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Gimaadaasamin, We Are Accounting for the People Running head: GIMAADAASAMIN GIMAADAASAMIN, WE ARE ACCOUNTING FOR THE PEOPLE: SUPPORT FOR CUSTOMARY GOVERNANCE IN DESHKAN ZIIBIING by EVA MADELINE JEWELL M.A., University of Victoria, 2012 B.A., Institute of American Indian Arts, 2009 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Social and Applied Sciences in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Royal Roads University Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Supervisor: Dr. Dian Million October 2018 Eva Jewell, 2018 1 GIMAADAASAMIN COMMITTEE APPROVAL The members of Eva Jewell’s Dissertation Committee certify that they have read the dissertation titled Gimaadaasamin, We are accounting for the people: Support for customary governance in Deshkan Ziibiing and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Social Sciences: Dr. Dian Million [signature on file] Dr. Deborah McGregor [signature on file] Dr. Jacqueline Quinless [signature on file] Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copy of the dissertation to Royal Roads University. The dissertation supervisor confirms to have read this dissertation and recommends that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirements: Dr. Dian Million [signature on file] 2 GIMAADAASAMIN Creative Commons Statement This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 2.5 Canada License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ca/ . Some material in this work is not being made available under the terms of this licence: • Third-Party material that is being used under fair dealing or with permission. • Any photographs where individuals are easily identifiable. 3 GIMAADAASAMIN ABSTRACT For nearly 150 years, Canada’s Indian Act has been an impetus of assimilation, dispossession, and cultural genocide of First Nations peoples. Today it continues its reign as the arbiter of First Nation-Settler Canadian relationships despite its sordid history of upholding racist asymmetrical power dynamics. Vexingly, in the absence of original governance order, the Indian Act’s legitimacy is also upheld by the very First Nations it has oppressed. Using Participatory Action Research, this dissertation explores community support of a customary governance structure that departs from the Indian Act. Quantitative data collected from a survey produced in partnership with the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation (Deshkan Ziibiing) Governance Committee showed that a majority of respondents support customary dodemiwan (clan system) governance. Using logistic regression to analyze support for custom governance on full, female, and male models, this research finds that those with higher reported Anishinaabe Values are more likely to support dodemiwan governance, making an inextricable link between lived Anishinaabe ways of life and Anishinaabe political order. Qualitative data collected from participants in Deshkan Ziibiing’s 2016 Clan Gathering art table features a selection of diverse perspectives showing the rich expressions that dodemiwan resurgence invokes. 4 GIMAADAASAMIN For n’daanis Nąącgepįįwinga, ever inspiring with her happy heart; and Niijaansinaanig, from whose spirits Anishinaabe aadziwin resurges. 5 GIMAADAASAMIN CHI MIIGWECH This dissertation would not have been possible without the following individuals who supported me. They were there throughout my doctoral journey whether I needed guidance, grounding, child care, assistance, clarity, encouragement, discussion, visiting, or just some kind words. Firstly to my daughter Naacgepiiwinga—she kept me together in this process more than she will ever know. To my mother, Nancy Deleary who supported me with both insight and encouragement through all the hours of writing. Her prowess as a Nokomis to n’daanis in those times when I needed help is admirable, and I always strive to be the good mother she was for me. She was the first one who told me I could do anything I believed in, and she exemplified it so I knew how; she dreams with me about the possibilities of Anishinaabe aadziwin and I am forever appreciative. Miigwech to my sisters Carla & Mary, and my brothers Eli & Andy who are always rooting for me. Yaw^ko to my father Keith Jewell for his infinite imagination and love, and for coming through when we need him; he takes care in all the best ways he knows how. Miigwech to Brenda Rivers for all of her guidance, support, and friendship—a true mentor and witty Anishinaabekwe who always taught me with such kindness. Miigwech to Chief Joe Miskokomon, a believer in the youth, he listened to me and was the first to encourage me to do my doctorate. In the first few years of this doctorate, I worked for my Nation, and it was there where I began thinking about this research. Miigwech to the elected leadership of Chippewas of the Thames First Nation who asked important questions and gave clear direction on the well being of the Nation. Miigwech to my former co-workers at 6 GIMAADAASAMIN COTTFN; the senior management team and the staff, who are kind with their strength and sharing, and from whom I learned so much. Gchi Miigwech to my Nation—the community of Deshkan Ziibiing—who makes me so proud to be who I am. Miigwech to all of the participants at the Clan Gathering art table on October 29 th , 2016 who shared their creative talents with us. Miigwech to all 317 participants in the research who took the time on December 3 rd , 2016 to fill out the Governance Survey. Chi Miigwech to Onaubinasay Jim Dumont and Mary E. Deleary for the important teachings you have given me and for all that you continue to impart to all Anishinaabeg. Chi Miigwech to Anishinaabe intelligentsia Alan Corbiere & Isaac Murdoch for sharing their knowledge with our community. Chi Miigwech to Jaach Trudeau for his Anishinaabemowin contributions to this dissertation—he offered up the term Gimaadaasamin that profoundly affected my work in many, many ways. Gchi Miigwech to Dr. Dian Million, my supervisor, who mentored me through this journey, and to my committee members Dr. Deborah McGregor and Dr. Jacqueline Quinless. Their support, guidance, and inspiration are present throughout this work. I am so lucky and fortunate to have such a remarkable assemblage of intellectuals for my committee. They provided insight and contributions that have been not only impacted my intellectual process, but my life path. Chi miigwech to Dr. Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik Stark for her very helpful external review. Miigwech to the 2014 Doctor of Social Sciences cohort at Royal Roads University, along with professors Dr. Bill Durodie, Dr. Brian Belcher, Dr. Marilyn Taylor, and Dr. Siomonn Pulla. They were with me in the early days of this project and I am grateful. 7 GIMAADAASAMIN Chi miigwech to Carol Bilson and Mimosa Twocrow for the hundreds of hours of intellectual discussion, the labours of love, and the unending encouragement. Their kindness and generosity in supporting me in this work will forever by appreciated and cherished. Chi miigwech to Candace Doxtator and Dawn-Estelle Miskokomon for their bountiful beauty of spirit, kinship, and care that they provide to me. Miigwech to Raymond Deleary & Betsy Kechego for their intelligent and deeply grounded presence, and to Beulah Kechego, Brenda Young, Elena Cornelius, and Allison Burch of the COTTFN Governance Committee for assistance in the research design, for providing a supportive space for this research, and for engaging in dialogue with me that shaped this work. Chi miigwech to Pamela Whitecalf-ba for gifting our community with her talents to the Dodem campaign. Miigwech to Denise Beeswax for continually supporting the community, inspiring me with her abundance of love and support to the Nation. I am so grateful for the opportunity that the Pre-Doctoral Fellowship in American Indian and Indigenous Studies at MSU provided for me to produce this work, and the lasting friendships that my daughter and I have made with the brilliant and kind folks in the community. Chi Miigwech to Shelbi Nahwilet Meissner for the camaraderie, inspiration, and amazing discussions throughout my time at Michigan State University, and to Nate Heatherly for always creating an inviting and inclusive space in their home. Chi Miigwech to Dr. Elizabeth LePensee, Dr. Dylan Miner, Dr. Estrella Torrez, Dr. Kyle Whyte, the Indigenous Graduate Student Collective, and the Nkwejong community. Chi Miigwech to Dr. Andrea Doucet, whose mentorship at the final stages of this dissertation is so very appreciated. 8 GIMAADAASAMIN Chi miigwech to Chippewas of the Thames First Nation Administration, Chief & Council, Board of Education, and Thunderbird Trust for their generous support of this research, as well as to the National Indian Brotherhood trust and Indspire. This research was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. Any mistakes in this research and dissertation are mine alone. 9 GIMAADAASAMIN TABLE OF CONTENTS Creative Commons Statement 3 ABSTRACT 4 CHI MIIGWECH 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS 10 FIGURES 14 TABLES 15 GLOSSARY 17 CHAPTER 1 // INTRODUCTION 19 Chippewas of the Thames First Nation Profile 21 Community governance discussions informing this work. 22 Study Scope and Question 25 Mixing methods. 27 A note on terminology 28 Chapter Outlines 28 CHAPTER 2 // LITERATURE REVIEW 30 Anishinaabe Studies 31 Seven-generation knowledge. 35 Returning & refusal. 37 Gender & dodemiwan. 38 Consent. 49 CHAPTER 3 // THEORETICAL APPROACH & CONSIDERATIONS 54 10 GIMAADAASAMIN Fourth World Theory 54 Intense Dreaming and Felt Theory 57 Social theory & The Indian Act 62 Biopower/biopolitics. 70 Indigenous statistics centering community strength. 73 Theoretical Considerations 81 Two-eyed seeing. 81 Gezhizhwazh. 89 CHAPTER 4 // METHODOLOGY 93 Positionality 93 Anishinaabe Ethico-onto-epistemology 98 Methodological context 102 COTTFN & Four Worlds Centre for Development Learning. 102 Big Bear Creek settlement & community accountability. 104 Issues in community storying and comprehensive community planning. 107 Participatory Action Research & Mixed Methods 114 Method 1: Indigenous quantitative method & radical statistics.
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