A User's Guide to Methamphetamine
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Interactions Between Ethanol and Cocaine, Amphetamine, Or MDMA in the Rat: Thermoregulatory and Locomotor Effects
Psychopharmacology DOI 10.1007/s00213-007-1007-5 ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION Interactions between ethanol and cocaine, amphetamine, or MDMA in the rat: thermoregulatory and locomotor effects Sami Ben Hamida & Erin Plute & Brigitte Cosquer & Christian Kelche & Byron C. Jones & Jean-Christophe Cassel Received: 22 May 2007 /Accepted: 29 October 2007 # Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract duced by EtOH alone. Conversely, EtOH attenuated Rationale (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA-related hyperthermia, an effect increasing across (MDMA, ecstasy) is often taken recreationally with ethanol treatment days. These results demonstrate that the interac- (EtOH). In rats, EtOH may potentiate MDMA-induced tion between MDMA and EtOH may be different from the hyperactivity, but attenuate hyperthermia. interaction between EtOH and AMPH or COCA. Objective Experiment 1 compared the interactions between Conclusion Because of potential health-related consequen- EtOH (1.5 g/kg) and MDMA (6.6 mg/kg) with EtOH + ces of such polydrug misuse, it is worth identifying the cocaine (COCA; 10 mg/kg) and EtOH + amphetamine mechanisms underlying these interactions, especially be- (AMPH; 1 mg/kg) on locomotor activity and thermoregu- tween EtOH and MDMA. Given the different affinity lation. Experiment 2 used a weaker dose of MDMA profiles of the three drugs for serotonin, dopamine, and (3.3 mg/kg) and larger doses of COCA (20 mg/kg) and norepinephrine transporters, our results appear compatible AMPH (2 mg/kg). with the possibility of an important role of serotonin in at Materials and methods Drug treatments were administered least the EtOH-induced potentiation of MDMA-induced on four occasions (2, 5, and 2 days apart, respectively; hyperlocomotion. -
Booklet 4 Stimulants Preface
4 STIMULANTS 4 STIMULANTS 2019 2019 © United Nations, June 2019. All rights reserved worldwide. ISBN: 978-92-1-148314-7 eISBN: 978-92-1-004174-4 United Nations publication, Sales No. E.19.XI.8 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. Suggested citation: World Drug Report 2019 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.19.XI.8). No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from UNODC. Applications for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Research and Trend Analysis Branch of UNODC. DISCLAIMER The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC or contributory organizations, nor does it imply any endorsement. Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime PO Box 500 1400 Vienna Austria Tel: (+43) 1 26060 0 Fax: (+43) 1 26060 5827 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.unodc.org/wdr2019 PREFACE The findings of this year’s World Drug Report fill in same time clamping down on organized crime and and further complicate the global picture of drug trafficking. -
Do You Know... Cocaine
Do You Know... Street names: blow, C, coke, crack, flake, freebase, rock, snow Cocaine What is cocaine? Cocaine is a stimulant drug. Stimulants make people feel more alert and energetic. Cocaine can also make people feel euphoric, or “high.” Pure cocaine was first isolated from the leaves of the coca bush in 1860. Researchers soon discovered that cocaine numbs whatever tissues it touches, leading to its use as a local anesthetic. Today, we mostly use synthetic anesthetics, rather than cocaine. In the 1880s, psychiatrist Sigmund Freud wrote scientific papers that praised cocaine as a treatment for many ailments, including depression and alcohol and opioid addiction. After this, cocaine became widely and legally available in patent medicines and soft drinks. As cocaine use increased, people began to discover its dangers. In 1911, Canada passed laws restricting the importation, manufacture, sale and possession of cocaine. The use of 1/4 © 2003, 2010 CAMH | www.camh.ca cocaine declined until the 1970s, when it became known How does cocaine make you feel? for its high cost, and for the rich and glamorous people How cocaine makes you feel depends on: who used it. Cheaper “crack” cocaine became available · how much you use in the 1980s. · how often and how long you use it · how you use it (by injection, orally, etc.) Where does cocaine come from? · your mood, expectation and environment Cocaine is extracted from the leaves of the Erythroxylum · your age (coca) bush, which grows on the slopes of the Andes · whether you have certain medical or psychiatric Mountains in South America. -
Alcohol Mixed with Other Drugs
Alcohol Mixed with Other Drugs Stimulants Stimulants or “uppers”: Drugs that temporarily +increase alertness and energy Examples: Adderall, Ritalin, cocaine, methamphetamine FOCUS: Alcohol + Adderall Adderall: Used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy. Some students misuse Adderall in hopes it will help them study. “Misuse” is defined as taking a medication that was not prescribed to you, taking more Alcohol than what was prescribed to you or taking it for a dierent purpose than prescribed. Eects: Because alcohol is a depressant Use CUPS to remember the and Adderall is a stimulant, Adderall will symptoms of alcohol poisoning: mask alcohol’s eects. Mixing alcohol with • Cold, clammy, pale or bluish skin. a stimulant makes you less aware of alcohol's • Unconscious or unable to be roused. intoxicating eects, which can result in an • Puking repeatedly or uncontrollably. overdose or death. Additionally, mixing alcohol with Adderall (or any other stimulant) • Slow or irregular breathing. can cause an irregular heartbeat and cause cardiovascular complications. Stat: 4.3 percent of UC Davis undergraduates reported using a prescription stimulant in the last 12 months that was not prescribed to them. Sedative Depressants or “downers”: Sedating drugs +that reduce stimulation Examples: opiates, Xanax, Valium FOCUS: Alcohol + Opiates/Opioids Opiates: A group of drugs that are used for treating pain -examples: heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycontin, vicodin, fentanyl Alcohol Eects: When alcohol and opioids are Symptoms: taken at the same time, the sedative • Slow or irregular breathing eects of both drugs will magnify. This • Lowered pulse and can depress or even stop involuntary blood pressure functions, such as breathing, and will • Unconscious or unable increase the risk of overdose and death. -
Modafinil: a Review of Neurochemical Actions and Effects on Cognition
Neuropsychopharmacology (2008) 33, 1477–1502 & 2008 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0893-133X/08 $30.00 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Perspective Modafinil: A Review of Neurochemical Actions and Effects on Cognition ,1 1 Michael J Minzenberg* and Cameron S Carter 1Imaging Research Center, Davis School of Medicine, UC-Davis Health System, University of California, Sacramento, CA, USA Modafinil (2-[(Diphenylmethyl) sulfinyl] acetamide, Provigil) is an FDA-approved medication with wake-promoting properties. Pre-clinical studies of modafinil suggest a complex profile of neurochemical and behavioral effects, distinct from those of amphetamine. In addition, modafinil shows initial promise for a variety of off-label indications in psychiatry, including treatment-resistant depression, attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Cognitive dysfunction may be a particularly important emerging treatment target for modafinil, across these and other neuropsychiatric disorders. We aimed to comprehensively review the empirical literature on neurochemical actions of modafinil, and effects on cognition in animal models, healthy adult humans, and clinical populations. We searched PubMed with the search term ‘modafinil’ and reviewed all English-language articles for neurochemical, neurophysiological, cognitive, or information-processing experimental measures. We additionally summarized the pharmacokinetic profile of modafinil and clinical efficacy in psychiatric patients. Modafinil exhibits robust effects on catecholamines, serotonin, glutamate, gamma amino-butyric acid, orexin, and histamine systems in the brain. Many of these effects may be secondary to catecholamine effects, with some selectivity for cortical over subcortical sites of action. In addition, modafinil (at well-tolerated doses) improves function in several cognitive domains, including working memory and episodic memory, and other processes dependent on prefrontal cortex and cognitive control. -
Section 124.401 (31, 2) §124.401, CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES 2
1 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES, §124.401 124.401 Prohibited acts — manufacture, delivery, possession — counterfeit substances, simulated controlled substances, imitation controlled substances — penalties. 1. Except as authorized by this chapter, it is unlawful for any person to manufacture, deliver, or possess with the intent to manufacture or deliver, a controlled substance, a counterfeit substance, a simulated controlled substance, or an imitation controlled substance, or to act with, enter into a common scheme or design with, or conspire with one or more other persons to manufacture, deliver, or possess with the intent to manufacture or deliver a controlled substance, a counterfeit substance, a simulated controlled substance, or an imitation controlled substance. a. Violation of this subsection, with respect to the following controlled substances, counterfeit substances, simulated controlled substances, or imitation controlled substances, is a class “B” felony, and notwithstanding section 902.9, subsection 1, paragraph “b”, shall be punished by confinement for no more than fifty years and a fine of not more than one million dollars: (1) More than one kilogram of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of heroin. (2) More than five hundred grams of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of any of the following: (a) Coca leaves, except coca leaves and extracts of coca leaves from which cocaine, ecgonine, and derivatives of ecgonine and their salts have been removed. (b) Cocaine, its salts, optical and geometric isomers, or salts of isomers. (c) Ecgonine, its derivatives, their salts, isomers, or salts of isomers. (d) Any compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of any of the substances referred to in subparagraph divisions (a) through (c). -
Prescription Stimulants
Prescription Stimulants What are prescription stimulants? Prescription stimulants are medicines generally used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy— uncontrollable episodes of deep sleep. They increase alertness, attention, and energy. What are common prescription stimulants? • dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine®) • dextroamphetamine/amphetamine combination product (Adderall®) • methylphenidate (Ritalin®, Concerta®). Photo by ©iStock.com/ognianm Popular slang terms for prescription stimulants include Speed, Uppers, and Vitamin R. How do people use and misuse prescription stimulants? Most prescription stimulants come in tablet, capsule, or liquid form, which a person takes by mouth. Misuse of a prescription stimulant means: Do Prescription Stimulants Make You • taking medicine in a way or dose Smarter? other than prescribed Some people take prescription stimulants to • taking someone else’s medicine try to improve mental performance. Teens • taking medicine only for the effect it and college students sometimes misuse causes—to get high them to try to get better grades, and older adults misuse them to try to improve their When misusing a prescription stimulant, memory. Taking prescription stimulants for people can swallow the medicine in its reasons other than treating ADHD or normal form. Alternatively, they can crush narcolepsy could lead to harmful health tablets or open the capsules, dissolve the powder in water, and inject the liquid into a effects, such as addiction, heart problems, vein. Some can also snort or smoke the or psychosis. powder. Prescription Stimulants • June 2018 • Page 1 How do prescription stimulants affect the brain and body? Prescription stimulants increase the activity of the brain chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine. Dopamine is involved in the reinforcement of rewarding behaviors. -
METHAMPHETAMINE (Trade Name: Desoxyn®; Street Names: Meth, Speed, Crystal, Glass, Ice, Crank, Yaba)
Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion Control Division Drug & Chemical Evaluation Section METHAMPHETAMINE (Trade Name: Desoxyn®; Street Names: Meth, Speed, Crystal, Glass, Ice, Crank, Yaba) March 2020 Introduction: of dependence and addiction. “Ice,” “Glass,” and “Crystal” are all Methamphetamine is a highly addictive drug with potent terms for concentrated d-methamphetamine HCl chunks that are central nervous system (CNS) stimulant properties. In the smoked. Yaba is a Thai name for a colored tablet containing 1960s, methamphetamine pharmaceutical products were methamphetamine combined with caffeine which is gaining widely available and extensively diverted and abused. The popularity among individuals who frequent “raves.” According to placement of methamphetamine into schedule II of the the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 14.5 Controlled Substance Act (CSA) in 1971 and the removal of million individuals, aged 12 and older, reported nonmedical use of methamphetamine injectable formulations from the United methamphetamine at least once in their lifetime, and 1.4 million States market, combined with a better appreciation for its high within the past year. For 2017, lifetime use continued to increase abuse potential, led to a drastic reduction in the abuse of this with 14.7 million individuals, aged 12 and older, with 1.6 million in drug. However, a resurgence of methamphetamine abuse the past year. And, for the same age group in 2018, lifetime use occurred in the 1980s and it is currently considered a major was 14.9 million with 1.9 million in the past year. The 2017 drug of abuse. The widespread availability of Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey indicates a past year methamphetamine today is largely fueled by illicit production prevalence of 0.5% for 8th graders, 0.4% for 10th graders, and in large and small clandestine laboratories throughout the 0.6% for 12th graders. -
1.2 Coca / Cocaine Market
1.2 Coca / cocaine market 1.2.1 Summary trend overview 1.2.2 Production Cultivation In 2008, a significant decrease in Colombia, the world’s In 2008, the total area under coca cultivation decreased largest cultivator of coca bush, brought the total area by 8% due to a significant reduction in Colombia under coca cultivation down by some 8% to 167,600 (-18%), which was not offset by small increases in the ha. Total cultivation is close to the average level since Plurinational State of Bolivia (6%) and Peru (4%). The 2002, and well below the levels reached in the 1990s. total area under coca cultivation decreased to 167,600 Similarly, the estimated global cocaine production also ha, which is well below the level reached in the 1990s. decreased in 2008, due to a strong reduction in Colom- In spite of this decrease, Colombia remained the world’s bia. The Plurinational State of Bolivia and Peru both largest coca bush-cultivating country with 81,000 ha, registered small increases in cultivation and produc- followed by Peru (56,100 ha) and Bolivia (30,500 ha). tion. Most of the decrease of 18,000 ha in Colombia hap- Compared to the record high in 2005, cocaine seizures pened in the regions of Meta-Guaviare and Putumayo- decreased in 2007. The Americas account for the vast Caquetá. However, a significant increase was observed in majority of the world’s cocaine seizures, although a sig- the Pacific region as well as in some smaller cultivation nificant decline in trafficking towards North America, regions. -
Prescription Drugs More Teens Abuse Prescription Drugs Than Any Illicit Drug Except Marijuana
® DRUG FACT SHEET Alcohol Consuming energy drinks mixed with alcohol results in an increase in the number of alcohol-related injuries because the perception of impairment is diminished. Class of drug: Depressant Main active ingredient: Ethanol/Ethyl alcohol, which is made by fermenting or distilling grains, fruit and vegetables, is the main ingredient. Alcohol is found in beverages like beer, wine, coolers and hard liquor like rum and vodka. What it looks like: Liquid, either clear or colored A standard drink is equal to .6 oz of pure alcohol, which is equal to 12 oz of beer, Street names: Booze, Juice, Spirits, Brew, Sauce 8 oz of malt liquor, 5 oz of wine and 1.5 oz or a “shot” of 80-proof liquor (e.g. gin, How it is used: Taken orally rum, vodka). Duration of high: Effects of high can last from one to four hours. The effect of alcohol on the body by volume is the same. It is the amount of ethanol consumed that affects a person most, not the type of alcoholic drink. Withdrawal symptoms: Restlessness, sweating, tremors, insomnia, anxiety, c onvulsions, death Detected in the body: With a healthy liver, an average person can Indiana information eliminate one drink (.6 oz of alcohol) per hour. Detection time in urine is one to two days. In 2011, 17.6 percent of high school students in Indiana re - Effects: Physical —small amounts can produce relaxed ported that they drank alcohol muscles, headache, nausea; somewhat large for the first time before the age amounts can cause slurred speech, double vision; very large amounts can cause respiratory of 13. -
BETWEEN COCA and COCAINE: a Century Or More of U.S.-Peruvian Drug Paradoxes, 1860-1980
Number 251 BETWEEN COCA AND COCAINE: A Century or More of U.S.-Peruvian Drug Paradoxes, 1860-1980 Paul Gootenberg, with Commentary by Julio Cotler Professor Paul Gootenberg The Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington Latin American Program Department of History, SUNY-Stony Brook Copyright February 2001 This publication is one of a series of Working Papers of the Latin American Program of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. The series includes papers in the humanities and social sciences from Program fellows, guest scholars, workshops, colloquia, and conferences. The series aims to extend the Program's discussions to a wider community throughout the Americas, to help authors obtain timely criticism of work in progress, and to provide, directly or indirectly, scholarly and intellectual context for contemporary policy concerns. Single copies of Working Papers may be obtained without charge by writing to: Latin American Program Working Papers The Woodrow Wilson International Center One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20004-3027 The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars was created by Congress in 1968 as a "living institution expressing the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson, symbolizing and strengthening the fruitful relations between the world of learning and the world of public affairs." The Center's Latin American Program was established in 1977. LATIN AMERICAN PROGRAM STAFF Joseph S. Tulchin, Director Cynthia Arnson, Assistant Director Luis Bitencourt, Director, Brazil @ the -
The Use and Impact of Cognitive Enhancers Among University Students: a Systematic Review
brain sciences Systematic Review The Use and Impact of Cognitive Enhancers among University Students: A Systematic Review Safia Sharif 1 , Amira Guirguis 1,2,* , Suzanne Fergus 1,* and Fabrizio Schifano 1 1 Psychopharmacology, Substance Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (F.S.) 2 Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (S.F.) Abstract: Introduction: Cognitive enhancers (CEs), also known as “smart drugs”, “study aids” or “nootropics” are a cause of concern. Recent research studies investigated the use of CEs being taken as study aids by university students. This manuscript provides an overview of popular CEs, focusing on a range of drugs/substances (e.g., prescription CEs including amphetamine salt mixtures, methylphenidate, modafinil and piracetam; and non-prescription CEs including caffeine, cobalamin (vitamin B12), guarana, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and vinpocetine) that have emerged as being misused. The diverted non-prescription use of these molecules and the related potential for dependence and/or addiction is being reported. It has been demonstrated that healthy students (i.e., those without any diagnosed mental disorders) are increasingly using drugs such as methylphenidate, a mixture of dextroamphetamine/amphetamine, and modafinil, for the purpose of increasing their alertness, concentration or memory. Aim: To investigate the level of knowledge, perception and impact of the use of a range of CEs within Higher Education Institutions.