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Connection Interfaces Between Neuronal Elements and Structures Inside Greater Limbic System

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Connection Interfaces Between Neuronal Elements and Structures Inside Greater Limbic System Rom J Leg Med [21] 137-148 [2013] DOI: 10.4323/rjlm.2013.137 © 2013 Romanian Society of Legal Medicine Connection interfaces between neuronal elements and structures inside greater limbic system. Evaluation in forensic psycho-affective pathology Gheorghe S. Dragoi1, Petru Razvan Melinte2, Liviu Radu3 _________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: The authors achieved a macroanatomic analysis on the location and relations of neuronal structures and elements inside transitional mesocortex and archicortex in order to visualize the connection interfaces of greater limbic system. The analysis was performed on human encephalon using subsystems generally homologated by neuroanatomists: lobus limbicus, hippocampal formation, prefrontal cortex, lobus insularis and subcortical structures. Equally, they performed a research of the literature on the implication of connection interfaces from paralimbic, limbic and archicortex areas, into forensic psycho-affective ortology and pathology. The study draws the attention to time and space development of terminology and homologation of some new concepts bound to multifunctional subsystems such as: medial temporal lobe memory system, prefrontal cortex and limbic midbrain area. Key Words: greater limbic system, transitional mesocortex, archicortex euroanatomy registered remarkable progress (proneocortical or paralimbic zone and periarchicortical or by the diversity of morph-functional and limbic zone); hippocampal formation (with two regions: N anatomic-clinical research methods towards the knowledge retro-hippocampal area that has periarchicortical structures of neuronal elements and structures implicated in bio- and hippocampal area with archicortical structures); psycho-social processes of individual self-preservation prefrontal cortex; isle lobe, medial temporal lobe memory through nutritional and psychic activities on one hand and system and subcortical structures that include: amygdale, species self-preservation through maternal and procreation hypothalamus, anterior thalamic nuclei, accumbens septi activities on the other hand. Integrating neuronal elements nucleus and septum nuclei (Diagram 1). and structures in functional subsystems has gone a long MacLean (1990) [7] develops the concept of path from “great limbic lobe” paradigm (Broca, 1878) limbic system by including some subcortical structures: [1] to that of “limbic system” (MacLean, 1954) [2] and amygdale, septum, midline thalamic nuclei, habenule and “greater limbic system” (Nieuwenhuys et al., 2008) [3] hypothalamus. The integration of connection interfaces and last but not least to description of limbic neuronal between transitional mesocortex and archicortical elements circuits (Papez, 1937 [4]; Nauta, 1958, [5], 1979 [6]). and structures, was possible after naming new anatomic- Difficulties about the belonging of neuronal clinical entities under the term of medial temporal cortex structures to limbic subsystems cumbered the knowledge (Yukie, 2000) [8]. and terminology of connection interfaces. In this respect He gathers numerous structures that belong one imposed the restructuring of neuronal subsystems to: paralimbic or proneocortical area (perirhinal area into multifunctional complexes: transitional mesocortex (A35, 36), posterior para-hippocampal cortex); limbic 1) Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences * Corresponding author: Prof. MD, PhD. e-mail :[email protected] 2) University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Departement of Anatomy 3) Emergency Hospital , Departement of Legal Medicine, Slatina, Olt, Romania 137 Dragoi G.S. et al Connection interfaces between neuronal elements and structures inside greater limbic system TRANSITIONAL MESOCORTEX PRONEOCORTICAL PERIARCHICORTICAL ARCHICORTICAL ZONE ZONE ZONE SUBSISTEMS CINGULATE GYRUS PCC ACC vACC A24 vPCC A23 PCG RSC A29;30 PC A35;36 LOBUS LIMBICUS SUBICULUM TH TF PHG SC PRESUBICULUM PARASUBICULUM HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION ENTORHINAL AREA A28 DENTATUS GYRUS HR AMMON’S HORN PLC A 32 PREFRONTAL ILC A25 EXTENSII CORTEX IG FC IC A 13 LOBUS INSULARIS AMYGDALA HYPOTHALAMUS SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES THALAMUS ACCUMBENS SEPTI SEPTUM Diagram 1. Greater Limbic System. PCC = Posterior CingulateDiagrame Cortex; vPCC no 1. =Greater ventral LimbicPosterior System Cingulate Cortex; ACC = Anterior Cingulate Cortex; vACC = ventral Anterior Cingulate Cortex; PCG = Posterior Cingulate Cortex; RSC = Retro Splenial Cortex; PC = Perirhinal Cortex; PHG = Parahippocampal Gyrus; SC = Subiculum Complex; HR = Hippocampus Region; IG = Indusium Griseum; FC = Fasciola Cinerea; PLC = Perilimbic Cortex; ILC = Infralimbic Cortex; ICPCC = Insular = Posterior Cortex; Cingulate TH = Temporal Cortex; area vPCC medialis; = ventral TF =Posterior Temporal Cingulate area lateralis. Cortex; ACC = Anterior Cingulate Cortex; vACC = ventral Anterior Cingulate Cortex; PCG = Posterior Cingulate Cortex; or periarchicorticalRSC area = Retro (subiculum Splenial Cortex; , entorhinal PC = Perirhinal cortex Cortex;macroanatomic PHG = Parahippocampal knowledge Gyrus;of mesocortical SC = (paralimbic (A28), parasubiculum,Subiculum presubiculum); Complex; HR archicortical = Hippocampus area Region; and IG =limbic) Indusium and Griseum; archicortical FC = Fasciola structures Cinerea; and their (dentate gyrus, AmmonPLC = Perilimbic horn) and Cortex; subcortical ILC = Infralimbicstructures: Cortex; integration IC = Insular in anatomic-functional Cortex; TH = Temporal systems. area amygdale complex.medialis; TF = Temporal area lateralis. Nauta (1979) [6] promoted an extension of limbic MATERIAL AND METHODS system concept by adding a continuous neuronal string named “limbic axis”, to “limbic telencephalon arch” The study was carried out in human biologic (hippocampal formation and amygdale complex without material respecting research deontology criteria. We cingulate and para-hippocampal gyrus); it contains, analyzed macroscopically and mesocopically 16 adult from rostral to caudal: septum region, preoptic region, encephalon (40-60 years old), 8 fetus encephalon and hypothalamus and several mesencephalon para-median 6 new-born encephalon, previously fixed in 5% saline structures: mesencephalic central grey and dorsal raphe formaldehyde solution. Visualization of neuronal structures nucleus (Nauta – “limbic midbrain area”). and subsystems integrated in greater limbic system was Through those extensions, Nauta lays the possible using the following methods: macroscopic and foundation of a great functional system called “limbic sculptural dissection, 3D sectioning and dissection after system – midbrain circuit”. freezing at -18ºC (Klingler’s method, 1935) [9]. The purpose of the paper is to draw the attention Macroanatomic imagery was achieved by towards neuronal structures that can offer information Canon digital camera EOS Mark II equipped with macro regarding the evaluation of normal and pathologic psycho- ultrasonic lens EF 100 mm, F/2,8. Image processing was affective processes. possible using Professional Digital Photo Software and The objectives of the paper were raised by the Adobe Photoshop CS4. 138 Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine Vol. XXI, No 2(2013) RESULTS the inferior convex face forms the superior wall of sulcus hippocampi. We identified three parts of dentate gyrus: The macroanatomic study was done on the anterior (Giacomini’s band); posterior (fasciola cinerea) location of neuronal subsystems and structures that belong and middle. The anterior part forms the tail of dentate both to transitional mesocortex (proneocortical and/or gyrus. The posterior part (fasciola cinerea) is smooth, it periarchicortical) and archicortex. forms a small landmark that starts underneath corpus We analyzed the location and relations of five callosum, goes retrograde, surrounds splenium corpori neuronal subsystems anatomically and functionally callosi and then passes on the superior face of corpus integrated in greater limbic system: lobus limbicus, callosum where it forms “indusium griseum”. hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, lobus insularis and 3. Prefrontal cortex subsystem subcortical structures complex (Diagram 1). Prefrontal cortex subsystem frequently named as 1. Lobus limbicus subsystem “granular frontal cortex” projection cortex for medial dorsal When examining the medial face of cerebral thalamic nucleus (MD-projection cortex) is considered hemispheres we easily identified some of the limbic lobe nowadays “high order heteromodal association area” structures: gyrus cinguli and isthmus gyri cinguli (Fig. 1, (Mesulam, 1983) [10]. Although the term prefrontal was A, D, E, F). introduced in 1868 by Richard Owen, the prefrontal area Gyrus cinguli (synonym in French terminology was narrowed to the most anterior part of frontal lobe. The to “circonvolution du corp calleux”, “le lobul du corp definition of prefrontal cortex was based on cell-architecture calleux”, “lobe calleux”) circumscribes corpus callosum that is the presence of IV granular layer (Jacobsen, and is limited dorsally by sulcus cinguli (synonym in 1935) [11]. Prefrontal cortex is nowadays considered a French terminology to “scissure sous frontale”, “scissure projection area for medial dorsal thalamic nucleus (Rose calloso-marginale”) and ventrally by sulcus corporis and Wollsey, 1948)[12]. Macroanatomic analysis of callosi. The anterior extremity has successive relations to frontal lobe allowed us to identify three major regions rostrum corpori callosi and genu corpori callosi (Fig. 1, A, integrated in prefrontal cortex: lateral,
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