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Revue Transatlantique D'études Suisses Revue transatlantique d’études suisses 3 · 2013 ________________________________________________________ Suisse-Canada Regards croisés, parallèles et transferts Claude HAUSER, Manuel MEUNE, Christina SPÄTI Université de Montréal Revue transatlantique d’études suisses 3.2013 Éditeurs: Claude Hauser ([email protected] Manuel Meune ([email protected]) Christina Späti ([email protected]) Directeur de la revue: Manuel Meune © 2013 - Section d’études allemandes Département de littératures et de langues modernes Faculté des arts et des sciences Université de Montréal ISSN - 1923-306X 2 SOMMAIRE ___________ Claude HAUSER / Manuel MEUNE / Christina SPÄTI, « Avant-propos »/« Vorwort »/« Foreword » ………………………………………………………………………………………… p. 4 / 6 / 8 1. Politique, langues et cultures: perspectives comparatistes Christina SPÄTI, « Sprachenpolitik der Schweiz und Kanadas im Vergleich: Unterschiedliche Ausgangslagen – divergierende Lösungsansätze » ………………………………………….. p. 11 Manuel MEUNE, « Inuktitut, romanche, squamish et ‘patois’ – même combat? Les langues autochtones fragilisées: enjeux symboliques et défis pratiques » ..…………………………. p. 25 Cristina BRANCAGLION, « Regards croisés sur le Dictionnaire historique du parler neuchâtelois et suisse romand et le Glossaire du parler français au Canada. Analyse des discours de présentation » ……………………………………………………………………………….. p. 51 2. Synergies et transferts transatlantiques Claude HAUSER, « La Francophonie, trop québécoise et trop peu helvétique? La Suisse et le Canada face à l’émergence d’une géopolitique de la langue française (1960-1980) » …….. p. 71 Jonathan LIVERNOIS, « Auguste Viatte et le ‘souffle de 1830’ au Québec: le regard décalé d’un (Franco-)Jurassien » …………………………………..……………………………………... p. 87 Antoine VUILLEUMIER, « De Natashquan à Porrentruy – Gilles Vigneault en Suisse romande: un cas de transfert culturel emblématique (1969-1980) » …………………………………….. p. 103 Charlotte SCHALLIÉ, « Heterotopische Übersetzungs(spiel)räume in Jason Byrnes Theater- inszenierung von Lukas Bärfuss’ Die Probe / The Test » …………………………………. p. 115 3. Perspectives littéraires et autobiographiques Verena STEFAN, Woher, wohin? / On n’arrive jamais nulle part ………………………... p. 139 Mark MORRISON-REED, In Between / Entre-deux ………….……………………………… p. 159 Simon LANCTÔT, Tout foutre en l’air. Carnet d’un jeune prof / Alles hinschmeissen. Aufzeichnungen eines jungen Lehrers …………………………………………………….. p. 175 3 Avant-propos Dans ce troisième numéro de la Revue transatlantique d’études suisses,1 consacré aux regards croisés entre la Suisse et le Canada, nous abordons à la fois les parallèles possibles entre les deux sociétés (s’agissant tout particulièrement de la dimension linguistique), la diversité des contacts culturels qui existent entre elles (notamment entre leurs parties francophones), et la façon dont la rencontre entre la Suisse et le Canada peut donner lieu à des traitements littéraires très diversifiés. En tant que fédérations de tradition libérale et démocratique, marqués du sceau du plurilinguisme officiel, les deux pays ont beaucoup en commun, en particulier parce que dans chacun d’eux, les francophones sont minoritaires. Pourtant, les principes qui régissent les politiques linguistiques diffèrent. Et bien qu’on évoque parfois le ‘fossé des langues’ qui sépare Romands et Alémaniques, on ne décèle en Suisse aucune tendance autonomiste de grande envergure chez les francophones, contrairement à ce qu’on observe au Canada. Dans le premier article, Christina SPÄTI compare la manière dont les deux États cherchent à atteindre l’égalité entre les groupes de langue officielle à l’échelon fédéral (francophones et anglophones au Canada; francophones, germanophones, italophones et romanchophones en Suisse), et conclut que les différences l’emportent, tant sont dissemblables les mémoires historiques et les perceptions de l’efficacité du fédéralisme en matière linguistique. Au-delà des ‘grandes langues officielles’, Manuel MEUNE se penche sur les langues autochtones au statut précaire: il évoque l’importance du romanche et de l’inuktitut dans le nation building, mais aussi, en dépit du contexte colonial présent au Canada et non en Suisse, les parallèles entre le statut des langues amérindiennes en voie d’extinction et celui des parlers francoprovençaux – dits ‘patois’. Il rappelle que la coexistence linguistique au Canada est plus complexe que le face-à-face franco-anglais auquel on la réduit souvent, et que la Suisse n’est pas cet État plurilingue parfait dont on pense volontiers qu’il promeut toutes ses langues autochtones fragilisées. Un autre enjeu, dans la comparaison entre les langues de Suisse et du Canada, concerne le lien que certaines entretiennent avec une norme de référence située hors du pays. Ainsi, Cristina BRANCAGLION compare le Dictionnaire historique du parler neuchâtelois et suisse romand et le Glossaire du parler français au Canada, deux ouvrages ‘régionaux’ parus au début du xxe siècle. Malgré le prestige différent que peut avoir le français dans chacun des contextes, ils permettent d’analyser les discours sur les variantes linguistiques réputées ‘marginales’ et d’illustrer les dynamiques culturelles à la ‘périphérie’ de la francophonie. Le second volet aborde la question des liens culturels entre les deux pays, s’agissant en particulier – mais pas exclusivement – de leurs composantes francophones. Claude HAUSER décrit à quel point l’essor institutionnel de la Francophonie dans les années 1960 a renforcé les échanges entre la Suisse romande et le Québec, dans le contexte d’effervescence artistique qui marquait les deux sociétés: ‘Révolution tranquille’ au Québec, remise en cause du Sonderfall et de la Défense nationale spirituelle en Suisse – à cela s’ajoutait, dans le Jura, une revendication d’indépendance évoquant le cas québécois. On apprend comment les autorités fédérales canadiennes et suisses ont pu réagir face à ce rapprochement d’un nouveau type entre sociétés francophones minoritaires. e Jonathan LIVERNOIS explique ensuite comment, au milieu du XX siècle, Auguste Viatte, passeur culturel par excellence entre le Jura, la Suisse et le Québec, a jeté un regard très original – parce que décalé – sur l’histoire de la littérature francophone du Canada, en ce qui a trait tout spécialement à la décennie 1830, peu prise en compte avant lui. Quant à Antoine VUILLEUMIER, il expose un phénomène particulièrement manifeste de transfert culturel, en étudiant les tournées en Suisse du chansonnier québécois Gilles Vigneault dans les années 1970 – favorisées par le médiateur que fut le Romand Michel Bühler. L’analyse porte sur la réception de Vigneault et sur les représentations mouvantes que les Suisses romands pouvaient se faire du Québec à travers lui, entre cousinage linguistique et identitaire – notamment dans le Jura, où le contexte politique influait sur l’image de Vigneault. 1 Que celles et ceux qui ont contribué à un titre ou à un autre aux traductions soient ici remerciés – Marie-Christine Boucher, Björn Brömmelsiek, Alan Cranshaw, Caroline Gerlach, Michel Mallet, Jacinthe Pilon, Verena Stefan. 4 Revue transatlantique d’études suisses, 3, 2013 Le dernier article de cette section quitte le monde francophone pour évoquer les modalités de traduction vers l’anglais de Die Probe, une pièce écrite par le dramaturge alémanique Lukas Bärfuss. En s’appuyant sur le concept foucaldien d’‘hétérotopie’, Charlotte SCHALLIÉ aborde la façon dont le metteur en scène torontois Jason Byrne a créé des espaces associatifs particuliers, où se négocient les échanges culturels transatlantiques et où apparaissent des niveaux de signification souvent complexes. Dans la dernière section, consacrée à des écrits littéraires à saveur autobiographique, nous donnons la parole à trois auteur-e-s qui incarnent particulièrement bien la thématique des regards croisés entre Suisse et Canada, et dont nous proposons un texte en langue originale, ainsi que sa traduction – vers le français ou l’allemand selon le cas. Verena STEFAN, écrivaine reconnue dans le monde germanophone – en particulier pour ses écrits féministes – et dont le dernier ouvrage disponible en français a été bien accueilli au Québec, est venue au Canada – plus précisément à Montréal – par amour. Née d’un père allemand et d’une mère alémanique, elle nous livre un texte inédit sur l’expérience migratoire – la sienne ou celle des autres – et sur les petits ou grands ajustements que celle-ci induit. Le portrait qu’elle dresse du Québec apparaît aussi bienveillant que perspicace, et les réminiscences de la Suisse donnent à son propos un relief singulier. Dans la seconde contribution de cette partie finale, la perspective transatlantique est inversée. Mark MORRISON-REED, théologien anglo-canadien d’origine américaine, évoque l’expérience qu’il a faite de la Suisse en tant que Noir, à la fois comme adolescent dans les années 1960 et, beaucoup plus tard, comme adulte. Son regard, sans complaisance, mais non dénué d’humour, fait ressortir les diverses attitudes racistes (y compris celles des personnes ‘bien intentionnées’) qui, au cœur des Alpes, imprègnent toutes les strates de la société – de façon similaire, souligne-t-il, à ce qu’on constate au Canada, anglophone ou francophone. Après ces textes en allemand puis en anglais, la série se clôt par un extrait en français, tiré de l’ouvrage d’un jeune auteur québécois, professeur de français germanophile et helvétophile – son goût de la Suisse étant lié autant à la littérature qu’à une relation amoureuse à distance. Simon LANCTÔT
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