DOCSLIB.ORG

A Case of Amnesia After Excision of the Septum Pellucidum

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Case of Amnesia After Excision of the Septum Pellucidum 922 Journal ofNeurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1990;53:922-924 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.53.10.922 on 1 October 1990. Downloaded from SHORT REPORT A case of amnesia after excision of the septum pellucidum A Berti, C Arienta, C Papagno Abstract Before surgery she did not complain of any Tumours of the septum pellucidum (SP) subjective disorder and the neurological are rare and seldom associated with examination was completely normal. She did memory impairment either before or not show any neuropsychological deficit and after operation. A patient is described her relatives claimed that she was carrying on who developed amnesia after trans- an absolutely normal life. callosal excision of a tumour of the SP. On 27 January 1988 the patient had a sur- Radiology did not show any major lesion gical excision of the tumour via a right trans- of the brain areas traditionally callosal approach. The tumour was well- associated with amnesia. Because septal delineated and easily cleavable, completely nuclei could have been damaged during occupying the septum pellucidum. A vascular surgery their possible role in memory peduncle of the tumour was seen at its bottom functions is discussed. and was disconnected with bipolar coagu- lation. Histology demonstrated a subepen- Tumours of the dymoma. septum pellucidum are rare,' 2 Postoperative outcome was good. However, and when they do not lead to compression of the other brain structures probably cause no peculiar behaviour of the patient was symptoms. immediately obvious: she forgot everything Memory disorders before operation have she was told and names of new people, or why seldom been reported,' 2 are poorly described she was at a particular place and how long she and then usually in association with more had been there; she always asked if she had general impairment.2 There is little evidence already performed some examination. She of improvement of memory disorders after the could not remember which day or what time excision of the tumour.' Even more rare is the of the day it was and kept talking about an finding of memory impairment after the abortion that she had had years ago. excision of a tumour of the septum Sometimes she said that she was living as if in pellucidum when was a dream and she was never sure whether she there no memory had seen or impairment before the operation.' We des- people places in real life or had http://jnnp.bmj.com/ cribe a patient with a tumour of the septum dreamt of them. An MRI scan (fig la, lb) pellucidum diagnosed by CT scan and MRI, showed an ischaemic lesion of the left cin- without memory impairment before oper- gulate gyrus. ation. The patient developed a Korsakoff-type syndrome after surgery that was performed by Neuropsychological assessment a transcallosal interfornicial approach.3 We Two weeks after surgery the patient was alert discuss the anatomy of the lesion and the and cooperative, but a memory impairment possible role of the septal nuclei in memory was immediately evident, because she kept on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. function. asking the examiner the same questions (for example, "which day is it today?") and forget- ting the answer a minute later. She was dis- Case history oriented in time and place; only occasionally In 1980 a 43 year old female school teacher did she remember the year and, even if she had a generalised epileptic seizure. The knew which hospital she was in she was un- neurological examination was normal. Universita' di Milano, An able to remember the name of the ward and Istituto di Clinica EEG revealed the presence of an epilep- had some difficulties in finding her way Neurologica togenic focus in the right fronto-temporal around. She claimed that she had already been A Berti region. The patient was discharged on car- in the C Papagno ward (which was true), but she could bamazepine. In 1982 she reported a second not remember when. Her name and date Clinica of Neurochirurgica generalised epileptic seizure. CT scan with birth could be remembered, but not her age C Arienta apd without contrast was normal. Car- and she remembered having two daughters Correspondence to: Costanza bamazepine was replaced by phenobarbital. In and their names and ages. There was no Papagno, MRC Applied October 1987 she had a third generalised severe confabulation except that she often said Psychology Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 2EF, epileptic seizure and she was admitted to the that the husband of the patient next to her was United Kingdom. neurological department of our hospital. CT her boyfriend when they were young. Her Received 10 January and in and MRI scans showed a marked hydroce- score on Raven PM 38 was final revised form 32/36 (cut-off 18/ 11 December 1989. phalus and a tumour of the septum 36). There was no perceptual deficit when Accepted 3 January 1990 pellucidum that enhanced with contrast., assessed by the Poppelreuter Test and a Per- A case of amnesia after excision of the septum pellucidum 923 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.53.10.922 on 1 October 1990. Downloaded from span for short-term memory (STM).5 Short Story, paired associate learning and word list learning6 for verbal long-term memory (LTM); supraspan learning of a new pathway for long-term spatial memory; Benton Test for visual memory. Results are shown in the table. Autobiographical memory was assessed by means of a questionnaire that included questions about life from childhood until the onset of the disease. She could not remember events which happened in the previous three months. When talking about her past she focused on two particular episodes of her life (a child living next to her who lost one eye in an accident, and her abortion) and it was very difficult to move her attention to other subjects such as school, marriage, or work. Tests were repeated after two and four months and the patient did not show any improvement apart from paired-associate learning (table). Discussion Our patient showed the classic features of global amnesic syndrome: she was unable to acquire new information after surgery (anterograde amnesia) and to remember events which happened in the three months before surgery (retrograde amnesia). She also showed a mild confabulation and little concern about Figure la, b MRI showing the consequences of the her memory impairment. STM, language and excision of septum pellucidum. general intelligence were preserved. Memory loss is usually described after grey matter damage of either the medial temporal ceptual Categorisation Test. There were no lobe, medial thalamus and mamillary bodies.7 signs of a callosal syndrome. The patient developed amnesia after surgical Frontal functions were assessed by means of excision of a tumour of SP made by a trans- the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, which was callosal interfornicial approach. This method absolutely normal (she completed 7 stages). has been reported to not affect memory func- Language tests showed perfect Phonemic tion.3 Zaidel and Sperry8 reported ten commis- Discrimination (60/60), normal comprehen- surotomy patients who had subnormal scores http://jnnp.bmj.com/ sion of isolated words (Peabody Picture Test: on a battery of memory tests; they conclude 66/70), Naming by Description (37, cut- that the loss of the cerbral commissures is off > 33 50), Object Naming (31-75, cut- mainly responsible for this impairment. off > 28 25).4 Wechsler Vocabulary (8), Syn- However, the operative procedure involved the tactic Comprehension (74/80), and Sentence corpus callosum, and the hippocampal and Comprehension (12/12) were also normal. anterior commissures, including the columns Only Semantic Fluency was under the cut-off of the fornix. We do not exclude the possibility (14, cut-off > 25).4 It was impossible to per- that the observed memory impairment could be on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. form the Token Test because the patient amplified by extracommissural brain damage. forgot the task immediately after the instruc- Moreover, these patients have a mild distur- tions. bance, not a frank amnesic syndrome as in our Memory tests included Digit and Corsi patient. Neuroradiological studies, in our case, did not show any convincing alteration ofthe brain Table Memory tests after surgery areas traditionally associated with amnesia, but we cannot completely exclude that Time after surgery perioperative manipulation caused damage in Memory tests normal score' > 2 weeks 2 months 4 months some areas of the brain. For instance, in our patient there was a small infarct of the right Verbal STM: digit span 3 75 5 50 5 50 5 50 Spatial STM: Corsi span 3 50 4-75 4-75 4-75 cingulate gyrus. There is some evidence that Verbal LTM: paired-associate 6 50 5 7 7 major destruction of the anterior cingulate Short Story 6 50 3 50 1 50 6 Wordlist 8 4 5 8 gyrus can transiently affect memory.9 There Spatial LTM: are a few cases of transient amnesia associated supraspan normal with learning of a new pathway impossible= = damage to the fornices, but other struc- Visual: Benton Test 10/16 8/16 tures could be altered as well.7 Apart from the Rey figure 7/24 case of Heilman and Sypert,'0 in which the 'The score of 950o of 321 subjects was more than the value in this column. lesion involved the splenium and both pos- 924 Berti, Arienta, Papagno J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.53.10.922 on 1 October 1990. Downloaded from terior fornices, there is little certainty that tion seems to be supported by the existing lesions restricted to the fornices cause evidence.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Harold Brockhaus. the Finer Anatomy of the Septum and of the Striatum
    NIH LIBRARY TRANSLATION (NIH-81-109) J Psychol Neurol 51 (1/2):1-56 (1942). THE FINER ANATOMY OF THE SEPTUM AND OF THE STRIATUM WITH 72 ILLUSTRATIONS BY Harold Brockhaus From the Institute of the German Brain Research Association, Neustadt im Schwarzwald (Director: Prof. 0. Vogt) CONTENTS Introduction Preliminary remarks: Material and technical data Results I. The Gray Masses of the Septum. Discussion of the results II. The Striatum a) Fundus striati Supplement: 1. Insulae olfactoriae striatales 2. The cortex of the Tuberculum olfactorium 3. Nucleus subcaudatus b) Nucleus caudatus c) Putamen Discussion of the results Summary Literature INTRODUCTION It is the purpose of this publication to investigate, more thoroughly than done before, the structure of the gray masses of the septum1 and striatum (as interpreted by C. and 0. Vogt, Spatz and others), using cyto and myelo-architectonic methods. It is not customary in general to study both fields jointly, as done in this publication. When doing so here, it was intended to clarify recurrent opinions voiced in earlier and recent literature on the more or less close morphogenetic, structural and thereby possibly also functional correlations between these two fields of between parts of the latter (by means of a study focused on the finer structural conditions within this area in the mature human and primate brain) (Maynert, Kappers, Johnston, Kuhlenbeck, Rose, among others). Moreover, the gray masses of the septum and striatum are to be studied, principally in the oral area of the latter (N. accumbens, Ziehen), generally believed so far to originate from the encephalon. The structural correlation between the above and the ventral and ventrocaudal adjoining prothalamatic nuclei is to be investigated2 which, in a wider sense, belong to the hypothalamus and therefore to the mid-brain.
    [Show full text]
  • Approach to Brain Malformations
    Approach to Brain Malformations A General Imaging Approach to Brain CSF spaces. This is the basis for development of the Dandy- Malformations Walker malformation; it requires abnormal development of the cerebellum itself and of the overlying leptomeninges. Whenever an infant or child is referred for imaging because of Looking at the midline image also gives an idea of the relative either seizures or delayed development, the possibility of a head size through assessment of the craniofacial ratio. In the brain malformation should be carefully investigated. If the normal neonate, the ratio of the cranial vault to the face on child appears dysmorphic in any way (low-set ears, abnormal midline images is 5:1 or 6:1. By 2 years, it should be 2.5:1, and facies, hypotelorism), the likelihood of an underlying brain by 10 years, it should be about 1.5:1. malformation is even higher, but a normal appearance is no guarantee of a normal brain. In all such cases, imaging should After looking at the midline, evaluate the brain from outside be geared toward showing a structural abnormality. The to inside. Start with the cerebral cortex. Is the thickness imaging sequences should maximize contrast between gray normal (2-3 mm)? If it is too thick, think of pachygyria or matter and white matter, have high spatial resolution, and be polymicrogyria. Is the cortical white matter junction smooth or acquired as volumetric data whenever possible so that images irregular? If it is irregular, think of polymicrogyria or Brain: Pathology-Based Diagnoses can be reformatted in any plane or as a surface rendering.
    [Show full text]
  • Connection Interfaces Between Neuronal Elements and Structures Inside Greater Limbic System
    Rom J Leg Med [21] 137-148 [2013] DOI: 10.4323/rjlm.2013.137 © 2013 Romanian Society of Legal Medicine Connection interfaces between neuronal elements and structures inside greater limbic system. Evaluation in forensic psycho-affective pathology Gheorghe S. Dragoi1, Petru Razvan Melinte2, Liviu Radu3 _________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: The authors achieved a macroanatomic analysis on the location and relations of neuronal structures and elements inside transitional mesocortex and archicortex in order to visualize the connection interfaces of greater limbic system. The analysis was performed on human encephalon using subsystems generally homologated by neuroanatomists: lobus limbicus, hippocampal formation, prefrontal cortex, lobus insularis and subcortical structures. Equally, they performed a research of the literature on the implication of connection interfaces from paralimbic, limbic and archicortex areas, into forensic psycho-affective ortology and pathology. The study draws the attention to time and space development of terminology and homologation of some new concepts bound to multifunctional subsystems such as: medial temporal lobe memory system, prefrontal cortex and limbic midbrain area. Key Words: greater limbic system, transitional mesocortex, archicortex euroanatomy registered remarkable progress (proneocortical or paralimbic zone and periarchicortical or by the diversity of morph-functional and limbic zone); hippocampal formation (with two regions: N anatomic-clinical
    [Show full text]
  • Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 73-20,651
    TIME OF ORIGIN OF BASAL FOREBRAIN NEURONS IN THE MOUSE: AN AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Creps, Elaine Sue, 1946- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 05:12:20 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290321 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Paga(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material.
    [Show full text]
  • Cavum Septi Pellucidi in Tourette Syndrome Karen J
    Yale University EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library School of Medicine 2002 Cavum septi pellucidi in Tourette Syndrome Karen J. Kim Yale University Follow this and additional works at: http://elischolar.library.yale.edu/ymtdl Recommended Citation Kim, Karen J., "Cavum septi pellucidi in Tourette Syndrome" (2002). Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library. 2790. http://elischolar.library.yale.edu/ymtdl/2790 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Medicine at EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. It has been accepted for inclusion in Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library by an authorized administrator of EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. For more information, please contact [email protected]. med Thesis T113 +Y12 6S27 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from The National Endowment for the Humanities and the Arcadia Fund https://archive.org/details/cavumseptipellucOOkimk I Cavum Septi Pellucidi in Tourette Syndrome A Thesis Submitted to the Yale University School of Medicine in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine by Karen J. Kim 2002 AUGz YALE MEDICAL LIBRARY AUG 2 0 2002 CAVUM SEPTI PELLUCID I IN TOURETTE SYNDROME. Karen J. Kim and Bradley S. Peterson. Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. An enlarged cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) has been associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders and is a putative marker of disturbed brain development. The goal of this study was to characterize systematically the CSP and the related cavum vergae in individuals with Tourette Syndrome (TS).
    [Show full text]
  • Certain Olfactory Centers of the Forebrain of the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda Melanoleuca)
    CERTAIN OLFACTORY CENTERS OF THE FOREBRAIN OF THE GIANT PANDA (AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA) EDWARD W. LAUER Department of Anatomy, University of Michigan THIRTEEN FIGURE6 INTRODUCTION In the spring of 1946 the Laboratory of Comparative Neu- rology at the University of Michigan received from Professor Fred A. Mettler of Columbia University the brain of a giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca) for histological study. This had been obtained from a mature female melanoleuca, Pan Dee, presented to the New York Zoological Society in 1941 through United China Relief by Mme. Chiang Kai-shek and Mme. H. H. Kung, and which Bad died in the fall of 1945 from acute paralytic enteritis and peritonitis. A report on the topographical anatomy of the brain was made by Mettler and Goss ( '46) who concluded that externally it is identical with that of the bear. Unfortunately, practically no work has been done on the histological structure of the ursine brain making it impossible to compare its microscopic structure with that of the panda. The panda brain was fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 30 p. Alternate sections were stained in cresyl violet for cell study and in Weil for demonstration of fiber tracts. Another gross panda brain, also obtained from Pro- ' This investigation was aided by grants from the Horace H. Rackhsm School of Graduate Studies of the University of Michigan and from the A. B. Brower and E. R. Arn Medical Research and Scholarship Fund. 213 214 EDWARD W. LAUER fessor Mettler, was available for orientation. The photo- micrographs used for the illustrations were made with the assistance of Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroanatomy Dr
    Neuroanatomy Dr. Maha ELBeltagy Assistant Professor of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine The University of Jordan 2018 Prof Yousry 10/15/17 A F B K G C H D I M E N J L Ventricular System, The Cerebrospinal Fluid, and the Blood Brain Barrier The lateral ventricle Interventricular foramen It is Y-shaped cavity in the cerebral hemisphere with the following parts: trigone 1) A central part (body): Extends from the interventricular foramen to the splenium of corpus callosum. 2) 3 horns: - Anterior horn: Lies in the frontal lobe in front of the interventricular foramen. - Posterior horn : Lies in the occipital lobe. - Inferior horn : Lies in the temporal lobe. rd It is connected to the 3 ventricle by body interventricular foramen (of Monro). Anterior Trigone (atrium): the part of the body at the horn junction of inferior and posterior horns Contains the glomus (choroid plexus tuft) calcified in adult (x-ray&CT). Interventricular foramen Relations of Body of the lateral ventricle Roof : body of the Corpus callosum Floor: body of Caudate Nucleus and body of the thalamus. Stria terminalis between thalamus and caudate. (connects between amygdala and venteral nucleus of the hypothalmus) Medial wall: Septum Pellucidum Body of the fornix (choroid fissure between fornix and thalamus (choroid plexus) Relations of lateral ventricle body Anterior horn Choroid fissure Relations of Anterior horn of the lateral ventricle Roof : genu of the Corpus callosum Floor: Head of Caudate Nucleus Medial wall: Rostrum of corpus callosum Septum Pellucidum Anterior column of the fornix Relations of Posterior horn of the lateral ventricle •Roof and lateral wall Tapetum of the corpus callosum Optic radiation lying against the tapetum in the lateral wall.
    [Show full text]
  • Absence of the Septum Pellucidum Associated with a Midline Fornical Nodule and Ventriculomegaly: a Report of Two Cases
    J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25: 970-3 ISSN 1011-8934 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.6.970 Absence of the Septum Pellucidum Associated with a Midline Fornical Nodule and Ventriculomegaly: A Report of Two Cases We report two autopsy cases that revealed the partial absence of the septum pellu- Yi Kyeong Chun1, Hye Sun Kim1, cidum with ventriculomegaly. In each case, the brain showed mild dilatation of both Sung Ran Hong1, and Je G. Chi 2 frontal horns of the lateral ventricles, normal third and fourth ventricles and no aque- Department of Pathology1, Cheil General Hospital and ductal stenosis. The posterior portion of the septum pellucidum was absent and the Women’s Healthcare Center, Kwandong University fornices were fused in a single midline nodule, abnormally displaced to a caudal posi- College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Pathology2, tion and lodged in the foramina of Monro. The brain base showed no apparent abnor- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, malities; the optic nerves were well developed. We conclude that the caudally dis- Korea placed fornix in the absence of the septum pellucidum may have intermittently obst- Received : 24 December 2008 ructed the foramina of Monro and induced mild ventriculomegaly. Accepted : 13 May 2009 Key Words : Septum Pellucidum; Fornix, Brain; Hydrocephalus; Ventriculomegaly Address for Correspondence Yi Kyeong Chun, M.D. Department of Pathology, Cheil General Hospital and Women’s Healthcare Center, Kwandong University ⓒ 2010 The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences. College of Medicine, 13 Haksa-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 100-380, Korea License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, Tel : +82.2-2000-7663, Fax : +82.2-2000-7779 distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3: Internal Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
    10353-03_CH03.qxd 8/30/07 1:12 PM Page 82 3 Internal Anatomy of the Central Nervous System LEARNING OBJECTIVES Nuclear structures and fiber tracts related to various functional systems exist side by side at each level of the After studying this chapter, students should be able to: nervous system. Because disease processes in the brain • Identify the shapes of corticospinal fibers at different rarely strike only one anatomic structure or pathway, there neuraxial levels is a tendency for a series of related and unrelated clinical symptoms to emerge after a brain injury. A thorough knowl- • Recognize the ventricular cavity at various neuroaxial edge of the internal brain structures, including their shape, levels size, location, and proximity, makes it easier to understand • Recognize major internal anatomic structures of the their functional significance. In addition, the proximity of spinal cord and describe their functions nuclear structures and fiber tracts explains multiple symp- toms that may develop from a single lesion site. • Recognize important internal anatomic structures of the medulla and explain their functions • Recognize important internal anatomic structures of the ANATOMIC ORIENTATION pons and describe their functions LANDMARKS • Identify important internal anatomic structures of the midbrain and discuss their functions Two distinct anatomic landmarks used for visual orientation to the internal anatomy of the brain are the shapes of the • Recognize important internal anatomic structures of the descending corticospinal fibers and the ventricular cavity forebrain (diencephalon, basal ganglia, and limbic (Fig. 3-1). Both are present throughout the brain, although structures) and describe their functions their shape and size vary as one progresses caudally from the • Follow the continuation of major anatomic structures rostral forebrain (telencephalon) to the caudal brainstem.
    [Show full text]
  • Brain Anatomy
    BRAIN ANATOMY Adapted from Human Anatomy & Physiology by Marieb and Hoehn (9th ed.) The anatomy of the brain is often discussed in terms of either the embryonic scheme or the medical scheme. The embryonic scheme focuses on developmental pathways and names regions based on embryonic origins. The medical scheme focuses on the layout of the adult brain and names regions based on location and functionality. For this laboratory, we will consider the brain in terms of the medical scheme (Figure 1): Figure 1: General anatomy of the human brain Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.) – Figure 12.2 CEREBRUM: Divided into two hemispheres, the cerebrum is the largest region of the human brain – the two hemispheres together account for ~ 85% of total brain mass. The cerebrum forms the superior part of the brain, covering and obscuring the diencephalon and brain stem similar to the way a mushroom cap covers the top of its stalk. Elevated ridges of tissue, called gyri (singular: gyrus), separated by shallow groves called sulci (singular: sulcus) mark nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres. Deeper groves, called fissures, separate large regions of the brain. Much of the cerebrum is involved in the processing of somatic sensory and motor information as well as all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions. The outer cortex of the cerebrum is composed of gray matter – billions of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons arranged in six discrete layers. Although only 2 – 4 mm thick, this region accounts for ~ 40% of total brain mass. The inner region is composed of white matter – tracts of myelinated axons.
    [Show full text]
  • The Morphology of the Septum, Hippocampus, and Pallial Commissures in Repliles and Mammals' J
    THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE SEPTUM, HIPPOCAMPUS, AND PALLIAL COMMISSURES IN REPLILES AND MAMMALS' J. B. JOHNSTON Institute of Anatomy, University of Minnesota NINETY-THBEE X'IGURES In the mammalian brain the hippocampus extends from the base of the olfactory peduncle over the corpus callosum and bends down into the temporal lobe. Over the corpus callosug there is a well developed hippocampus in monotremes and mar- supials, whife in higher mammals it is reduced to a sIender ves- tige consisting of the stria longitudinalis and indusium. The telencephdic commissures in monotremes and marsupials form two transverse bundles in the rostra1 wall of the third ventricle. We owe our knowledge of the history of the pallial commissures in mammals chiefly to the work of Elliot Smith. This author states that these commissures are both contained in the lamina terminalis. The upper (dorsal) commissure represents the com- missure hippocampi or psalterium; the lower (ventral) contains the comrnissura anterior and the fibers which serve the functions of the corpus callosum. In mammals as the general pallium grows in extent there is a corresponding increase in the number of corpus callosum fibers. These fibers are transferred from the lower to the upper bundle in the lamina terminalis, in which corpus callosum and psalterium then lie side by side. As the pallium grows the corpus callosum becomes larger, rises up and bends on itself until it finally forms the great arched structure which we know in higher mammals md man. During all this process two changes have taken place in the lamina terminalis. First, it was invaded by cells frDm theneigh- boring medial portion of the olfactory lobe so that the paired 1 Neurological studies, University of Minnesota, no.
    [Show full text]
  • Relationship Between Cavum Septum Pellucidum and Epilepsy
    KISEP J Korean Neurosurg Soc 36 : 13-17, 2004 Clinical Article Relationship between Cavum Septum Pellucidum and Epilepsy Ki - Young Choi, M.D., Jong - Pil Eun, M.D., Ha - Young Choi, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Korea Objective : The authors study a relationship between the presence of cavum septum pellucidum(CSP) and the development of epilepsy by comparing the presence of CSP, which has been known to be a normal variation, in normal control group and epilepsy patients. Methods : This study included 377 patients with epilepsy and 252 controls without epilepsy. Of epilepsy patients, 168 patients underwent surgery due to intractability and 209 patients was on medication of antiepileptic drugs. Control group had only headache and no visible lesion in MRI. Of 168 surgical patients, 102 patients had temporal lobe epilepsy and 66 patients had extratemporal lobe epilepsy. Ninty five patients showed a neuronal migration disorder in histopathologic findings. Definition of "CSP" and "partial CSP" was followed by Pauling's classification. Results : CSP was present 8.2% of epilepsy patients and 1.6% of control group(p<0.01). CSP was detected in 11.3% of patients with surgical treatment and in 5.7% of patients with medical treatment. CSP was noticed in 8.9% of temporal lobe epilepsy, in 15.2% of extratemporal lobe epilepsy, in 13.7% of patients with neuronal migration disorder, and in 8.2% of patients with no neuronal migration disorder. Conclusion : Presence of CSP is statistically higher in epilepsy patients than in control group.
    [Show full text]