Facts About Drugs Booklet

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H3C O FACTS ABOUT DRUGS

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CH3 WHAT IS A DRUG? WHY DO PEOPLE USE DRUGS? The risk of harm is increased if more than one drug is used at a time, A drug is any substance (with the People use drugs for a variety of especially when drugs of unknown exception of food and water) which, reasons. Young people often use drugs content and purity are combined. when taken into the body, alters the for the same reasons that adults do. This includes mixing alcohol, body’s function either physically and/ Some of these include: over-the-counter drugs, prescription or psychologically. Drugs may be legal to have fun drugs and illegal drugs. (e.g. alcohol, caffeine and tobacco) or illegal (e.g. cannabis, ecstasy, to relax and forget problems Polydrug use increases the risk of the cocaine and heroin). following symptoms and effects: to gain confi dence increased heart rate WHAT IS A PSYCHOACTIVE to socialise DRUG? increased blood pressure out of curiosity Psychoactive drugs affect the central increased body temperature as a form of escapism nervous system and alter a person’s overdose mood, thinking and behaviour. to lessen inhibitions severe emotional and mental Psychoactive drugs may be divided to remove personal responsibility disturbances such as panic attacks into four categories: for decisions and paranoia. Depressants: Drugs that decrease to celebrate or commiserate alertness by slowing down the EFFECTS OF DRUGS to relieve boredom and stress activity of the central nervous system The experience that a person has (e.g. heroin, alcohol and analgesics). self-medication to cope when using alcohol or other drugs will Stimulants: Drugs that increase the with problems. vary from person to person depending on the following: body’s state of arousal by increasing Friends, parents, older brothers the activity of the brain (e.g. caffeine, and sisters and the media can also Individual (user) - Mood, physical nicotine and amphetamines). infl uence a young person’s decision size, health, gender, previous Hallucinogens: Drugs that to use drugs. experience with hallucinogens, alter perception and can cause expectations of the drug, personality, hallucinations, such as seeing or POLYDRUG USE whether the person has had food and whether other drugs hearing something that is not there Polydrug use occurs when two or have been taken. (e.g. LSD and magic mushrooms). more drugs are used at, or near, the Other: Some drugs may have same time. Mixing drugs can also Drug - The amount used, its purity, properties of more than one of the occur when a manufacturer combines and the way it is taken. above categories (e.g. cannabis different drugs to achieve a specifi c Setting (environment) - Whether the is primarily a depressant and can effect, or mixes in cheaper chemicals. person is using with friends, on his/ have hallucinogenic and some This can result in a person combining her own, in a social setting or at home, stimulant properties). drugs unintentionally. at work or before driving.

O CH3 O H3C N DRUG INFORMATION

Drug: Amphetamines SHORT-TERM EFFECTS LONG-TERM EFFECTS OVERDOSE CAN CAUSE Speed, whizz, ice, uppers

Includes: Hyperactivity Malnutrition Strokes

amphetamine sulphate Increased blood pressure, Reduced resistance Heart failure dexamphetamine breathing and pulse-rates to infection

methamphetamine - Anxiety, irritability, Violent behaviour Seizures crystal, meth, or rock suspiciousness, panic Description: attacks and behaving in a threatening manner Stimulant drugs increase the activity of certain Increased energy, Emotional disturbances Death chemicals in the brain alertness, conﬁ dence Dexamphetamine is used and talkativeness to treat attention deﬁ cit hyperactivity disorder Reduced appetite, Periods of psychosis (ADHD), it is swallowed in inability to sleep and tablet form or injected enlarged pupils

Amphetamines can be Tolerance swallowed, injected, smoked or inhaled (snorted)

Drug: Cannabis SHORT-TERM EFFECTS LONG-TERM EFFECTS OVERDOSE CAN CAUSE Mull, pot, weed, leaf, gunga, marijuana Loss of concentration Bronchitis There have been no Description: confi rmed deaths directly Impaired balance Lung cancer Primarily a depressant, from cannabis overdose can have hallucinogenic Slower refl exes Dependence Over a long period of time and some stimulant regular use of cannabis Increased appetite Interference with properties can lead to a number sexual drive and of serious negative Cannabis is a dried hormone production greenish-brown leaf health consequences Increased heart-rate Change in motivation or fl owers Combining other Hashish is a brown to Feeling of well-being Decreased concentration drugs, such as alcohol, black resin with cannabis can Loss of inhibitions Decreased memory and be very dangerous, Hashish oil is a reddish learning abilities particularly if driving or brown oil operating machinery Confusion Schizophrenia and manic Cannabis can be smoked, depression (bipolar or cooked and eaten disorder) in those who have a vulnerability to the condition Drug: Cocaine SHORT-TERM EFFECTS LONG-TERM EFFECTS OVERDOSE CAN CAUSE Coke, freebase, crack, charlie, C, rock Increased breathing and Tolerance and dependence Increased heart-rate Description: pulse-rates Cocaine is a stimulant Increased blood pressure Aggressive or Seizures drug which affects violent behaviour the central nervous system by increasing High body temperature Loss of appetite, weight Hyperventilation the activity of certain loss and malnutrition chemicals in the brain, producing a feeling of Increased alertness Irritability or Heart failure increased alertness and emotional disturbances reduced fatigue Reduced appetite Restlessness Respiratory failure Cocaine is usually Feeling of well-being Paranoia Burst blood vessels in snorted or swallowed, the brain but can be injected or smoked in the form of Enlarged pupils Periods of psychosis Death crack or freebase Anxiety, irritability and Auditory hallucinations Smoking crack or suspiciousness freebase is uncommon in Australia Exaggerated feelings of Convulsions confi dence and energy

Inability to sleep Reduced resistance to infection

NH2

CH3 Drug: Ecstasy SHORT-TERM EFFECTS LONG-TERM EFFECTS OVERDOSE CAN CAUSE Es, XTC, eccies, pills, bickies Overheating and Depression Overdose usually Description: dehydration, which can results from the Ecstasy is a derivative cause muscle meltdown body overheating and of amphetamine and becoming dehydrated, Excessive water Drowsiness has both stimulant and which can cause muscle consumption can result hallucinogenic properties meltdown and possible in a breakdown of cell death from failure of Tablets or capsules are structure, which can cause major organs such as usually swallowed, they cells to swell, burst and die liver or kidneys are not intended to be Feeling of well-being and Muscle aches injected and can cause Overdose may also exaggerated conﬁ dence major damage to the occur from excessive water consumption and body’s organs Anxiety Loss of appetite retention, leading the Effects can begin within Jaw clenching and Insomnia body’s cells to swell 30 minutes and last up to teeth grinding which can result in brain six hours damage and death

Poor concentration Loss of concentration The risk of overdose increases with a Insomnia Irritability larger dose Increased pulse-rate and blood pressure

Sweating and hot and cold ﬂ ushes

Nausea

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CH3 Drug: Hallucinogens SHORT-TERM EFFECTS LONG-TERM EFFECTS OVERDOSE CAN CAUSE LSD, acid, trips, mushies, tabs Dilation of pupils Flashbacks – a While there are no Description: spontaneous and reported cases of fatal Increase in heart-rate and unpredictable recurrence overdoses directly from Hallucinogens describe blood pressure a class of drugs that of prior drug experience hallucinogens there are (tripping) without taking still signiﬁ cant risks produce hallucinations Increase in body the drug. Flashbacks associated with the use temperature and sweating A hallucination is an may occur days, weeks of these drugs illusion of seeing or or years after the drug When consuming hearing something that is was last taken. They can Seeing things in a distorted hallucinogens, such not actually there be triggered by the use way or seeing things that as LSD, a persons of other drugs, stress, They can be produced do not exist perception is affected, fatigue, physical exercise, synthetically or naturally which can lead to people Dizziness or for no apparent reason The most commonly placing themselves in known hallucinogen is Drowsiness risky situations synthetic lysergic acid It is very dangerous Nausea diethylamide (LSD), to pick and eat natural hallucinogenic Intense sensory Increased risk of wild mushrooms chemicals are found in experiences - bright developing severe mental plants such as the peyote It is often difﬁ cult to colours, sharper sounds disturbances in those who cactus (mescaline) distinguish between have a predisposition to and some mushrooms magic mushrooms and the condition (psilocybin) poisonous look-alikes

LSD is usually Impaired coordination and Impaired memory Some poisonous swallowed, effects start tremors and concentration mushrooms can cause within 30 to 60 minutes, permanent liver damage Distorted sense of time Tolerance peak in three to ﬁ ve or death within hours of - minutes can seem hours and last from nine being consumed like hours to 24 hours

Mescaline can be chewed or boiled into a liquid and Varying emotions Psychological dependence drunk, effects last from four to six hours Distorted sense of space Mushrooms can be eaten and body raw, cooked or made into Tension and anxiety leading a drink, effects last from to panic attacks four to six hours

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N Drug: Heroin SHORT-TERM EFFECTS LONG-TERM EFFECTS OVERDOSE CAN CAUSE Hammer, H, smack, horse, white, beige, brown Low doses: Dependence Overdose from heroin Description: occurs as a result of the Shallow breathing Loss of appetite Heroin is a depressant depressant properties of the drug Nausea and vomiting Chronic constipation It sedates the body’s Heroin can slow a central nervous system Constipation Heart, chest and person’s heart and reducing the activity bronchial problems of certain chemicals breathing rates in the brain Sleepiness Irregular periods and This can lead to heart increased susceptibility Slows down the body, and respiratory failure to infertility in females including breathing and and in turn to coma heart rate and death

Heroin is usually injected, Loss of balance and Impotence in males The risk of heroin but can be snorted, coordination overdose generally swallowed and smoked increases with a Loss of concentration larger dose As the strength and Feeling of well-being content of street heroin is unknown it can be Relief from pain difﬁ cult to judge the dose, increasing the High doses: risk of overdose

Slow breathing When heroin is used with other drugs, in particular Pupils narrow to pin points with alcohol and/or benzodiazepines, the risk Skin cold to touch of overdose increases Coma and death

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H H Drug: Caffeine SHORT-TERM EFFECTS LONG-TERM EFFECTS Description: Low doses (one or two average cups of coffee Large doses (more than eight average cups of Caffeine is a per day) can produce mild effects including: coffee per day) can produce effects including: stimulant drug Increased alertness and energy Chronic insomnia Stimulants increase Alterations to mood Depression the activity of certain Increased metabolism Stomach upset chemicals in the brain, Elevated blood pressure Persistent anxiety producing a feeling of Increased body temperature Heart palpitations increased altertness Increased urination and reduced fatigue Increased gastric acid secretion Delayed onset of sleep and shortened In its purest form, caffeine consists of sleep time bitter-tasting crystals. Decreased depth of sleep and decreased It is found in many amount of dream sleep common substances Large doses (more than eight average cups of like coffee, tea, cocoa, coffee per day) can produce effects including: chocolate, cola- Headache ﬂ avoured soft drinks, Hand tremors energy drinks and some Impaired coordination medical preparations Nervousness Diarrhoea Delirium High urinary acid levels Restlessness Increased urination Flushed face Insomnia Stomach upsets Muscle twitching

HEALTH EFFECTS – HEALTH EFFECTS – Drug: Steroids HEALTH EFFECTS – MALE FEMALE MALE AND FEMALES Anabolic steroids, roids, Shrinking testicles Growth of facial hair Acne gear, juice Impotence Changes or ceasing in the Bloating Description: menstrual cycle Steroids can be Testicular cystsEnlargement of the clitorisHigh blood pressure prescribed by a doctor to Pain when urinating Deepened voice Liver damage and cancer treat some conditions Development of breasts Decreased breast sizeIncreased risk of injury Decreased testosterone Hair growth on the back Increased cholesterol level Athletes, body builders production and bottom and some young people Stunted growth and InfertilityDecreased immune may use anabolic physical development, function steroids (illegally) to particularly in young men Using steroids during Increased muscle size improve their body size who have not fi nished pregnancy can cause a and strength or athletic performance growing (18-20 year olds) female foetus to develop Anabolic androgenic Increased testosterone male characteristics steroids have two types levels of effects While the side effects of steroid use is usually reversible Damage to kidneys Anabolic effects include in men, this is not the case for women for whom the side and heart increased muscle growth effects are more likely to be permanent Insomnia Urinary tract infection The androgenic effects Mood changes such as increase the body’s male increased aggression characteristics and depression In this table the word steroid refers to anabolic Cardiac arrest and androgenic steroids Psychological effects – depression, paranoia and mood changes DRUGS AND THE LAW THE CANNABIS INTERVENTION A person who has been given a CIR REQUIREMENT (CIR) SCHEME will be required to book and complete Illegal drugs except cannabis a Cannabis Intervention Session (CIS) A person is eligible for a CIR if they within 28 days, or elect to have the In Western Australia, under the are aged 14 years or over, and are matter heard in court. If the person Misuse of Drugs Act 1981, it is illegal found using, or in possession of not books and completes a CIS they will to use, possess, manufacture or more than 10 grams of cannabis, and/ not be required to appear in court. supply drugs such as amphetamines, or found in possession of a smoking No further action will be taken against cocaine, ecstasy, hallucinogens and implement containing detectable them for the alleged offence and they heroin. Offences under this Act carry traces of cannabis. heavy fi nes and/or prison sentences. will not receive a criminal conviction. Penalties range from a $2,000 fi ne An adult can only receive one CIR If they are unable to complete and/or two years in prison to a while a young person (aged 14 to a CIS within the 28-day period, $100,000 fi ne and/or imprisonment for 17 years) can be given a CIR on they may apply in writing to police 25 years. A person convicted of a drug two separate occasions. An adult for an extension. who previously received a CIR, and offence will receive a criminal record, A person found in possession of a commits a second or subsequent which can lead to diffi culties in getting small amount of cannabis may still be cannabis-related offence, will be a job, health insurance, credit and/or charged with the more serious offence prosecuted through the courts. visas for overseas travel. of possession of cannabis with intent A young person who commits a third to sell or supply, if police believe this to Cannabis or subsequent cannabis-related be the case. As cannabis is harmful, it is against offence may be referred to a Juvenile the law for people in Western Justice Team, where appropriate The CIR scheme does not apply to Australia to cultivate, possess, under the Young Offender’s Act 1994, offences involving the possession use, sell or supply cannabis, or to rather than being charged. or cultivation of cannabis plants, possess pipes and other smoking or possession of any quantities If a person has previously been implements containing detectable of cannabis resin (hash), hash convicted of a cannabis-related traces of cannabis. oil, or other cannabis derivatives. offence and was an adult at the time These offences will be prosecuted The possession of small amounts of of conviction, he or she would be through the courts. cannabis is still an offence. People ineligible to receive a CIR. Previous apprehended with small amounts of convictions for serious drug offences If you would like more information cannabis may be issued a Cannabis and offences of a violent and/or sexual about access to support services in Intervention Requirement (CIR). Under nature may also preclude a person Western Australia, go to the more the CIR scheme, police may issue a from being given a CIR. information section at the end CIR notice to eligible people found in of this booklet. possession or use of small amounts of cannabis, and/or possession of a smoking implement containing traces of cannabis.

It is against the law to sell ‘cannabis smoking paraphernalia’ (e.g. bongs) or to display them for sale in a shop or retail outlet. Selling cannabis smoking paraphernalia to a child under the age of 18 years attracts a higher penalty than selling to an adult. Steroids DRUGS AND DRIVING In Western Australia it is illegal to Effects of drugs on driving ability include the following: possess, use, manufacture, supply, import or trade steroids without a STIMULANTS DEPRESSANTS HALLUCINOGENS prescription or licence. Penalties Gives the driver a false Slows the driver’s Distorts the driver’s range from a $2,000 fi ne and/or two confi dence reaction time visual perceptions years in prison to a $100,000 fi ne and/ Increases risk-taking Distorts the driver’s Causes the driver or imprisonment for 25 years. behaviour perceptions diffi culty in judging Frequent testing of athletes both in distances and out of competition increases the Does not necessarily Decreases ability Decreases ability chance of athletes getting caught increase driving to coordinate the to coordinate the and being banned from competition, ability or the driver’s appropriate actions appropriate reaction sometimes for life. coordination when driving when driving Caffeine Can increase the risk Can increase the risk Can increase the risk Under the Australian Food Standards of having a crash of having a crash of having a crash Code, the following regulations apply to caffeine and energy drinks In Western Australia, it is against the law for anyone to drive with the presence in Australia: of an illicit drug prescribed within the Road Traffi c Act 1974, or impaired by a drug. The Road Traffi c Act 1974 Section 63 states that ‘a person who drives or the caffeine content of cola attempts to drive a motor vehicle while under the infl uence of alcohol, drugs, or drinks, fl avoured cordials and alcohol and drugs to such an extent as to be incapable of having proper control fl avoured syrups must not exceed of the vehicle commits an offence, and the offender may be arrested without 15mg/100mL serve and energy warrant’. Breaking this law carries penalties including disqualifi cation from drinks must not contain more than driving, fi nes and/or imprisonment. 32mg per 100mL. Penalties under the Road Traffi c Act 1974: energy drinks and caffeinated beverages must carry clear Offence: Driving with the presence of an illicit drug prescribed within the warnings on the label stating that Road Traffi c Act 1974. the product: Offence: Failure to comply with requirements for samples of oral fl uid or blood for drug testing. - contains caffeine OFFENCE MINIMUM MAXIMUM DEMERITS/LICENCE - is not recommended for children, DISQUALIFICATION pregnant or lactating women First offence n/a $500 Three demerit points* - is not recommended for caffeine Second or $500 $1,000 Minimum six months sensitive individuals subsequent disqualifi cation (Note: This regulation does not offence apply to foods containing caffeine). * Demerit points are doubled on long weekends and other prescribed holiday periods.

Offence: Driving while impaired by a drug. Offence: Failure to comply with requirements for driver assessment or samples of blood or urine for drug testing. OFFENCE MINIMUM MAXIMUM LICENCE DISQUALIFICATION First offence $900 $2,500 Minimum 10 months Second $2,100 $3,500 or Minimum 30 months offence nine months imprisonment Subsequent $2,100 $5,000 or Life offence 18 months imprisonment (Note: These penalties are periodically reviewed and may differ from those presented here). DRUGS AND TOLERANCE, DRUGS, PREGNANCY AND DRUGS AND TAKING CARE DEPENDENCE AND BREASTFEEDING WITHDRAWAL Medications should be used as Drugs can affect an unborn child. prescribed by a doctor and only by the With regular use, tolerance to and Psychoactive drugs cross the placenta person for whom they are prescribed. dependence on drugs can develop. (the barrier between the mothers and It is safer not to use illegal drugs. For Withdrawal symptoms may be the baby’s blood) so a baby is exposed those who choose to use illegal drugs, experienced if use of the drug is to the same chemicals as the mother. the following should be remembered: reduced or stopped. These chemicals can affect the growth users should not be left alone while Tolerance: A person needs more of and development of the baby and under the effects of illegal drugs. a drug in order to achieve the same cause miscarriage, premature birth effects they felt previously with and birth defects. It is safer not to use if you suspect a drug overdose or smaller amounts. any drugs during pregnancy unless a bad reaction to a drug, and the under medical supervision. person is unconscious, check for a Dependence: Use of the drug becomes response. If there is no response, central to a persons life, and they may It is recommended that women place the person on their side and experience withdrawal symptoms if check with their doctor (or other call 000 immediately. Ask for an they stop using the drug. health professional) if they are using or planning to use drugs, ambulance, be sure to describe Withdrawal: Describes a series of including prescribed and what drug the person has taken symptoms that may appear when a over-the-counter medicines, if known. Ensure their airway is drug on which a user is physically while pregnant or breastfeeding. clear and check for breathing. dependent is stopped or signifi cantly If breathing normally leave them reduced. The withdrawal symptoms DRUGS AND on their side. If the person is not vary depending on a range of factors FINANCIAL PROBLEMS breathing normally commence CPR including the drug type, and tend to The street price of illicit drugs immediately (30 compressions: two be opposite to the effects produced changes depending on availability and breaths) until an ambulance arrives. by the drug. The body is always trying market trends. The cost of purchasing Police are not required to attend to maintain a state of balance. When drugs can lead to fi nancial problems unless a death has occurred or the the body has become accustomed for both occasional and regular users. ambulance offi cers are threatened. to the drug for normal function and use is ceased, the body will try REMEMBER: Ambulance offi cers to counterbalance for the change, are there to help you, not to call producing withdrawal symptoms. the police. Don’t delay, you could save a life. DRUGS AND RELATIONSHIP PROBLEMS Drug use can lead to social and emotional problems and can affect relationships with family and friends. Drugs affect people in different ways. Some people may become depressed, angry, aggressive, sleepy, unmotivated, paranoid, anxious or H3C O talkative. These reactions will affect how they relate to other people, such as friends, parents and siblings and may have negative effects on these relationships. O

O H O H it is safer not to inject drugs. MORE INFORMATION Drug Aware website If someone does inject, they should drugaware.com.au For up-to-date information on alcohol, always use clean equipment tobacco or other drugs, call the Access detailed information about (syringe, swab, tourniquet, spoon, Alcohol and Drug Information Service drugs, including cannabis, and links glass, fi lter and sterile water) or Parent Drug Information Service, or to services in Western Australia and should not share injecting visit drugaware.com.au Find out about the latest issues equipment. Fitpacks, which contain clean syringes are available from: Alcohol and Drug Information Post questions anonymously Service (ADIS) and have them answered by - most pharmacies Free 24-hour, state-wide, professionals - some regional hospitals, health confi dential telephone service Confi dentially chat online to a centres and nursing posts Provides access to information qualifi ed alcohol and other drug - needle and syringe exchange about alcohol and other drugs counsellor via Live Chat sites. For information on opening confi dentially and quickly Find links to other useful sites times and locations of these Talk to a professionally trained programs phone the Alcohol and counsellor about alcohol and Alcohol. Think Again website Drug Information Service. Contact other drugs alcoholthinkagain.com.au details are outlined at the back of Provides information, counselling Information about what you can do to this booklet. and advice for people concerned respond to alcohol-related problems used injecting equipment should about their own or another’s alcohol affecting you or your community be disposed of responsibly e.g. or other drug use Publications that provide facts about disposing used equipment into a Find out about other services alcohol and tips to prevent problems sharp safe container. ADIS: (08) 9442 5000 Find links to other useful sites don’t drive or operate machinery, Toll-free (country callers only): as these activities can be dangerous A chance to have your say or 1800 198 024 while under the infl uence of drugs. ask questions email: [email protected] if drugs like ecstasy are being Parent Drug Information Service PUBLICATIONS AND used, keep cool while dancing or (PDIS) RESOURCES doing other physical activities. Free 24-hour, confi dential alcohol For further information about Take regular breaks and wear light, and other drug information the Drug and Alcohol Offi ce’s absorbent clothing. Beware of hats and support for parents and programs, publications or as they trap body heat. Drink water, family members resources call (08) 9370 0333 or but regulate intake so that not too visit dao.health.wa.gov.au much is consumed. Talk to a professionally trained counsellor about alcohol and DRUGS AND other drugs TREATMENT PATHWAYS Talk confi dentially to another parent LIVE CHAT: There are a variety of treatment for strategies and support dao.health.wa.gov.au pathways available for people with Find out where to go for further help Chat online to a qualifi ed alcohol drug-related problems. The drug(s) and other drug counsellor. used and the availability of services PDIS: (08) 9442 5050 as well as the user’s health, desired Toll-free (country callers only): outcome, support network and unique 1800 653 203 circumstances need to be taken into email: [email protected] consideration. Deciding on the most appropriate treatment pathway is best done in consultation with an alcohol and other drug counsellor. REFERENCES Australian Drug Foundation, 2003. Caffeine; Fact Sheet 2.10 Victoria: Drug Info Clearinghouse

Centre for Education and Information on Drugs and Alcohol. 1989. Caffeine. New South Wales: Centre for Education and Information on Drugs and Alcohol

Gossop, M. 2000. Living with Drugs, 5th edn, Ashgate Publishing Limited, England

Haddad, l. & Winchester, J.1990. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose, 2nd edn, W.B. Saunders Co, Philadelphia

Hansen, D. 1999. Geared Up. WA Drug Abuse Strategy Ofﬁ ce, Perth

Hunter, C.E., Lokan, R.J., Longo, M.C. & White, M.A. 1998. The Prevalence and Role of Alcohol, Cannabinoids, Benzodiazerphines and Stimulants in Non-Fatal Crashes, Forensic Science, Department for Administration and Information Services, South Australia

Inaba, D.S., Cohen, W.E. & Holstein, M.E. 1997. Uppers, Downers, All Rounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, 3rd edn, CNS Publications Inc, Oregon

Julien R.M. 1995. A Primer of Drug Action: a Concise, Non-technical Guide to the Actions, Uses, and Side Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, 7th edn, WH Freeman, Oregon

Western Australia Alcohol and Drug Authority, 2001. CHAOD2A Responding in a drug using society. WA Alcohol and Drug Authority, Perth

While every reasonable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this brochure, no guarantee can be given that its contents are free from error or omissions. The WA Alcohol and Drug Authority (trading as the Drug and Alcohol Ofﬁ ce), the State of Western Australia and their employees and agents expressly disclaim liability for any act or omission occurring in reliance on the information in this brochure and for any consequences of any such act or omission.

Changes in circumstances after the date of publication of this brochure will inevitably result in this brochure becoming outdated in some respects. It is the responsibility of readers of this brochure to keep themselves updated with any changes or developments. N N

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H3C O For information about drugs, visit drugaware.com.au or for free conﬁ dential advice and counselling, call the Alcohol and Drug Information Service (ADIS) 24-hour helpline on (08) 9442 5000 or Toll-free 1800 198 024 (country callers).