p. G. Re1atorio - explúração Mrmoria Lisboa V, l\litteilungen. nstituto Paraguay, Anthropologie. l. 1904, LV, oolkerstamme 1 Berlicksichtigung de e H Prata e Paulo, Hev. 1Iontevid<~o, João 490-519. \' , de non. Paul. Paul. l3eginn do Salto 1883 situação H)(; Jo da fuer S. Cuyu.bâ, 1894. ss. p. QuaJ,·os, construcção Rio meridiomll. Vol. a Olavo. José im Daniel der Be11edicto. H. Je a e I. encarregada Heft eich, Rio 81. Santos. Conego ol. Petermanns t.ung Hl05, p. graphica Janeiro ricas delpbia 18Gl. gegenwartingen Raymundo. sobre e hesonderer Arr.biv UI tar neiro. obsPrvação raba Hevista Uruguay. Paulo, do Jesuítica gem tura Y Brazil Calixto, B;·inton, Ewedon Eh1·enreich, Ehrenl' Gay, Hurnrnel, Figueú·a, ll~ering, ) 8) 9) !2) 10 11) 14) 13) 15) ' 16) · e 4. de do de. in de do na Cf'. VI, Ja vol. "J72. 904, Inst. lnst. l N. entre ss. de Mittei graphia Parana vol. Janeiro, Ilist. chaft geral 507 27 1900. Hev. Rev. Ethnogra Paulo, commemo de p. 127-170. Hio Capitania Geographica p. Rio Paulo. Janeiro. historica geographicas Paulo, província independencia lnst. Paulo S. ethnologicas zur 8, R . Gesell da ss. do e geographia p. ao . do , de S. Paulo ; captiveiro de 8 lndianer. ss. da Paulo do Brazil Ilistoria J na verdadeira e Ediçllo . S. 267 S. indigena. de de Rio chen no a 1H98 169 Vlll. chen Valle Hist. p. edição ovoluçao de. -567 Beitrage H.ev. palavras Commis, p. o Paulo, Guayanás Tupy Uistorico !J02, separaçllo Ilist. 2a 1 1875. t 1 respeito lla vol. 4t~ viagens Consideraçoes Qual O lnst. Lingua Os 1, Brazi~. S. da Estado ' 189i 49- \ a volumes, von. sua p. Vl, 1901, 11. sobre tituto lnsl. do - V. uas do XXYllJ. 2 centenario. Paulo ss. Rev. de L Visconde Algumas Paulo, geographico Antbropologi In Guayanâ 1902 Paulo, S. vol. Jo::.ef 1890. 4." 91 süd-amerikani oi. Boletim S. Tomo Bd. do Paulo. hecdo;·o. Rev. S. V der Theodoro. antes Theodor·o. Theodm·o. Theodoro. p. 1 Theodoro. . do de der de Hans, Vicente. nome selv:1gens Seguro, Portugal. Paulo Paulo. 150-169, Cur·los. Paulo, Paulo, Geologica economicas . ~. 1865, paleontologicns S. Brazil de do panema. Janeiro. e e cion:;~l. os pbie S. lungen Vlll, vocabulario Ilist. p. neiro. Sao Jlist. rativa Hevista \Vien. Sampaio, Sampaio, Rath, Podo Sampaz·o, Staden, Siemiradzhi, Sampaio, Sampaio, Sampaio, :~9) 40) 42) 41) 43) 47: 4J) 4.5) 4b) 46) a . a da ra X, de Ja Lis das cha Ge 1867, .Men até Curso para Paulo. Paulo, de Santos Ethno Bd. erectu Provín• Janeiro, archeo Rio Leipzig. ro Geogra ambaqui hoje Nacional 257-5õ5. S. 1864. a da Noticia Hio YOn do Brazil. Conferencia Zur de historico Sao p. Vergleicbung começo Anthrop. Janeiro, do 7.a Memorias Museu H.io einem Indios sobre Paulo, 1•on. 1:-:.formaçOes Vicente, de Hist. 1~1')5, Selvagem. seu . Brasiliens. de do ria. Paulo. O unter Quadro de. Anchieta. aus c~ Diccionario Joaquim. o ambaquis -.ao Ollendorf. Ilist. Vl, Estado \Vochenscbrift, , da. Rio S. J lnst. l'hil. Berliner de. ue de Pithecantbropu do José J. aldeias rigaç.O vol. zumal den lnst. Couto der ./orlo. Gaspa1· desde 4R- edit) ·e' H.ev. Paulo. 51U-5b2. Couto de as Arc:hi,·o- segundo Brasilien, aus ln, Manoel - iedrich ei1·a. p. -pithecanthropus-aehnlicher S. (1·ei Rev. (2.a Natnrwi-s. Paulo, in Capitania h Janeiro, Menschenreste de Paulo, sobre Olivei1·a, Ein Oli1 Brazil. S. Província geral, da Gfme1·al Americas, tricentenario Gene1·al Y l895, Almeúla, s·. de Deus, S. 18'it). \-lll, de de do pad1·e de A. . da Cad o í\J7. A. autos bra1,ileira. ' ·chaedel 0-721. . 1 Fossilreste de ele de 204 Rio língua Ladislâu. 71 Brasilien. )ü7 gia ciocinada cia mada p. actualidade. Pruvincia 1~()/, neiro, ~ Tomo Ilistoria da 1V02. boa para g-raphie YOn Berlin, phico in Duboi p. schen lo do terras J1achado Madre Ma,r;alhrles, Machado Mm·tius, ~1lagalhües, Neh1·ing, Nelu·ing, Jfendes Setto, Nobre.rJa, 28) 30) ':?Ü) 31) 3.2) :13) 35) 36) 31) :~7) 3.") 8 8 8 8 19 19 30 30 27 27 26 26 30 30 28 28 27 27 29 29 29 29 '27 '27 43 43 22 22 22 22 17 17 2t 2t 23 23 26 26 16 16 22 22 21 21 20 20 31 31 18 18 17 17 42 42 42 42 15 15 PAG. PAG. 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 23, 23, 17, 17, 16, 16, . . otobo- . . . . lngain,.:. lngain,.:. Tapups Tapups Tupis21, Tupis21, Guaranis. Guaranis. Guayanás Guayanás Eochavan· Eochavan· Chavantt-s Chavantt-s Pataná. Pataná. 13, 13, 14, the the . . " " » » » » . . the the » » the the Grosso Grosso !:1, !:1, . . of of of of » » . . » » of of . . » » " " Alto Alto axes. axes. artefacts artefacts geral geral . . the the l\latto l\latto » » " " » » > > tocudos tocudos tPS. tPS. of of of of e·•lithic e·•lithic Notocayuás Notocayuás Nephnt Nephnt Notobotocudos Notobotocudos Nel'hrit Nel'hrit Mturaquitans Mturaquitans X X Nu-Aruak Nu-Aruak Language Language Minuanos Minuanos 1\fortar 1\fortar Language Language Lang·uug-eofthe Lang·uug-eofthe Language Language LanguageoftheCaingangs LanguageoftheCaingangs Língua Língua Jeronime Jeronime Jtauhaens Jtauhaens l11g-ain8. l11g-ain8. Igaçabas Igaçabas Guay11nás Guay11nás Gunrús Gunrús Guanaos Guanaos Guarulhos Guarulhos Guaranis Guaranis Goyatacaz Goyatacaz 7 7 9 9 8 8 9 9 20 20 19 19 20 20 44 44 40 40 11 11 40 40 44 44 43 43 44 44 16 16 30 30 44 44 31 31 19 19 15 15 41 41 15 15 17 17 44 44 20 20 44 44 19 19 40 40 30 30 9, 9, 8, 8, 6, 6, 9, 9, L9, L9, 6, 6, 11, 11, 11, 11, a, a, 41, 41, 20, 20, 14, 14, 10, 10, 27, 27, 30, 30, an . . . . INOEX INOEX 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, Paulo Paulo Paulo, Paulo, . . . . . . 18, 18, 13, 13, 26, 26, S. S. S. S. Goyaz Goyaz 16, 16, of of Minas Minas of of plants plants of of . . of of Coroados Coroados Gros8o Gros8o axes axes . . . . ted ted Paraná-Eochavan udo udo Ps. Ps. tes. tes. and and M.atto M.atto Gês Gês < Cultiva Cultiva Crens Crens Couvade. Couvade. cChavantes>> cChavantes>> Coroados Coroados Copper Copper Chavuntes Chavuntes Cayuás Cayuás Cachimbos. Cachimbos. Charruas Charruas Cayguás. Cayguás. Cayapós. Cayapós. Cauim Cauim Cam1bs Cam1bs Carajás Carajás Carijós Carijós Cain!!·uá Cain!!·uá Cannibalism Cannibalism Cainga.nga Cainga.nga Camê Caangue. Caangue. Botocudos Botocudos Bugres Bugres Bolas. Bolas. Arua.c Arua.c Amulets. Amulets. do do I." I." im im To und und His Inst. Inst. 1-21. 1-21. Histo do do p. p. Nacional Nacional 1-302. 1-302. 1~47 1~47 Nat,Jrvõl discriptivo discriptivo Xingú Xingú p. p. sambaquis sambaquis Janeiro. Janeiro. Instituto Instituto IX, IX, Rev. Rev. 1876, 1876, den den Pedro. Pedro. do do Museu Museu os os des des childerung childerung de de Central-Brasilien, Central-Brasilien, 18í9 18í9 I., I., Xingú-Expedition, Xingú-Expedition, Tratado Tratado do do Tomo Tomo Rio Rio Unter Unter Heise Heise sobre sobre Vicente. Vicente. Lerne, Lerne, Vol. Vol. 1886. 1886. i894, i894, Revista Revista . . de. de. do do Durch Durch Janeiro Janeiro den. den. Paes Paes zweiten zweiten de de Janeiro, Janeiro, Archivos Archivos Erfurschung Erfurschung de de Estudos Estudos den. den. 1587. 1587. de de Leipzig, Leipzig, ss. ss. -50 -50 Soa1·es Soa1·es Janeiro. Janeiro. Berlin. Berlin. von von der der Rio Rio zur zur von von em em 137 137 Rio Rio rle rle Geographico Geographico Brazil. Brazil. Almeida Almeida Capitania Capitania p. p. e e 1884. 1884. Carlos. Carlos. f{ad f{ad do do Z~ntralb1·asiliens. Z~ntralb1·asiliens. Ka1'l Ka1'l do do de de Rio Rio XIV. XIV. Gab1·iel Gab1·iel rla rla Brar.il Brar.il parte, parte, do do Sul Sul Ilist. Ilist. mo mo ria ria 18S7-1888. 18S7-1888. Jahre Jahre torico torico kern kern Expedition Expedition do do Ergeboiss~ Ergeboiss~ 1Viener, 1Viener, Taques Taques Steinen, Steinen, Souza, Souza, Steinen, Steinen, 52) 52) 53) 53) 49) 49) 51) 51) 50) 50) 3o 3o h h Tápes Tápes which which Tupinambás Tupinambás Goyatacás, Goyatacás, ON ON Pinarés, Pinarés, tribes, tribes, Minuanos. Minuanos. apuyas apuyas T T other other Botocudos, Botocudos, and and Carijós, Carijós, Tapuyas Tapuyas (Cayapós, (Cayapós, and and r r and and Tupinaquins, Tupinaquins, Temiminós. Temiminós. no no E((PLRNRTI E((PLRNRTI Southern Southern Puris Puris included included o r r o ~rachanes ~rachanes and and Tapuyas Tapuyas Charruas Charruas Tupis Tupis I I included included r r ~ ~ no no Guanaos, Guanaos, Guaranis, Guaranis, Tupis, Tupis, Guayanás Guayanás Tamoyos Tamoyos Northern Northern Chavantes, Chavantes, Carajás, Carajás, are are J J MAP MAP O O c=J c=J D D D D ------~------~- í í 2 5 5 », », 17 17 28 28 18 18 18 18 10 10 19 19 17 17 30 30 30 30 31 31 10 10 l'AG. l'AG. 9, 9, 16, 16, 18, 18, 28, 28, «Carijó «Carijó 16, 16, 17, of of 15, 15, 14, 14, 15, 14, 14, only». only». 13, 13, instead instead «not «not . . of of - ------ Temininoe. Temininoe. Tibiriçá. Tibiriçá. Tembetá Tembetá Tremembé~. Tremembé~. Tupiniquins Tupiniquins Tupinambás Tupinambás Tupis Tupis Zoolithes Zoolithes Votorões Votorões Yirotes Yirotes Urns. Urns. Xocrens. Xocrens. instead instead ~9 ~9 u- 7 7 !1 !1 ---- 32 32 20 20 28 28 31 31 32 32 17 17 40 40 40 40 20 20 10 10 PAG. PAG. only» only» «Sambaqui-people» «Sambaqui-people» « 9, 9, CORRECTIONS. CORRECTIONS. 5, 5, 30, 30, 16, 16, ------ read read read read 5, 5, 4, 4, . . Nimuendajú line line line line . . Curt 20, 20, 30, 30, . . thic. thic. P. P. P. P. Digital Paleoli Paleoli Paradeiros. Paradeiros. Pampa~-Indians Pampa~-Indians Tapuyas Tapuyas Pseudo-Coroados Pseudo-Coroados Polygamy Polygamy Pipes Pipes Petroglyphs Petroglyphs Socrés Socrés Sambaquis Sambaquis Tamoyos Tamoyos Taveus Taveus Biblioteca http://www.etnolinguistica.org ---- MA P II l I - - E((PLF\Nl\TION c::::J Guaranis and Cayuás c::::J Southern Tapuyas (I. Se c.)(Caingangs) Southern Tapuyas (11.Sec.) (lngaim CJ and Guayanás.) Northern Tapuyas (\ayapós, c:::=3Chavantes, Puris, Botocudos etc.) ,----, Guayaquis and Guaycurús and other tribes, which L__1 are no r Tupis no r Tapuyas __ __L ~ h