RaptorsConservation ISSN 1814–0076 ПЕРНАТЫЕХИЩНИКИИИХОХРАНА 2011№22

Ðàáî÷èé áþëëåòåíü î ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêàõ Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè The Newsletter of the raptors of the East Europe and North Asia Ñâèäåòåëüñòâî î ðåãèñòðàöèè ÑÌÈ ÏÈ ¹ÔÑ77-38809 îò 08.02.2010 ã. Áþëëåòåíü «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» The Raptors Conservation Newsletter has been ó÷ðåæä¸í ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîé founded by the non-governmental organisations îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêî- Siberian Environmental Center (Novosibirsk) and ëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» (Íîâîñèáèðñê) è íàó÷íî-èñ- Center of Field Studies (Nizhniy Novgorod). ñëåäîâàòåëüñêîé îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé The Raptors Conservation Newsletter is published «Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé» (Í. Íîâãîðîä). under the partnership agreement with the Áþëëåòåíü èçäà¸òñÿ â ïàðòí¸ðñòâå ñ Èíñòèòó- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, òîì ñèñòåìàòèêè è ýêîëîãèè æèâîòíûõ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ Siberian Branch of RAS (Novosibirsk). (Íîâîñèáèðñê). Ðåäàêòîðû íîìåðà: Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî (Ñèá- Editors: Elvira Nikolenko (Siberian Environmental ýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê) è Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Center, Novosibirsk) and Igor Karyakin (Center of (Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, Í. Íîâãîðîä) Field Studies, N. Novgorod) Ôîòîãðàôèÿ íà ëèöåâîé ñòîðîíå îáëîæêè: Photo on the front cover: Female of the Golden Ñàìêà áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos). Äîëèíà Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Ile river valley, South- ð. Èëå, Þãî-Âîñòî÷íûé Êàçàõñòàí, 4 îêòÿáðÿ Eastern Kazakhstan, 4 October 2010. Photo by 2010 ã. Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. A. Zhatkanbayev.  èëëþñòðàöèè çàäíåé ñòîðîíû îáëîæêè èñïîëü- Photo on the back cover by I. Karyakin, A. Pazhen- çîâàíû ôîòîãðàôèè È. Êàðÿêèíà, À. Ïàæåíêîâà kov and A. Zhatkanbayev. è À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. Äèçàéí: Ä. Ñåíîòðóñîâ, À. Êëåù¸â Design by D. Senotrusov, A. Kleschev ¸ðñòêà: Ä. Êàòóíîâ Page-proofs by D. Katunov Êîððåêòóðà: À. Êàþìîâ Proof-reader by A. Kajumov Ïåðåâîä: A. Øåñòàêîâà, Ä. Òåðïèëîâñêàÿ, Translation by A. Shestakova, D. Terpilovskaya, Þ. Êèñüîðà, Äæ. Êàñòíåð Ju. Kis'ora, J. Castner

Èçäàíèå íîìåðà ïîääåðæàíî Ïðîåêòîì «Àëòàé» èíñòèòóòà «Îñòðîâ Çåìëè» (ÑØÀ), Ôîíäîì Âèäåíà (ÑØÀ) è Òèõîîêåàíñêèì öåíòðîì çàùèòû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû è ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ (ÑØÀ). Publishing this issue has been supported by The Altai Project of Earth Island Institute (USA), Weeden Foundation (USA) and Pacific Environment (USA). Ðåäàêöèîííàÿ êîëëåãèÿ: Àäðåñ ðåäàêöèè: Ñ.Â. Áàêêà, ê.á.í., ÑÎÏÐ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] 630090 Ðîññèÿ, Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí, ê.á.í., ÐÃÏÓ, Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 Ñ.À. Áóêðååâ, ê.á.í., ÈÏÝÝ ÐÀÍ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Â.Ì. Ãàëóøèí, àêàä. ÐÀÅÍ, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÌÏÃÓ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ; Editorial adress: [email protected] P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk, È.Ô. Æèìóë¸â, àêàä. ÐÀÍ, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÈÕÁÔÌ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Russia, 630090 Í.Þ. Êèñåë¸âà, äîö., ê.ïåä.í., ÍÃÏÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Tel./Fax: Ð.Ä. Ëàïøèí, äîö., ê.á.í., ÍÃÏÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] +7 (383) 328 30 26 À.Ñ. Ëåâèí, äîö., ê.á.í., Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè ÌÎèÍ, Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí; E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, ïðîô., ä.á.í., Íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, [email protected] Òàøêåíò, Óçáåêèñòàí; [email protected] [email protected] À.Ñ. Ïàæåíêîâ, ê.á.í., ÖÑ «ÂÓÝÑ», Ñàìàðà, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Ì.Â. Ïåñòîâ, ê.á.í., ÝÖ «Äðîíò», Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] http://www.sibecocenter.ru/raptors.htm Å.Ð. Ïîòàïîâ, Ph.D., Áðèí Àôèíñêèé Êîëëåäæ, Ïåíñèëüâàíèÿ, ÑØÀ; [email protected] Ïîäïèñíîé èíäåêñ ïî îáúåäèíåííîìó Þ.Ñ. Ðàâêèí, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÈÑèÝÆ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; êàòàëîãó «Ïðåññà Ðîññèè» — 13175 [email protected] È.Ý. Ñìåëÿíñêèé, Ñèáýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Ýëåêòðîííàÿ âåðñèÿ/RC online À.À. ×èáèë¸â, ÷ëåí-êîðð. ÐÀÍ, ïðîô., ä.ã.í., Èíñòèòóò ñòåïè ÓðÎ ÐÀÍ, http://www.sibecocenter.ru/RC.htm Îðåíáóðã, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] À.À. Øåñòàêîâà, ê.á.í., ÍÍÃÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Ïðàâèëà äëÿ àâòîðîâ äîñòóïíû íà ñàéòå: T. Katzner, Ph.D., Conservation and Field Research National Aviary, USA; http://www.sibecocenter.ru/guidelines_rus.htm [email protected] Guidelines for Contributors available on website: M.J. McGrady, Ph.D., Natural Research, UK; [email protected] http://www.sibecocenter.ru/guidelines_en.htm Events Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 3

Events СОБЫТИЯ

(1) Êîíòàêò: Ìîäåëüíûé ðÿä ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ A new model of bird protective devices ÎÎÎ «Ýêî-ÍÈÎÊл óñòðîéñòâ, âûïóñêàåìûõ ÎÎÎ «Ýêî- (BPD) for electric poles “BPD-6-10kV-Ñ” 432071, Ðîññèÿ, Óëüÿíîâñê, ÍÈÎÊл (Óëüÿíîâñê, Ðîññèÿ), ïîïîë- have been made by LLC “Eco-NIOKR” óë. Âàòóòèíà, 16 íèëñÿ íîâîé êîíñòðóêöèåé ñåðèéíîãî (Ulyanovsk, Russia)1. òåë. +7 927 270 24 47 èçäåëèÿ – «ÏÇÓ-6-10êÂ-Ñ»1. This device has been developed for elec- ôàêñ: +7 8422 43 49 63 Ýòî óñòðîéñòâî ïðåäíàçíà÷åíî ñïåöè- tric poles, which wires are attached to insu- [email protected] àëüíî äëÿ îñíàùåíèÿ îïîð ïòèöåîïàñíûõ lators with clamps. ËÝÏ, ó êîòîðûõ êðåïëåíèå ïðîâîäîâ ê The idea of the device developing has (1) Contact: èçîëÿòîðàì îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè been generated by employees of LLC LLC “Eco-NIOKR” àíòèâèáðàöèîííûõ êðþêîâûõ çàæèìîâ “Eco-NIOKR” during ornithological surveys Vatutina str., 16, Ulyanovsk, òèïà «ÇÀÊ-10-1», èçãîòîâëÿåìûõ â ñîîò- of power lines 6–10 kV, going along main Russia, 432071 âåòñòâèè ñ ÂÑÍ 015-89 ïî ÒÓ 34-4822-75. pipelines, where wires are attached to in- tel. +7 927 270 24 47 Áóêâà «Ñ» â íàçâàíèè ÏÇÓ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîèç- sulators with clamps. Later it was found fax: +7 8422 43 49 63 âîäíîé îò ñëîâà «ñêîáà». Ñêîáû – ñîñòàâ- that clamps CAH-10-1 are used by IRDNC [email protected] íûå ýëåìåíòû çàæèìà. also. Clamps simplify the process of attach- Èäåÿ ðàçðàáîòêè íîâîé êîíñòðóêöèè ing wires to insulators and protect electric ÏÇÓ ïîÿâèëàñü ó ñîòðóäíèêîâ ÎÎÎ «Ýêî- poles against falls and injuries. ÍÈÎÊл ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè îðíèòîëîãè÷å- The decision to develop that BPD was ñêèõ îáñëåäîâàíèé âäîëüòðàññîâûõ ÂË made, when some owners of “clamping” 6–10 ê ìàãèñòðàëüíûõ íåôòåïðîâîäîâ, power lines had retrofitted electric poles ãäå íåðåäêî ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ ñïîñîá êðåïëå- with common BPDs, which were not de- íèÿ ïðîâîäîâ ïîñðåäñòâîì çàæèìîâ. Ïîç- signed for the poles with clamps. æå âûÿñíèëîñü, ÷òî çàæèìû ÇÀÊ-10-1 èñ- The new model of BPD have solved ïîëüçóþòñÿ è â ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ñåòÿõ ÌÐÑÊ. this problem successfully We wish all Çàæèìû óäîáíû â îáðàùåíèè (óïðîùàþò the owners of power lines to be careful ïðîöåññ êðåïëåíèÿ ïðîâîäîâ ê èçîëÿ- choosing BPD for retrofitting their elec- òîðàì), íî ãëàâíîå – îíè àìîðòèçèðóþò tric poles. îïàñíûå ïðîäîëüíûå ñìåùåíèÿ ïðîâîäîâ, Contact (1). ïðåäîõðàíÿÿ îïîðû ËÝÏ îò ïîâðåæäåíèé è ïàäåíèÿ. Îêîí÷àòåëüíî ðåøåíèå î ðàçðàáîòêå ÏÇÓ-6-10êÂ-Ñ ñîçðåëî, êîãäà îáíàðó- æèëîñü, ÷òî íåêîòîðûå âëàäåëüöû «ñêî- áî÷íûõ» ËÝÏ ñòàëè îñíàùàòü ñâîè îïîðû îáû÷íûìè ÏÇÓ-6-10êÂ, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííû- ìè äëÿ ïðîìåæóòî÷íûõ îïîð ñ ïðîâîëî÷- íîé âÿçêîé ïðîâîäà, íå ïðåäíàçíà÷åííû- ìè äëÿ îïîð ñ çàæèìàìè. Ìîæíî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ñ ïîÿâëåíèåì íîâîé ìîäåëè çàùèòíîãî óñòðîéñòâà ïðîáëåìà êîíñòðóêòèâíîé íåñîâìåñòèìîñòè ÏÇÓ ñ óçëàìè êðåïëåíèÿ ïðîâîäîâ íà îñíîâå çàæèìîâ ÇÀÊ-10-1 óñïåøíî ðàçðåøåíà. Îñòà¸òñÿ ëèøü ïîæåëàòü âñåì âëàäåëüöàì ËÝÏ áûòü âíèìàòåëüíåå ïðè âûáîðå ïòè- öåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ äëÿ îñíàùåíèÿ ñâî- Íîâàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ ñåðèéíîãî èçäåëèÿ – «ÏÇÓ- èõ ýëåêòðîëèíèé. 6-10êÂ-Ñ» äëÿ ËÝÏ ñ êðåïëåíèåì ïðîâîäîâ ê Êîíòàêò (1). èçîëÿòîðàì ïðè ïîìîùè àíòèâèáðàöèîííûõ êðþêîâûõ çàæèìîâ òèïà «ÇÀÊ-10-1». Ôîòî ÎÎÎ «Ýêî-ÍÈÎÊл. New model of “BPD-6-10kV-Ñ» for electric poles which wires are attached to insulators with clamps 1 http://www.birdprotect.ru/news/PZU-6-10kV-S “CAH-10-1”. Photo by LLC “Eco-NIOKR”. 4 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Ñîáûòèÿ

ÎÀÎ ÌÐÑÊ «Âîëãè» – «Óëüÿíîâñêèå The IRDNC Volga – “Ulyanovsk Distri- ðàñïðåäåëèòåëüíûå ñåòè», ïðè ó÷àñòèè bution Network” with the government Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè è of the Ulyanovsk district and the Sim- Ñèìáèðñêîãî îòäåëåíèÿ Ñîþçà îõðàíû birsk branch of RBCU have developed ïòèö Ðîññèè, ðàçðàáîòàíà 15-ëåòíÿÿ a 15-year program to retrofit dangerous ïðîãðàììà ïîðàéîííîãî îñíàùåíèÿ power lines with bird protective devic- âñåõ ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïå- es (BPD). ðåäà÷è (ËÝÏ) ñïåöèàëüíûìè ïòèöåçà- In 2011, power lines are retrofitting in ùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè (ÏÇÓ). the territory of IBA “Valley of Imperial Ea-  2011 ã. ïòèöåçàùèòíûå ìåðîïðèÿ- gles”, which is known as the territory with òèÿ áóäóò ïðîâåäåíû êîìïàíèåé â «Äî- the highest density of breeding Imperial ëèíå ñîëíå÷íûõ îðëîâ» – ýòî êëþ÷åâàÿ Eagles (Aquila heliaca) in the Ulyanovsk îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ìåæäóíà- district. A department of IRDNC Volga – ðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ, èçâåñòíàÿ ìàêñèìàëü- “Ulyanovsk Distribution Network” should íîé äëÿ Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè ïëîòíîñòüþ retrofit all the power lines of the company ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñîëíå÷íîãî îðëà èëè îðëà- with BPD in the Radischevo and Staraya ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca). Äî êîíöà 2012 Kulatka regions by the end of 2012, in ã. ôèëèàëîì ÎÀÎ ÌÐÑÊ «Âîëãè» – «Óëüÿ- Novospassk region – in 2013 and in the íîâñêèå ðàñïðåäåëèòåëüíûå ñåòè» äîëæ- Nikolaevsk region – in 2014. íû áûòü îñíàùåíû ñïåöèàëüíûìè ÏÇÓ âñå Contact (1). ïðèíàäëåæàùèå êîìïàíèè ïòèöåîïàñíûå ËÝÏ â Ðàäèùåâñêîì è Ñòàðîêóëàòêèíñêîì Employees of a department IRDNC of Ural ðàéîíàõ. Çàòåì ðàáîòû áóäóò ïðîäîëæåíû – “Chelyabenergo” – “Magnitogorsk Dis- â Íîâîñïàññêîì ðàéîíå â 2013 ã. è â Íèêî- tribution Network” have retrofit power ëàåâñêîì ðàéîíå â 2014 ã. lines with BPD in the Bredy region of the Êîíòàêò (1). Chelyabinsk district. This is a territory inhabited by the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) with high density. (2) Êîíòàêò:  Áðåäèíñêîì ðàéîíå ×åëÿáèíñêîé The problem of eagle deaths through elec- Àëåêñåé Ìóõîðòèêîâ îáëàñòè, íà òåððèòîðèè ñ âûñîêîé trocution is of urgent concern for the Minis- 454009, Ðîññèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòüþ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îðëà- try of Radiation and Environmental Security ×åëÿáèíñê, óë. Êèðîâà, 114 ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca), ýíåðãå- of the Chelyabinsk district. Being inspired òåë.: +7 351 264 25 85, òèêè Ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîãî îòäåëåíèÿ by environmentalists the employees of IRD- +7 351 264 25 85 «Ìàãíèòîãîðñêèå ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ñåòè» NC have bought and installed BPDs. A total [email protected] ôèëèàëà ÎÀÎ «ÌÐÑÊ Óðàëà» – «×åëÿ- of 93 BPDs made in Ulyanovsk have been áýíåðãî» íà ÂË 10 ê óñòàíîâèëè ïòè- installed on power lines 10 kV “Voskhod (2) Contact: öåçàùèòíûå óñòðîéñòâà. Koltsevaya” and “Karyazhny” – from station Aleksey Muhortikov Ïðîáëåìà ãèáåëè îðëîâ ñòàëà ïðåäìå- “Naslednitskaya”. Kirova str., 114, òîì îñîáîãî áåñïîêîéñòâà Ìèíèñòåðñòâà The similar works have been conducted in Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454009 ïî ðàäèàöèîííîé è ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé áåçî- the zone of responsibility of the Troitsk dis- tel.: +7 351 264 25 85, ïàñíîñòè ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè. Ýíåðãå- tribution networks of “Chelyabenergo”. +7 351 264 25 85 òèêè îòêëèêíóëèñü íà ïðèçûâ ýêîëîãîâ è Contact (2). [email protected] çàêóïèëè ïåðâóþ ïðîáíóþ ïàðòèþ ÏÇÓ, óñòàíîâêà êîòîðûõ îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü çà ñ÷¸ò ñðåäñòâ îáëàñòíîãî áþäæåòà. Ïåð- âàÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíàÿ ïàðòèÿ èç 93 ÏÇÓ óëüÿíîâñêîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà óñòàíîâëåíà íà ëèíèÿõ 10 ê «Âîñõîä Êîëüöåâàÿ» è «Êàðÿæíûé» – îò ïîäñòàíöèè «Íàñëåäíèö- êàÿ». Àíàëîãè÷íàÿ ðàáîòà ïðîâåäåíà òàêæå â çîíå îòâåòñòâåííîñòè Òðîèöêèõ ýëåêòðî- ñåòåé «×åëÿáýíåðãî». Êîíòàêò (2).

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca). Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). Photo by S. Vazhov. Events Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 5

Ðàñïîðÿæåíèåì èñïîëíÿþùåãî îáÿ- çàííîñòè ìèíèñòðà ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà, ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ è ýêîëîãèè Óëüÿ- íîâñêîé îáëàñòè Í.Ñ. Àþêàåâîé îò 28 ôåâðàëÿ 2011 ã. óòâåðæä¸í ïðèðîäíûé îáðàç Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè – ñîëíå÷- íûé îð¸ë èëè îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) è îïðåäåëåíî èñïîëüçîâàíèå ýòîãî ñèìâîëà2. Ïðåäëîæåíèå î ïðèðîäíîì îáðàçå Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè áûëî íàïðàâëåíî â ïðàâèòåëüñòâî ðåãèîíà Ñèìáèðñêèì îòäå- ëåíèåì Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè.  êà- ÷åñòâå ýìáëåìû â õîäå êîíêóðñà ýñêèçîâ, â êîòîðîì ïðèíÿëè ó÷àñòèå õóäîæíèêè èç Ðîññèè è Âåíãðèè, áûë âûáðàí ýñêèç Ãà- Ïðèðîäíûé îáðàç Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè – ñîëíå÷íûé ëèíû Ïèëþãèíîé (Óëüÿíîâñê, Ðîññèÿ). Îíà îð¸ë èëè îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca). èçîáðàçèëà îðëà, ïàðÿùåãî íà ôîíå ñîë- The natural symbol of the Ulyanovsk district – the íå÷íîãî äèñêà. Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). Ñîãëàñíî ðàñïîðÿæåíèÿ, äàííîå èçî- áðàæåíèå ñîëíå÷íîãî îðëà ìîæåò èñ- The natural symbol of the Order of the ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â ñëåäóþùèõ ñëó÷àÿõ: Ulyanovsk distict – the Imperial Eagle - îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû è ñîõðà- (Aquila heliaca), and its use has been íåíèÿ âèäîâîãî áîãàòñòâà ôëîðû è ôàóíû approved by the Acting Minister for For- Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè; estry, Natural Resources and Environment - ïîïóëÿðèçàöèè îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ of the Ulyanovsk region N.S. Ayukaeva on ïðèðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèé è òåððèòîðèàëü- 28 February 20112. íîé îõðàíû äèêîé ïðèðîäû â Óëüÿíîâñêîé Proposal for the natural symbol of the Uly- îáëàñòè, Ðîññèè è çà ðóáåæîì; anovsk district was sent to the regional gov- - ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ è ïðî- ernment by the Simbirsk brunch of the Rus- ñâåùåíèÿ íàñåëåíèÿ ðåãèîíà; sian Bird Conservation Union. The emblem - ðàçâèòèÿ áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîñòè íà òåð- designed by Galina Pilyugina (Ulyanovsk, ðèòîðèè Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè; Russia), has been selected from among oth- - ïðîâåäåíèÿ íàó÷íûõ êîíôåðåíöèé, ers during the competition of sketches. ñåìèíàðîâ, ñîâåùàíèé è èíûõ ýêîëîãè÷å- According to the resolution, this image of ñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé; the Imperial Eagle may be used for the pur- - ïîäãîòîâêè è âûïóñêà êíèã, ñáîðíèêîâ, pose of protecting the nature and biodiver- æóðíàëîâ, ôîòîàëüáîìîâ è äðóãîé ïå÷àò- sity of the Ulyanovsk district, popularizing íîé ïðîäóêöèè î ïðèðîäå Óëüÿíîâñêîé the protected areas, environmental educa- îáëàñòè. tion, charity, holding the scientific confer- ences, preparing and publishing books on the nature of the Ulyanovsk district. (3) Êîíòàêò: 1 àïðåëÿ 2011 ã. â «Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé Àíäðåé Ñàëòûêîâ äåíü ïòèö» ÷ëåíû Ñèìáèðñêîãî îò- Ñèìáèðñêîå îòäåëåíèå äåëåíèÿ Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè è Members of the Simbirsk Branch of the Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè ïðèìêíóâøèå ê íèì ñòîðîííèêè ïðî- Russian Bird Conservation Union and en- Ðîññèÿ, Óëüÿíîâñê âåëè, ñòàâøóþ òðàäèöèîííîé, ýêîëî- thusiasts joined them held an environ- [email protected] ãè÷åñêóþ àêöèþ ìàðêèðîâêè ïòèöåî- mental action, that has become tradition- ïàñíûõ ËÝÏ. al, on marking the power lines dangerous (3) Contact: Êðàñíûìè ñòèêåðàìè ñ íàäïèñüþ «SOS! to birds in the “International Migratory Andrey Saltykov ËÝÏ îïàñíà äëÿ ïòèö!» è ñ èçîáðàæåíè- Bird Day” on April 1, 2011. Russian Bird Conserva- åì ÷åðåïà îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà, ïåðå÷¸ð- With red stickers with the inscription “OS! tion Union, Simbirskoe êíóòîãî êðàñíîé ìîëíèåé, áûëè îòìå÷å- Power line is dangerous to birds!”and with Branch Ulyanovsk, Russia íû ËÝÏ-«óáèéöû ïòèö», ïðèíàäëåæàùèå the image of the Imperial Eagel skull, crossed [email protected] âëàäåëüöàì, èãíîðèðóþùèì òðåáîâàíèÿ by the red lightning, they marked electric ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ poles – “killers of birds”, belonging to own- (ÎÀÎ «Åâðîöåìåíò», ÎÀÎ «ÌÒÑ»), à òàêæå ers who ignore the requirements to prevent

2 http://mpr73.ru/public/document/activity/3/194.doc 6 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Ñîáûòèÿ

Ðåçóëüòàòû àêöèè ïî êîìïàíèÿì, ïðîâîäÿùèì ïòèöåçàùèòíûå bird deaths through electrocution (Compa- ìàðêèðîâêå ïòè- ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ íåêà÷åñòâåííî (óëüÿíîâ- nies «Eurotsement», «MTS»), as well as com- öåîïàñíûõ è ñòàâøèõ áåçîïàñíûìè äëÿ ïòèö ñêèé ôèëèàë «ÌÐÑÊ Âîëãè», ÎÀÎ «Òðàíñ- panies poorely carried out the activities on ËÝÏ. íåôòü»). power lines retrofitting with bird prtotectiver Ôîòî À. Ñàëòûêîâà. Êóëüìèíàöèîííûì è âåñüìà ïðèÿòíûì devices (Ulyanovsk department of the “IRD- Results of the action on ìîìåíòîì àêöèè ñòàëî çàêëåèâàíèå îá- NC of Volga”, “Transneft” company). marking the power lines âåòøàâøèõ êðàñíûõ ñòèêåðîâ íîâåíüêèìè The final and quite pleasant moment of dangerous to birds and çåë¸íûìè ñ íàäïèñüþ «ËÝÏ áåçîïàñíà äëÿ the action was gluing the new green stick- power lines retrofitted with bird protective ïòèö!» è ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì æèâîãî ñîëíå÷- ers with inscription “Power lines is safe to devices. íîãî îðëà. Òàêîé òîðæåñòâåííîé ïðîöåäó- birds!” with the image of a live Imperial Ea- Photos by A. Saltykov. ðû â ýòîì ãîäó óäîñòîèëèñü êîìïàíèè ÎÀÎ gle on the old red stickers. The companies «Ãàçïðîì òðàíñãàç Ñàìàðà» è ÎÀÎ «Âûì- “Gazprom transgaz Samara” and “Vym- ïåëêîì» (Áèëàéí), êîòîðûå ïðîâåëè ïòè- pelkom” (Beeline), which had retrofitted öåçàùèòíûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ, îñíàñòèâ ñâîè their power lines with special bird protec- ïòèöåîïàñíûå ËÝÏ ñïåöèàëüíûìè ïòèöå- tive devices, have honored with such sol- çàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè. emn procedure this year. Êîíòàêò (3). Contact (3).

(4) Êîíòàêò: Âåñíîé 2011 ã., â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà The manuals for customs officers are pre- Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî Ñèáýêîöåíòðà è Âñåìèðíîãî ôîíäà paring to publish within a project of the ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ïðèðîäû (WWF) ïî èíôîðìàöèîííî- Siberian Environmental Center and World ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» 630090, Ðîññèÿ, ìåòîäè÷åñêîé ïîääåðæêå ãîñîðãàíîâ, Wildlife Fund (WWF) on the information Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 ãîòîâÿòñÿ ê èçäàíèþ ìåòîäè÷åñêèå and methodological support to state bod- òåë./ôàêñ: ìàòåðèàëû äëÿ òàìîæåííûõ èíñïåê- ies in spring 2011. +7 383 328 30 26 òîðîâ. The designer competition on developing [email protected] 12 àïðåëÿ ïîäâåäåíû èòîãè êîíêóðñà äè- on creating a placard on the problem of il- çàéíåðîâ äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ ïëàêàòà, ïðèâëåêà- legal trade in falcons, caught by poachers (4) Contact: þùåãî âíèìàíèå ê ïðîáëåìå íåëåãàëüíîãî and which population is reduced in the Al- Elvira Nikolenko âûâîçà çà ðóáåæ áðàêîíüåðñêè äîáûòûõ tai-Sayan region due to trapping, has been NGO Siberian Environmental Center ñîêîëîâ, ÷èñëåííîñòü êîòîðûõ â Àëòàå- sum up on 12 April. Nine designers and 27 P.O. Box 547, Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ñèëüíî ñîêðàùàåòñÿ èç- sketches have participated in the competi- Novosibirsk, çà îòëîâà.  êîíêóðñå ïðèíÿëè ó÷àñòèå 9 tion. Kirill Zemlyanukhin was the winner3. Russia, 630090 äèçàéíåðîâ, ïðèñëàíî 27 ðàáîò. Ïîáåäè- The new issue of “Atlas on animal spe- tel./fax: 3 +7 383 328 30 26 òåëåì ïðèçíàí Êèðèëë Çåìëÿíóõèí . cies and their derivates, main objects if the [email protected] Ãîòîâèòñÿ ê èçäàíèþ îáíîâë¸ííûé âû- illegal trade in the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion” ïóñê «Àòëàñà âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ è èõ äåðè- and manuals “ Struggle against illegal trade âàòîâ, îñíîâíûõ îáúåêòîâ íåçàêîííîãî in wildlife”, which would be comprised of îáîðîòà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå», à methodological and reference information, òàêæå ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ïîñîáèå íà êîìïàêò- as well as the modern laws and by-laws äèñêå «Áîðüáà ñ íåçàêîííûì îáîðîòîì concerning the transboundary transporta- äèêèõ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé», íà tion of endangered wildlife species, in CD- êîòîðîì áóäóò ñîáðàíû ìåòîäè÷åñêèå è format are prepared to publish. ñïðàâî÷íûå ìàòåðèàëû, à òàêæå ïîñëåäíÿÿ The workshop about those problems for âåðñèÿ ïðàâîâîé áàçû ïî òðàíñãðàíè÷íî- employees of the Siberian Customs Depart-

3 http://www.sibecocenter.ru/raptors.htm?articleID=167 Events Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 7

Îäèí èç ýñêèçîâ ïëàêàòîâ, ïîáåäèâøèõ â êîíêóðñå. Àâòîð Ê. Çåìëÿíóõèí. One of sketches that have won in the competition of placards. Author is K. Zemlyanukhin.

ìó ïåðåìåùåíèþ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé. Îñåíüþ 2011 ã. â Íîâîñèáèðñêå íàìå- ÷åíî ïðîâåäåíèå îáó÷àþùåãî ñåìèíàðà äëÿ ñîòðóäíèêîâ Ñèáèðñêîãî òàìîæåííî- ãî óïðàâëåíèÿ è Ñèáèðñêîé îïåðàòèâíîé òàìîæíè ïî äàííîé òåìå, ñ ïðèãëàøåíèåì ïðåïîäàâàòåëåé Ðîññèéñêîé òàìîæåííîé ment and the Siberian Operative Customs àêàäåìèè. will be held in Novosibirsk in autumn 2011. Àêòóàëüíîñòü íîâûõ èçäàíèé è ïðîâåäå- The teachers of the Russian Customs Acad- íèÿ ñåìèíàðà â òîì, ÷òî ñ 2010 ã. âñòóïèë â emy will be invited. äåéñòâèå Êîäåêñ Òàìîæåííîãî ñîþçà (ÒÑ). The urgency of new publications and the Ñîãëàñíî íîâîìó ïîðÿäêó, òàìîæåííèêè workshop is that the Code of the Customs äîëæíû êîíòðîëèðîâàòü ñîáëþäåíèå îãðà- Union (CU) has entered into force since íè÷åíèé íà ïåðåìåùåíèå òîâàðîâ, âêëþ- 2010. According to the new procedure, ÷¸ííûõ â Ïðèëîæåíèÿ ÑÈÒÅÑ è â Êðàñíûå customs officers should control compli- êíèãè Ðîññèè, Êàçàõñòàíà è Áåëàðóñè, ïðè ance with the restrictions on transportation ïåðåìåùåíèè èõ ÷åðåç ãðàíèöó ÒÑ. of goods, listed in the Appendices of CITES Âíóòðè Òàìîæåííîãî ñîþçà òàêæå ñî- and Red Data Books of Belarus, Kazakhstan õðàí¸í äåéñòâóþùèé ðàçðåøèòåëüíûé ïî- and Russia, across the border of CU. ðÿäîê ïåðåìåùåíèÿ òîâàðîâ, ïîäïàäàþ- The effective procedure of arranging the ùèõ ïîä äåéñòâèå ÑÈÒÅÑ. Îäíàêî ñåé÷àñ permits to transport of goods covered by òîëüêî âûðàáàòûâàþòñÿ îáùèå ïîäõîäû ê CITES has been remained within the Cus- îãðàíè÷åíèþ ïåðåìåùåíèÿ äàííûõ òîâà- toms Union. However now the general ap- ðîâ íà òåððèòîðèè ÒÑ. Òàêæå ðàçðàáàòû- proaches to restricting the transportation of âàåòñÿ óíèôèöèðîâàííûé ïîðÿäîê âûäà÷è those goods in the territory of CU are being ðàçðåøèòåëüíûõ äîêóìåíòîâ íà ïåðåìå- developed only. Also a uniform procedure ùåíèå âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé, âêëþ- of issuing the permits for transportation ÷¸ííûõ â Êðàñíûå êíèãè Áåëàðóñè, Êàçàõ- of wildlife species, listed in the Red Data ñòàíà è ÐÔ, íà òåððèòîðèè ÒÑ4. Books of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia, in Êîíòàêò (4). the territory of CU are being developed4. Contact (4).

(5) Contact: Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ «Ëè- András Kovács íèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è è ãèáåëü ïòèö îò International conference “Power lines project coordinator ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì â Åâðîïå» and bird mortality in Europe” was held tel.: +36 30 260 55 33 [email protected] ïðîøëà 13 àïðåëÿ 2011 ã. â Áóäàïåøòå on 13 April 2011 in Budapest, Hungary. (Âåíãðèÿ). Organizers of conference: MME/BirdLife Márton Horváth Îðãàíèçàòîðû êîíôåðåíöèè: Âåíãåðñêîå Hungary, Ministry of Rural Development, MME, Species Conser- îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîå è ïðèðîäîîõðàííîå îá- Hungary. Partners: BirdLife International vation Manager tel.: +36 30 525 40 71 ùåñòâî (MME/BirdLife Hungary), Ìèíèñòåð- EDO, Hungarian electric utility compa- [email protected] ñòâî ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà Âåíãðèè. Ïàðòí¸- nies. ðû: Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå îáùåñòâî îõðàíû ïòèö Aims of the conference were exchang- (BirdLife International), Âåíãåðñêàÿ ýëåêòðè- ing the information on an international ÷åñêàÿ ñåðâèñíàÿ êîìïàíèÿ. platform about the importance, scale, mit- Îñíîâíûìè öåëÿìè êîíôåðåíöèè ÿâ- igation possibilities and solutions of bird ëÿëèñü îáìåí èíôîðìàöèåé íà ìåæäóíà- electrocution in Europe, enhancing joint ðîäíîì óðîâíå î ïðîáëåìå ãèáåëè ïòèö îò advocacy and networking within BirdLife ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì â Åâðîïå è ïóòÿõ community and with electric utility com- ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåìû, óñèëåíèå þðèäè÷å- panies in order to reach national and EU- ñêîé çàùèòû è íàëàæèâàíèå ñîòðóäíè÷å- wide commitments on bird electrocution ñòâà â ïðåäåëàõ ñîîáùåñòâà îðãàíèçàöèé mitigation.

4 http://www.tsouz.ru/news/Pages/12-10-2010(2).aspx 8 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Ñîáûòèÿ

Âûñòóïëåíèå Ìàðêóñà Íèïêîó. Ôîòî Å. Ìàöûíû. Oral presentation by Markus Nipkow. Photo by E. Matsyna.

ïî îõðàíå ïòèö è ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ñåðâèñ- íûõ êîìïàíèé, äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ íàöèîíàëü- íûõ è îáùååâðîïåéñêèõ îáÿçàòåëüñòâ ïî óìåíüøåíèþ ãèáåëè ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Ðîññèþ íà êîíôåðåíöèè ïðåäñòàâëÿëè Àëåêñàíäð Ìàöûíà è Åêàòåðèíà Ìàöûíà.  õîäå îáñóæäåíèé íà êîíôåðåíöèè ïðèíÿòà äåêëàðàöèÿ, òåêñò êîòîðîé îïó- áëèêîâàí íà ñòð. 12. Russian delegation consisted of Alexan- Ïðåçåíòàöèè äîêëàäîâ, çàñëóøàííûõ íà der Matsyna and Ekaterina Matsyna. êîíôåðåíöèè, â ôîðìàòå PDF äîñòóïíû íà The Declaration on bird protection and ñàéòå êîíôåðåíöèè5. power lines has been adopted by the con- Êîíòàêò (5). ference. The Declaration has been published on p. 12. Presentations in PDF available on the web- (6) Êîíòàêò: Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ íàó÷íàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ site of Conference5. Àëåêñàíäð Àáóëàäçå «Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû Êàâêàçà» ñî- Contact (5). Ýêñïåðò-îðíèòîëîã ñòîèòñÿ 26–28 îêòÿáðÿ 2011 ã. â ïîñ. Èíñòèòóòà çîîëîãèè, Ïðåäñåäàòåëü Îáùåñòâà Àáàñòóìàíè íà áàçå Ãðóçèíñêîé íàöèî- îõðàíû ïòèö Ãðóçèè íàëüíîé àñòðîôèçè÷åñêîé îáñåðâàòî- The international scientific conference òåë: +9 9532 223 353, ðèè (ÃÍÀÎ) Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî Óíèâåð- “Birds – of prey and owls of Caucasus” +9 9532 220 164, ñèòåòà Èëüè ×àâ÷àâàäçå. will be held in Abastumani settlement in +9 95 97 123 560, +3 72 558 9510  õîäå ðàáîòû êîíôåðåíöèè íà ïëåíàð- the Georgian National Astrophysical Ob- ôàêñ: +9 9532 917 192 íûõ çàñåäàíèÿõ è â ñåêöèÿõ ïëàíèðóåòñÿ servatory (GNAO) of the Ilia Chavchavadze [email protected] ðàññìîòðåòü ñëåäóþùèå îñíîâíûå òåìû: State University, on October 26–28, 2011. - ôàóíà, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü, Îðãêîìèòåò During the conference the following top- êîíôåðåíöèè: ñòàòóñ õèùíûõ ïòèö è ñîâ Êàâêàçà è ñîïðå- ics will be discussed: aleksandre.abuladze@ äåëüíûõ ðåãèîíîâ; - fauna, distribution, population numbers, iliauni.edu.ge - áèîëîãèÿ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ âèäîâ; status of populations of birds of prey and - ìèãðàöèè è çèìîâêè; owls in Caucasus and adjacent regions; (6) Contact: - ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö è - breeding biology; Dr. Alexander Abuladze îõîòà ñ õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè; - migration and wintering; Expert in Ornithology of - ïðîáëåìû îõðàíû. - practical importance of birds of prey and the Institute of Zoology, Êðóãëûå ñòîëû áóäóò ïîñâÿùåíû ñëåäóþ- Chairman of the Bird falconry; Conservation Society of ùèì ïðîáëåìàì: - conservation. Georgia - õèøíèêè â ãîðíûõ ýêîñèñòåìàõ; The conference will include several round 31 Ilia Chavchavadze - ìîíèòîðèíã ïîïóëÿöèé (äèíàìèêà àðåà- tables on the topics as follows: ave., ëîâ, ÷èñëåííîñòè, ìåòîäè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû ìî- Tbilisi, Georgia, 0197 - birds of prey and owls in mountain eco- tel: +9 9532 223353, íèòîðèíãà ïîïóëÿöèé, ñîçäàíèå àòëàñîâ, ôîð- systems; +9 9532 220 164, ìèðîâàíèå áàç äàííûõ, äåìîãðàôèÿ è ïð.); - monitoring of populations (perennial dy- +9 9597 123 560, - íîâûå ìåòîäû èçó÷åíèÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèù- namics of ranges and numbers, methodical +372 558 9510 íèêîâ; fax: +9 9532 917 192 aspects of the monitoring of populations, [email protected] - ðåäêèå è èñ÷åçàþùèå âèäû; methods of accounts, atlas creating, devel- - ïðàêòè÷åñêîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå õèùíûõ oping the databases, demography, popula- Committee ïòèö, îõîòà ñ ëîâ÷èìè ïòèöàìè. tion history etc.) of Conference: Êàæäûé ó÷àñòíèê ìîæåò ïðåäñòàâèòü äâà aleksandre.abuladze@ - new methods for study of raptors; iliauni.edu.ge ñîáñòâåííûõ äîêëàäà è äâà â ñîàâòîðñòâå. Òå- - rare and endangered species; çèñû áóäóò èçäàíû ê íà÷àëó ðàáîòû êîíôå- - practical importance of birds of prey; fal- ðåíöèè. Òåçèñû îáú¸ìîì 1 ñòð. ôîðìàòà À4 conry. íåîáõîäèìî ïðåäñòàâèòü íå ïîçäíåå 10 ìàÿ. Every participant may present two reports Ìàòåðèàëû äîêëàäîâ áóäóò èçäàíû ïîñëå of himself and two reports with co-authors. êîíôåðåíöèè. Abstracts of oral reports and posters will

5 http://www.mme.hu/termeszetvedelem/budapest-conference-13-04-2011/presentations.html Events Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 9

Ðàçìåð îðãâçíîñà ñîñòàâëÿåò 50€ (äëÿ be published by the conference dates. The ñîïðîâîæäàþùåãî ëèöà 25€) è ïîêðûâàåò abstract (1 page of À4 format) may include ðàñõîäû íà èíôîðìàöèîííûå, ïðåçåíòà- only table, map or figure. The abstract dead- öèîííûå è ñóâåíèðíûå ìàòåðèàëû, èçäà- line is May, 10. íèå ñáîðíèêà òåçèñîâ, ïåðåðûâû íà êîôå, The conference proceedings are planning ïðè¸ì â äåíü îòêðûòèÿ, ýêñêóðñèþ, òðàíñ- to publish after the conference. ïîðòíûå ðàñõîäû îò Òáèëèñè äî Àáàñòóìà- Registration fee is 50€ for (for partici- íè è îáðàòíî. Îðãâçíîñ áóäåò ïðèíèìàòü- pants without reports or posters – 25€) that ñÿ êàê ïåðå÷èñëåíèåì íà áàíêîâñêèé ñ÷¸ò, includes conference proceedings, meals òàê è íàëè÷íûìè ïðè ðåãèñòðàöèè. during coffee-brakes, information, pres- Ðàáî÷èé ÿçûê êîíôåðåíöèè – àíãëèéñêèé. entation materials and souvenirs, daytrip Çàïîëíåííóþ ðåãèñòðàöèîííóþ êàð- and transport from Tbilisi to Abastumani òî÷êó6 íåîáõîäèìî âûñëàòü äî 30 àïðåëÿ and backwards. Participants may pay the 2011 ã. â àäðåñ îðãêîìèòåòà. registration as a bank transfer prior to the Óñëîâèÿ ïðîæèâàíèÿ, ïèòàíèÿ, à òàêæå conference or in cash at the registration of ïðî÷àÿ íåîáõîäèìàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ áóäóò participants. ñîîáùåíû âñåì çàðåãèñòðèðîâàâøèìñÿ The official language of the conference is ó÷àñòíèêàì. English. Êîíòàêò (6). The deadline for application form6 sub- mission is April, 30 2011. Information about accommodation, trips (7) Contact: Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïî èçó- and others will be sent all the registered David H. Johnson ÷åíèþ, ìîíèòîðèíãó è îõðàíå óøàñòîé participants. [email protected] ñîâû (Asio otus) áóäåò ïðîõîäèòü 1–5 Contact (6). Katarina Paunovic íîÿáðÿ 2011 ã. â Êèêèíäå, Ñåðáèÿ. [email protected] Êîíôåðåíöèÿ áóäåò ôîêóñèðîâàòüñÿ íà skype: cyberkat74 äâóõ òåìàõ: yahoo messenger: cyberkat74 1) èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà óøàñòîé ñîâû, â îñîáåííîñòè ìîíèòîðèíã; 2) óêðåïëåíèå îáùèííûõ ïðîãðàìì, îñâåäîìë¸ííîñòü è ýêîòóðèçì íà òåððèòî- ðèÿõ çèìîâêè óøàñòûõ ñîâ. Ïðîãðàììà âêëþ÷àåò ÷åòûðå äíÿ çàñåäà- íèé è îäèí äåíü ïîëåâîé ýêñêóðñèè. Îñíîâíàÿ öåëü ýòîé êîíôåðåíöèè â òîì, ÷òîáû ðàçðàáîòàòü ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ïðî- òîêîë èçó÷åíèÿ è ìîíèòîðèíãà óøàñòîé ñîâû. Ýòîò ïðîòîêîë ïîìîæåò êîîðäèíàöèè ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ äåéñòâèé ïî èçó÷åíèþ è ìîíèòîðèíãó óøàñòîé ñîâû â ïåðèîä ðàç- ìíîæåíèÿ è çèìîâêè, à òàêæå ðàçðàáîòêå àñïåêòîâ äëÿ îáùèí è ñðåäñòâ ìàññîâîé èíôîðìàöèè. Íà êîíôåðåíöèè ïëàíèðó- åòñÿ ñôîðìèðîâàòü ãðóïïû ïî ðàçðàáîòêå îòäåëüíûõ àñïåêòîâ ïðîòîêîëà. Ïîñòåðû è ïðåçåíòàöèè äîëæíû áûòü ïî- ñâÿùåíû àêòóàëüíûì òåìàì èññëåäîâàíèÿ, îõðàíû, ýêîîáðàçîâàíèÿ, èíäóñòðèè ýêîòó- ðèçìà, ïîñòðîåííîé âîêðóã óøàñòîé ñîâû. Àâòîðû äîëæíû ñîîáùèòü î òîì, áóäåò ñäåëàí èìè óñòíûé äîêëàä èëè ñòåíäîâîå ñîîáùåíèå. Íà óñòíûå äîêëàäû âûäåëÿåòñÿ îêîëî 17 ìèíóò è íåñêîëüêî ìèíóò äëÿ âî- Óøàñòûå ñîâû (Asio otus) íà çèìîâêå â Íàöïàðêå ïðîñîâ è îòâåòîâ ïîñëå êàæäîé ïðåçåíòà- «Ñìîëüíûé» â Ìîðäîâèè. Ôîòî Ñ. Áàêêè. öèè. Àâòîðàì çàêàçàííûõ îðãàíèçàòîðàìè Wintering Long-Eared Owls (Asio otus) in the Smolny ïðåçåíòàöèé áóäåò âûäåëåíî áîëüøå âðå- National Park in the Republic of Mordovia. ìåíè äëÿ èõ äîêëàäîâ. Íà êîíôåðåíöèè íå Photo by S. Bakka.

6 http://docs.sibecocenter.ru/programs/raptors/Publ/Abastumani_2011_RUS_Attachment_1_Participant_Form.doc 10 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Ñîáûòèÿ

áóäåò íèêàêèõ ïàðàëëåëüíûõ ñåññèé, òàê International Conference on the Survey, ÷òî âñå ïîñåòèòåëè áóäóò èìåòü âîçìîæ- Monitoring and Conservation of the Long- íîñòü óñëûøàòü âñå ïðåçåíòàöèè. Òåçèñû Eared Owl (Asio otus) will be held in 1–5 äîëæíû áûòü íàáðàíû øðèôòîì Arial 12 November 2011 in the Kikinda, Serbia. êåãëåì è íå äîëæíû ïðåâûøàòü 300 ñëîâ, çà The focus of this conference is around two èñêëþ÷åíèåì íàçâàíèÿ è àäðåñà àâòîðà. themes: Êðàéíèé ñðîê äëÿ ïîäà÷è àáñòðàêòîâ – 1) the science and conservation of the 15 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2011 ã. Long-Eared Owl, especially survey and Ðåãèñòðàöèîííûé âçíîñ ñîñòàâëÿåò 150 monitoring efforts; åâðî (40 åâðî â äåíü), êîòîðûé âêëþ÷àåò â 2) enhancing community-based pro- ñåáÿ ïðè¸ì íà âñåõ ñåññèÿõ, âå÷åðíåå îáùå- grams, awareness, and ecotourism in areas íèå, êîíöåðò, êîôå-áðåéêè, çàâòðàê, îáåä, having Long-Eared Owl roosts. óæèí è ïðîæèâàíèå â òå÷åíèå 4-õ äíåé. Program including 4 days of presentation/ Êîíòàêò (7). workshop sessions, and 1 day for a field ex- cursion. A key goal of this workshop will be to de- 10–11 íîÿáðÿ 2011 ã. â Óëüÿíîâñêå ñî- velop an international Long-Eared Owl Sur- ñòîèòñÿ íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêèé ñåìèíàð vey and Monitoring Protocol. This protocol «Ïðîáëåìû ãèáåëè ïòèö è îðíèòîëî- will guide international/global efforts on sur- ãè÷åñêàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü íà âîçäóøíûõ vey and monitoring owls during the breed- ËÝÏ ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè: ñîâðåìåííûé ing and wintering seasons, as well as framing íàó÷íûé è ïðàêòè÷åñêèé îïûò». aspects for community and media relations. Ñåìèíàð îðãàíèçóåòñÿ Ñîþçîì îõðàíû At the workshop, attendees will be formed ïòèö Ðîññèè (ÑÎÏÐ) è ÎÎÎ «Ýêî-ÍÈÎÊл into small teams, with each team working on (Óëüÿíîâñê). Öåëüþ ñåìèíàðà ÿâëÿåòñÿ êî- a specific aspect of survey protocols. îðäèíàöèÿ óñèëèé ïî âûðàáîòêå è ðåà- Poster and presentation content may con- ëèçàöèè ðåãèîíàëüíûõ, âåäîìñòâåííûõ sist of topics relevant to the survey, conser- è îáùåðîññèéñêîãî ïëàíîâ äåéñòâèé ïî vation, public education, and ecotourism in- ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ýëåêòðî- dustry framed around the Long-Eared Owl. óñòàíîâêàõ. Ó÷àñòíèêè: ñîòðóäíèêè íàó÷- Please indicate if you are giving an oral or íûõ ó÷ðåæäåíèé, îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ïðè- poster presentation. In general, presenters ðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèé, îðíèòîëîãè, ýêîëîãè, should expect to speak for about 17 minutes, àêòèâèñòû ðåãèîíàëüíûõ îòäåëåíèé ÑÎÏÐ, and then having a few minutes for questions äðóãèõ ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îáùåñòâåííûõ è and answers after each presentation. Speak- Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé, ïðåäñòàâè- ers for invited papers will be given a bit more nipalensis) íà òðàâåðñå ïòèöåîïàñíîé îïîðû òåëè ýëåêòðîïåðåäàþùèõ ñåòåâûõ êîìïà- time. There will not be any concurrent ses- ËÝÏ, îñíàù¸ííîé ÏÇÓ. íèé, ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëè, äðóãèå çàèíòåðå- sions, so all attendees will be able to hear all Ôîòî À. Ñàëòûêîâà. ñîâàííûå ëèöà. presentations. Abstracts should not exceed Steppe Eagle (Aquila Ïðîãðàììîé ñåìèíàðà ïðåäóñìàòðèâàåò- 300 words, excluding title and author ad- nipalensis) on the ñÿ âûñòóïëåíèå äîêëàä÷èêîâ ïî îñíîâíûì dresses; be in Arial 12-point font. electric pole dangerous àñïåêòàì ïðîáëåìû «Ïòèöû è ËÝÏ» (îðíè- The deadline for abstracts is 15 Septem- for birds with bird protective device. òîëîãè÷åñêèå, ïðàâîâûå, ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå, ber, 2011. Photo by A. Saltykov. òåõíè÷åñêèå è îðãàíèçàöèîííûå âîïðîñû), à Registration is 150 Euros. Single day: 40 Euros. Registration includes admission into all sessions, evening socials, concert, cof- fee/sodas/juice; breakfast, lunch and dinner, and lodging for 4 days. Contact (7).

The workshop “Problems of bird electrocu- tion and bird safety on the overhead medi- um voltage power lines: modern scientific and practical experience” will take place in Ulyanovsk on 10–11 November 2011. The workshop will be held by the Rus- sian Bird Conservation Union (RBCU) and «Eco-NIOKR» Ltd. (Ulyanovsk). The work- shop is aimed to the coordination of the Events Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 11

(8) Êîíòàêò: òàêæå ïðîâåäåíèå êðóãëîãî ñòîëà, ïîäãîòîâêà development and implementation of re- Îëåã Áîðîäèí ðåêîìåíäàöèé è ðåçîëþöèè, àäðåñîâàííûõ gional, departmental and national action òåë.: +7 926 273 27 20 [email protected] ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì îðãàíèçàöèÿì è îòâåò- plan to prevent bird electrocution. Par- http:// ñòâåííûì ëèöàì. Ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ïîëåâîé âûåçä ticipants of the workshop: employees of www.volgabirds.ru íà ýëåêòðîñåòåâûå îáúåêòû, îñíàù¸ííûå ðàç- scientific organizations and Reserves, Or- íûìè òèïàìè ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ. nithologists, environmentalists, members Àíäðåé Ñàëòûêîâ òåë.: +7 8422 30 07 04; Ïåðå÷åíü âîïðîñîâ, âûíîñèìûõ íà ñå- of regional departments of RBCU, over +7 906 393 78 97 ìèíàð: environmental NGOs and governmental [email protected] - ìåòîäèêà ðåãèñòðàöèè ãèáåëè ïòèö íà organizations, representatives of electric http:// ËÝÏ è îöåíêà óùåðáà; grid companies, businessmen and inter- www.birdprotect.ru - ìàñøòàáû ñìåðòíîñòè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ, ãè- ested parties. áåëü «êðàñíîêíèæíûõ» âèäîâ; The reports concerning the main aspects (8) Contact: - âîçíèêàþùèå òåõíè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû (ornithological, legal, economic, technical Oleg Borodin ýëåêòðîñíàáæåíèÿ, àâàðèéíîñòü, óùåðá and organizational) of the problem of “Birds tel.: +7 926 273 27 20 [email protected] ýëåêòðîñåòÿì; and power lines” will be sounded during - þðèäè÷åñêàÿ ïðàêòèêà ïî ñîîòâåòñòâó- the workshop, also discussions, develop- Andrey Saltykov þùåé ïðîáëåìå; ing the recommendations and resolution, tel.: +7 8422 30 07 04; - îïûò íîâîãî ýòàïà ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåìû, addressed to organizations and officials re- +7 906 393 78 97 [email protected] âíåäðÿåìûå ñîâðåìåííûå ðàçðàáîòêè è sponsible for making decisions. A field trip http:// òåõíîëîãèè; ïåðñïåêòèâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ, to the power lines, retrofitted with differ- www.birdprotect.ru îðèãèíàëüíûå è àëüòåðíàòèâíûå èäåè; ent bird protective devices, is planned. - ðåøåíèå îðãàíèçàöèîííûõ è òåõíè÷å- The main topics of the workshop: ñêèõ âîïðîñîâ ïî òåìå «Ïòèöû è ËÝÏ» â - methods of census of bird deaths through ñîâðåìåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ õîçÿéñòâîâàíèÿ; electrocution and estimation of damage; - ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îð- - scales of death rates of birds caused by ãàíèçàöèé è ýíåðãåòèêîâ. electrocution, deaths of endangered species; Ïî èòîãàì ðàáîòû ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ èçäàíèå - technical problems of power supply, ac- ñáîðíèêà ìàòåðèàëîâ. Òåêñòû äîêëàäîâ îá cidents, damage to electric grid; îïûòå çàùèòû ïòèö è îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé áåç- - legal practice concerning the problem; îïàñíîñòè îáú¸ìîì äî 3-õ ñòðàíèö (Word - modern experience in solving the prob- 12-ïò; 1,5 ìåæñòðî÷íûõ èíòåðâàëà) ïðèíè- lem, modern design and technology imple- ìàþòñÿ äî 1 àâãóñòà 2011 ã. Çàÿâêè íà ó÷à- mentation, prospective directions, original ñòèå ïðèíèìàþòñÿ ïî ýëåêòðîííîé ïî÷òå â and alternative ideas; àäðåñ îðãêîìèòåòà äî 1 èþíÿ 2011 ã. Âñåì - solving the organizational and techni- çàðåãèñòðèðîâàâøèìñÿ áóäåò íàïðàâëåíà cal questions on the problem of “Birds and íåîáõîäèìàÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ. power lines” under modern economic con- Ôîðìà çàÿâêè: ditions; 1. ÔÈÎ ó÷àñòíèêà - collaborations between environmental 2. Ìåñòî ðàáîòû organizations and electric utility companies. 3. Äîëæíîñòü The conference proceedings are planning 4. Àäðåñà, òåëåôîíû, e-mail to publish. Reports (up to 3 pages) about 5. Òåìà âûñòóïëåíèÿ the experience in bird protection and safety Êîíòàêò (8). should be submitted by email until 1 Au- gust 2011. The application form deadline is 1 June 2011. The additional information will be sent all applicants. Application form: 1. Full name of Applicant 2. Organization 3. Occupation 4. Contact details (address, tel., e-mail) 5. Theme of presentation Contact (8).

Ìîíòàæ ÏÇÓ â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ôîòî À. Ñàëòûêîâà. Retrofitting of electric poles with bird protective devices in the Ulyanovsk region. Photo by A. Saltykov. 12 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Ñîáûòèÿ

BudapestDeclarationonBirdProtectionandPowerLines AdoptedbytheConference“PowerLinesandBirdMortalityinEurope”, Budapest,Hungary,13April,2011

БУДАПЕШТСКАЯ ДЕКЛАРАЦИЯ ПО ЗАЩИТЕ ПТИЦ НА ЛИНИЯХ ЭЛЕКТРОПЕРЕДАЧИ Принята на конференции «Линии электропередачи и гибель птиц от поражения электротоком в Европе», Будапешт, Венгрия, 13 апреля 2011 года

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ «ËÝÏ è ãèáåëü ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ The Conference “Power Lines and Bird Mortality ýëåêòðîòîêîì â Åâðîïå» (äàëåå Êîíôåðåíöèÿ) áûëà in Europe” (the Conference) was co-organised by îðãàíèçîâàíà ñîâìåñòíî ñ îáùåñòâîì îõðàíû ïòèö MME/BirdLife Hungary, the Ministry of Rural De- Âåíãðèè (îòäåëåíèåì BirdLife), Ìèíèñòåðñòâîì ðàçâè- velopment of Hungary and BirdLife Europe and was òèÿ ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà Âåíãðèè è BirdLife Åâðîïû è kindly hosted by MAVIR (the Hungarian Transmission áûëà ëþáåçíî îðãàíèçîâàíà MAVIR (Îïåðàòîð âåíãåð- System Operator Company Ltd.), as part of the official ñêîé ñåòè ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷), êàê ÷àñòü îôèöèàëü- programme of the Hungarian EU Presidency in 2011. íîé ïðîãðàììû ïðåäñåäàòåëüñòâà Âåíãðèè â ÅÑ â 2011 It was attended by 123 participants of 29 European ã.  êîíôåðåíöèè ïðèíÿëè ó÷àñòèå 123 ïðåäñòàâèòå- and Central Asian countries, the European Commis- ëÿ èç 29 åâðîïåéñêèõ è öåíòðàëüíî-àçèàòñêèõ ñòðàí, sion, UNEP-AEWA, six energy and utility companies, Åâðîïåéñêàÿ Êîìèññèÿ, UNEP-AEWA, øåñòü ýíåðãå- experts, businesses and NGOs. Following the review òè÷åñêèõ è ðàñïðåäåëèòåëüíûõ êîìïàíèé, ýêñïåðòû, of state of art of bird safety on power lines across Eu- ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëè è íåïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûå îðãàíèçà- rope and taking stock of the progress achieved and öèè. Ïîñëå îáçîðà ñîñòîÿíèÿ äåë áåçîïàñíîñòè ïòèö future challenges in ensuring the implementation of íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷ ïî âñåé Åâðîïå, îöåíêè the relevant international and national legislations by äîñòèãíóòîãî ïðîãðåññà, îçâó÷èâàíèÿ áóäóùèõ çàäà÷ â the parties and by sharing their national experiences, îáåñïå÷åíèè îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ìåæäó- the participants of the Conference adopted the fol- íàðîäíûõ è íàöèîíàëüíûõ çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâ ñòîðîí è lowing Declaration: ïîñðåäñòâîì îáìåíà îïûòîì â ñâîèõ ñòðàíàõ, ó÷àñò- íèêè Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïðèíÿëè ñëåäóþùóþ Äåêëàðàöèþ: We call on the European Commission and national governments Ìû ïðèçûâàåì Åâðîïåéñêóþ êîìèññèþ è ïðà- • as they formulate, commit to, and pursue an am- âèòåëüñòâà ñòðàí bitious set of climate, energy and biodiversity con- • êàê îíè ôîðìóëèðóþò, îáÿçàòü è ïðåñëåäîâàòü ðÿä servation targets and strategies to reconcile energy àìáèöèîçíûõ çàäà÷ ïî ñîõðàíåíèþ êëèìàòà, ýíåðãå- generation, transmission and distribution with the òèêè è áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ, à òàêæå ñòðàòåãèé ïî ñî- protection of wild birds within and beyond protected ãëàñîâàíèþ ïðîèçâîäñòâà, ïåðåäà÷è è ðàñïðåäå- areas; ëåíèÿ ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè è çàùèòû ïòèö â ïðåäåëàõ • to maintain high levels of implementation of è çà ãðàíèöàìè ÎÎÏÒ; the EU’s environmental acquis including the Birds • îáåñïå÷èòü âûñîêèé óðîâåíü ðåàëèçàöèè ïðè- and the Habitats Directives and relevant interna- ðîäîîõðàííûõ íîðì ÅÑ, â òîì ÷èñëå Äèðåêòèâû ïî tional legislation through the application at national ïòèöàì è ñðåäå îáèòàíèÿ è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ìåæäó- or regional level of effective legal, administrative, íàðîäíûõ ïðàâîâûõ íîðì ïîñðåäñòâîì ïðèìåíåíèÿ technical or other requisite measures for: 1) mini- íà íàöèîíàëüíîì èëè ðåãèîíàëüíîì óðîâíå äåé- misation of the negative impacts of power lines ñòâóþùèõ ïðàâîâûõ, àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ, òåõíè÷åñêèõ on the natural environment and wild birds and 2) èëè äðóãèõ íåîáõîäèìûõ ìåð äëÿ: 1) ìèíèìèçàöèè ensuring a system of general protection of wild îòðèöàòåëüíûõ âîçäåéñòâèé ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðå- birds as requested by the Birds Directive, and 3) äà÷ íà îêðóæàþùóþ ïðèðîäíóþ ñðåäó è ïòèö è ensuring that such measures are incorporated in 2) îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ñèñòåìû âñåîáúåìëþùåé çàùèòû the assessment of investment projects such as the ïòèö â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ òðåáîâàíèÿìè Äèðåêòèâû electricity ‘Projects of European Interest’ that will ïî ïòèöàì, è 3) îáåñïå÷åíèÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû òàêèå be advanced through the follow-up of the EU’s En- ìåðû áûëè âêëþ÷åíû â îöåíêè èíâåñòèöèîííûõ ergy Infrastructure Package. ïðîåêòîâ, òàêèõ êàê ýëåêòðîýíåðãèÿ «Ïðîåêòû, ïðåä- We call on all interested parties to jointly under- ñòàâëÿþùèå èíòåðåñ äëÿ Åâðîïû», êîòîðûå áóäóò îñó- take a programme of follow up actions leading to ùåñòâëÿòüñÿ â ðàìêàõ ïîñëåäóþùåãî êîìïëåêñà ìåð ïî effective minimisation of the power line induced bird ðàçâèòèþ ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ÅÑ. mortality across the European continent and beyond. Events Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 13

Ìû ïðèçûâàåì âñå çàèíòåðåñîâàííûå ñòîðîíû Such actions are, for example: ñîâìåñòíî îñóùåñòâèòü ïðîãðàììó ñëåäóþùèõ äåéñòâèé, âåäóùèõ ê ýôôåêòèâíîé ìèíèìèçàöèè âëèÿíèÿ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷ íà ñìåðòíîñòè ïòèö íà åâðîïåéñêîì êîíòèíåíòå è çà åãî ïðåäåëàìè. Ýòè äåéñòâèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíû íèæå:

Action / Ìåðîïðèÿòèå Applies to… / Îáðàùåíî ê… I. Preparatory actions, to be implemented by the end of 2012 I. Ïîäãîòîâèòåëüíûå ðàáîòû, êîòîðûå áóäóò îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ äî êîíöà 2012 ãîäà 1. Set up Groups of experts on bird safety on pow- Governments: National (EU), National (non-EU), In- er lines in each country and at international level to re- ternational; Industry, NGOs view and consolidate the available technical standards for bird safety on power lines; to develop National and European programmes for prevention and mitigation of bird electrocution and collision; to facilitate exchange of technical, biological and managerial experience and support implementation of such programmes. 1. Ñîçäàòü ãðóïïû ýêñïåðòîâ ïî áåçîïàñíîñòè Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà: Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû ÅÑ), Íàöèî- ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â êàæäîé ñòðàíå è íà ìåæäóíàðîäíîì íàëüíûå (ñòðàíû, íå âõîäÿùèõ â ÅÑ), Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå; óðîâíå äëÿ ðàññìîòðåíèÿ è îáúåäèíåíèÿ èìåþùèõñÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü, íåïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûå îðãàíèçàöèè òåõíè÷åñêèõ ñòàíäàðòîâ äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ áåçîïàñ- íîñòè ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷, ðàçâèòèÿ íà- öèîíàëüíûõ è åâðîïåéñêèõ ïðîãðàìì ïî ïðåäóïðå- æäåíèþ è ñìÿã÷åíèþ ïîñëåäñòâèé ïîðàæåíèÿ ïòèö ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì è ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ ïòèö ñ ËÝÏ, ñîäåéñòâèÿ îáìåíó îïûòîì â òåõíè÷åñêîé, áèîëîãè- ÷åñêîé è óïðàâëåí÷åñêîé îáëàñòÿõ è ïîääåðæêè îñó- ùåñòâëåíèÿ òàêèõ ïðîãðàìì. 2. Develop and kick off an Internationally coordinat- National (EU), National (non-EU), International ed start-up programme for knowledge transfer, includ- ing the maintenance of an international roster of experts and regular communication on technical and managerial issues; to develop internationally standardised monitor- ing protocols; to expedite a Pan-European movement towards improving bird safety on power lines, including research and development as well as communication projects and voluntary cooperation between industry, public administration, and civil society. 2. Ðàçðàáîòàòü è çàïóñòèòü ñêîîðäèíèðîâàííóþ íà Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû ÅÑ), Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû, ìåæäóíàðîäíîì óðîâíå ñòàðòîâóþ ïðîãðàììó ïî íå âõîäÿùèõ â ÅÑ), Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå ïåðåäà÷å çíàíèé, âêëþ÷àÿ ïîääåðæêó ìåæäóíàðîä- íîãî ðååñòðà ýêñïåðòîâ è ðåãóëÿðíóþ ñâÿçü ïî òåõ- íè÷åñêèì è óïðàâëåí÷åñêèì âîïðîñàì; ðàçðàáîòàòü ìåæäóíàðîäíûå ñòàíäàðòèçèðîâàííûå ïðîòîêîëû ìî- íèòîðèíãà; óñêîðèòü ïàí-åâðîïåéñêîå äâèæåíèå ïî óñèëåíèþ áåçîïàñíîñòè ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïå- ðåäà÷, âêëþ÷àÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ è ðàçðàáîòêè, à òàêæå ïðîåêòû ïî îáìåíó èíôîðìàöèåé è äîáðîâîëüíîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî ìåæäó áèçíåñîì, ãîñóäàðñòâåííûì àïïàðàòîì è ãðàæäàíñêèì îáùåñòâîì. 3. Support exchange of experience between EU National (EU), National (non-EU) and non-EU countries to reduce and eliminate bird electrocution and collision on power lines. 3. Ïîääåðæàòü îáìåí îïûòîì ìåæäó ñòðàíàìè Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû ÅÑ), Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû, ÅÑ è ñòðàíàìè, íå âõîäÿùèìè â ÅÑ â öåëÿõ ñíèæå- íå âõîäÿùèõ â ÅÑ) íèÿ è ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ. 14 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Ñîáûòèÿ

Action / Ìåðîïðèÿòèå Applies to… / Îáðàùåíî ê… II. Planning and standard verification actions, to be implemented by end of 2015 II. Ïëàíèðîâàíèå è ñòàíäàðòíûå äåéñòâèÿ ïî ïðîâåðêå, êîòîðûå áóäóò îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ äî êîíöà 2015 ãîäà 4. Prioritise power lines for mitigation in accord- National (EU), National (non-EU) ance to bird distribution data and in consultation with relevant governmental, industry, academy and NGO experts. Set up a detailed mid-term strategy and an implementation plan for mitigation measures. 4. Âûäåëèòü ïðèîðèòåòíûå ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà- Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû ÅÑ), Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû, ÷è äëÿ ñìÿã÷åíèÿ èõ âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïòèö, â ñîîòâåòñòâèè íå âõîäÿùèõ â ÅÑ) ñ äàííûìè ïî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö, ïî ñîãëàñîâàíèþ ñ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûìè, ïðîìûøëåí- íûìè, àêàäåìè÷åñêèìè è íåïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûìè ýêñ- ïåðòàìè. Ñîçäàòü ïîäðîáíóþ ñðåäíåñðî÷íóþ ñòðà- òåãèþ è ïëàí ïî îñóùåñòâëåíèþ ñìÿã÷àþùèõ ìåð. 5. Develop and approve national technical stand- National (EU), National (non-EU) ards and catalogues of bird-safe power pole designs (for new lines) and mitigation measures (for retrofit- ting existing lines) relevant for each country. Promote these standards through formal training of technical staff and sub-contractors and regular conferences. 5. Ðàçðàáîòàòü è óòâåðäèòü íàöèîíàëüíûå òåõíè÷å- Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû ÅÑ), Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû, ñêèå ñòàíäàðòû è ïåðå÷åíü áåçîïàñíûõ äëÿ ïòèö íå âõîäÿùèõ â ÅÑ) êîíñòðóêöèé îïîð ËÝÏ (äëÿ íîâûõ ëèíèé) è ñìÿã- ÷àþùèå ìåðû (äëÿ ïåðåîáîðóäîâàíèÿ ñóùåñòâóþùèõ ËÝÏ), ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ äëÿ êàæäîé ñòðàíû. Ïðîäâè- ãàòü ýòè ñòàíäàðòû ïîñðåäñòâîì ôîðìàëüíîãî îá- ó÷åíèÿ òåõíè÷åñêîãî ïåðñîíàëà è ñóáïîäðÿä÷èêîâ, à òàêæå ðåãóëÿðíûì ïðîâåäåíèåì êîíôåðåíöèé. III. Mitigation actions on new and fully reconstructed power lines, to be implemented from 2016 III. Ñìÿã÷àþùèå ìåðû íà íîâûõ è ïîëíîñòüþ ðåêîíñòðóèðîâàííûõ ËÝÏ, êîòîðûå áóäóò îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ ñ 2016 ãîäà 6. Ensure that new and fully reconstructed power National (EU), National (non-EU) line sections are safe for birds by design. 6. Óáåäèòücÿ, ÷òî îïîðû íîâûõ è ïîëíîñòüþ ðå- Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû ÅÑ), Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû, êîíñòðóèðîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ËÝÏ èìåþò áåçîïàñ- íå âõîäÿùèõ â ÅÑ) íóþ äëÿ ïòèö êîíñòðóêöèþ.

Ïåðâûå ðåøåíèÿ ïî çàùèòå ïòèö íà ËÝÏ Âåíãåðñêîãî îáùåñòâà îõðàíû ïòèö â 1991–2004 ãã. Ôîòî èç ïðåçåíòàöèè Ì. Õîðâàòà è äð., 2011. The first solutions: MME develops a bird protector cross arm cover in 1991–2004. Photos from the presentation by Horvath et al., 2011. Events Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 15

Action / Ìåðîïðèÿòèå Applies to… / Îáðàùåíî ê… IV. Mitigation actions on existing power lines, to be implemented by 2020 IV. Ñìÿã÷àþùèå äåéñòâèÿ íà ñóùåñòâóþùèõ ËÝÏ, êîòîðûå áóäóò îñóùåñòâëåíû ê 2020 ãîäó 7. Ensure that priority power lines in term of bird National (EU), National (non-EU) conservation / distribution and the most dangerous pole types in all lines are retrofitted / changed to bird-friendly lines and pole types. 7. Óáåäèòüñÿ, ÷òî ËÝÏ, ïðèîðèòåòíûå äëÿ ñîõðà- Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû ÅÑ), Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû, íåíèÿ / ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ïòèö, è íàèáîëåå îïàñíûå íå âõîäÿùèõ â ÅÑ) òèïû îïîð âñåõ ËÝÏ ðåêîíñòðóèðîâàíû / çàìåíå- íû íà áåçîïàñíûå äëÿ ïòèö òèïû ëèíèé è îïîð. V. Monitoring and reporting of progress V. Ìîíèòîðèíã è îò÷åòíîñòü î õîäå ïðîöåññà 8. Promote and support financially an internation- National (EU), National (non-EU), Industry ally standardised monitoring of the impacts of power lines on birds, including the necessary evaluation of the effectiveness of mitigation measures. 8. Ïðîäâèãàòü è îêàçûâàòü ôèíàíñîâóþ ïîääåðæêó Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû ÅÑ), Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû, ìåæäóíàðîäíîìó ñòàíäàðòèçèðîâàííîìó ìîíèòî- íå âõîäÿùèõ â ÅÑ), ïðîìûøëåííîñòü ðèíãó âëèÿíèÿ ËÝÏ íà ïòèö, âêëþ÷àÿ íåîáõîäèìûå îöåíêè ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ñìÿã÷àþùèõ ìåð. 9. To report every two years (starting from 2012) National (EU), National (non-EU) the actual progress in the implementation of Resolution 110 of the Bern Convention and of this Declaration. 9. Îò÷èòûâàòüñÿ êàæäûå äâà ãîäà (íà÷èíàÿ ñ 2012) Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû ÅÑ), Íàöèîíàëüíûå (ñòðàíû, ïî ðåàëüíîìó ïðîãðåññó â îñóùåñòâëåíèè Ðåçîëþöèè íå âõîäÿùèõ â ÅÑ) 110 Áåðíñêîé Êîíâåíöèè è äàííîé Äåêëàðàöèè.

Ñîâðåìåííûå ðåøåíèÿ äëÿ çàùèòû ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Åâðîïå. Ôîòî èç ïðåçåíòàöèè Ì. Õîðâàòà è äð., 2011. The recent solutions in Europe. Photos from the presentation by Horvath et al., 2011. 16 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà

ProblemofNumber ПРОБЛЕМА НОМЕРА

TheAltaiGasPipelineisaThreattothe“GoldenMountainsofAltai” UNESCOWorldHeritageSiteinRussia ГАЗОПРОВОД «АЛТАЙ» – УГРОЗА ОБЪЕКТУ ВСЕМИРНОГО ПРИРОДНОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ ЮНЕСКО «ЗОЛОТЫЕ ГОРЫ АЛТАЯ», РОССИЯ NikolenkoE.G.,SmelanskyI.E.(SiberianEnvironmentalCenter,Novosibirsk,Russia) Николенко Э.Г., Смелянский И.Э. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Íà ñàìîì þãå Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé, íà ñòû- In southern Altai Republic, at the intersec- Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî êå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ãðàíèö Êàçàõñòàíà, tion of Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» Êèòàÿ, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè ëåæèò îñîáåí- Russia, there is a particular high altitude 630090, Ðîññèÿ, íûé âûñîêîãîðíûé ó÷àñòîê, ïëîñêîãîðüå area – the upland region or tableland called Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 èëè íàãîðüå Óêîê (Ðóäîé è äð., 2000), â Ukok (Rudoy et al., 2000), known in popu- òåë: +7 383 328 30 26 íåñïåöèàëüíîé è ïîïóëÿðíîé ëèòåðàòó- lar literature as the “Ukok Plateau.” It is cen- [email protected] ðå ïîëó÷èâøåå íàçâàíèå «Ïëàòî Óêîê». trally located within the mountain cluster Èëüÿ Ñìåëÿíñêèé Îíî çàíèìàåò öåíòðàëüíîå ïîëîæåíèå of Mountainous, Southern, and Mongolian [email protected] â ãîðíîì óçëå Ãîðíîãî, Þæíîãî è Ìîí- Altai on the border of the Central Asian and ãîëüñêîãî Àëòàÿ íà ãðàíèöå öåíòðàëüíîà- Southern Siberian landscapes. To the north, Contact: çèàòñêèõ è þæíîñèáèðñêèõ ëàíäøàôòîâ. Ukok stretches to the southern foothills of Elvira Nikolenko Íà ñåâåð Óêîê ïðîòÿíóëñÿ äî þæíîãî the Southern Chuisky Ridge, along the Dz- NGO Siberian Environ- ïîäíîæüÿ Þæíî-×óéñêîãî õðåáòà, ïî hazator River to where the Koksu River flows mental Center ð. Äæàçàòîð äî óñòüåâîé ÷àñòè äîëèíû out of the valley into the Argut Depression P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk, ð. Êîêñó – Àðãóòñêîé êîòëîâèíû («Ñàìà- (“Samakhinskaya Steppe”). To the south of Russia, 630090 õèíñêàÿ ñòåïü»). Íà þãå Óêîêà ðàñïîëî- Ukok lies the largest ice-covered region of tel.: +7 383 328 30 26 æåí êðóïíåéøèé ëåäîâûé ðàéîí ãîðíîãî the Tabyn-Bogdo-Ola Mountains (highest [email protected] ìàññèâà Òàáûí-Áîãäî-Îëà (âûñøàÿ òî÷êà peak is Kuyten-Uul, also known as Nayram- Ilya Smelansky ã. Êóéòýí-Óóë èëè Íàéðàìäàë, 4374 ì). Ó dal, at 4374 m). At the base of this mountain [email protected] ïîäíîæèÿ ýòîãî ãîðíîãî óçëà, íà âûñîòå range, 2000–2500 m above sea level and 2000–2500 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ, îãðàíè- surrounded by ridges, the Bertek Depression ÷åííàÿ õðåáòàìè, êàê â ÷àøå, ëåæèò Áåð- lies as if in a cup. Tundra-steppe landscapes òåêñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà. Çäåñü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû typical of southeastern Altai are common õàðàêòåðíûå äëÿ Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ here, with areas of permafrost swamp. òóíäðîâî-ñòåïíûå ëàíäøàôòû ñ ó÷àñòêà- Thanks to its position and natural con- ìè ìåðçëîòíûõ áîëîò. ditions, Ukok is of significant interest as a Áëàãîäàðÿ ñâîåìó ïîëîæåíèþ è ïðè- natural and historical site. The sparsely pop- ðîäíûì óñëîâèÿì Óêîê ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ulated and relatively inaccessible tableland çíà÷èòåëüíûé èíòåðåñ êàê ïðèðîäíûé è is a center of protected biodiversity, a natu- èñòîðè÷åñêèé îáúåêò. Ìàëîíàñåë¸ííîå è ral biosphere reserve. This is a vital resting îòíîñèòåëüíî òðóäíîäîñòóïíîå ïëîñêîãî- place for migratory birds, one of the few ðüå èãðàåò ðîëü î÷àãà ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàç- places that has been an uninterrupted home íîîáðàçèÿ, åñòåñòâåííîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. to tundra-steppe fauna since the Pleistocene Ýòî âàæíåéøåå ìåñòî îñòàíîâêè ïòèö íà era. It is named as an Important Bird Area ìèãðàöèÿõ, îäíî èç íåìíîãèõ ìåñò ñîõðà- – “Ukok Plateau” (AT-002) – identified on íåíèÿ òóíäðîâî-ñòåïíîé ôàóíû, ñóùåñòâó- the basis of criteria A3 (important area for þùåå íåïðåðûâíî ñî âðåìåíè ïëåéñòîöå- species specific to the Eurasian alpine and íà. Îïèñàíà êëþ÷åâàÿ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ Eurasian steppe biomes) and A1 (important òåððèòîðèÿ ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ area for Saker Falcon conservation) (Mitro- (ÊÎÒÐ) «Ïëàòî Óêîê» (ÀÒ-002), âûäåëåí- fanov et al., 2006). Problem of Number Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 17

The Tabyn-Bogdo-Ola Mountains plays an important role in determining the climate and hydrology of a vast region of Eurasia. The largest glaciers in Altai are concentrat- ed here, and many rivers find their source here as well, flowing north into Russia and Inner Asia’s inland basin. Over 1500 archeological monuments from different eras have been found on Ukok, including well-known Scythian era sites. This legacy is unusual in the integ- rity of the archeological sites. Thanks to the preservative influence of permafrost in combination with the area’s dry climate, Âèä íà ëåäîâûé ðàéîí íàÿ íà îñíîâàíèè êðèòåðèåâ À3 (âàæíàÿ organic materials, including wooden and ãîðíîãî ìàññèâà òåððèòîðèÿ äëÿ âèäîâ, ñïåöèôè÷íûõ äëÿ leather artifacts – items that archeologists Òàáûí-Áîãäî-Îëà ÷åðåç áèîìîâ åâðàçèéñêèõ âûñîêîãîðèé è åâðà- almost never encounter – have survived Áåðòåêñêóþ êîòëîâèíó. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. çèéñêèõ ñòåïåé) è À1 (òåððèòîðèÿ âàæíà to the modern era in Ukok’s undisturbed äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíà) (Ìèòðîôàíîâ monuments. The high plateau has attracted Landscape of the Tabyn-Bogdo-Ola è äð., 2006). a succession of peoples since Paleolithic Mountains and Ãîðíûé óçåë Òàáûí-Áîãäî-Îëà èãðàåò times. Unique Scythian Pazyryk culture bur- Bertek Depression. âàæíóþ ðîëü â ôîðìèðîâàíèè êëèìàòà ials, rich petroglyph complexes, and a tre- Photo by E. Nikolenko. è ãèäðîëîãèè îáøèðíîãî ðåãèîíà Åâðà- mendous number of kurgan burial mounds çèè. Çäåñü ñîñðåäîòî÷åíû êðóïíåéøèå íà (the majority of which have not been stud- Àëòàå ëåäíèêè, èç êîòîðûõ áåðóò íà÷à- ied) (Molodin et al., 2004), are all found on ëî ìíîãèå ðåêè, êàê òåêóùèå íà ñåâåð, â Ukok. This speaks not only to Ukok’s im- Ðîññèþ, òàê è îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê áåññòî÷íîìó portance to ancient and medieval nomads, áàññåéíó Âíóòðåííåé Àçèè. but also attests to the fact that since ancient Íà Óêîêå íàéäåíî áîëåå 1500 àðõåî- times this place has been sacred to Altai’s ëîãè÷åñêèõ ïàìÿòíèêîâ ðàçíîãî âðåìåíè, population (Belokurov, Belokurova, 2010) èç êîòîðûõ îñîáåííî èçâåñòíû ñêèôñêèå It is likely that idolizing mountains was a äðåâíîñòè. Íåîáû÷íîñòü ýòîãî íàñëåäèÿ significant element of this sacralization – – â ñîõðàííîñòè àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ îáú- “mountain worship” is well known among åêòîâ. Áëàãîäàðÿ êîíñåðâèðóþùåìó âîç- the indigenous peoples of Altai and Mon- äåéñòâèþ âå÷íîé ìåðçëîòû, â ñî÷åòàíèè golia (Potapov, 1946) – and the mountains ñ ñóõèì êëèìàòîì, â íåïîòðåâîæåííûõ surrounding Ukok number among the most ïàìÿòíèêàõ Óêîêà äîøëè äî íàñ îðãàíè- well known sacred mountains in Asia. ÷åñêèå ìàòåðèàëû, èçäåëèÿ èç äåðåâà è A large section of Ukok adjoining the in- êîæè, êîòîðûå ïî÷òè íèêîãäà íå ïîïà- ternational border is a specially protected äàþò â ðóêè àðõåîëîãîâ. Âûñîêîãîðíîå area. According to Altai Republic decree ïëàòî ïðèâëåêàëî ðàçëè÷íûå ýòíîñû, ñìå- #168, dated 18 August 1994, the Ukok Qui- íÿâøèå äðóã äðóãà íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè et Zone (a nature reserve) was established ñî âðåìåí ïàëåîëèòà. Íà Óêîêå íàéäåíû here, occupying 254,900 hectares (slightly óíèêàëüíûå çàõîðîíåíèÿ ïàçûðûêñêîé less than half the entire plateau) (Red Book êóëüòóðû ñêèôñêîãî êðóãà, áîãàòåéøèå …, 2007). Later, this area acquired the sta- ïåòðîãëèôè÷åñêèå êîìïëåêñû, îãðîì- tus of Nature Park, a status that it retains to- íîå êîëè÷åñòâî êóðãàíîâ, áîëüøèíñòâî day. In 1998, UNESCO recognized the park èç êîòîðûõ åù¸ íå èññëåäîâàíî (Ìîëî- as a World Heritage Site for Culture and Na- äèí è äð., 2004). Ýòî ãîâîðèò íå òîëüêî ture within the “Golden Mountains of Altai” î âàæíîì çíà÷åíèè Óêîêà äëÿ êî÷åâíèêîâ nomination (“Golden Mountains f Altai”…, äðåâíîñòè è ñðåäíåâåêîâüÿ, íî è ñâèäå- 1995). òåëüñòâóåò, ÷òî ñ äðåâíåéøèõ âðåì¸í ýòî Kanas National Reserve and the Burkin ìåñòî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñàêðàëüíûì äëÿ íàñåëåíèÿ Kanas Hao National Geopark are on the Chi- Àëòàÿ (Áåëîêóðîâ, Áåëîêóðîâà, 2010). Âå- nese side of the Tabyn-Bogdo-Ola Moun- ðîÿòíî, âàæíûì ýëåìåíòîì ñàêðàëèçàöèè tains. The former area has been recognized áûëî ïîêëîíåíèå ãîðàì – «êóëüò ãîð» õî- since 1986 as a national protected area, ðîøî ïðîÿâëåí ó êîðåííûõ íàðîäîâ Àëòàÿ while the second is a departmental protect- è Ìîíãîëèè (Ïîòàïîâ, 1946), à îêðóæàþ- ed area under the management of China’s ùèå Óêîê ãîðíûå ñîîðóæåíèÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ ê Ministry of Land and Resources. The pri- 18 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà

÷èñëó íàèáîëåå èçâåñòíûõ ñâÿùåííûõ ãîð mary conservation target of these protected Àçèè. areas is the unique mountain lake Kanas, Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü Óêîêà, ïðèìûêàþùàÿ ê and one of the main conservation goals is ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ãðàíèöå, ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñî- to ensure the protection of water resources, áî îõðàíÿåìîé òåððèòîðèåé. Ïîñòàíîâ- a very important issue for the arid Xinjiang- ëåíèåì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé Uyghur Autonomous Region. Since the îò 18 àâãóñòà 1994 ã. ¹168 çäåñü áûëà late 1990s, a process has been underway îáðàçîâàíà «Çîíà ïîêîÿ Óêîê» (ïðè- to establish an international transboundary ðîäíûé ðåçåðâàò), çàíèìàþùàÿ ïëîùàäü protected area and a transboundary world 254,9 òûñ. ãà (÷óòü ìåíåå ïîëîâèíû âñå- heritage site in this part of Altai. Protected ãî ïëîñêîãîðüÿ) (Ìàðèíèí è äð., 2000). areas adjoining Ukok in Mongolia and China Ïîçæå ýòà òåððèòîðèÿ ïîëó÷èëà ñòàòóñ have also submitted applications to be in- ïðèðîäíîãî ïàðêà, äåéñòâóþùåãî è â íà- cluded in the UNESCO World Heritage Site, ñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ.  1998 ã. â ñîñòàâå íî- and in Kazakhstan (Western Altai Biosphere ìèíàöèè «Çîëîòûå ãîðû Àëòàÿ» ýòîò ïàðê Reserve and Katon-Karagay National Park) ïðèçíàí îáúåêòîì âñåìèðíîãî êóëüòóð- the application is being submitted. íîãî è ïðèðîäíîãî íàñëåäèÿ ÞÍÅÑÊÎ Proposals to stretch a road and pipeline (Çîëîòûå ãîðû…, 1995). across the Ukok Plateau from Russia into Ñ êèòàéñêîé ñòîðîíû ê ãîðíîìó óçëó China have been made from time to time Òàáûí-Áîãäî-Îëà ïðèìûêàþò íàöèîíàëü- over the last two decades. However, the íûé ðåçåðâàò «Õàíàñ» è íàöèîíàëüíûé possibility of a road or railroad being built ãåîïàðê «Áóðêèí Êàíàñ Õàó». Ïåðâûé ñ always resulted in sharp public outcry by Al- 1986 ã. èìååò ñòàòóñ îáùåíàöèîíàëüíîé taians, whose past history includes a period ÎÎÏÒ, âòîðîé – âåäîìñòâåííûé, íàõîäèòñÿ of Chinese allegiance that saw brutal repres- â âåäåíèè Ìèíèñòåðñòâà çåìëè è ðåñóðñîâ sion of the local population. A pipeline was ÊÍÐ. Ãëàâíûé îáúåêò îõðàíû â ýòèõ ÎÎÏÒ perceived more calmly. The threat once – óíèêàëüíîå ãîðíîå îçåðî Êàíàñ, îäíà èç again became relevant in 2006, when then îñíîâíûõ öåëåé – îáåñïå÷èòü ñîõðàíåíèå Russian President Vladimir Putin announced âîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ, ÷òî î÷åíü àêòóàëüíî äëÿ the “Altai” project to transport Russian gas àðèäíîãî Ñèíüöçÿí-Óéãóðñêîãî àâòîíîì- directly through the western border of Rus- íîãî ðàéîíà. Ñ êîíöà 1990-õ ãã. ðàçâèâà- sia and China. åòñÿ ïðîöåññ ñîçäàíèÿ â ýòîé ÷àñòè Àëòàÿ Russia shares a huge border with China ìåæäóíàðîäíîé òðàíñãðàíè÷íîé îõðàíÿå- to the east – over 4000 km in length – but ìîé òåððèòîðèè è òðàíñãðàíè÷íîãî îáú- the only shared Russian-Chinese border to åêòà âñåìèðíîãî íàñëåäèÿ. Ïðèìûêàþùèå the west is just 54 km long and is wedged ê Óêîêó ÎÎÏÒ Ìîíãîëèè è Êèòàÿ òàêæå between Russia’s borders with Kazakhstan ïîäàëè äîêóìåíòû íà âêëþ÷åíèå â ñïèñîê and Mongolia along the Tabyn-Bogdo-Ola îáúåêòîâ âñåìèðíîãî íàñëåäèÿ ÞÍÅÑÊÎ, ridge. The geography of the area is such â Êàçàõñòàíå (Çàïàäíî-Àëòàéñêèé çàïîâåä- that the gas pipeline cannot be built in íèê è Êàòîí-Êàðàãàéñêèé íàöèîíàëüíûé avoidance of the plateau or even along its ïàðê) äîêóìåíòû íàõîäÿòñÿ íà ñòàäèè ïî- edge. In order to cross over at Kanas Pass äà÷è çàÿâêè. as planned, it must be laid directly through Ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïðîâåñòè ÷åðåç Óêîê äî- the Bertek Depression. ðîãó è òðóáîïðîâîä èç Ðîññèè â Êèòàé âðåìÿ îò âðåìåíè îçâó÷èâàëèñü â òå- ÷åíèå ïîñëåäíèõ äâóõ äåñÿòèëåòèé. Íî âîçìîæíîñòü ïðîêëàäêè àâòîìîáèëüíîé ëèáî æåëåçíîé äîðîãè âûçûâàëà ðåç- êèé ïðîòåñò ó àëòàéöåâ, â èñòîðè÷åñêîì ïðîøëîì êîòîðûõ áûë ïåðèîä êèòàéñêî- ãî ïîääàíñòâà, ñâÿçàííûé ñ æåñòîêèì ïîäàâëåíèåì ïðàâ ìåñòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ. Òðóáîïðîâîä âîñïðèíèìàëñÿ ñïîêîé- íåå. Óãðîçà â î÷åðåäíîé ðàç ïðèîáðåëà àêòóàëüíîñòü â 2006 ã., êîãäà Ïðåçèäåíò Ðîññèè Â.Â. Ïóòèí àíîíñèðîâàë ïðîåêò «Àëòàé» ïî òðàíñïîðòèðîâêå ðîññèéñêî- ãî ãàçà íàïðÿìèê ÷åðåç çàïàäíûé ó÷àñòîê Ìåðçëîòíûå áîëîòà Óêîêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ãðàíèöû Ðîññèè ñ Êèòàåì. Permafrost swamps of Ukok. Photo by I. Karyakin. Problem of Number Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 19

Èñòîðèÿ ïðîáëåìû7 Ïåðâîå ñîîáùåíèå î òîì, ÷òî ãðóïïà ñïåöèàëèñòîâ ÐÀÎ «Ãàçïðîì» íà÷àëà èçó÷åíèå âîçìîæíîñòè òðàíñïîðòèðîâêè ãàçà â ÊÍÐ, ïîÿâèëîñü â ïå÷àòè â 1999 ã. â ãàçåòå «Çâåçäà Àëòàÿ. Ýêñïðåññ». Ïàðàëëåëüíî ðàçðàáàòûâàåòñÿ ïðîåêò ñòðîèòåëüñòâà êðóïíîãî òðàíñïîðòíîãî êîðèäîðà âäîëü ãàçîïðîâîäà.  ñåíòÿáðå 2002 ã. ïðîõîäèò êðóãëûé ñòîë ïî ïðîáëåìàì ñòðîèòåëüñòâà òðàíñïîðòíîãî êîðèäîðà â ðàìêàõ Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Ñîõðàíåíèå ýòíîêóëüòóðíîãî è áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ãîðíûõ òåððèòîðèé ÷åðåç ñòðàòåãèè óñòîé÷èâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ», ïîñâÿù¸ííîé Ìåæäóíàðîäíîìó ãîäó ãîð ïîä ýãèäîé UNDP è ïðè ó÷àñòèè ÏÐÎÎÍ ÐÔ8.  íîÿáðå 2005 ã. ïðèðîäíûå ïàðêè Àëòàÿ âûñòóïàþò ïðîòèâ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà äîðîãè â Êèòàé ÷åðåç Óêîê9.  ìàðòå 2006 ã., â õîäå âèçèòà â Êèòàé, ïðåçèäåíò Ðîññèè Â. Ïóòèí çàÿâèë, ÷òî ê 2011 ã. áóäåò ïîñòðîåí ýêñïîðòíûé ãàçîïðîâîä â ÊÍÐ, ïî êîòîðîìó â ïåðñïåêòèâå áóäåò òðàíñïîðòèðîâàòüñÿ äî 80 ìëðä. òîíí ïðèðîäíîãî ãàçà â ãîä. Ïî ñëîâàì Â. Ïóòèíà, ãàç ïîéäåò â Êèòàé ïî äâóì ìàðøðóòàì – èç Çàïàäíîé è Âîñòî÷íîé Ñèáèðè. Íà Àëòàå ñòðîèòåëüñòâî ãàçîïðîâîäà ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ïî òîìó æå ìàðøðóòó, ÷òî è òðàíñïîðòíûé êîðèäîð ÷åðåç Óêîê.  ñåíòÿáðå 2007 ã. â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé çàâåðøàåò ñâîþ ðàáîòó ïðîâåðî÷íàÿ êîìèññèÿ ÞÍÅÑÊÎ, êîòîðàÿ ñïåöèàëüíî ïðèáûëà íà Àëòàé ïî ñèãíàëó ðîññèéñêîé è ìåæäóíàðîäíîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé îáùåñòâåííîñòè. Íà 32-é ñåññèè Êîìèòåòà âñåìèðíîãî íàñëåäèÿ ÞÍÅÑÊÎ â èþëå 2008 ã. â Êàíàäå ïî íîìèíàöèè «Çîëîòûå ãîðû Àëòàÿ (Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ)» áûëî ïðèíÿòî Çàêëþ÷åíèå ¹768 rev, â êîòîðîì âûñêàçàíà îçàáî÷åííîñòü ïî ñîõðàíåíèþ óíèêàëüíîãî ïëîñêîãîðüÿ Óêîê.  ïóíêòå ¹4 îòìå÷åíî, ÷òî Ðîññèÿ, êàê ñòðàíà-ó÷àñòíèöà Êîíâåíöèè, íå îòêàçàëàñü îò ïëàíîâ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà òðàíñïîðòíîãî êîðèäîðà ÷åðåç òåððèòîðèþ âñåìèðíîé ïðèðîäíîé çíà÷èìîñòè, ÷òî ìîæåò ïîñëóæèòü îñíîâàíèåì äëÿ ëèøåíèÿ ýòîé òåððèòîðèè ñòàòóñà ÞÍÅÑÊÎ. Ñ ÿíâàðÿ ïî äåêàáðü 2008 ã. ïî âñåé ñòðàíå ïðîõîäèò îáùåðîññèéñêàÿ îòêðûòî÷íàÿ êàìïàíèÿ «Ñïàñëè Áàéêàë – Ñïàñ¸ì Óêîê». Ýêîëîãè ñîáðàëè 25 òûñÿ÷ ïîäïèñåé ïîä îáðàùåíèåì ê Ïðåçèäåíòó ÐÔ Ìåäâåäåâó Ä.À. ñ ïðîñüáîé âûñòóïèòü ãàðàíòîì ïî ñîáëþäåíèþ Ðîññèåé ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îáÿçàòåëüñòâ ïî ñîõðàíåíèþ îáúåêòà âñåìèðíîãî ïðèðîäíîãî íàñëåäèÿ ÞÍÅÑÊÎ è ðàçðàáîòàòü àëüòåðíàòèâíûé ìàðøðóò ãàçîïðîâîäà «Àëòàé», ìèíóÿ Óêîê10.  2008 ã. â Ìîñêâå, Êðàñíîÿðñêå, Íîâîñèáèðñêå, Áèéñêå, Áàðíàóëå, Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñêå è äðóãèõ ãîðîäàõ ïðîøëà ôîòîâûñòàâêà ðàáîò èçâåñòíîãî àëòàéñêîãî ôîòîõóäîæíèêà Èãîðÿ Õàéòìàíà «Óêîê – æåì÷óæèíà Àëòàÿ». Ìíåíèå ïîñåòèòåëåé âûñòàâêè áûëî ïî÷òè åäèíîäóøíûì: «Òàêèõ äåâñòâåííûõ ïðèðîäíûõ è óíèêàëüíûõ â êóëüòóðíîì îòíîøåíèè ìåñò, êàê Óêîê, ñîâñåì íå ìíîãî îñòàëîñü íà íàøåé ïëàíåòå. Ñïàñòè èõ äëÿ ïîòîìêîâ îò áåçóìñòâà òåõíîêðàòèè è íåäàëüíîâèäíûõ ÷èíîâíèêîâ – îáùàÿ çàäà÷à âñåõ îòâåòñòâåííûõ è ÷åñòíûõ ëþäåé».

Background7 The first mention that a team of Gazprom specialists had begun investigating the transport of natural gas to China oc- curred in 1999 in the local newspaper Altai Star Express. Building a gas pipeline is unthinkable without a parallel transport corridor, so a road construction project was simultaneously being developed. In September 2002 during the International Scientific Practice Conference, a round table entitled, “Preserving the ethno- cultural and biological diversity of the mountain region with sustainable development strategies” took place to discuss the construction of a transportation corridor. The event was dedicated to UNDP’s International Year of Mountains, and round table participants included UNDP-Russia8. In November 2005, Altai Republic nature parks spoke out against the construction of a road to China through Ukok9. During a visit to China in March 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin said that an export gas pipeline to China would be built by 2011 and would one day export up to 80 billion tons of natural gas annually. According to Putin, gas would en- ter China along two routes in western and eastern Siberia. In Altai, the pipeline construction was planned along the same route as the prior transportation corridor through the 54-km portion of the Russia-China border across the Ukok Plateau. In September 2007, the UNESCO evaluation committee completed their assessment in the Altai Republic, having been summoned by the Russian and international environmental community. The experts appraised the “Golden Mountains of Altai” nomination in terms of natural world heritage and evaluated the threat posed by construction of a gas pipeline to China. As a result, at the 32nd session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee on July 2–10, 2008, in Quebec, Canada, Conclusion #768 rev. was adopted with respect to the “Golden Mountains of Altai (Russian Federation)” nomination, expressing concern for the preservation of the unique Ukok Plateau. In the fourth point, it was noted that Russia, a partici- pant country in the Convention, did not deny plans to construct a transportation corridor in an area of worldwide natural significance – a fact that may result in revocation of the territory’s UNESCO status. Between January and December 2008, a national postcard campaign, “We saved Baikal – Let’s save Ukok” took place. Environmentalists collected 25,000 signatures and turned to Russian President Medvedev, calling on him to honor Rus- sia’s international commitments to preserve and protect the UNESCO World Heritage Site and calling for him to develop an alternative route for the Altai gas pipeline that bypasses the Ukok Plateau10. In 2008 well-known Altai photographer Igor Haitman’s photography exhibition entitled “Ukok – Pearl of Altai” opened in Moscow, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Biysk, Barnaul, Gorno-Altaisk, and other cities. Visitors to the exhibit were mostly unanimous: “Places with such pristine nature and unique cultural elements as Ukok are few and far between on our planet. Saving them from reckless technocracy and short-sighted bureaucracy for our descendents is the common goal of all responsible and honest people.”

7 http://saveukok.ru/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Èñòîðèÿ-ïðîáëåìû.doc 8 http://www.volgainform.ru/allnews/56028/ 9 http://www.bistorg.ru/ru/citybis/news/arch/2005/one_news923-4-8.html?npatt=print 10 http://www.wwf.ru/about/where_we_work/altay/gaspipe/ 20 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà

Äîëèíà ð. Êàëãóòû. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Kalguty River valley. Photo by E. Nikolenkî.

Ðîññèÿ èìååò îãðîìíóþ ïî ïðîòÿæ¸í- Construction of the Altai Gas Pipeline íîñòè ãðàíèöó ñ Êèòàåì íà âîñòîêå – áî- across Ukok is incompatible with its status ëåå 4000 êì. Íî åäèíñòâåííûé ó÷àñòîê as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as the ãðàíèöû ñ Çàïàäíûì Êèòàåì, ïðîòÿæ¸í- Committee has already warned (UNESCO íîñòüþ 54 êì, âêëèíèâàåòñÿ ìåæäó ãðà- document #768 rev., 2008). Violating com- íèöàìè Ðîññèè ñ Êàçàõñòàíîì è Ìîí- mitments to preserve world heritage dam- ãîëèåé, è ïðîõîäèò ïî ãîðíîìó óçëó ages the country’s international image. Its Òàáûí-Áîãäî-Îëà. Ãåîãðàôèÿ ýòîãî ìå- neighbors’ interests are also affected, as a ñòà òàêîâà, ÷òî ãàçîïðîâîä íåâîçìîæíî pipeline across Ukok would render it impos- ïðîòÿíóòü, ìèíóÿ ïëîñêîãîðüå èëè ãäå- sible to establish a transboundary UNESCO òî ïî åãî êðàþ – ÷òîáû âûéòè íà ïåð. World Heritage Site. Considering the special Êàíàñ, êàê ïëàíèðóåòñÿ, îí äîëæåí áûòü connection that Altaians have with Ukok, it ïðîëîæåí ïðÿìî ÷åðåç Áåðòåêñêóþ êîò- would be a serious blow to the traditions ëîâèíó. and culture of local residents. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî ãàçîïðîâîäà «Àëòàé» ÷å- Another aspect of the issue is the gas ðåç Óêîê íåñîâìåñòèìî ñî ñòàòóñîì îáú- pipeline’s economic justification. Construc- åêòà âñåìèðíîãî ïðèðîäíîãî íàñëåäèÿ tion expenses are expected to be very high, ÞÍÅÑÊÎ, î ÷¸ì óæå áûëî ïðåäóïðåæäå- given Ukok’s natural conditions and the íèå Êîìèòåòà (Äîêóìåíò ÞÍÅÑÊÎ…¹768 weak infrastructure of the region through rev., 2008). Íàðóøåíèå îáÿçàòåëüñòâ, ñâÿ- which the pipeline would pass. Moreover, çàííûõ ñ ñîõðàíåíèåì âñåìèðíîãî íàñëå- 60% of China’s gas and oil reserves is con- äèÿ, óõóäøèò ìåæäóíàðîäíûé èìèäæ ñòðà- centrated in Xinjiang, and many sources íû. Ê òîìó æå, çàäåòû áóäóò è èíòåðåñû indicate that the gas is needed in China’s ñîñåäåé – âåäü ãàçîïðîâîä ÷åðåç Óêîê ñäå- east, not the west. One view suggests that ëàåò íåâîçìîæíûì ôîðìèðîâàíèå òðàíñ- the pipeline’s construction may only be an ãðàíè÷íîãî îáúåêòà ïðèðîäíîãî íàñëåäèÿ excuse for renewed proposals to build a ÞÍÅÑÊÎ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ îñîáîå îòíîøåíèå road and railroad directly connecting China àëòàéöåâ ê Óêîêó, ñåðü¸çíûé óäàð áóäåò and Russia. Chinese interest in having direct íàíåñ¸í òðàäèöèÿì è êóëüòóðå ìåñòíûõ access to western Siberia is completely un- æèòåëåé. derstandable. One only has to review the Äðóãîé àñïåêò ïðîáëåìû: ýêîíîìè÷å- events of the last 15 years in the Far East, ñêàÿ îïðàâäàííîñòü ãàçîïðîâîäà. Èñõîäÿ where rich natural resources are being le- èç ïðèðîäíûõ óñëîâèé è ñëàáîé îñâîåí- gally and illegally scooped up and sent to íîñòè òåððèòîðèè, ÷åðåç êîòîðóþ äîë- China (Lyapustin et al., 2008). æåí ïðîéòè ãàçîïðîâîä, çàòðàòû íà åãî A review of the market for wild animal ñòðîèòåëüñòâî îêàæóòñÿ îãðîìíûìè. Ïðè parts in the Altai-Sayan region indicates that ýòîì, â Ñèíüöçÿíå ñîñðåäîòî÷åíî 60% harvest levels of hunting species in great êèòàéñêèõ çàïàñîâ ãàçà è íåôòè, èç ìíî- demand (musk deer, bear, red maral deer) ãèõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ñëåäóåò, ÷òî ãàç íóæåí íà in China and other Southeast Asian coun- Problem of Number Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 21

âîñòîêå Êèòàÿ, à íå íà çàïàäå. Ñóùåñòâóåò tries is 10–100 times higher than officially òî÷êà çðåíèÿ, ÷òî ïðîêëàäêà ãàçîïðîâîäà permitted levels (Smelansky, Nikolenko, ñàìà ïî ñåáå ìîæåò îêàçàòüñÿ ëèøü ïîâî- 2010). Export of animal parts from Altai oc- äîì âîçîáíîâëåíèÿ ïðîåêòîâ ïðîêëàäêè curs via the Far East and Kazakhstan, and ìàãèñòðàëè è æåëåçíîé äîðîãè íàïðÿìèê despite those great distances, it remains a èç Êèòàÿ â Ðîññèþ. À èíòåðåñ êèòàéöåâ profitable business. And then there is the ïîëó÷èòü ïðÿìîé ïóòü â Çàïàäíóþ Ñèáèðü plan behind the plans – an economic inter- âïîëíå ïîíÿòåí. Äîñòàòî÷íî ïîñìîòðåòü est in acquiring a direct transportation cor- íà ïðîöåññû, èäóùèå ïîñëåäíèå 15 ëåò íà ridor through currently inaccessible moun- Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå, ãäå ïðèðîäíûå áîãàòñòâà tains. In these conditions, even the service âû÷åðïûâàþòñÿ ëåãàëüíî è íåëåãàëüíî äëÿ road that is necessary for pipeline mainte- îòïðàâêè â Êèòàé (Ëÿïóñòèí è äð., 2008). nance will be serendipitous for smugglers, Èññëåäîâàíèå ðûíêà äåðèâàòîâ äèêèõ æè- allowing southern Siberian natural riches to âîòíûõ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ïîêàçû- flow directly out of the country. âàåò, ÷òî äîáû÷à âîñòðåáîâàííûõ â Êèòàå In obtaining the pipeline, China will also è ñòðàíàõ Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîé Àçèè îõîòíè- receive a direct path into Western Siberia, ÷üèõ âèäîâ (êàáàðãà, ìåäâåäü, ìàðàë) ïðå- a fact that in and of itself meets national in- âûøàåò îôèöèàëüíî óñòàíîâëåííóþ íîð- terests on the Chinese side. The question is ìó â 10–100 ðàç (Ñìåëÿíñêèé, Íèêîëåíêî, – to what extent does this natural gas pipe- 2010). Âûâîç äåðèâàòîâ èç ðåãèîíà èä¸ò line meet Russia’s national interests? ÷åðåç Äàëüíèé Âîñòîê èëè ÷åðåç Êàçàõñòàí The threat hanging over Ukok is multidi- è äàæå ïðè ýòîì äëèííîì ïóòè áèçíåñ ðåí- mensional, affecting many arenas – natural, òàáåëåí. ×òî æ ãîâîðèòü îá ýêîíîìè÷å- social, economic, and political. ñêîì èíòåðåñå, êîòîðûé ñòîèò çà ïëàíàìè How will this threat play out for raptors? ïîëó÷èòü ÷åðåç íåäîñòóïíûå, ïîêà, ãîðû The main issue regarding the pipeline for ïðÿìîé òðàíñïîðòíûé êîðèäîð.  ýòèõ raptors is that during construction and any óñëîâèÿõ äàæå òåõíè÷åñêàÿ äîðîãà, íåîá- future development in the area that may õîäèìàÿ äëÿ îáñëóæèâàíèÿ ãàçîïðîâîäà, result in increased accessibility, a globally ñòàíåò «íàõîäêîé» äëÿ êîíòðàáàíäèñòîâ, important refuge will be destroyed. Many ïî êîòîðîé þæíîñèáèðñêèå ïðèðîäíûå species have survived various “depressions áîãàòñòâà íàïðÿìóþ ïîòåêóò èç ñòðàíû. and blows” in this refuge, living stably in Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïîëó÷àÿ ãàçîïðîâîä, the high altitude area’s severe conditions Êèòàé ïîëó÷àåò òàêæå ïðÿìîé ïóòü â Çà- and thus preserving a certain “reserve of a ïàäíóþ Ñèáèðü, ÷òî ñàìî ïî ñåáå îòâå- unique gene pool.” ÷àåò íàöèîíàëüíûì èíòåðåñàì êèòàéñêîé Recent research (Vazhov et al., current ñòîðîíû. À íàñêîëüêî â ýòîì ïðîåêòå ãà- collection) on Ukok shows that it is home çîïðîâîäà ó÷òåíû íàöèîíàëüíûå èíòåðå- to many rare species listed in the IUCN Red ñû Ðîññèè? List (2010), the Russian Red Book (2001)

Ïòåíöû ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. Nestlings of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalen- sis) in the nest. Photo by S. Vazhov. 22 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà

Êàê ïîêàçàíî âûøå, óãðîçà, íàâèñøàÿ íàä (Red Book, Russian Federation), and the Óêîêîì, ìíîãîïëàíîâàÿ, êàñàþùàÿñÿ ìíî- Altai Republic Red Book (2007). Moreo- ãèõ àñïåêòîâ è ïðèðîäíûõ, è ñîöèàëüíûõ, ver, their populations on Ukok remain quite è ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ, è ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ. Îäíà- stable. These birds include the Steppe Ea- êî, ÷åì îíà ìîæåò îáåðíóòüñÿ äëÿ ïîïóëÿ- gle (Aquila nipalensis) (Red Book of Russia, öèé õèùíûõ ïòèö? Îñíîâíàÿ óãðîçà ïåðíà- Red Book of Altai Republic), whose global òûì õèùíèêàì îò ïðîêëàäêè ãàçîïðîâîäà â population (its bulk is located in Russia and òîì, ÷òî â ïðîöåññå ñòðîéêè è äàëüíåéøåãî Kazakhstan) has dropped precipitously in ðàçâèòèÿ òåððèòîðèè, êîòîðîå ìîæåò ïî- recent years (Russian Steppe Project …, ñëåäîâàòü çà óâåëè÷åíèåì å¸ äîñòóïíîñòè, 2011); the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) (Red áóäåò óíè÷òîæåí ðåôóãèóì ìèðîâîãî ìàñ- Book of Russia, Red Book of Altai Republic), øòàáà, â êîòîðîì ïîïóëÿöèè ìíîãèõ âèäîâ also a rapidly decreasing global population, ïåðåæèâàëè ðàçëè÷íûå «äåïðåññèè è ïî- with the Altai-Sayan population, one of the òðÿñåíèÿ» è äî ñèõ ïîð ñòàáèëüíî ñóùå- largest in the species’ range, dropping by ñòâóþò â ñóðîâûõ óñëîâèÿõ âûñîêîãîðèé, 20% over 7 years (2003–2010) (Karyakin et òåì ñàìûì ñîõðàíÿÿ îïðåäåë¸ííûé «ðå- al., 2010); the extremely rare Lammergeier çåðâ óíèêàëüíîãî ãåíîôîíäà». (Gypaetus barbatus) (Red Book of Russia, Êàê ñëåäóåò èç ïîñëåäíèõ èññëåäîâàíèé Red Book of Altai Republic), with its largest (Âàæîâ è äð., íàñòîÿùèé ñáîðíèê), íà Óêî- Russian population centered in the Altai- êå îáèòàþò ìíîãèå ðåäêèå âèäû, âêëþ÷¸í- Sayan region estimated at no more than íûå êàê â Êðàñíûé ñïèñîê ÌÑÎÏ (IUCN, 142 pairs (Karyakin et al., 2009); Golden Ea- 2010), òàê è â Êðàñíûå êíèãè ÐÔ (2001) gle (Aquila chrysaetos) (Red Book of Russia, (ÊÊ ÐÔ) è Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé (2007) (ÊÊ Red Book of Altai Republic); Upland Buzzard ÐÀ), ïðè ýòîì èõ ÷èñëåííîñòü íà Óêîêå (Buteo hemilasius) (Red Book of Altai Re- îñòà¸òñÿ ñòàáèëüíîé. Ýòî ñòåïíîé îð¸ë public); and Merlin (Falco columbarius) (Ad- (Aquila nipalensis) (ÊÊ ÐÔ, ÊÊ ÐÀ), ÷èñëåí- dendum to Red Book of Altai Republic: list íîñòü ìèðîâîé ïîïóëÿöèè êîòîðîãî (å¸ of species requiring special attention). All of îñíîâíàÿ ÷àñòü ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â Ðîññèè è these species are currently doing quite well, Êàçàõñòàíå) ñòðåìèòåëüíî ñîêðàùàåòñÿ â but are extremely sensitive to the impacts ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû (Ðîññèéñêèé ñòåïíîé ïðî- of increased human economic activity. It is åêò…, 2011); áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) (ÊÊ these species that populate the Bertekskaya ÐÔ, ÊÊ ÐÀ), ÷èñëåííîñòü ìèðîâîé ïîïóëÿ- Basin and will face the main impact of gas öèè êîòîðîãî ñòðåìèòåëüíî ñîêðàùàåòñÿ, pipeline construction. Pipeline construction à ÷èñëåííîñòü îäíîé èç ñàìûõ êðóïíûõ â will lead to destruction and changes in the Âèä íà ëåäîâûé ðàéîí àðåàëå âèäà, Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîé, ïîïóëÿöèè habitat of these rare raptor species, events ãîðíîãî ìàññèâà ñîêðàòèëàñü íà 20% çà 7 ëåò (2003–2010) that will inevitably result in a reduction in Òàáûí-Áîãäî-Îëà. (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2010); áîðîäà÷ (Gypaetus their respective populations. Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà. barbatus) (ÊÊ ÐÔ, ÊÊ ÐÀ) – êðàéíå ðåäêèé The Altai natural gas pipeline project Landscape of the Tabyn-Bogdo-Ola âèä, ÷èñëåííîñòü êðóïíåéøåé ðîññèéñêîé contradicts Russia’s obligations within Mountains. Photo by ïîïóëÿöèè êîòîðîãî, ñîñðåäîòî÷åííîé â UNESCO’s framework for the protection of R. Bekmansurov. Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, îöåíèâàåòñÿ íå world cultural and natural heritage sites, as well as violating a whole range of laws in Russia and Altai Republic. However, neither these laws nor Russia’s international obliga- tions are seen as insurmountable barriers to the pipeline’s construction. As we have seen with Olympics construction works within the Sochi National Park and prepa- rations for the Asia-Pacific Economic Coop- eration Summit in the Russian Far East, the government has an “if it’s forbidden, but you really want to, then it’s okay” approach to Russian laws. The country’s laws are changed, sometimes even retroactively, in order to meet the needs of specific building projects. If the Russian and world communi- ties cannot find a more effective means of influencing political decision-making, the same fate awaits Ukok Plateau as well. Problem of Number Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 23

Áîðîäà÷ (Gypaetus òóàëüíîé ïðàêòèêå íàðîäîâ Áîëüøîãî Àëòàÿ. barbatus). 2010 . Çàêà÷àíî Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. 20.02.2011. Lammergeier (Gypaetus Äîêóìåíò ÞÍÅÑÊÎ ïî íîìèíàöèè «Çîëîòûå barbatus). ãîðû Àëòàÿ (Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ)» ¹768 Photo by E. Nikolenko. rev., Ðåøåíèå: 32 COM 7B.22. 2008. . Çàêà÷àíî 20.02.2011. Çîëîòûå ãîðû Àëòàÿ. 1995. 78 ñ. . Çàêà÷àíî 20.02.2011. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Ìèòðîôàíîâ Î.Á. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ïî- ïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â 2009–2010 ãîäàõ, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2010. ¹19. Ñ. 136–151. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîíîâàëîâ Ë.È., Ãðàáîâñêèé áîëåå ÷åì â 142 ïàðû (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009); Ì.À., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ïàäàëüùèêè Àëòàå- áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos) (ÊÊ ÐÔ, ÊÊ ÐÀ), Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius) îõðàíà. 2009. ¹15. Ñ. 37–65. (ÊÊ ÐÀ), äåðáíèê (Falco columbarius) (Ïðè- Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé: Æèâîòíûå. Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñê, 2007. 231 ñ. ëîæåíèå ê ÊÊ ÐÀ: ñïèñîê âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ, Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè: Æè- íóæäàþùèõñÿ â îñîáîì âíèìàíèè) – âèäû, âîòíûå. Ì., 2001. 860 ñ. ïîêà âïîëíå áëàãîïîëó÷íûå, íî êðàéíå Ëÿïóñòèí Ñ.Í., Ôîìåíêî Ï.Â., Âàéñìàí À.Ë. óÿçâèìûå ïåðåä ðàçâèòèåì õîçÿéñòâåííîé Íåçàêîííûé îáîðîò äèêèõ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ è äåÿòåëüíîñòè ÷åëîâåêà. Èìåííî ýòè âèäû ðàñòåíèé íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå Ðîññèè. TRAFFIC íàñåëÿþò Áåðòåêñêóþ êîòëîâèíó è ïîïà- Europe, 2008. 107 ñ. äàþò ïîä ãëàâíûé óäàð ñòðîèòåëüñòâà ãàçî- Ìàðèíèí À.Ì., Ìàíååâ À.Ã., Ìàëêîâ Í.Ï., ïðîâîäà. Ïðîêëàäêà ãàçîïðîâîäà âåä¸ò ê Óøàêîâà Â.Ã., Àðò¸ìîâ È.À., Áàéëàãàñîâ Ë.Â. óíè÷òîæåíèþ è èçìåíåíèþ ìåñò îáèòàíèÿ è äð. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé: îñîáî ýòèõ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, çà îõðàíÿåìûå òåððèòîðèè è îáúåêòû. Ãîðíî- ÷åì íåìèíóåìî ïîñëåäóåò ïàäåíèå èõ ÷èñ- Àëòàéñê, 2000. 272 ñ. Ìèòðîôàíîâ Î.Á., Òå Ä.Å., Èãíàòåíêî Á.Í. ëåííîñòè. Ïëàòî Óêîê (Àò-002). – Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëî- Ïðîåêò ãàçîïðîâîäà «Àëòàé» èä¸ò âðàç- ãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè. Ò. 2. Êëþ÷åâûå ðåç ñ îáÿçàòåëüñòâàìè Ðîññèè â ðàìêàõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè ìåæäóíàðîä- Êîíâåíöèè ÞÍÅÑÊÎ îá îõðàíå âñåìèð- íîãî çíà÷åíèÿ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ì., 2006. íîãî êóëüòóðíîãî è ïðèðîäíîãî íàñëåäèÿ, Ñ. 242–243. à òàêæå íàðóøàåò öåëûé ðÿä íîðì çàêî- Ìîëîäèí Â.È., Ïîëîñüìàê Í.Â., Íîâèêîâ íîäàòåëüñòâà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè è À.Â., Áîãäàíîâ Å.Ñ., Ñëþñàðåíêî È.Þ., ×åðå- Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé. Îäíàêî, íè ýòè íîðìû, ìèñèí Ä.Â. Àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå ïàìÿòíèêè ïëî- íè ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îáÿçàòåëüñòâà Ðîññèè ñêîãîðüÿ Óêîê (Ãîðíûé Àëòàé). Ìàòåðèàëû ïî íå ìîãóò áûòü íåïðåîäîëèìîé ïðåãðàäîé àðõåîëîãèè Ñèáèðè. Âûïóñê 3. Íîâîñèáèðñê: ñòðîèòåëüñòâó. Êàê ïîêàçûâàåò îïûò «îëèì- Èçä-âî Èíñòèòóòà àðõåîëîãèè è ýòíîãðàôèè ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, 2004. 256 ñ. ïèéñêèõ ñòðîåê» íà òåððèòîðèè Ñî÷èí- Ïîòàïîâ Ë.Ï. Êóëüò ãîð íà Àëòàå. Ñîâåòñêàÿ ñêîãî íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà è ïîäãîòîâêè ýòíîãðàôèÿ, 1946. ¹2. Ñ. 145–160. ê ñàììèòó òèõîîêåàíñêèõ ñòðàí íà Äàëü- Ðîññèéñêèé ñòåïíîé ïðîåêò ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ. íåì Âîñòîêå, Ïðàâèòåëüñòâî îòíîñèòñÿ ê Ïðîâåäåíà îöåíêà ñîñòîÿíèÿ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïî- ðîññèéñêîìó çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî ïî ïðèí- ïóëÿöèé ñòåïíîãî îðëà. – Ñòåïíîé áþëëåòåíü. öèïó «åñëè íåëüçÿ, íî î÷åíü õî÷åòñÿ, òî 2011. ¹31. Ñ. 62–63. ìîæíî». Çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî ñòðàíû ìåíÿþò Ðóäîé À.Í., Ëûñåíêîâà Ç.Â., Ðóäñêèé Â.Â., (äàæå çàäíèì ÷èñëîì), ÷òîáû ïîäîãíàòü Øèøèí Ì.Þ. Óêîê (ïðîøëîå, íàñòîÿùåå, áó- åãî ïîä ïîòðåáíîñòè êîíêðåòíûõ ñòðîåê. äóùåå). – Áàðíàóë: Àëòàéñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé Òàêàÿ ó÷àñòü ìîæåò îæèäàòü è ïëàòî Óêîê, óíèâåðñèòåò, 2000. 172 ñ. Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Àíàëèç åñëè ìèðîâàÿ è ðîññèéñêàÿ îáùåñòâåí- ðûíêà äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ è èõ äåðèâàòîâ â Àëòàå- íîñòü íå íàéäóò áîëåå ýôôåêòèâíûå ïóòè Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå – 2005–2008 ãã. Êðàñíî- âëèÿíèÿ íà ðåøåíèÿ ïîëèòèêîâ. ÿðñê, 2010. 150 ñ. IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Ëèòåðàòóðà Species. Version 2010.3. . íûå òåððèòîðèè â ýïè÷åñêîì òâîð÷åñòâå è ðè- Downloaded on 20 September 2010. 24 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

RaptorConservation ОХРАНА ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ

ConservationoftheSakerFalconintheAltai-SayanEcoregion: WhatHasBeenDoneandWhatShouldBeDone? ОХРАНА БАЛОБАНА В АЛТАЕ-САЯНСКОМ ЭКОРЕГИОНЕ: ЧТО СДЕЛАНО И ЧТО ТРЕБУЕТСЯ? KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) NikolenkoE.G.(SiberianEnvironmentalCenter,Novosibirsk,Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н.Новгород, Россия) Николенко Э.Г. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ðåçþìå Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí  ñòàòüå ïðèâîäèòñÿ àíàëèç ôàêòîðîâ, êàê íåîáõîäèìûõ äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ, òàê è íåãàòèâíî âëèÿþùèõ íà áàëî- Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ áàíà (Falco cherrug) â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå, àíàëèçèðóþòñÿ ìåðû îõðàíû è ðåçóëüòàòû ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ìåðîïðèÿòèé, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà ñäåðæèâàíèå ïàäåíèÿ è óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà. Àíàëèç áàçèðóåòñÿ íà 603000, Ðîññèÿ, ðåçóëüòàòàõ 12-ëåòíåãî ìîíèòîðèíãà ýòîãî ñîêîëà â óêàçàííîì ðåãèîíå. Ïðåäëàãàþòñÿ ïåðâîî÷åðåäíûå ìåðû Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, îõðàíû è âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ïîïóëÿöèé áàëîáàíà. óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ñîêîëû, áàëîáàí, Falco cherrug, îõðàíà, óïðàâëåíèå ïîïóëÿöèÿìè, ÎÎÏÒ, òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ýêîðåãèîí. [email protected] Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 01.04.2011 ã. Ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè 15.04.2011 ã.

Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî Abstract ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé There is the analysis of factors, that are necessary for the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) existence and negatively ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» impact on it, also the measures for the species conservation and the results of activities targeted to prevention the 630090, Ðîññèÿ, species number declining and its increasing in the Altai-Sayan region. The analysis is based on the monitoring of Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 the species in the Altai-Sayan ecoregion during 12 years and may be used as a basis for developing the national òåë./ôàêñ: strategy on the species protection in Russia. As a result of the analysis the priority measures for the protection and +7 383 328 30 26 recovering the Saker Falcon populations in the Altai-Sayan ecoregion. [email protected] Keywords: raptors, birds of prey, falcons, Saker Falcon, Falco cherrug, conservation management, protected areas, Altai-Sayan ecoregion. Contact: Received: 01/04/2011. Accepted: 15/04/2011. Igor Karyakin Leader by Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17, Ââåäåíèå Introduction Nizhniy Novgorod, Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ýêîðåãèîí (ÀÑÝ) – óíè- The range of the Saker Falcon (Falco cher- Russia, 603000 êàëüíàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ, ãäå îáøèðíûå ñòåïè rug Gray, 1834) stretched yet as a solid belt tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 [email protected] Êàçàõñòàíà è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè ñìûêàþòñÿ from the mountains of Central and Eastern ñ ïóñòûííî-ñòåïíûìè íàãîðüÿìè Ìîíãîëèè Europe to Primorye 40 years ago and cov- Elvira Nikolenko è áåñêðàéíèìè ëåñíûìè ìàññèâàìè Âîñ- ered different habitats. However the nega- NGO Siberian Environmental Center òî÷íîé Ñèáèðè. Ðàñïîëîæåíèå ðåãèîíà íà tive human impact has caused the Saker P.O. Box 547, ñòûêå ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðèðîäíûõ çîí â äèàïà- distribution and number reducing through- Novosibirsk, çîíå âûñîò îò 300 äî 4500 ì íàä óðîâíåì out the range (Galushin, 2005). The modern Russia, 630090 ìîðÿ îïðåäåëÿåò åãî âûñîêîå ëàíäøàôò- distribution actually has split into 4 large tel./fax: +7 383 328 30 26 íîå è âèäîâîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå. Çäåñü, íà and 4 small enclaves, while the largest one [email protected] ñðàâíèòåëüíî îãðàíè÷åííîé òåððèòîðèè, remains in the Altai-Sayan ecoregion (ASE) îáèòàþò òóíäðîâûå, ëåñíûå, ñòåïíûå è ïó- (Galushin, 2004; Moshkin, 2010; Karyakin, ñòûííûå âèäû æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé, ìíî- 2010c; 2011). ãèå èç êîòîðûõ ýíäåìè÷íû è ðåäêè. Ñðåäè The total number of the Saker in the world òàêèõ âèäîâ – áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug Gray, is estimated as 10,000–15,000 pairs (Dix- 1834). Áóäó÷è îäíèì èç õàðàêòåðíûõ îáè- on, 2009; Moshkin, 2010; Karyakin, 2010c; òàòåëåé ïóñòûíü, ñòåïåé è ëåñîñòåïåé, áà- 2011): the most part of the Saker popula- ëîáàí â óñëîâèÿõ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîé ãîðíîé tion (94–96%) inhabits Asia; and 1854–2542 ñòðàíû îñâîèë ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ àëüïèéñêî- pairs breed in Russia (Karyakin, 2008); the ãî ïîÿñà è õîðîøî ïðèñïîñîáëåí ê æèçíè Saker number on the Russian part of ASE was â ñóðîâûõ óñëîâèÿõ ñ íèçêèìè òåìïåðà- estimated as 1322–1596 pairs in 2010, that Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 25

òóðàìè è ñêóäíûìè êîðìîâûìè çàïàñàìè. Êàê è ðÿä äðóãèõ êðóïíûõ õèùíèêîâ ãîð Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè – áàëîáàí ÿâëÿåòñÿ âèäîì-èíäèêàòîðîì ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàç- íîîáðàçèÿ ýêîñèñòåì îòêðûòûõ ìåñòîîáè- òàíèé ÀÑÝ. Óíèêàëüíîñòü ÀÑÝ çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òî çäåñü ñòûêóþòñÿ àðåàëû 3-õ ïîä- âèäîâ áàëîáàíîâ, ñ ôîðìèðîâàíèåì çîíû ãèáðèäèçàöèè ìåæäó ïîäâèäàìè è ïðîÿâ- ëåíèåì óíèêàëüíûõ äëÿ âèäà ìîðôîòèïîâ (íàïðèìåð, àëòàéñêîãî altaicus), êîòîðûå íèãäå áîëåå â àðåàëå âèäà íå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ (Êàðÿêèí, 2011). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÀÑÝ ÿâ- ëÿåòñÿ ãåíåòè÷åñêèì ðåçåðâàòîì â ìàñøòà- Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. áàõ âñåãî àðåàëà áàëîáàíà. Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Photo by I. Karyakin. Åù¸ 40 ëåò íàçàä àðåàë áàëîáàíà ïðîñòè- ðàëñÿ ñïëîøíîé ïîëîñîé, îò ãîð Öåíòðàëüíîé is about 65–70% in the total number of the è Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû äî Ïðèìîðüÿ è îõâàòû- species in Russia (Karyakin et al., 2010). âàë øèðîêèé äèàïàçîí ìåñòîîáèòàíèé. Îäíà- Thus, the destiny of the species in Rus- êî, èíòåíñèâíûé ïðåññ ñî ñòîðîíû ÷åëîâåêà sia depends generally on efficiency of its ïðèâ¸ë ê ñîêðàùåíèþ àðåàëà è ÷èñëåííîñòè protection in the territory of ASE. And what áàëîáàíà ïîâñåìåñòíî (Ãàëóøèí, 2005). Ñî- has been done for this? What is being done êðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè è ôðàãìåíòàöèÿ àðå- now? What are the prospects? Let us try to àëà áàëîáàíà ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ è â íàñòîÿùåå consider the problems in this article. âðåìÿ (çà ïîñëåäíèå 20 ëåò ÷èñëåííîñòü áà- ëîáàíà ñîêðàòèëàñü, êàê ìèíèìóì, â 2 ðàçà) Distribution, main breeding groups and è ñîâðåìåííûé àðåàë âèäà ôàêòè÷åñêè ðàñ- population trend of the Saker Falcon in ïàëñÿ íà 4 êðóïíûõ è 4 áîëåå ìåëêèõ èçîëÿ- the Altai-Sayan ecoregion òà, ïðè÷¸ì â ÀÑÝ ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ êðóïíåéøèé The distribution and number of the Saker in àíêëàâ âèäà (Galushin, 2004; Ìîøêèí, 2010; ASE are discussed in several articles (Karyakin, Êàðÿêèí, 2010c; 2011). Nikolenko, 2008; Karyakin et al., 2010), thus Îáùàÿ ìèðîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â only main breeding groups are involved in íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 10–15 òûñ. our analysis of the species protection. ïàð (Dixon, 2009; Ìîøêèí, 2010; Êàðÿêèí, Now there are 10 main breeding groups 2010c; 2011): áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ïîïóëÿöèè áà- of the Saker in ASE (fig. 1), which cover ëîáàíà (94–96%) îáèòàåò â Àçèè; íà òåððè- about 25% of the species range in the re- òîðèè Ðîññèè ãíåçäèòñÿ 1854–2542 ïàðû gion. The groups are as follows. (Êàðÿêèí, 2008); ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â In the Republic of Tyva: ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè ÀÑÝ, ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà the Ubsunuur group (fig. 1. ¹1) – 122 2010 ã., îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 1322–1596 ïàð, ÷òî breeding territories are known, the number ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 65–70% îò ÷èñëåííîñòè is estimated no less than 300 pairs, âèäà â Ðîññèè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2010). the Uregnuur group (fig. 1. ¹2) – 26 Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñóäüáà âèäà â Ðîññèè breeding territories are known, the number âî ìíîãîì çàâèñèò îò åãî îõðàíû íà òåð- is estimated as 50 pairs, ðèòîðèè ÀÑÝ. À ÷òî äëÿ ýòîãî ñäåëàíî è the Tuva group (fig. 1. ¹4) – 34 breed- äåëàåòñÿ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ è êàêîâû ïåð- ing territories are known, the number is es- ñïåêòèâû? Ïîïûòàåìñÿ îòâåòèòü â ðàìêàõ timated as 100 pairs, äàííîé ñòàòüè. the Chadan group (fig. 1. ¹5) – 27 breed- ing territories are known, the number is es- Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, êëþ÷åâûå ãíåçäîâûå timated as 50 pairs, ãðóïïèðîâêè è äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè the Alash group (fig. 1. ¹6) – 10 breed- áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå ing territories are known, the number is es- Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ è ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëî- timated as 20 pairs. áàíà â ÀÑÝ â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ïîñâÿùåíî In the Republic of Altai: íåñêîëüêî ðàáîò (Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, the largest breeding group in the Republic 2008; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2010), ïîýòîìó äëÿ – the Chuya group (fig. 1. ¹3) – 62 breed- öåëåé àíàëèçà åãî îõðàíû ñëåäóåò îñòà- ing territories are known, the number is es- íîâèòüñÿ òîëüêî íà êëþ÷åâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ timated no less than 200 pairs, ãðóïïèðîâêàõ. and the smaller Ust-Kansk group is dis- 26 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

tributed in three steppe valleys of the Kan, Anuy and Peschanaya rivers, (fig. 1. ¹9) – 21 breeding territories are known, the number is estimated as 30–35 pairs. In the Republic of Khakassia: the Uybat group (fig. 1. ¹7) – 10 breed- ing territories are known, the number is es- timated as 30 pairs, the Chulym group (fig. 1. ¹8) – 22 breed- ing territories are known, the number is es- timated no less than 50 pairs. The unique breeding group remained in the Altai mountains in the territory of the Altai Kray is the Kolyvan group (fig. 1. ¹10) – 10 breeding territories are known, a half of which is located in the territory of the pro- jected National Park “Gornaya Kolyvan”, the number is estimated as about 30 pairs. Distribution of the Saker Falcon in the Ðèñ. 1. Êëþ÷åâûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) â ðîññèéñêîé Altai-Sayan region in the territory of Kaza- ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà: 1 – Óáñóíóðñêàÿ, 2 – Óðýãíóðñêàÿ, 3 – ×óé- khstan, China and Mongolia remains un- ñêàÿ, 4 – Òóâèíñêàÿ, 5 – ×àäàíñêàÿ, 6 – Àëàøñêàÿ, 7 – Óéáàòñêàÿ, 8 – ×óëûìñêàÿ, 9 – Óñòü-Êàíñêàÿ, 10 – Êîëûâàíñêàÿ. studied (Levin, 2008à, 2008b; Moshin, 2010; Ìà, 1999; Potapov et al., 2002). Fig. 1. Key breeding groups of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in the Russian part of the Altai-Sayan ecoregion: 1 – Ubsunuur, 2 – Uregnuur, 3 – Chuya, 4 – Tuva, The number of Sakers is declining steady 5 – Chadan, 6 – Alash, 7 – Uybat, 8 – Chulym, 9 – Ust-Kansk, 10 – Kolyvan. and has decreased by 20% in ASE since 2003 to 2010 (Karyakin et al., 2010), which  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îñíîâíîé ðåñóðñ áà- shows inefficiency of measures of the spe- ëîáàíà â ÀÑÝ ñîñðåäîòî÷åí â 10 ãíåçäîâûõ cies protection in the region. ãðóïïèðîâêàõ (ðèñ. 1), çàíèìàþùèõ îêîëî 25% òåððèòîðèè àðåàëà âèäà â ðåãèîíå.  Breeding Biology and Conditions for the Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà: Óáñóíóðñêàÿ (ðèñ. 1. ¹1), Species Surviving Óðýãíóðñêàÿ (ðèñ. 1. ¹2), Òóâèíñêàÿ (ðèñ. Breeding biology 1. ¹4), ×àäàíñêàÿ (ðèñ. 1. ¹5) è Àëàøñêàÿ The Saker Falcon is only partly sedentary (ðèñ. 1. ¹6); êðóïíåéøàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóï- in ASE. Only adult birds stay in their breed- ïèðîâêà Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé – ×óéñêàÿ (ðèñ. ing territories during the winter, generally in 1. ¹3), è íåáîëüøàÿ, ðàññðåäîòî÷åííàÿ the steppe depressions of the south of the ïî òð¸ì ñòåïíûì äîëèíàì ðåê Êàí, Àíóé è region. Part of adults migrates across Mon- Ïåñ÷àíàÿ – Óñòü-Êàíñêàÿ (ðèñ. 1. ¹9); äâå golia into China, wintering in Tibet (Karyakin ñîõðàíèâøèåñÿ ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè â et al., 2005), or moving throughout Mon- Õàêàñèè – Óéáàòñêàÿ (ðèñ. 1. ¹7) è ×óëûì- golia. Almost all the young birds leave the ñêàÿ (ðèñ. 1. ¹8); à òàêæå åäèíñòâåííàÿ ñî- region, while the most part of them starts to õðàíèâøàÿñÿ â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ íà òåððèòîðèè migrate in July-August. Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ Êîëûâàíñêàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ The average brood size of the Saker on ãðóïïèðîâêà (ðèñ. 1. ¹10). ASE is 2.64±1.06 nestlings (n=278; range 1. Óáñóíóðñêàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà 1–5) (Karyakin, 2010c). – îõâàòûâàåò âñ¸ ëåâîáåðåæüå ð. Òåñ-Õåì Considering the modern number of the íà òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè è ïðàêòè÷åñêè âåñü Saker and breeding success in ASE about þæíûé øëåéô Òàííó-Îëà. Ïëîùàäü îêîëî 2000 young are produced in the population 10,2 òûñ. êì2.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ãðóï- every year, that however is not recovered ïèðîâêå èçâåñòíî 122 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà the modern decline in the species number. áàëîáàíîâ, à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü îñîáåé Under conditions of the modern population îöåíèâàåòñÿ íå ìåíåå ÷åì â 300 ïàð. number the negative trend would be elimi- 2. Óðýãíóðñêàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà nated if the occupancy of breeding territo- – ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â äîëèíå ð. Êàðãû è ïðè- ries was 65% and breeding output was 3.6 ëåãàþùèõ ðàéîíàõ õðåáòîâ Öàãàí-Øèáýòó nestlings per nest. è Çàïàäíûé Òàííó-Îëà. Ïëîùàäü îêîëî 2,2 òûñ. êì2.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ãðóïïèðîâêå Nesting Habitats èçâåñòíî 26 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáà- Nesting habitats of the Saker Falcon are íîâ, à ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 50 ïàð. various in ASE. The most typical habitats Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 27

3. ×óéñêàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà – ñî- are the mountain steppe and forest-steppe ñðåäîòî÷åíà ïî âñåé ïåðèôåðèè ×óéñêîé surrounding steppe depressions, mountain ñòåïè (õðåáòû Þæíî-×óéñêèé, Ñàéëþãåì, outcrops in steppe depressions and the al- ìàññèâ Òàëäóàèð, Êóðàéñêèé õðåáåò, õðå- pine belt, with mountain steppe predomi- áåò ×èõà÷¸âà), îõâàòûâàåò Óêîê, êîòëîâèíó nating. With different density the Saker îç. Àêêîëü è äîëèíó Ìîãåí-Áóðåí. Ïëî- inhabits almost all the habitats, which are ùàäü îêîëî 7,7 òûñ. êì2.  íàñòîÿùåå âðå- abundant in prey. ìÿ â ãðóïïèðîâêå èçâåñòíî 62 ãíåçäîâûõ Mostly the Saker prefers to breed on cliffs ó÷àñòêà áàëîáàíîâ, à ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíè- (86%) and occupies nests built originally âàåòñÿ íå ìåíåå ÷åì â 200 ïàð. by the Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) 4. Òóâèíñêàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà – in the Altai-Sayan ecoregion. Tree-nesting ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Òóâèí- Sakers were recorded in Tyva and Khakas- ñêîé âïàäèíû, â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç¸ð Õàäûí, sia. In Tyva we encountered Sakers breed- ×åäåð è ×àãûòàé, âêëþ÷àÿ äîëèíó Åíèñåÿ â ing on electric poles. îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Êûçûëà. Ïëîùàäü îêîëî 5,1 Thus, the nesting habitats of the Saker òûñ. êì2.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ãðóïïèðîâêå in the region are various. However some èçâåñòíî 34 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà áàëîáàíîâ, nesting preferences are recorded in every à ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 100 ïàð. breeding group – birds related with specific 5. ×àäàíñêàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà – nesting sites. ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â ãîðíî-ñòåïíûõ ïåðäãî- ðüÿõ õð. Àäàð-Äàø è äîëèíàõ ðåê ×àäàí, Diet and Food Conditions Õåì÷èê, ×àà-Õîëü è Øàãîíàð. Ïëîùàäü The Saker Falcons feed on the Long- îêîëî 1,5 òûñ. êì2.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Tailed Souslik (Spermophilus undulatus), ãðóïïèðîâêå èçâåñòíî 27 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò- Red-Cheeked Souslik (Spermophilus eryth- êîâ áàëîáàíîâ, à ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíèâàåòñÿ rogenys), Daurian Pika (Ochotona daurica), â 50 ïàð. Mongolian Pika (Ochotona pallasi), Alpine 6. Àëàøñêàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà – ñî- Pika (Ochotona alpina) and Mongolian Ger- ñðåäîòî÷åíà ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â äîëèíå ð. bil (Meriones unguiculatus). However in Àëàø è ïðèëåãàþùåé ÷àñòè Õåì÷èêñêîé êîò- ASE different breeding groups of the Saker ëîâèíû. Ïëîùàäü îêîëî 800 êì2.  íàñòîÿ- rely, as a rule, on one prey species (fig. 2). ùåå âðåìÿ â ãðóïïèðîâêå èçâåñòíî 10 ãíåç- Thus, the Saker is dependent on numbers of äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíîâ, à ÷èñëåííîñòü main prey species and its breeding is synchro- îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 20 ïàð. nized with peaks of prey numbers (fig. 3), as 7. Óéáàòñêàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà – a result the breeding groups, relying on one ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â þæíîé ÷àñòè Áàòåí¸â- prey species, are extremely vulnerable. ñêîãî êðÿæà è Êîññèíñêîãî õðåáòà, ìåæäó The most stable population of the Saker ðåêàìè Óéáàò è Áèäæà, íà çàïàäíîé ïåðè- remains within the range of Daurian and ôåðèè Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû. Ïëîùàäü Mongolian Pikas: 73% of the Saker popula- îêîëî 1 òûñ. êì2. Ãðóïïèðîâêà íàèáîëåå tion in the region inhabits 31% of habitats, ñèëüíî ïîñòðàäàëà îò áðàêîíüåðñòâà â ïî- that are suitable for Sakers and inhabited by ñëåäíåå âðåìÿ, è ïðåññ íåëåãàëüíîãî îò- pikas (fig. 4). The most part of the Altai-Say- ëîâà íà íå¸ íå ïðåêðàùàåòñÿ äî ñèõ ïîð.  an population of Sakers heavily rely on the íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ãðóïïèðîâêå èçâåñòíî Daurian Pika (fig. 5). 10 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíîâ, à ÷èñ- ëåííîñòü îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 30 ïàð. Climate Conditions 8. ×óëûìñêàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà The Saker Falcon inhabits different open – ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â ×óëûìñêîé âïàäèíå â landscapes from deserts to mountain tun- ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîò- dra in the region. And the main factors dis- ëîâèíû è îõâàòûâàåò ïðèëåãàþùèå íèçêî- tinguishing the species distribution are the ãîðüÿ Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó, íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîê dense populations of prey species and nest- äî Ñîëãîíñêîãî êðÿæà âêëþ÷èòåëüíî. Ïëî- ing sites (generally cliffs). Thus, the climate ùàäü îêîëî 3,6 òûñ. êì2.  íàñòîÿùåå âðå- conditions suitable for the species breeding ìÿ â ãðóïïèðîâêå èçâåñòíî 22 ãíåçäîâûõ are various in the region. ó÷àñòêà áàëîáàíîâ, à ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíè- âàåòñÿ íå ìåíåå ÷åì â 50 ïàð. Threats 9. Óñòü-Êàíñêàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà Different nature and anthropogenic fac- – ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â 3-õ ñòåïíûõ äîëèíàõ tors impact negatively on the Saker Falcon ðåê Êàí (Óñòü-Êàíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà), Àíóé è populations. Ïåñ÷àíàÿ. Ïëîùàäü 3-õ êëàñòåðîâ â ñóììå Among treats caused the damage to 28 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

the population, which has been estimated for the Russian part of the region: poach- ing and legal trapping for falconry is on the first place, the second – bird electrocution, 3 – poisoning of birds, 4 – nest destruction, and 5 – natural enemies, 6 – human distur- bance. Among natural factors that also impact negatively on the population the long-term decreasing in numbers of prey species is the most significant.

Poaching and legal trapping for falconry Sakers are not caught for falconry legally in Russia. Nevertheless, until recently Russia has been one of states – main exporters of illegal falcons. Analysis of trade and illegal trapping have shown the number of Sakers trapped in the ASE every year ranging from Ïòåíöû áàëîáàíà â ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,1 òûñ. êì2.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ 100 (Nikolenko, 2007) to 400–500 birds ãíåçäå. â ãðóïïèðîâêå èçâåñòåí 21 ãíåçäîâîé ó÷à- (Sorokin, 2009), generally young, that com- Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ñòîê áàëîáàíîâ, à ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíèâàåò- prising virtually a half or all the non-breed- Nestlings of the Saker ñÿ â 30–35 ïàð. Falcon in the nest. ing birds a year (Karyakin, 2008). However Photo by I. Karyakin. 10. Êîëûâàíñêàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà – according to some estimations from 5,000 ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà ïî ïåðèôåðèè Êîëûâàíñêî- to 9,000 falcons are imported in the Gulf ãî õðåáòà. Ïëîùàäü îêîëî 0,5 òûñ. êì2.  íà- States, generally young, and two third of ñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çäåñü èçâåñòíî 10 ãíåçäîâûõ them are wild (Sorokin, 2009; Fedotkin, So- ó÷àñòêîâ, ïîëîâèíà èç êîòîðûõ íàõîäèòñÿ rokin, 2006; Fox et al., 2003), while popu- íà òåððèòîðèè ïëàíèðóåìîãî ïðèðîäíî- lations of Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China ãî ïàðêà «Ãîðíàÿ Êîëûâàíü». ×èñëåííîñòü can not meet the demand for falcons, be- âñåé ãðóïïèðîâêè îöåíèâàåòñÿ ïðèìåðíî cause the their numbers are comparable to â 30 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. the population number in Russia, and the Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ decline in numbers is the same (no quick- ñòðóêòóðà àðåàëà áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå- er!). Taking into account that the most part Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå íà òåððèòîðèè Êàçàõ- of birds migrate through Mongolia, where ñòàíà, Êèòàÿ è Ìîíãîëèè îñòàþòñÿ íåèçó- Sakers are caught legally and illegally as ÷åííûìè â ñèëó òîãî, ÷òî â Êàçàõñòàíå â well, we may conclude, that trappers catch ïðåäåëàõ ðåãèîíà âèä ïðàêòè÷åñêè âûìåð no less than 1000 Altai-Sayan Sakers during (Ëåâèí, 2008à, 2008á), â Ìîíãîëèè öåëå- migration, and this number is significantly âûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî íåìó âåëèñü ëèøü íà greater than the population potential. Ìîíãîëüñêîì Àëòàå, ãäå áàëîáàí èìååò äî- Poachers are detained very seldom due ñòàòî÷íî ñïîðàäè÷íîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå to lack of experience and skills of inspec- (Potapov et al., 2002), à êèòàéñêàÿ ÷àñòü tors of state agencies on the nature pro- ðåãèîíà âîîáùå íå îáñëåäîâàíà (Ìà, tection. Smugglers are arrested more rare 1999; Ìîøêèí, 2010). than poachers. Only 3 such detentions in Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü ãíåçäî- the zone of responsibility of the Siberian âîãî àðåàëà áàëîáàíà â ðîññèéñêîé ÷à- Customs and the Altai department of Bor- ñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà ñîñòàâëÿåò der Guard and few events outside the re- îêîëî 140 òûñ. êì2 è 24% ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà gion have been known for past 10 years òåððèòîðèè, çàíèìàåìûå îñíîâíûìè ãíåç- (Events…, 2005à; 2005á; 2007à; 2007á; äîâûìè ãðóïïèðîâêàìè. Ïëîùàäü àðåàëà 2009; 2010à; 2010b). And in all cases çà ïðåäåëàìè Ðîññèè ñðàâíèìà ñ òàêîâîé poachers and smugglers have not suffered â Ðîññèè, îäíàêî êîëè÷åñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ any significant punishment. ãðóïïèðîâîê, õàðàêòåð èõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ è ïëîùàäè, èìè çàíèìàåìûå, íåèçâåñòíû. Bird electrocution ×èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà óñòîé÷èâî ñîêðà- Death rates of falcons through electrocu- ùàåòñÿ è óðîâåíü ïàäåíèÿ òîëüêî â ïåðèîä tion have been insufficiently investigated ñ 2003 ïî 2010 ãã. ñîñòàâèë ïî ÀÑÝ 20% in the region. Now bird electrocutions are (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2010), ÷òî ãîâîðèò î òîì, registered primarily in Khakassia and Altai, Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 29

÷òî ïðèíèìàåìûå â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìåðû where the power lines hazardous to birds îõðàíû ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ðàáîòàþò. going across the breeding habitats of the Saker. Analysis of the distribution of the Sak- Îñîáåííîñòè áèîëîãèè è ïðåäïîñûëêè er populations and areas with high density ñîõðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíà of power lines has shown its overlapping no Ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ less than 10%, and proved the Saker having  ÀÑÝ áàëîáàí ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëèøü ÷àñòè÷íî vanished in areas with developed network of îñ¸äëûì. Íà ñâîèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ power lines (fig. 7). And bird electrocution çèìóþò ëèøü âçðîñëûå ïòèöû, ïðåèìóùå- seemed to be one of main reasons for it. We ñòâåííî â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ þãà ðåãèîíà: believe that in adjacent Mongolia the death ×óéñêàÿ ñòåïü è ïëàòî Óêîê â ðåñïóáëèêå rates of birds during migrations are more sig- Àëòàé, Òóâèíñêàÿ è Óáñóíóðñêàÿ êîòëîâèíû nificant, than in the Russian part of ASE. â Òóâå. Îòäåëüíûå îñîáè îñòàþòñÿ çèìîâàòü Thus, this factor not determines the de- è â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, íî, â ñâÿçè ñ cline in the species number, but it will be îòñóòñòâèåì ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ, íå ñîâñåì significant if the power lines are developed ÿñíî íàñêîëüêî ýòî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíî. ×àñòü in breeding habitats of the species. Basing âçðîñëûõ ïòèö ìèãðèðóåò ÷åðåç Ìîíãî- on the results of studies of electrocution ëèþ â Êèòàé, ãäå çèìóåò â Òèáåòå (Êàðÿêèí effect on the Saker populations and other è äð., 2005), ëèáî êî÷óåò ïî Ìîíãîëèè. species as well we believe that the stable Ìîëîäûå ïòèöû ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ïîêèäàþò populations of the Sakers can not survive ðåãèîí, ïðè÷¸ì îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà èõ óõîäèò within the areas with developed network of â ìèãðàöèþ åù¸ â èþëå–àâãóñòå. hazardous power lines. Áàëîáàíû, çèìîâàâøèå ïàðàìè íà ñâîèõ ó÷àñòêàõ, îáû÷íî ïðèñòóïàþò ê ðàçìíîæå- Poisoning íèþ ðàíüøå äðóãèõ, îòêëàäûâàÿ ÿéöà óæå â During the period of modern studies car- 20-õ ÷èñëàõ ìàðòà. Ìàññîâàÿ îòêëàäêà ÿèö ried out in ASE the most significant poi- íàáëþäàåòñÿ â ðåãèîíå ñ 5 ïî 15 àïðåëÿ. soning of birds, that extremely negatively Ïîñëå 20 àïðåëÿ â ãí¸çäàõ âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â impacted on the Saker populations, was in îñíîâíîì ïîëíûå êëàäêè. Êàê èñêëþ÷åíèå Mongolia in 2001–2003, when the Ministry îòäåëüíûå ïàðû áàëîáàíîâ ìîãóò ïðèñòó- of Agriculture of Mongolia used bromadi- ïàòü ê êëàäêàì â ìàå–èþíå, îäíàêî ýòî ñâÿ- olone – a second-generation anticoagulant, çàíî, â îñíîâíîì, ñ êàêèìè-òî ïðèðîäíûìè as a rodenticide to decrease the Brandt’s êàòàêëèçìàìè (ïëîõàÿ ïîãîäà, äåïðåññèè Vole (Microtus brandtii) numbers. êîðìîâ) (Êàðÿêèí, Êîíîâàëîâ, 2001). Now bromadilone is not used in a large Ðàñïàä âûâîäêîâ ìîæåò íà÷èíàòüñÿ óæå â scale in Mongolia, but some local people Ãíåçäî áàëîáàíà. 20-õ ÷èñëàõ èþëÿ, îäíàêî â íîðìå âûâîäêè actively use it against rodents, thus local Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. äåðæàòñÿ ó ãí¸çä âïëîòü äî íà÷àëà àâãóñòà. cases of bird poisoning may be registered. Nest of the Saker Ìàññîâûå êî÷¸âêè ñë¸òêîâ è èõ ïîÿâëåíèå In the Russian part of the Altai-Sayan re- Falcon. çà ïðåäåëàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïðîèñõî- gion the cases of falcon poisoning have not Photo by I. Karyakin. äèò 5–20 àâãóñòà, à ñ 20 àâãóñòà íà÷èíàþòñÿ been recorded yet. The species avoids the cultivated lands sown with grain crops, on which poisons are locally applied.

Nest destruction In 1990-s, there was the extensive and purposeful destructing the system of me- dium voltage power lines in the Tyva Re- public, which was inherited from the Soviet farming. Nests of Sakers were being de- stroyed by people not only in winter, but during the breeding season. As a result, having destroyed the system of power lines in the most part of Tyva, people have de- prived the Saker of a chance to breed in a steppe apart mountains. The scale of nest destruction placed on different artificial con- structions was huge in the period between 1998 and 2008, but now the nest destruc- tion has stopped for the reason of lack of 30 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

êî÷¸âêè âçðîñëûå ïòèö. Äâèæåíèå ïòèö ñ artificial constructions at all, on which Saker ãîð íà ðàâíèíû ïðîèñõîäèò, â îñíîâíîì, could nest. â ñåíòÿáðå, à ê êîíöó îêòÿáðÿ ìèãðàíòû, Some cases of vandalism have been re- â îñíîâíîì, ïîêèäàþò ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. corded concerning the artificial nests, which  íîÿáðå–ôåâðàëå â ðåãèîíå ðåãèñòðèðó- had been erected under the project on res- þòñÿ çèìóþùèå ïòèöû. toration of the Saker nesting sites (Karyakin,  êëàäêå áàëîáàíà äî 7 ÿèö (Ïôåôôåð, Nikolenko, 2011). Êàðÿêèí, 2010; Dixon et al., 2010), îäíà- êî â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå èçâåñòíû Natural Enemies êëàäêè òîëüêî èç 2–5 ÿèö.  íîðìå êëàäêà The main predator, which feeds on adults ñîñòîèò èç 4-õ ÿèö. and young as well, is the Eagle Owl (Bubo  âûâîäêàõ áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì bubo). We recorded all the posterity having ðåãèîíå îò 1 äî 5 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì been killed by the Eagle Owl only in 5.8% of (n=278) 2,64±1,06 (Êàðÿêèí, 2010c). monitored nests during 10 years. Also we  çàâèñèìîñòè îò ÷èñëåííîñòè îáúåêòîâ believe that 9% of pairs to break up for the ïèòàíèÿ è õàðàêòåðà âåñíû, óñïåøíîñòü reason of the Eagle Owl predatory, and it ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîêîëîâ ìîæåò ñóùåñòâåííî caused the breeding territory vanishing in èçìåíÿòüñÿ. Îñíîâíàÿ åñòåñòâåííàÿ ïðè- 3% of registered cases. In general, the im- ÷èíà îòñóòñòâèÿ ó áàëîáàíà óñïåøíîãî ðàç- pact of the Eagle Owl on the Saker popula- ìíîæåíèÿ â ðåãèîíå – ãèáåëü êëàäîê ëèáî tion is rather tangible but insignificant and âûâîäêîâ èç-çà ãîëîäà.  ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå not caused the total decrease in the popula- ñàìêè áðîñàþò íàñèæèâàíèå èç-çà òîãî, tion number. ÷òî ñàìöû íå â ñîñòîÿíèè èõ ïðîêîðìèòü, However planning the activity on the âî âòîðîì – ìëàäøèå ïòåíöû â âûâîäêàõ Saker population recovering the predatory ãèáíóò îò ãîëîäà. press of the Eagle Owl should be taken into Ó÷èòûâàÿ ñîâðåìåííóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëî- account, the additional surveys should be áàíà â ÀÑÝ è åãî ðåïðîäóêòèâíûå ïîêàçà- carried out. òåëè â ðåãèîíå åæåãîäíî âñòàþò íà êðûëî â ñðåäíåì îêîëî 2000 ïòåíöîâ, ÷òî, îäíàêî, Human Disturbance íå êîìïåíñèðóåò ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîêðàùåíèÿ The Saker Falcon is rather tolerant to the ÷èñëåííîñòè. Ïðè ãèïîòåòè÷åñêè ñòàáèëüíîì factor of human disturbance, and nesting ïðåññå íà ñîêîëîâ ñî ñòîðîíû áðàêîíüåðîâ on high cliffs and electric poles can breed è äðóãèõ íåãàòèâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ ìèíèìàëü- directly on the outskirts of cities and settle- íûé ïðèðîñò ïîïóëÿöèè äîëæåí áûòü íå ments, along roads if it is not pursued. The ìåíåå 3500 ìîëîäûõ â ãîä. Ïðè ýòîì, íà- problems appear when near settlements áëþäàåìàÿ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ óñïåøíîñòü the Saker occupies the nests being acces- ðàçìíîæåíèÿ (îêîëî 50% óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä sible to human approach, especially during îò ÷èñëà çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïðè ïðîäóêòèâ- the period of fledging nestlings when they íîñòè óñïåøíûõ ïàð â ñðåäíåì 2,64 ïòåíöà) are very noisy and draw attention to them- ÿâëÿåòñÿ óæå êðèòè÷åñêîé äëÿ ïîïóëÿöèè. selves. Throughout the region for this rea- Íà ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü ïîä âëèÿíèåì öåëîãî son the unsuccessful breeding is projected êîìïëåêñà ôàêòîðîâ íàáëþäàåòñÿ ñòàáèëü- for no more than 2% nested sites. íîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà è, ÷òîáû ïðîòèâîñòîÿòü ýòîìó ïðîöåññó, íåîá- Fluctuations in the prey species popu- õîäèìî èçìåíèòü ñèòóàöèþ òàê, ÷òîáû ëèáî lation numbers ÷èñëî óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä â ïîïóëÿöèè âûðîñëî The dependence of the Saker numbers äî 80–90%, ëèáî ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü óñïåøíûõ on the population trend of the main prey ïàð äîñòèãëà 4-õ ïòåíöîâ.  èäåàëå ïîïóëÿ- species under conditions of the steppe de- öèÿ, ïðè ñîâðåìåííîì óðîâíå å¸ ÷èñëåí- pressions of the Altai-Sayan region is rather íîñòè, ìîãëà áû êîìïåíñèðîâàòü ñóùåñòâóþ- studies, and we can state that the entire ùèå íåãàòèâíûå ôàêòîðû ïðè óñïåøíîñòè breeding groups of Sakers heavy rely on the 65% çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè spring numbers of rodents and Pikas. óñïåøíûõ ïàð – 3,6 ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêå. Extreme Climate Conditions Òðåáîâàíèÿ ê ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿì Among environmental factors affecting Íàáîð ìåñòîîáèòàíèé áàëîáàíà â ÀÑÝ the number and distribution of Sakers in êðàéíå ðàçíîîáðàçåí. Òèïè÷íûìè ìîæíî the region, the abundant spring precipita- ñ÷èòàòü ãîðíóþ ñòåïü è ëåñîñòåïü ïî ïåðè- tion and the deep snow cover during win- ôåðèè ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí, îñòàíöû â ñòåï- ter are the most significant. The first factor Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 31

determines overgrowing the pastures with high grass, which gives Sakers trouble to hunt successfully. The second factor forces the sedentary birds to migrate in the areas with poor snow cover, which increases their chances of death for different reasons.

Destruction of Habitats In ASE the populations of tree-nesting Sakers suffer from logging and fire. How- ever those factors have a local impact in the breeding habitats of Sakers. The burning of dry grass, even if it does not grow into forest fire, has the extremely Ñòåïíûå êîòëîâèíû íûõ êîòëîâèíàõ, à òàêæå àëüïèéñêèé ïîÿñ negative impact on breeding populations of Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãè- ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèå ïåòðîôèòíûõ ñòåïåé Sakers, because it decreases the numbers of îíà – îñíîâíûå ìåñòà äî 3000 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ. Ñ ðàçíîé prey species. ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ïëîòíîñòüþ áàëîáàí íàñåëÿåò ïðàêòè÷åñêè Cliff-nesting Sakers suffer from mining, however it is a local effect. Whilst the min- Steppe depressions âñå òèïû ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, êîòîðûå ìîãóò of the Altai-Sayan åãî îáåñïå÷èòü â íàäëåæàùåì êîëè÷åñòâå ing is conducted in small areas, it does not region are the general îñíîâíûìè îáúåêòàìè ïèòàíèÿ. Ïîäðîáíî threaten to the Saker populations. breeding habitats of the òèïû ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, ïðåäïî÷èòàåìûå áà- Saker Falcon. Impact of Climate Change on Habitats Photo by I. Karyakin. ëîáàíàìè â êàæäîì ñóáúåêòå ÀÑÝ, îïèñà- íû ðàíåå (Êàðÿêèí, 2010ñ). and Food Áàëîáàí ïîëíîñòüþ îòñóòñòâóåò â òàéãå, Increasing the grass vegetation in steppe âëàæíûõ òóíäðàõ, à òàêæå â ðîâíûõ ñòåïÿõ, pastures may be recognized as the main ëèø¸ííûõ ñêàë, äåðåâüåâ è èñêóññòâåííûõ negative factor in this group. Under condi- ñîîðóæåíèé. Íî åñëè òàéãó è âëàæíóþ òóí- tions of high level of humidity and insuf- äðó áàëîáàí ïîëíîñòüþ èçáåãàåò, òî â ñòåïè ficient livestock grazing, the habitats are îí äîñòàòî÷íî ïðîäóêòèâíî îõîòèòñÿ, íî íå grown up with high grass, that makes the èìååò âîçìîæíîñòè óñòðàèâàòü ãí¸çäà. Saker hunting unsuccessful. As a result of Òàêèì îáðàçîì, òîëüêî ñîâîêóïíîñòü ìå- decreasing the availability of prey luck of ñòîîáèòàíèé, ñ ïðèñóòñòâèåì ñóáñòðàòîâ äëÿ food causes the loss of some nestlings in óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä è äîñòóïíîé êîðìîâîé áàçû, broods, that reduces the breeding suc- ñîçäà¸ò áëàãîïðèÿòíûå äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ áàëîáà- cess of Sakers. On the background of other íîâ óñëîâèÿ. Ïðè îòñóòñòâèè êîðìîâ ëèáî negative factor impacts the decrease in the ïðèãîäíûõ ñóáñòðàòîâ áàëîáàí îòñóòñòâóåò. breeding success causes the population Áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå- number reducing. Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ íà ñêàëàõ (86%), ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïî- Conservation Status of the Saker Falcon ñòðîéêàõ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo Main International Conventions on the hemilasius). Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê ÿâ- Nature Conservation ëÿåòñÿ îñíîâíûì ïîñòàâùèêîì ãíåçäî- The Saker is included in the Red List of âûõ ïîñòðîåê äëÿ áàëîáàíà, ïðè÷¸ì, êàê IUCN (IUCN, 2010) and in the list of endan- óñòðîåííûõ íà ñêàëàõ, òàê è íà äåðåâüÿõ gered species of the BirdLife International è ñîîðóæåíèÿõ ÷åëîâåêà.  ïîñòðîéêàõ (BirdLife…, 2010), in the Appendix II of êóðãàííèêà îáíàðóæåíî 68% ãí¸çä áàëî- CITES (CITES…, 2010), Appendices II of the áàíà (Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2008). Íà âòî- Bern and Bonn Conventions (Convention…, ðîì ìåñòå íàõîäèòñÿ âîðîí (Corvus corax), 2009; Convention…, 2002). â ïîñòðîéêàõ êîòîðîãî, óñòðîåííûõ èñ- Until 2010, the Saker Falcon was consid- êëþ÷èòåëüíî íà ñêàëàõ, îáíàðóæåíî 16% ered as an Endangered species in the Red ñîêîëèíûõ ãí¸çä. Îñòàëüíûå âèäû èãðàþò List of IUCN, however for political reasons íåáîëüøóþ ðîëü â êà÷åñòâå ïîñòàâùèêîâ it has been carried to the list of Vulnerable ïîñòðîåê äëÿ áàëîáàíà, õîòÿ ìîæíî ïðåä- species (IUCN, 2010). ïîëàãàòü, ÷òî â Õàêàñèè âêëàä ìîãèëüíèêà However the species protection in ASE (Aquila heliaca) è êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans) not depends on its status in the Appendices äîëæåí áûòü íå ìåíüøèé, ÷åì âîðîíà.  ïî- of International Conventions and Red Lists äàâëÿþùåì áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ áàëîáàíû of international nature conservation organi- ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ïîñòðîéêàõ ýòèõ âèäîâ, îäíàêî zations in any way. 32 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

èçâåñòíû è ñëó÷àè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ýòîãî ñîêî- Legislative and Other Legal Acts of the ëà ïðîñòî â íèøàõ ñêàë, áåç ïîñòðîåê, ïî- Russian Federation äîáíî ñàïñàíó (Falco peregrinus), íî äîëÿ In Russia the main federal laws and con- òàêèõ ãí¸çä â ðåãèîíå íå ïðåâûøàåò 3%. cerning the conservation of the Saker popu- Ãíåçäîâàíèå áàëîáàíà íà äåðåâüÿõ óñòà- lations and its habitats are as follows: Fed- íîâëåíî â Õàêàñèè è Òóâå, ïðè÷¸ì, êàê â eral Act “On Environment Conservation”, ëèñòâåííè÷íèêàõ ïðåäãîðèé Êóçíåöêîãî Federal Act “On Wildlife”, Federal Act “On Àëàòàó è Òàííó-Îëà, òàê è â íàãîðíûõ áå- Specially Protected Natural Areas”. ðåçíÿêàõ è ñòåïíûõ áîðàõ â Ìèíóñèíñêîé One of main acts concerning the necessity è Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ. of bird protection (including Sakers) against Ãíåçäîâàíèå íà ËÝÏ è èíûõ ñîîðóæåíè- electrocutions at the operation of power ÿõ óñòàíîâëåíî â Òóâå. and communication lines is “Requirements Òàêèì îáðàçîì, áàëîáàí â âûáîðå ñóá- to prevent loss of wildlife at the realization ñòðàòîâ äëÿ ãí¸çä äîñòàòî÷íî ïëàñòè÷åí. of manufacturing processes, as well as the Îäíàêî, íå ïîñëåäíþþ ðîëü èãðàåò ñëî- operation of highways, pipelines, commu- æèâøèéñÿ ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â êàæ- nication and power lines”. äîé êîíêðåòíîé ãðóïïèðîâêå – ïòèöû íå “Rules of technical operation of electri- ñïîñîáíû ñ ë¸ãêîñòüþ ìåíÿòü ãíåçäîâûå cal installations…” stipulate equipping the ñóáñòðàòû. Òàê, ñèòóàöèÿ ñ óíè÷òîæåíèåì electrical installations with special devices èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ËÝÏ â Òóâå ÿðêî ïðîäå- to ensure the sanitary and environmental ìîíñòðèðîâàëà, ÷òî ïòèöû, ãíåçäèâøèåñÿ requirements. íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ, ïðè èõ óíè÷òîæåíèè íå- “Regulations for electrical installations” ñêîëüêî ëåò ïðîäîëæàëè äåðæàòüñÿ íà ñâî- (Chapter 2.5. Overhead power lines with a èõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ íå ðàçìíîæàÿñü. À voltage above 1 kV) are also a significant îòñóòñòâèå ñòåðåîòèïà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà äå- departmental paper, obliging the owners of ðåâüÿõ íå ïîçâîëÿåò ïòèöàì â Òóâèíñêîé electrical installations to prevent negative êîòëîâèíå îñâàèâàòü äîñòóïíûé ãíåçäîâîé effects of the interactions of birds and power ôîíä â ñòåïíûõ áîðàõ. Ýòî î÷åíü âàæíî lines. Paragraph 2.5.36. of Regulations in- ó÷èòûâàòü ïðè ðàçðàáîòêå ñèñòåìû ìåðî- cludes the alternative decision of the prob- ïðèÿòèé ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè lem of bird electrocution: “In the regions êàê ïóò¸ì ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñîêîëîâ â èñêóñ- inhabited by large birds for … prevention ñòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ, òàê è ïðè âûïóñêå of bird electrocution … use of electric poles ðàçâåä¸ííûõ â íåâîëå ñîêîëîâ. with upright insulators is prohibited”. Çàâåðøàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêó ìåñòîîáèòàíèé Main laws and by-laws provide a legal áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàíñêîì ðåãèîíå, åù¸ basis significantly developed to protect the ðàç îòìåòèì, ÷òî òðåáîâàíèÿì áàëîáàíà â Saker Falcon and its habitats. Unfortunately íàèáîëüøåé ñòåïåíè óäîâëåòâîðÿþò ãîðíî- those environmental lows are not carried ñòåïíûå è ëåñîñòåïíûå ìàññèâû ïî ïåðè- out virtually in Russia. ôåðèè ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí, à òàêæå ñòåïíûå ìàññèâû öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè êîòëîâèí ñî Russian Red Data Books ñêàëàìè-îñòàíöàìè. Òàêæå îòìåòèì âàæ- The Saker Falcon is listed in the Red Data íîñòü ïðîöâåòàíèÿ âèäîâ, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ Book of the Russian Federation as a rare spe- áàëîáàíà ãíåçäîâûìè ïîñòðîéêàìè – â óñëî- cies, which decreased in numbers (category âèÿõ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà ýòî, â ïåðâóþ 2) (Red Data Book of RF …, 2001). î÷åðåäü, ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê è âîðîí, âî Also the Saker is listed in all the regional âòîðóþ (òîëüêî â Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì Red Data Book of ASE: Red Data Book of êðàå) – êîðøóí è îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê. the Republic of Altai (2007); Red Data Book of the Republic of Tyva (2002); Red Data Îñîáåííîñòè ïèòàíèÿ è îáåñïå÷åí- Book of the Republic of Khakassia (2004); íîñòü êîðìàìè Red Data Book of the Altai Kray (2006); Red Îñíîâíûìè îáúåêòàìè ïèòàíèÿ áàëîáàíà Data Book of the Krasnoyarsk Kray (2000). â ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿþòñÿ äëèííîõâîñòûé ñóñëèê Thus, the Saker is adequately protected (Spermophilus undulatus), êðàñíîù¸êèé ñóñ- by law at the federal and regional levels. ëèê (Spermophilus erythrogenys), äàóðñêàÿ ïèùóõà (Ochotona daurica), ìîíãîëüñêàÿ Territorial Protection ïèùóõà (Ochotona pallasi), àëòàéñêàÿ ïèùó- Now there are 9 federal protected are in õà (Ochotona alpina) è ìîíãîëüñêàÿ ïåñ÷àí- the region, which cover 3778.9 km2 of the êà (Meriones unguiculatus). Îäíàêî, íå âåñü Saker habitats (2.7% in the total area of Sak- êîìïëåêñ ýòèõ âèäîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ áàçîâûì â er habitats in the region), 19 paira are know Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 33

and no less than 38 are projected to breed there, which comprises about 2.6% in the total number of Sakers in the region (fig. 9). It is the State Nature Reserve “Khakassky”, “Ubsunuur depression”, “Altaisky”, “Say- ano-Shushensky”, “Azas”, National Parks “Saylugem” and “Shushensky Bor”. The main breeding groups of the Saker are locatd outside those protected areas and about 20 breeding pairs of Sakers are protected only in the Nature Reserves “Altaisky” and “Ub- sunuur depression” (fig. 10). Absence of the real territorial protection of the main breeding groups of the spe- cies seems to connected with the fact, that the most of them are located in the lands, which are actively used as pastures by hu- man now. Thus, the strategy of the Saker conservation in ASE should be aimed pri- marily at the optimizing the habitat con- ditions under the continuous pressure of the human economic activity. In spite of that, the system of protected areas should be adopted and aimed at im- proving the territorial protection of breed- Ðèñ. 2. Àðåàëû ðàöèîíå áàëîáàíà. Çà íåñêîëüêî ïîñëåäíèõ ing groups of Sakes. îñíîâíûõ âèäîâ-æåðòâ òûñÿ÷åëåòèé ó áàëîáàíà ñôîðìèðîâàëèñü Primarily, the mountain areas, with popu- áàëîáàíà è ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè áàëîáà- óñòîé÷èâûå òðîôè÷åñêèå ñâÿçè, è áîëüøàÿ lations of the species being inaccessible yet íà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ÷àñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ñòàëà çàâè- to poachers, should be protected, – it is ýêîðåãèîíå. ñèìîé îò îäíîãî êëþ÷åâîãî âèäà-æåðòâû. Yuzhno-Chuysk mountain ridge, Saylugem, Fig. 2. Distribution of  Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå òðîôè÷åñêàÿ Chikhachev, Kuraysk, and the Mogen-Buren main prey species of ñïåöèàëèçàöèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê øëà and Kargy river basins in Tyva as well. Saker Falcons (2) and òàêæå â íàïðàâëåíèè îñâîåíèÿ îäíîãî äî- Secondarily, the most complete protec- breeding groups of the Saker (1) in the Altai- ìèíàíòà ñðåäè âèäîâ-æåðòâ, â ðåçóëüòàòå tion should be established for the popula- Sayan ecoregion. The ÷åãî ñåé÷àñ ìîæíî äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêî âû- tions of steppe depressions: the protected zone of virtual extinc- äåëèòü «òðîôè÷åñêè ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûå» areas in the region of Khadyn and Cheder tion of the Red-Cheeked ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè áàëîáàíà (ðèñ. 2). Lakes in the Tuva depression, in the Chulym Souslik and raptors relying heavily on it, Áàëîáàí èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî çàâèñèì îò river basin on the border of Khakassia and including the Saker – 3. ÷èñëåííîñòè îñíîâíûõ âèäîâ-æåðòâ, è Krasnoyarsk Kray, and in the Ust-Kansk de- åãî ðàçìíîæåíèå äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêî ñèí- pression in the Republic of Altai should be õðîíèçèðîâàíî ñ ïèêàìè ÷èñëåííîñòè established. âèäîâ-æåðòâ (ðèñ. 3), ïîýòîìó òðîôè÷åñêè- The specific features of the Saker should be considered in the regimes of nature management realized in protected areas. In particular, the grazing, which cannot to be prohibited, should be sufficient in the steppe landscapes to make prey species available to falcons.

Ðèñ. 3. Óñïåøíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áàëîáàíîâ íà øëåéôîâîé ðàâíèíå ñåâåðíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà õð. Àãàð-Äàã-Òàéãà â ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ-Õåìà. ׸ðíàÿ ëèíèÿ – ëèíèÿ òðåíäà ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè, ÿâëÿþùåéñÿ îñíîâíûì îáúåêòîì ïèòàíèÿ áàëîáàíà â ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ-Õåìà. Fig. 3. Breeding success of Sakers in the plain at the foot of the northern slope of the Agar-Dag-Taiga mountain ridge on left bank of the Tes-Khem river. Black line is the trend of the Daurian Pika population, being the main prey of Sakers inhabiting the left bank of the Tes-Khem river. 34 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Breeding in captivity The Saker breeds in captivity very suc- cessfully. And now in Russia several centers breed farming falcons in captivity: “Russian Falcon Center” (Russia), “Filin” (Gizel, North- ern Osetia), “Galichya Gora” (Donskoe, Li- petsk district), “Kholzan” (Ekaterinburg) and “Altai Falcon” (Barnaul). “Altai Falcon” is a legal center in the terri- tory of the region. Sakers have breed there since 1994. Breeding output varies from 50 to 120 young a year, birds are released in the wild and used for falconry. More than 300 Sakers having reared in cages of “Al- tai Falcon” were released in the wild during past 15 years (Altai Falcon, 2010). Releasing those Sakers in the wild is a significant contribution to the recovering its population. Unfortunately the breeding success of falcons released by the center is unknown. This activity of the center is not funded by the government, and, hence, the center releases primarily males in the na- ture. Thus, under conditions of catastrophic shortage of females in natural populations it virtually has not any effect, and conse- quently, the contribution of the center to the recovering the Saker populations in ASE through release of birds is negligible.

Monitoring of Populations The monitoring of Saker populations is carried out by the Russian Raptor Research and Conservation Network, primarily by the Center of Field Studies and Siberian En- vironmental Center, during past 12 years. For this period the monitoring has proved its efficiency to obtain the unique and ob- jective information on the Saker population conditions, that is necessary to develop the adequate measures on the Saker conserva- tion. Basing on those data “The Program of the Saker monitoring in ASE” has been pre- pared in 2010 (Karyakin, 2010).

Environmental Education The results of activities concerning the struggle against poaching and smuggling of Sakers remain very poor. Within the program “Information and methodological support of state bodies” of the Siberian Environmental Center, which has been realized since 2005 and granted by WWF and UNDP/GEF, the following ac- tivities are carried out: 1. Conducting the educational seminars Ðèñ. 4. Ñòðóêòóðà òðîôè÷åñêè-çàâèñèìûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå îòíîñèòåëüíî àðåàëîâ èõ âèäîâ-æåðòâ. and workshops to exchange the experienc- es between government authorities in the Fig. 4. Structure of the Saker breeding groups relying on particular prey species in the Altai-Sayan ecoregion concerning the distributions of prey species. nature conservation and the Siberian Cus- Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 35

ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâ- toms department, with inviting the repre- êè ýòîãî âèäà êðàéíå óÿçâèìû. sentatives of such bodies from Kazakhstan  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ äëèííîõâîñòûì ñóñ- and Mongolia. ëèêîì â ÀÑÝ çàíÿòî 54% ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, 2. Educating the officers of the Siberian ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ áàëîáàíà, íî Customs department on the problem of ëèøü 10% ýòîé òåððèòîðèè çàíÿòî ãíåçäî- transporting the wildlife species through the âûìè ãðóïïèðîâêàìè áàëîáàíà, â êîòîðûõ state border and detaining the contraband in ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà ñîñòàâëÿåò 24% îò the Novosibirsk Customs Training Center. îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â ÀÑÝ. Ñèòóàöèÿ 3. Studying and monitoring the trade in ñ áàëîáàíîì â àðåàëå êðàñíîù¸êîãî ñóñ- wildlife and reporting to the customs offic- ëèêà âûãëÿäèò íàèáîëåå êðèòè÷íîé – ïðè ers about the results of studies (Smelansky, ïëîùàäè ìåñòîîáèòàíèé êðàñíîù¸êîãî Nikolenko, 2010). ñóñëèêà â ðåãèîíå îêîëî 15% ëèøü 2% îò 4. Publishing the manuals, teaching mate- èõ ïëîùàäè çàíÿòî ãíåçäîâûìè ãðóïïè- rials and visual aids. ðîâêàìè áàëîáàíà, ÷èñëåííîñòü ñîêîëîâ â êîòîðûõ ñîñòàâëÿåò 3% îò îáùåé ÷èñëåí- The Top Priority Measures on the Saker íîñòè âèäà â ðåãèîíå. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íà Falcon Conservation in the Altai-Sayan 69% ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ áàëî- Ecoregion áàíà, íàñåë¸ííûõ ñóñëèêàìè, ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ As the top priority measures on the Saker 27% ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà (ðèñ. 4). Ïðè conservation in ASE we suggest as follows: ýòîì, òðåíä ïîïóëÿöèè íà ïîëîâèíå ïëî- - developing the cooperation between ùàäè òåððèòîðèè íåãàòèâíûé. Russia and Mongolia concerning the terri- Íàèáîëåå ñòàáèëüíûå ïîïóëÿöèè áàëî- torial protection of the Saker Falcon strug- áàíà ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ â àðåàëå äàóðñêîé è gle against smuggling and realization of ìîíãîëüñêîé ïèùóõ: íà 31% ìåñòîîáèòà- projects on the artificial nest erecting; íèé, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ áàëîáàíà, íàñåë¸ííûõ - improving the legislation to establish ïèùóõàìè, ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ 73% ïîïóëÿöèè áà- and increase the administrative responsi- ëîáàíà â ðåãèîíå, ò.å. îñíîâíàÿ åãî ÷àñòü bility of persons and organizations, involv- (ðèñ. 4). Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü àëòàå-ñàÿíñêîé ïî- ing in the illegal transporting and holding ïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà òðîôè÷åñêè ñâÿçàíà ñ falcons in captivity, providing Internet- äàóðñêîé ïèùóõîé (ðèñ. 5). resources and media for advertisements Íåñìîòðÿ íà øèðîêèé ñïåêòð ìåñòîî- about sale of living or stuffed falcons, kill- áèòàíèé, çàñåëÿåìûõ áàëîáàíîì, à òàêæå ing Sakers or other wildlife species listed îáøèðíûå àðåàëû âèäîâ-æåðòâ, ýòîò ñîêîë in the Red Data Book of RF, setting fire to îãðàíè÷åí â ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè âîçìîæíî- cultivated lands and forests; - developing the network of protected ar- eas by expanding the territory of the Nation- al Park “Saylugemsky”, establishing the new area of the National Park “Saylugemsky” on the western slope of the Chikhachev moun- tain ridge or a separate National Park, Nature Parks “Yuzhno-Chuysky” and “Kuraysky”, a cluster nature park in the western part of the Republic of Altai, including the populations of Sakers in the Ust-Kansk depression, Anuy and Peschanya river valleys, increasing the territory of the Nature Reserve “Ubsunuur depression” in the Republic of Tyva, estab- lishing a nature park in the Tuva depression, covering the mountain-steppe landscapes surrounding Khadun and Cheder Lakes and the remained fragments of the Balgazyn pine forest, separate natural parks or one park in the Chulym river basin of the Repub- Ðèñ. 5. Î÷àãè îáèòàíèÿ äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè (Ochotona daurica) (êàðòà ïëîòíîñòè) è lic of Khakassia and Krasnoyarsk Kray; êëþ÷åâûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè áàëîáàíà (ïîëèãîíû ñ êîñîé øòðèõîâêîé). Õî- ðîøî âèäíû îáëàñòè ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïèùóõî-çàâèñèìûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê. - increasing the efficiency of protection of the Saker Falcon outside the protected areas Fig. 5. Population cores of Daurian Pika (Ochotona daurica) (map of density) and key breeding groups of the Sakers (polygons with oblique hatching). The areas of by developing the cooperation among the distribution of the Pika-dependent breeding groups are clearly visible. nature protection organizations and law en- 36 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Äàóðñêàÿ ïèùóõà (Ochotona daurica) - îñíîâíàÿ äî- áû÷à áàëîáàíà çèìîé. Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé. Daurian Pika (Ochotona daurica) is the main prey of the Saker Falcon in winter. Photo by A. Barashkova.

ñòüþ óñïåøíîé îõîòû íà ðîþùèõ ãðûçóíîâ è çàéöåîáðàçíûõ. Îáùåèçâåñòíûì ÿâëÿåò- ñÿ ôàêò, ÷òî áàëîáàí íå ìîæåò îõîòèòüñÿ â óñëîâèÿõ âûñîêîòðàâüÿ. Äàæå â ëóãîâûõ ñòåïÿõ, íàñåë¸ííûõ êðóïíûìè ïîïóëÿöèÿ- ìè ñóñëèêîâ, áàëîáàí ìîæåò óñïåøíî îõî- òèòüñÿ íà íèõ òîëüêî â óñëîâèÿõ äîñòàòî÷íî forcement to struggle against illegal trade èíòåíñèâíîãî âûïàñà, ïðè êîòîðîì ñóñëè- in falcons, to provide the information about êè ñòàíîâÿòñÿ äîñòóïíûìè äëÿ ýòîãî ñîêî- illegal trapping and holding the Sakers, in- ëà. Èìåííî ýòèì îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ ñëàáîå îñâî- volving the local people in it; åíèå áàëîáàíàìè àðåàëîâ äëèííîõâîñòîãî - realizing the activities on attraction of è êðàñíîù¸êîãî ñóñëèêîâ, îñîáåííî â ïî- the Saker Falcon into artificial nests; ñëåäíèå äâà äåñÿòèëåòèÿ, â óñëîâèÿõ ðåç- - realizing the activities on protection of êîãî ñîêðàùåíèÿ âûïàñà íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, birds against electrocution; íà êîòîðûõ íå ïðîæèâàþò íàöèîíàëüíûå - conducting the annual monitoring of the ìåíüøèíñòâà, óêëàä æèçíè êîòîðûõ îñíî- Saker breeding territories in ASE, develop- âàí íà îòãîííîì æèâîòíîâîäñòâå. ing the monitoring of migration routes with Çèìóþùàÿ íà ìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ÷àñòü use of satellite telemetry, coloured rings, ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíîâ åù¸ áîëåå òåñíî creating the database on breeding territo- ñâÿçàíà ñ äàóðñêîé è ìîíãîëüñêîé ïèùó- ries of the Saker available on-line to the par- õàìè, ÷åì â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä, òàê êàê ïè- ticipants of the monitoring program; ùóõè ÿâëÿþòñÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûìè êîðìàìè - developing the environment education, ýòîãî âèäà â çèìíèé ïåðèîä íà ôîíå îò- aimed to develop the public understand- ñóòñòâèÿ (çàëåãàíèå â ñïÿ÷êó, îòë¸ò íà çè- ing Sakers as an object of the national and ìîâêè) èíûõ çàìåùàþùèõ êîðìîâ. world natural heritage. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ, íàïðàâ- ëåííûå íà óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëî- Prospects of the Saker Falcon Surviving áàíà, äîëæíû ó÷èòûâàòü êîðìîâóþ ñïåöè- Analysis of the distribution and trend ôèêó âèäà â êîíêðåòíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ. of the Saker Falcon populations has dem- Îòäåëüíûì âàæíûì íàïðàâëåíèåì òàêèõ onstrated that under conditions of steady ìåðîïðèÿòèé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîçäàíèå óñëîâèé decline in a total number of the species in äëÿ óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè è äîñòóïíîñòè ASE several breeding groups remain sta- âèäîâ-æåðòâ. ble. It is noteworthy that the Saker popula- tions inhabiting mountain-steppe regions of Êëèìàòè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ, ïîäõîäÿùèå the south of ASE are the most safe. Birds äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ âèäà of those populations are mainly sedentary Áàëîáàí íàñåëÿåò â ðåãèîíå âåñü ñïåêòð and breed in the zone along the border be- îòêðûòûõ áèîòîïîâ, îò ïóñòûíü äî ãîðíûõ tween Russia and Mongolia, that provides òóíäð, è ãëàâíûìè ôàêòîðàìè, îïðåäå- the more strict protection than within the ëÿþùèìè çàñåëåíèå áàëîáàíîì ýòèõ ìå- state protected areas. Also the tree-nesting ñòîîáèòàíèé, ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàëè÷èå ïëîòíûõ population of falcons has started to develop ïîñåëåíèé âèäîâ-æåðòâ è ñóáñòðàòîâ äëÿ in the Tuva depression owing to activities on óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä (â îñíîâíîì – ñêàë). the artificial nest installing carried out in arti- Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, äèàïàçîí êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ ficial forest-lines. And birds, mostly young, óñëîâèé, ïîäõîäÿùèõ äëÿ âèäà, î÷åíü øè- started to occupy artificial nests in the third ðîê. Íî îïòèìóì âñ¸ æå åñòü. Íàèáîëåå year after their installing, some of them had êðóïíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè âèäà ñî- been ringed as fledglings having been in ñðåäîòî÷åíû â óñëîâèÿõ ïîëóïóñòûíè è nests located on cliffs in adjacent territo- îïóñòûíåííîé ñòåïè ïî âñåé ïåðèôåðèè ries. It allows us to hope, that if only part of Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíû. Î÷àãè ïëîòíîñòè measures proposed for the Saker protection áàëîáàíà ôîðìèðóþòñÿ â çîíå ìîçàè÷íî- is approved the species population will be ãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ñòåïíûõ è ïóñòûííûõ stable and even recover its number in some ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, íàñåë¸ííûõ äàóðñêîé ïè- districts of the region. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 37

ùóõîé, âêëþ÷àÿ êàìåíèñòûå ñòåïè, íàñå- íî ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, ò.å., ôàêòè÷åñêè, ïîëîâè- ë¸ííûå ìîíãîëüñêîé ïèùóõîé, è ïåñêè, íà- íà ëèáî âåñü åæåãîäíûé ðåçåðâ ñâîáîäíûõ ñåë¸ííûå ìîíãîëüñêîé ïåñ÷àíêîé. Âèäèìî, îñîáåé (Êàðÿêèí, 2008). Íî â ñòðàíû Ïåð- ìîçàèêà òð¸õ âûøåóêàçàííûõ áèîòîïîâ ñ ñèäñêîãî çàëèâà, ïî ðÿäó îöåíîê, ïîñòó- êîìïëåêñîì òð¸õ âèäîâ-æåðòâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïàåò îò 5 äî 9 òûñÿ÷ ñîêîëîâ, â îñíîâíîì, îïòèìàëüíîé äëÿ áàëîáàíà. Ïðè ýòîì, âèä ìîëîäûõ, äâå òðåòè êîòîðûõ – èç ïðèðîäû ïîëíîñòüþ îòñóòñòâóåò â îáøèðíûõ êàìå- (Ñîðîêèí, 2009; Ôåäîòêèí, Ñîðîêèí, 2006; íèñòûõ ïóñòûíÿõ è ïåñêàõ (À÷èò-Íóðñêàÿ Ôîêñ è äð., 2003), à ïîïóëÿöèè Êàçàõñòà- êîòëîâèíà â Ìîíãîëèè, ïåñêè Öóãåð-Ýëñ â íà, Ìîíãîëèè è Êèòàÿ íå ìîãóò îáåñïå÷èòü Òóâå è äð.), ÷òî ãîâîðèò î ñëàáîé ïðèâëå- âåñü ýòîò ñïðîñ, ò.ê. ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà êàòåëüíîñòè äëÿ âèäà ýêñòðåìàëüíî àðèä- â ýòèõ ñòðàíàõ ñðàâíèìà ñ ÷èñëåííîñòüþ â íûõ óñëîâèé. Ðîññèè, è å¸ ñîêðàùåíèå èä¸ò ôàêòè÷åñêè òåìè æå òåìïàìè (íå áûñòðåå!). Ëèìèòèðóþùèå ôàêòîðû Ìîíãîëèÿ äëÿ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèõ ïîïóëÿ- Íà ñîñòîÿíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê öèé áàëîáàíîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ òåððèòîðèåé, íà áàëîáàíà âëèÿþò ðàçíîîáðàçíûå ïðèðîä- êîòîðîé îíè ïðîâîäÿò äîñòàòî÷íî äëèòåëü- íûå è àíòðîïîãåííûå ôàêòîðû, êîòîðûå íîå âðåìÿ â ïåðèîä êî÷¸âîê, ïðè÷¸ì äàæå ïåðå÷èñëåíû íèæå â ïîðÿäêå óáûâàíèÿ äëÿ îñ¸äëûõ ïòèö, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà Òàííó- âëèÿíèÿ. Îëà è Ñåíãèëåíå. Êàê ïîêàçàëè ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîñëåæèâàíèÿ âçðîñëîé ñàìêè, çèìîâàâ- Áðàêîíüåðñòâî è ëåãàëüíàÿ äîáû÷à øåé îêîëî ãíåçäà áëèç îçåðà Øàðà-Íóð, äëÿ íóæä ñîêîëèíîé îõîòû îáëàñòü å¸ êî÷¸âîê îõâàòûâàëà çíà÷èòåëüíî  Ðîññèè ëåãàëüíûé îòëîâ áàëîáàíîâ äëÿ áîëüøóþ òåððèòîðèþ â ïðåäåëàõ Ìîíãîëèè, íóæä ñîêîëèíîé îõîòû íå îñóùåñòâëÿåò- ÷åì â ïðåäåëàõ Òóâû (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). ñÿ, à äëÿ ñîäåðæàíèÿ â íåâîëå ñ 1999 ã. Ìîíãîëèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëåãàëüíûì ýêñïîðò¸- îôèöèàëüíûõ ðàçðåøåíèé íà îòëîâ ïòèö â ðîì áàëîáàíîâ. Ñîãëàñíî èíôîðìàöèè èç ñòðàíå íå âûäàâàëîñü. Òåì íå ìåíåå, Ðîñ- áàçû äàííûõ ïî òîðãîâëå âèäàìè ÑÈÒÅÑ â ñèÿ äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè ÿâëÿëàñü îäíîé 1997–2000 ãã., Ìîíãîëèÿ ýêñïîðòèðîâàëà èç îñíîâíûõ ñòðàí – ïîñòàâùèêîâ íåëå- â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè 2612 áàëîáàíîâ (îò 25 ãàëüíûõ áàëîáàíîâ. äî 400 ïòèö â ãîä), îäíàêî, ó÷èòûâàÿ ðÿä Ïîñëå ïîëíîãî êðóøåíèÿ ïîïóëÿöèé áà- íåñîîòâåòñòâèé â äîêóìåíòàõ è îòñóòñòâèå ëîáàíà â Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè âåñü æ¸ñòêîãî êîíòðîëÿ çà îòëîâîì, íåèçâåñò- ïðåññ ëîâà ïðèø¸ëñÿ íà ïîïóëÿöèè ñîêî- íî, ñêîëüêî ñîêîëîâ ôàêòè÷åñêè áûëî ýêñ- ëîâ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå è âïëîòü äî ïîðòèðîâàíî è, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ðåàëüíûé 2000 ã. èçúÿòèå ïòèö ïðîèñõîäèëî â êàòà- ýêñïîðò ïðåâûøàåò îôèöèàëüíûå öèôðû â ñòðîôè÷åñêèõ ìàñøòàáàõ (Ñîðîêèí, 2009). ðàçû (Zahler et al., 2004). Ê òîìó æå î÷å- Àíàëèç ðûíêîâ è íåëåãàëüíîãî îòëî- âèäíî è òî, ÷òî ïîëèòèêà âûäà÷è ëèöåíçèé âà ïîçâîëÿåò ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî â Àëòàå- íà îòëîâ áàëîáàíîâ ìîíãîëüñêîé ñòîðî- Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå îòëàâëèâàåòñÿ åæåãîäíî íîé îðèåíòèðîâàíà íà îñâîåíèå ðåñóðñà îò 100 (Íèêîëåíêî, 2007) äî 400–500 áà- èìåííî ðîññèéñêèõ ìèãðàíòîâ, ò.ê. îòäà- ëîáàíîâ (Ñîðîêèí, 2009), ïðåèìóùåñòâåí- ¸òñÿ ïðèîðèòåò îòëîâó â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíûõ àéìàêàõ Ìîíãîëèè â ñðîêè ìàññîâîé ìè- Êîíôèñêîâàííûå ãðàöèè ðîññèéñêèõ ïòèö ÷åðåç ýòó òåððè- áàëîáàíû. òîðèþ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ëîâöàìè íà ïðîë¸òå Ôîòî À. Êîâøàðÿ. èçûìàåòñÿ, âåðîÿòíî, íå ìåíåå 1000 àëòàå- Saker Falcons ñàÿíñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ, ÷òî óæå ñóùåñòâåííî confiscated. Photo by A. Kovshar. ïðåâûøàåò ðåçåðâ ïîïóëÿöèè. Ëîâöû äëÿ íóæä ñîêîëèíîé îõîòû îòëàâ- ëèâàþò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñàìîê, ïðè÷¸ì íàèáîëüøèì ñïðîñîì ïîëüçóþòñÿ ñàìêè â âîçðàñòå äî 3-õ ëåò. Áîëüøîé îòõîä ñàìîê è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ðåçêîå ñíèæåíèå èõ âîç- ðàñòà â ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ïàðàõ äîêàçàíî ðåãóëÿðíûìè íàáëþäåíèÿìè çà ïàðàìè íà ìîíèòîðèíãîâûõ ïëîùàäêàõ â Òóâå, ïðè- ÷¸ì äîêàçàíî, â òîì ÷èñëå, è êîëüöåâàíè- åì (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2010). Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áàëîáàíà íà èññëåäîâàí- íûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ïåðåõîäèëè â ðàçðÿä íå- 38 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðîññèè, åù¸ áîëåå ðåäêè, ÷åì ñëó÷àè çà- äåðæàíèÿ áðàêîíüåðîâ. Çà ïðîøåäøèå 10 ëåò èçâåñòíî 3 òàêèõ çàäåðæàíèÿ â çîíå îòâåòñòâåííîñòè Ñèáèðñêîãî òàìîæåííî- ãî óïðàâëåíèÿ è Àëòàéñêîãî ïîãðàíîòðÿ- äà è íåñêîëüêî ñëó÷àåâ çà ïðåäåëàìè ðå- ãèîíà (Ñîáûòèÿ…, 2005à; 2005á; 2007à; 2007á; 2009; 2010à; 2010á). Ïðè ýòîì âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ íè áðàêîíüåðû, íè êîíòðà- áàíäèñòû íå ïîíåñëè êàêîãî-ëèáî ñóùå- ñòâåííîãî íàêàçàíèÿ.

Ãèáåëü íà ËÝÏ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåê- òðîòîêîì Êàê ïîêàçàëè èññëåäîâàíèÿ â ÀÑÝ 2009– 2010 ãã., íàèáîëåå óÿçâèìûìè äëÿ ãèáåëè íà ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ 6–10 ê ÿâëÿþòñÿ Ðèñ. 6. Ñìåíà ïàð- çàíÿòûõ ïîñëå òîãî, êàê â ïàðå ïðîïàäàëà âèäû õèùíûõ ïòèö, èñïîëüçóþùèå ñòîëáû òí¸ðîâ â ïîñòîÿííî ñàìêà. Ñàìåö ÷åðåç 1–3 ãîäà òàêæå èñ÷åçà- ËÝÏ â êà÷åñòâå îõîòíè÷üèõ ïðèñàä, è áà- íàáëþäàåìûõ ïàðàõ íà ìîíèòîðèíãîâûõ ïëî- åò, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ïî åñòåñòâåííîé ïðè÷èíå, ëîáàí, íåñîìíåííî, âõîäèò â ãðóïïó ïî- ùàäêàõ â Òóâå (ó÷òåíû è ó÷àñòîê íå âîññòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ. Óðîâåíü âûøåííîãî ðèñêà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009; òîëüêî òå ïàðû, â êîòî- îòõîäà ñàìîê íà êîíòðîëüíûõ òåððèòîðè- Íèêîëåíêî, íàñò. ñá.). Îäíàêî, ãèáåëü ðûõ èìåþòñÿ ôîòî- è ÿõ ïîêàçàí íà ðèñ. 6. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ýòî áàëîáàíîâ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì âèäåîèçîáðàæåíèÿ ñàìöîâ è ñàìîê). ëèøíèé ðàç ïîäòâåðæäàåò, ÷òî îñíîâíîé â ìàñøòàáàõ ðåãèîíà îñòà¸òñÿ íå äîñòà- ïðåññèíã, îïðåäåëÿþùèé íåãàòèâíûé òðåíä òî÷íî èçó÷åííîé. Íà ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü Fig. 6. Changing the birds in pairs that have Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèõ ïîïóëÿöèé áàëîáàíà, ýòî ÿâëåíèå íîñèò ëîêàëüíûé õàðàêòåð, è been monitored in îêàçûâàåòñÿ ëîâöàìè, ïðè÷¸ì, âèäèìî, â ïðîèñõîäèò, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî, â Õàêàñèè study plots in Tyva îñíîâíîì íå â ðåãèîíå, à çà åãî ïðåäåëà- è íà Àëòàå, ãäå â ìåñòàõ îáèòàíèÿ áàëî- (there are only pairs for ìè – â Ìîíãîëèè è Êèòàå (Íèêîëåíêî, 2007; áàíà èìååòñÿ èíôðàñòðóêòóðà ïòèöåî- which photos and vide- os of males and females Êàðÿêèí, 2008; Ñóõ÷óëóóí, 2008). ïàñíûõ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è. Àíàëèç have been made). Èçúÿòèå ïòåíöîâ èç ãí¸çä â ðåãèîíå òàê- î÷àãîâ ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà è ïëîòíîñòè æå èìååò ìåñòî, îäíàêî òàêèå ñëó÷àè êðàé- ËÝÏ ïîêàçûâàåò ïåðåñå÷åíèå ìåíåå ÷åì íå ðåäêè. Çà ïåðèîä ñ 1999 ïî 2010 ãã. íà 10%, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî áàëîáàí èçâåñòíî ëèøü 15 ó÷àñòêîâ (ìåíåå 3%), íà ïîëíîñòüþ èñ÷åç â ðàéîíàõ ñ ãóñòîé ñåòüþ êîòîðûõ íàáëþäàëèñü ñëåäû èçúÿòèÿ ïòåí- ËÝÏ (ðèñ. 7), è, âîçìîæíî, ãèáåëü ïòèö íà öîâ, ëèáî ôàêò èçúÿòèÿ ïòåíöîâ óñòàíîâ- ËÝÏ ñûãðàëà â ýòîì íå ïîñëåäíþþ ðîëü. ëåí â õîäå ïîâòîðíîãî ïîñåùåíèÿ ãí¸çä.  Òóâå, ïîñëå ïîëíîãî ðàçðóøåíèÿ èí- Ñëó÷àè âûÿâëÿåìîãî áðàêîíüåðñòâà â ôðàñòðóêòóðû ËÝÏ ñðåäíåãî íàïðÿæåíèÿ, ðåãèîíå êðàéíå ðåäêè èç-çà íåïîäãîòîâ- ãèáåëü áàëîáàíîâ íà ËÝÏ êàê íåãàòèâíûé ëåííîñòè èíñïåêòîðñêîãî ñîñòàâà ãîñîð- ãàíîâ îõðàíû ïðèðîäû. Îòëîâ ñîêîëîâ âåä¸òñÿ îáû÷íî â èíûå ñðîêè è â èíûõ ìåñòàõ, ÷åì òðàäèöèîííàÿ áðàêîíüåðñêàÿ îõîòà íà êîììåð÷åñêèå âèäû çâåðåé, ïî- ýòîìó â õîäå øòàòíûõ ðåéäîâ âåðîÿòíîñòü âñòðå÷è èíñïåêòîðà ñ íåëåãàëüíûìè ëîâ- öàìè ñîêîëîâ êðàéíå ìàëà. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ñëó÷àè çàäåðæàíèÿ ëîâöîâ ðåãóëÿðíî èìåþò ìåñòî â Õàêàñèè è Àëòàéñêîì êðàå. Ñëó÷àè çàäåðæàíèÿ êîíòðàáàíäèñòîâ, ïûòàþùèõñÿ âûâåçòè ñîêîëîâ çà ïðåäåëû

Ïðèâû÷êà ñèäåòü íà îïîðàõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñìåðòåëüíî îïàñíîé äëÿ áàëîáàíà, òàê êàê âûñîêà âåðîÿòíîñòü ãèáåëè îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Íî ýòà îïîðà òåëåãðàôíîé ëèíèè áåçîïàñíà äëÿ ñîêîëîâ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. A habit of resting on electric poles is fatal for Sakers due to high probability of electrocution. But this telegraph pole is safe for falcons. Photo by I. Karyakin. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 39

ëèáî ìàñøòàáíûõ ïðîåêòîâ ïî îñíàùåíèþ ËÝÏ ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè ñîîðóæåíèÿìè â ñòðàíå íå ïðîâîäèòñÿ. Âîçìîæíî, ñòðîè- òåëüñòâî íîâîé ïòèöåîïàñíîé ËÝÏ âäîëü ðîññèéñêîé ãðàíèöû â Àéìàêå Óëàíãîì âíåñëî îïðåäåë¸ííûé âêëàä â ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè áàëî- áàíîâ â ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ-Õåìà, òàê êàê ýòà ËÝÏ áûëà ïóùåíà â äåéñòâèå êàê ðàç çà ãîä äî íà÷àëà «êðóøåíèÿ» ãðóïïèðîâêè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, õîòÿ äàííûé ôàêòîð â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îïðåäåëÿþ- ùèì â ñîêðàùåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà, íî îí ìîæåò ñòàòü òàêîâûì ïðè ðàçâèòèè ñåòè ËÝÏ â ìåñòàõ îáèòàíèÿ âèäà, îñîáåííî â åãî êëþ÷åâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, íà ïðèìåðå èçó÷åíèÿ âëèÿíèÿ ãèáåëè îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì êàê íà áàëîáàíà, òàê è íà äðóãèå âèäû (Ãîðîøêî, 2011; Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2005; Êàðÿ- êèí, Íîâèêîâà, 2006; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009; Ìàöûíà è äð., 2011), ñ óâåðåííîñòüþ ìîæíî óòâåðæäàòü íåâîçìîæíîñòü ïîÿâ- ëåíèÿ óñòîé÷èâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê áàëîáàíà â ìåñòàõ ñ âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ïòèöåîïàñ- íûõ ËÝÏ.

Ðèñ. 7. Êàðòà ïëîò- ôàêòîð ôàêòè÷åñêè óòðàòèëà ñâî¸ çíà÷å- Ãèáåëü îò îòðàâëåíèÿ íîñòè ËÝÏ (ââåðõó) è íèå.  òî æå âðåìÿ â ñîñåäíåé Ìîíãîëèè  ðàçâèòîì ñåëüñêîì õîçÿéñòâå õèìè- ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà (âíèçó) – ïåðåñå÷åíèÿ óðîâåíü ãèáåëè ñîêîëîâ íà ìèãðàöèÿõ êàòû, êàê èçâåñòíî, èãðàþò íå ïîñëåäíþþ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîæåò áûòü çíà÷èòåëüíûì. Äî ïîñëåäíå- ðîëü. Çà÷àñòóþ, ââîäÿ èõ â ïðèìåíåíèå, ìèíèìàëüíû. ãî âðåìåíè â Ìîíãîëèè øèðîêî ðàñïðî- íå ó÷èòûâàåòñÿ èõ âëèÿíèå íà ïðèðîäíóþ Fig. 7. Distribution of ñòðàíåíû ËÝÏ 6–15 êÂ, íå îñíàù¸ííûå ñðåäó è å¸ îáèòàòåëåé â öåëîì. Òàê, ïðè- power lines (upper) and ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè è ïðîäîë- ìåíåíèå ÄÄÒ â åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè ñòðàíû the density of Saker æàþò ñòðîèòüñÿ íîâûå, â ò.÷. íà áåòîí- populations (bottom) – â 60–70 ãã. XX âåêà íàíåñëî ñèëüíåéøèé overlapping is minimal íûõ îïîðàõ ñî øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè. óäàð ïî ìíîãèì âèäàì õèùíûõ ïòèö, îñî- now. Ïðîáëåìà ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ, â òîì ÷èñ- áåííî ïîñòðàäàë ñàïñàí, ó êîòîðîãî ïîä ëå è áàëîáàíîâ, äëÿ Ìîíãîëèè èçâåñòíà âëèÿíèåì õèìèêàòà íàðóøàëàñü ñòðóêòóðà (Amartuvshin et al., 2010), îäíàêî êàêèõ- ñêîðëóïû ÿèö (Ratcliffe, 1990), ÷òî ïðè- âåëî ê çíà÷èòåëüíîìó ñîêðàùåíèþ ïîïó- Îñòàíêè áàëîáàíà, ïî- ãèáøåãî íà ËÝÏ. ëÿöèè âïëîòü äî ïîëíîãî âûìèðàíèÿ âèäà Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. â ëåñíîé çîíå Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû. Îòñëå- Carcass of the äèòü âëèÿíèå îòðàâëÿþùèõ âåùåñòâ áûâàåò electrocuted Saker êðàéíå ñëîæíî, î ÷¸ì íå ñëåäóåò çàáûâàòü, Falcon. ðåøàÿ çàäà÷ó âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè Photo by I. Karyakin. ïîïóëÿöèè ñîêîëà-áàëîáàíà. Çà ïåðèîä ñîâðåìåííûõ èññëåäîâà- íèé â ÀÑÝ çíà÷èìûé âêëàä â ñîêðàùåíèå âèäà âíåñëî îòðàâëåíèå ïòèö â Ìîíãîëèè â 2001–2003 ãã., êîãäà äëÿ ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîë¸âêè Áðàíäòà (Microtus brandtii) Ìèíèñòåðñòâî ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿé- ñòâà Ìîíãîëèè èñïîëüçîâàëî â êà÷åñòâå ðîäåíòèöèäà àíòèêîàãóëÿíò 2-ãî ïîêîëå- íèÿ – áðîìàäèîëîí. Èíôîðìàöèÿ î ìàñ- ñîâîé ãèáåëè ïòèö â ðåçóëüòàòå îòðàâëåíèÿ áðîìàäèîëîíîì, â òîì ÷èñëå è áàëîáàíîâ, â Ìîíãîëèè â ýòîò ïåðèîä îïóáëèêîâàíà â íåñêîëüêèõ èñòî÷íèêàõ (Batdelger, 2002; 40 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Áàëîáàíû, ïîãèáøèå îò Óíè÷òîæåíèå ãí¸çä ëþäüìè îòðàâëåíèÿ â Ìîíãîëèè Áàëîáàí îêàçàëñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ïëàñòè÷- â 2002 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. íûì â âûáîðå ãíåçäîâûõ ñóáñòðàòîâ è â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ ñòàë îñâàèâàòü äëÿ Carcasses of poisoned Saker Falcons in ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îïîðû ËÝÏ âñëåä çà ìîõíîíî- Mongolia in 2002. ãèì êóðãàííèêîì, êîòîðûé ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñíîâ- Photo by I. Karyakin. íûì ïîñòàâùèêîì ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê äëÿ ýòîãî ñîêîëà.  ðåãèîíå ãíåçäîâàíèå íà äåðåâÿííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ äî 2008 ã. áûëî èçâåñòíî â ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ-Õåìà â Óáñó- íóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå è â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâè- íå â ðàéîíå îç¸ð Õàäûí è ×åäåð (Êàðÿ- Tseveenmyadag, Nyambayar, 2002; Editors, êèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2008). Îäíàêî, â 90-õ ãã. 2003; Ôîêñ è äð., 2003). ìåñòíûå æèòåëè Òóâû íà÷àëè ìåòîäè÷íîå Ìîíèòîðèíã ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà â óíè÷òîæåíèå âñåé èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ËÝÏ Þæíîé Ñèáèðè ïîêàçûâàåò î÷åâèäíîå ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè, îñòàâøåéñÿ â Òóâå â è ðåçêîå ïàäåíèå óñïåõà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íàñëåäñòâî îò ðàçâèòîãî ñîâåòñêîãî æèâîò- áàëîáàíà â 2003 ã. èç-çà òîòàëüíîãî îìî- íîâîäñòâà. Ìàñøòàáû óíè÷òîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ëîæåíèÿ ïàðòí¸ðîâ â ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ áûëè îãðîìíû c 1998 ïî 2008 ãã. – ïî íà- ïàðàõ, ÷òî ñâÿçûâàåòñÿ ñ îòðàâëåíèåì øèì îöåíêàì òóâèíñêàÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿ áàëî- ñîêîëîâ â Ìîíãîëèè â ïåðèîä ìèãðà- áàíà ñîêðàòèëàñü áîëåå ÷åì íà 10% òîëü- öèè 2002–2003 ãã. (Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, êî ñ 2003 ïî 2008 ãã., â îñíîâíîì ïî ýòîé 2008). Ýòî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå ïîäêðåïëÿåòñÿ ïðè÷èíå.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ óíè÷òîæåíèå è òåì, ÷òî â ýòîò æå ïåðèîä â Þæíîé Ñè- ãí¸çä ïðåêðàòèëîñü â ñâÿçè ñ îòñóòñòâèåì áèðè ïðîèçîøëî ðåçêîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñ- ñàìèõ èñêóññòâåííûõ ñîîðóæåíèé. ëåííîñòè ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis), Íåêîòîðûå ñëó÷àè âàíäàëèçìà èìåëè ãðèôà (Aegypius monachus) è æóðàâëÿ- ìåñòî ïðè ðåàëèçàöèè ïðîåêòîâ ïî ïðè- êðàñàâêè (Grus virgo), c âîññòàíîâëåíèåì âëå÷åíèþ áàëîáàíà â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåç- èõ ïîïóëÿöèé â òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäóþùèõ 7 äîâüÿ – ìåñòíûå æèòåëè ðàçðóøàëè ãíåç- ëåò (Êàðÿêèí, 2010à), è ïîëíîå âûìèðàíèå äîâûå ïëàòôîðìû (Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, ìîãèëüíèêà (Êàðÿêèí, 2010á). Ãîìáîáàà- 2011). Ïîêà ìàñøòàáû òàêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé òàð Ñ. ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (Gombobaatar et al., ìàëû è ïðåññ ýòîãî ôàêòîðà íà ïîïóëÿöèþ 2004) â 2003 ã. êîíñòàòèðóþò ôàêò áû- ñîêîëîâ íåçíà÷èòåëåí. Îäíàêî, ïëàíèðóÿ ñòðîãî ñíèæåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà â ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî óñòàíîâêå èñêóññòâåí- ðåçóëüòàòå ñìåðòíîñòè îò îòðàâëåíèÿ. Òîãäà íûõ ãíåçäîâèé, íåîáõîäèìî èìåòü â âèäó ÷èñëî ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ïàð íà ïëîùàäêàõ ñêëîííîñòü ìåñòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ ðàçðóøàòü â Ìîíãîëèè ñîêðàòèëîñü ñ 0,97/100 êì2 ëþáûå êîíñòðóêöèè – ëèáî ñ öåëüþ èõ ïðî- â 2002 ã. äî 0,13/100 êì2 â 2003 ã. (Ãîì- äàæè íà ìåòàëëîëîì, ëèáî ïðîñòî òàê, áåç áîáààòàð è äð., 2007).  Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì îïðåäåë¸ííûõ öåëåé, è èñêàòü ïóòè, èñêëþ- ðåãèîíå Ðîññèè, ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíîâ êî- ÷àþùèå èëè ñäåðæèâàþùèå ýòî âëèÿíèå. òîðîãî òåñíî ñâÿçàíû ñ Ìîíãîëèåé, ÷èñëî óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä íà ïëîùàäêàõ ñîêðàòèëîñü ñ 44,12% â 2002 ã. äî 25,97% â 2003 ã., à ÷èñëî ïîêèíóòûõ ïòèöàìè ãí¸çä ñîñòàâèëî ñàìîå áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî çà ïåðèîä èñ- ñëåäîâàíèé, ñ 1999 ïî 2006 ãã. – 42% (Êà- ðÿêèí, 2008; Karyakin et al., 2004).  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ áðîìàäèîëîí â Ìîí- ãîëèè ìàññîâî íå ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ, õîòÿ àêòèâ- íî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ìåñòíûì íàñåëåíèåì äëÿ áîðüáû ñ ãðûçóíàìè, ïîýòîìó âîçìîæíû ëîêàëüíûå ñëó÷àè ãèáåëè ñîêîëîâ.  ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà äî íåäàâíåãî âðåìåíè ñëó÷àåâ ãè- áåëè áàëîáàíà îò îòðàâëåíèÿ íå èçâåñòíî. Âèä èçáåãàåò òåððèòîðèé ñ àêòèâíî âåäó- Ãíåçäî áàëîáàíà, ñïèëåííîå âìåñòå ñ îïîðîé ËÝÏ. ùèìñÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâîì çåðíîâûõ, íà êîòî- Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ðûõ ëîêàëüíî ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ îòðàâëÿþùèå The Saker Falcon nest destroyed with the electric âåùåñòâà. pole. Photo by I. Karyakin. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 41

Äåãðàäàöèÿ ýëåêòðî- ñåòåâîé ñðåäû â Òóâå â êîíöå 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ. Êàê íà ôîòî âíèçó, âûãëÿäèò áîëü- øàÿ ÷àñòü ñîâðåìåííîé ñåòè ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïå- ðåäà÷è 6–10 ê â Òóâå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Degradation of the network of power lines in Tyva at the end of 1990-s. The bottom photo demonstrates the most part of modern network of medium voltage power lines looks like in Tyva. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Âëèÿíèå õèùíèêîâ  öåëîì ïðåññ ôèëèíà íà ïîïóëÿöèþ Îñíîâíûì õèùíèêîì, äîáûâàþùèì êàê áàëîáàíà õîòü è îùóòèì, íî íåçíà÷èòåëåí âçðîñëûõ, òàê è ìîëîäûõ áàëîáàíîâ, ÿâëÿ- è íå âëèÿåò íà îáùåå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåí- åòñÿ ôèëèí (Bubo bubo). Èçâåñòíû ñëó÷àè íîñòè âèäà. Ê òîìó æå, ðèñêó ïîäâåðæåíû åäèíè÷íîé äîáû÷è âçðîñëûõ ïòèö áåð- ëèøü áàëîáàíû, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ â ñêàëüíûõ êóòîì (Aquila chrysaetos) è ìîëîäûõ ïòèö ìàññèâàõ, à çíà÷èò, îêîëî 15% ïàð, ðàç- ìîãèëüíèêîì, ìîõíîíîãèì êóðãàííèêîì è òåòåðåâÿòíèêîì (Accipiter gentilis), îäíàêî îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ èñêëþ÷åíèåì. Ôèëèí æå â ìåñòàõ ñîâìåñòíîãî îáèòàíèÿ ñ áàëîáàíîì îêàçûâàåò ñòàáèëüíûé õèùíè÷åñêèé ïðåññ íà ýòîãî ñîêîëà, êàê, âïðî÷åì, è íà äðóãèõ äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö òàêîãî æå ðàçìåðíîãî êëàññà.  îñíîâíîì ôèëèí äîáûâàåò ïòåí- öîâ áàëîáàíà ïðÿìî èç ãí¸çä, óíè÷òîæàÿ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö ëèøü â èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûõ ñëó- ÷àÿõ.  Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå çà 10 ëåò èññëåäîâàíèé íà 28,3% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíîâ (n=413) ðàçìíîæåíèå îêàçàëîñü íåóñïåøíûì è ëèøü â 20,5% ýòèõ ñëó÷àåâ (n=117) ïðè÷èíîé ÿâèëîñü õèùíè÷åñòâî ôè- ëèíà. Çà 10 ëåò íàáëþäåíèé ôèëèíîì áûëî Îñòàíêè ñë¸òêîâ áàëîáàíà â ãíåçäå ôèëèíà ðàñôîðìèðîâàíî 9% ïàð áàëîáàíîâ è â 3% (Bubo bubo). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ñëó÷àåâ ýòî ÿâèëîñü ïðè÷èíîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ Carcasses of fledglings of the Saker Falcon in the ó÷àñòêà (Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2008). Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) nest. Photo by I. Karyakin. 42 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ìíîæàþùèõñÿ âíå ñêàëüíûõ ìàññèâîâ, âî- Äåïðåññèè è íåãàòèâíàÿ äèíàìèêà îáùå èçáåãàþò âñòðå÷ ñ ôèëèíîì. Òåì íå ÷èñëåííîñòè êîðìîâ, âëèÿíèå êëèìàòà ìåíåå, ïðè ïëàíèðîâàíèè ìåðîïðèÿòèé íà êîðìà ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáà- Çàâèñèìîñòü áàëîáàíà îò äèíàìèêè ÷èñ- íîâ íåîáõîäèìî èìåòü â âèäó ýòîò ôàêòîð, ëåííîñòè îñíîâíûõ âèäîâ-æåðòâ â óñëî- ïðîâîäÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ âèÿõ ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ôèëèíà íà òåððèòîðèè èõ ðåãèîíà èçó÷åíà äîñòàòî÷íî õîðîøî, ðåàëèçàöèè. ïîýòîìó ìîæíî îïðåäåë¸ííî ãîâîðèòü î æ¸ñòêîé âçàèìîñâÿçè óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíî- Ôàêòîð áåñïîêîéñòâà æåíèÿ öåëûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ñ âå- Áàëîáàí äîñòàòî÷íî òåðïèì ê ôàêòîðó ñåííåé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ ãðûçóíîâ, ñ êîòîðû- áåñïîêîéñòâà è ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè íà âûñî- ìè ó ñîêîëîâ ýòèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê êèõ ñêàëàõ è ËÝÏ ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ ïðÿìî îñíîâíûå òðîôè÷åñêèå ñâÿçè. Äåïðåññèè íà îêðàèíàõ ãîðîäîâ è ïîñ¸ëêîâ, âäîëü àâ- ÷èñëåííîñòè îñíîâíûõ êîðìîâ ñëó÷àþòñÿ òîòðàññ, åñëè íå ïðåñëåäóåòñÿ. Ïðîáëåìû öèêëè÷íî è â ãîäû ìèíèìóìà èõ ÷èñëåííî- âîçíèêàþò ëèøü ïðè åãî ãíåçäîâàíèè áëèç ñòè áàëîáàíû ïîïðîñòó íå ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ ÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî æèëüÿ íà äîñòóïíûõ äëÿ ëþ- (ðèñ. 3), õîòÿ (â îñíîâíîì, ñàìöû) îñòàþò- äåé ãí¸çäàõ, îñîáåííî â ïåðèîä âûêàðì- ñÿ íà ñâîèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ â òå÷åíèå ëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ, êîãäà òå ãðîìêî êðè÷àò è âñåãî ñåçîíà. ïðèâëåêàþò ê ñåáå âíèìàíèå.  ðàçíûõ ïðèðîäíûõ óñëîâèÿõ ÷èñëåí-  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, êîãäà ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå íîñòü îäíîãî è òîãî æå âèäà-æåðòâû èç- ïàðû áàëîáàíîâ, ãíåçäèâøèåñÿ âäîëü òðàññ è ìåíÿåòñÿ àñèíõðîííî, ïîýòîìó äåïðåññèè íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ, óíè÷òîæåíû áðàêîíüå- ÷èñëåííîñòè îäíîãî âèäà íå îõâàòûâàþò ðàìè, áåñïîêîéñòâî, êàê ôàêòîð, âëèÿþùèé îãðîìíûå ïî ïëîùàäè òåððèòîðèè è, êàê íà óñïåøíîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáà- ïðàâèëî, îãðàíè÷åíû îäíèì ÷¸òêî î÷åð- íîâ, îñòà¸òñÿ àêòóàëüíûì ëèøü äëÿ îãðàíè- ÷¸ííûì ëàíäøàôòíûì êîíòóðîì. Íàè- ÷åííîé òåððèòîðèè â Òóâå è îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ áîëåå ìàñøòàáíûå ïî ïëîùàäè ñëó÷àþòñÿ êî÷¸âêîé ìåñòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ. Âåñíà îïðå- äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè äåëÿåò ïåðèîä îòòîêà àðàòîâ ñ çèìíèõ ïàñò- â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ.  òàêèå ãîäû ðàç- áèù íà ëåòíèå è â ðàííèå â¸ñíû þðòû ïîÿâ- ìíîæåíèå áàëîáàíà â êîòëîâèíàõ íîñèò ëÿþòñÿ ïîä ãí¸çäàìè áàëîáàíîâ â íàèáîëåå ëîêàëüíûé õàðàêòåð è ïðèóðî÷åíî ê êî- ïðîáëåìíûé äëÿ íèõ ïåðèîä – ïåðèîä íàñè- ëîíèÿì ìîíãîëüñêîé ïèùóõè, ìîíãîëüñêîé æèâàíèÿ êëàäêè. Òóðèñòû è îõîòíèêè òàêæå ïåñ÷àíêè ëèáî äëèííîõâîñòîãî ñóñëèêà. ìîãóò ÿâëÿòüñÿ ïðè÷èíîé áåçóñïåøíîãî ðàç-  òî æå âðåìÿ îïðåäåë¸ííûé íåãàòèâ- ìíîæåíèÿ áàëîáàíîâ, åñëè óñòðàèâàþò ñòî- íûé òðåíä íåêîòîðûõ êðóïíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé ÿíêè ïîä èõ ãí¸çäàìè âåñíîé (ýòî âîçìîæíî âèäîâ-æåðòâ èìååò ìåñòî â ÀÑÝ. ëèøü íà ðÿäå òåððèòîðèé Àëòàÿ è Õàêàñèè), Àíàëèç ÷èñëåííîñòè îñíîâíûõ âèäîâ îäíàêî òàêèå ôàêòû äîïîäëèííî íå óñòàíîâ- æåðòâ áàëîáàíà â ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ-Õåìà ëåíû. Ïî ïðè÷èíå áåñïîêîéñòâà èçâåñòíà (ðèñ. 8) ïîêàçûâàåò ïðàêòè÷åñêè äâóêðàò- ãèáåëü êëàäîê íà 4-õ ãí¸çäàõ è áåçóñïåøíîå íîå ïàäåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè ðàçìíîæåíèå, òî÷íóþ ïðè÷èíó êîòîðîãî íå çà 12 ëåò, íåñìîòðÿ íà ñèëüíûå ôëóêòóàöèè óäàëîñü óñòàíîâèòü, íà 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ – âñå ñëó- å¸ ÷èñëåííîñòè.  îñíîâå ïðè÷èí ýòîãî ïà- ÷àè â Òóâå. äåíèÿ ëåæèò ðåçêîå ñîêðàùåíèå ïàñòáèù-  öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó ïî äàííîé ïðè÷èíå íîé íàãðóçêè è çàðàñòàíèå ïàñòáèù, îñî- ïðîãíîçèðóåòñÿ áåçóñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæå- áåííî íà ãðàíèöå ñ Ìîíãîëèåé, íà ôîíå íèå íå áîëåå ÷åì íà 2% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò- íåñêîëüêèõ ñûðûõ ëåò â 2003–2010 ãã. Ó÷è- êîâ åæåãîäíî. òûâàÿ ÷¸òêóþ çàâèñèìîñòü ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè Ôàêòîð áåñïîêîéñòâà íåîáõîäèìî ó÷è- âûâîäêîâ áàëîáàíîâ îò ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóð- òûâàòü ïðè ïëàíèðîâàíèè ðåêðåàöèîííîé ñêîé ïèùóõè (ðèñ. 3), ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü äåÿòåëüíîñòè íà ÎÎÏÒ â ìåñòàõ îáèòà- äîâîëüíî ñåðü¸çíîå âëèÿíèå ýòîãî ôàêòî- íèÿ áàëîáàíà. Îñîáîãî ïîäõîäà òðåáóåò ðà íà ñíèæåíèå óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ðàçâèòèå á¸äâîò÷èíãà – êîãäà ãíåçäîâüÿ áàëîáàíà, êàê ìèíèìóì, â ëåâîáåðåæüå ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö ñòàíîâÿòñÿ îáúåêòîì Òåñ-Õåìà. Îäíàêî, íå èçâåñòíî ñîñòîÿíèå ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ òóðèñòîâ â îõðàííûå çîíû ïîïóëÿöèé âèäîâ-æåðòâ â äðóãèõ ÷àñòÿõ çàïîâåäíèêîâ èëè â ïðèðîäíûå ïàðêè. Òàê- ðåãèîíà, ÷òî çàòðóäíÿåò ó÷¸ò âëèÿíèÿ ýòîãî æå è ëþáîå äðóãîå ðàçâèòèå òåððèòîðèè, ôàêòîðà íà ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà â öåëîì. ñâÿçàííîå ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì å¸ ïîñåùàåìî- Óæå èìååòñÿ ïðèìåð èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ áà- ñòè ëþäüìè, äîëæíî ïðîâîäèòüñÿ ñ ó÷¸òîì ëîáàíà è âñåõ ñóñëèêî-çàâèñèìûõ âèäîâ â âëèÿíèÿ íà ïîïóëÿöèè ðåäêèõ âèäîâ. Êóçíåöêîé êîòëîâèíå íà ôîíå òîòàëüíîãî Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 43

ëèêà, â ïåðèîä äëèòåëüíîé äåïðåññèè åãî ÷èñëåííîñòè, íå ïåðåæèëè ýòîò ïåðèîä. Òàê, «êëèìàòè÷åñêèé êîëëàïñ» ïîïóëÿöèé ìàëîãî ñóñëèêà â Ïðèêàñïèè ñòàë ïîñëåä- íåé êàïëåé, ïðèâåäøåé ê áûñòðîìó êðó- øåíèþ ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíîâ. Ÿ ÷èñëåí- íîñòü ñîêðàùàëàñü ïîä âëèÿíèåì öåëîãî êîìïëåêñà àíòðîïîãåííûõ ôàêòîðîâ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, îòëîâà íà çèìîâêàõ â ñòðàíàõ Ïåðñèäñêîãî çàëèâà, íî çàòÿæíàÿ äåïðåñ- ñèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ñóñëèêîâ ÿâèëàñü ìîùíûì êàòàëèçàòîðîì êðàõà ïîïóëÿöèè. Ïîñëå íåêîòîðîãî ïåðèîäà äåïðåññèè ñåâåðíûå ïîïóëÿöèè ìàëîãî ñóñëèêà âîññòàíîâè- ëèñü, îäíàêî áàëîáàí ïîëíîñòüþ âûìåð íà îãðîìíîé òåððèòîðèè, â 2 ðàçà ïðåâûøà- þùåé ïëîùàäü ÀÑÝ è íå âîññòàíîâèëñÿ äî ñèõ ïîð. Ýòî íàíåñëî ñóùåñòâåííûé óðîí ãåíåòè÷åñêîìó ðàçíîîáðàçèþ áàëîáàíà. Ðèñ. 8. Äèíàìèêà âûìèðàíèÿ êðàñíîù¸êîãî ñóñëèêà, íåêîã- Ýòîò ïðèìåð î÷åíü õîðîøî èëëþñòðèðóåò ÷èñëåííîñòè îñíîâíûõ äà áûâøåãî îäèì èç îñíîâíûõ âðåäèòåëåé îïàñíîñòü îïîñðåäîâàííîãî êëèìàòè÷å- âèäîâ æåðòâ áàëîáàíà â ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ- ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà Êóçáàññà è ìàññî- ñêîãî âëèÿíèÿ íà âèä â êîìïëåêñå ñ äðóãè- Õåìà â 1999–2010 ãã. âûì ïðîìûñëîâûì âèäîì (Ñêàëîí, Ãàãèíà, ìè íåãàòèâíûìè ôàêòîðàìè. (æèëûõ íîð/10 ãà). 2004). Àíàëîãè÷íûå ïðîöåññû ïðîèçîøëè Ïîäîáíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ ìîæåò ñëîæèòüñÿ è â Fig. 8. Population trend íà Áèå-×óìûøñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè â Àë- ÀÑÝ.  óñëîâèÿõ, êîãäà ñóñëèêè íå ïîäâåð- in main prey species òàéñêîì êðàå (Êó÷èí, 2004). ãàþòñÿ àêòèâíîìó ïðåñëåäîâàíèþ â êà÷å- of the Saker in the left Ïðè÷èíû âûìèðàíèÿ êðàñíîù¸êîãî ñóñ- ñòâå âðåäèòåëÿ, êàê ýòî áûëî â 60-õ ãã., âñ¸ bank of the Tes-Khem river in 1999–2010 ëèêà íà îãðîìíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ åãî àðåàëà íå æå ïðîèñõîäèò ïîñòåïåííîå ñîêðàùåíèå (occupied burrows per èçâåñòíû èç-çà ÿâíîãî íåäîñòàòêà íàáëþ- èõ ïîïóëÿöèé. Ïðè÷¸ì, ýòî õàðàêòåðíî 10 ha). äåíèé. Îäíàêî, äëÿ ìàëîãî ñóñëèêà (Sper- äëÿ äâóõ âèäîâ, èìåþùèõ äîâîëüíî ðàç- mophilus pygmaeus), ÿâëÿâøåãîñÿ îäíèì íóþ áèîëîãèþ. Åñëè äëèííîõâîñòûé ñóñ- èç îñíîâíûõ íîñèòåëåé ÷óìû â Ïðèêà- ëèê ïðîäîëæàåò íîðìàëüíî ñóùåñòâîâàòü â ñïèéñêîì ïðèðîäíîì î÷àãå, ïî êîòîðîìó óñëîâèÿõ âëàæíûõ êîòëîâèí ñ èíòåíñèâíî èìåþòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòû ìíîãîëåòíèõ èññëåäî- âåäóùèìñÿ âûïàñîì (Óñòü-Êàíñêàÿ) èëè â âàíèé, îñíîâíîé ïðè÷èíîé êðóøåíèÿ åãî óñëîâèÿõ âûñîêîãîðèé (Þãî-Âîñòî÷íûé ïîïóëÿöèé ñ÷èòàþòñÿ êëèìàòè÷åñêèå èçìå- Àëòàé, Þãî-Çàïàäíàÿ Òûâà), òî åãî ïîïóëÿ- íåíèÿ (Ëèíäåìàí è äð., 2005; Ïîïîâ è äð., öèè â êðóïíûõ ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ ñòðå- 2007). Ïîä âëèÿíèåì àðèäèçàöèè êëèìàòà â ìèòåëüíî äåãðàäèðóþò.  ÷àñòíîñòè, â Òó- 50–70-õ ãã. ïðîøëîãî ñòîëåòèÿ â âîñòî÷íîé âèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå òîëüêî çà ïîñëåäíèå 10 ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîãî Ïðèêà- ëåò âèä ïåðåñòàë ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ â 70% ñïèÿ è Ïðåäêàâêàçüÿ ïðîèçîøëà êîðåííàÿ òî÷åê ðåãóëÿðíîãî åãî ìîíèòîðèíãà, à ÷èñ- òðàíñôîðìàöèÿ ñòåïíûõ è ïîëóïóñòûííûõ ëåííîñòü â îñíîâíûõ î÷àãàõ ñîêðàòèëàñü â áèîöåíîòè÷åñêèõ êîìïëåêñîâ, ïîâëåêøàÿ 6 ðàç. Ñèòóàöèÿ ñ êðàñíîù¸êèì ñóñëèêîì çà ñîáîé ðåçêîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííî- åù¸ áîëåå ñåðü¸çíàÿ – åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòè ìàëûõ ñóñëèêîâ. Ïîñëåäóþùåå ñî- ñîêðàùàåòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîâñåìåñòíî âðåìåííîå ïîòåïëåíèå êëèìàòà (ãëàâíûì è èçîëÿòû ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà äîñòàòî÷íî îáðàçîì, çà ñ÷¸ò ïîâûøåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû áîëüøîì ðàññòîÿíèè äðóã îò äðóãà. çèìíèõ ìåñÿöåâ) ÿâèëîñü äîïîëíèòåëüíûì  ÀÑÝ ñöåíàðèé íåãàòèâíîãî âëèÿíèÿ ôàêòîðîì, óñèëèâøèì äåïðåññèâíîå ñî- êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ èçìåíåíèé íà ïîïóëÿöèè ñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé ìàëûõ ñóñëèêîâ â ðå- áàëîáàíîâ ìîæåò áûòü ñëåäóþùèì. Ïðè ãèîíå Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîãî Ïðèêàñïèÿ è â óâëàæíåíèè ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, ïðè îòñóò- Ïðåäêàâêàçüå (Ïîïîâ è äð., 2007). Íàäî ñòâèè èíòåíñèâíîãî âûïàñà, ñòåïíûå ïàñò- îòìåòèòü, ÷òî â ñåâåðíûõ îáëàñòÿõ Ïðè- áèùà çàðàñòàþò âûñîêîé òðàâîé, ÷òî ñî- êàñïèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ìàëîãî ñóñëèêà â ïî- êðàùàåò âîçìîæíîñòè äëÿ îõîòû áàëîáàíà, ñëåäíåå âðåìÿ ñòàëà âîññòàíàâëèâàòüñÿ è îäíîâðåìåííî ïðèâîäèò ê ñîêðàùåíèþ (Ëèíäåìàí è äð., 2005) è â ðÿäå ðàéîíîâ ÷èñëåííîñòè ïèùóõ. Íåäîñòàòîê ïèùè ïðè- îí äîñòèã ïðåäïèêîâîé ÷èñëåííîñòè íà âîäèò ê ãèáåëè ÷àñòè ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ, ïåðèîä 20–30-õ ãã. Îäíàêî, ðÿä ñóñëèêî- ÷òî ñíèæàåò ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü áàëîáàíîâ. çàâèñèìûõ õèùíèêîâ â àðåàëå ìàëîãî ñóñ- Íà ôîíå âëèÿíèÿ ìàññû äðóãèõ íåãàòèâ- 44 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

íûõ ôàêòîðîâ ñîêðàùåíèå ïðîäóêòèâíî- ìîãóò ñòðàäàòü ïðè äëèòåëüíûõ (â òå÷åíèå ñòè ïîïóëÿöèé ïðèâîäèò ê ñîêðàùåíèþ ðÿäà ëåò) çàñóõàõ, îäíàêî â óñëîâèÿõ ÀÑÝ ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà, òàê êàê ìîëîäûõ îñîáåé òàêèå ïîêà íå ñëó÷àëèñü. íå õâàòàåò, ÷òîáû çàêðûâàòü «ïîïóëÿöèîí- íûå äûðû», çàìåùàÿ ïîãèáøèõ ïàðòí¸ðîâ Ðàçðóøåíèå ìåñòîîáèòàíèé â ðàñôîðìèðîâàííûõ ïàðàõ.  óñëîâèÿõ ÀÑÝ äðåâåñíî-ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ Òàêèì îáðàçîì, êëèìàòè÷åñêèå èçìåíå- ãðóïïèðîâêè áàëîáàíîâ óÿçâèìû ïåðåä íèÿ â ÀÑÝ âëèÿþò è áóäóò âëèÿòü äàëüøå ðóáêàìè ëåñà è ïîæàðàìè. Îäíàêî ýòè íà áàëîáàíà îïîñðåäîâàíî, ÷åðåç ôàóíè- ôàêòîðû â ìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà ñòè÷åñêèå êîìïëåêñû ïèùóõ è ñóñëèêîâ è íîñÿò ëîêàëüíûé õàðàêòåð. Ëèøü ãíåçäîâàÿ èìåííî ñ èçìåíåíèÿìè â èõ àðåàëàõ áóäóò ãðóïïèðîâêà íà ñåâåðå Õàêàñèè ðåãóëÿð- ñâÿçàíû èçìåíåíèÿ â àðåàëå è ïðîäóêòèâ- íî ñòðàäàåò îò ïîæàðîâ, êîòîðûå ïåðåõî- íîñòè áàëîáàíîâ. äÿò â ëåñ â ðåçóëüòàòå ïàëîâ ñóõîé òðàâû è âûæèãàíèÿ ñòåðíè. Ýêñòðåìàëüíûå êëèìàòè÷åñêèå ÿâ- Ïàëû ñóõîé òðàâû êàê òàêîâûå, äàæå íå ëåíèÿ ïåðåðàñòàþùèå â ëåñíûå ïîæàðû, ÿâëÿþò- Ñðåäè ïîãîäíûõ ôàêòîðîâ, âëèÿþùèõ ñÿ áè÷îì âñåõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê áà- íà ÷èñëåííîñòü è ðàçìåùåíèå áàëîáàíà ëîáàíîâ. Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ îïîñðåäîâàííûì â ðåãèîíå, ñàìûìè çíà÷èòåëüíûìè ÿâëÿ- âëèÿíèåì ïàëîâ íà áàëîáàíîâ ÷åðåç âèäû þòñÿ îáèëüíûå îñàäêè âåñíîé è âûñîêèé èõ æåðòâ. Âûæèãàíèå ñóõîé òðàâû âåñíîé ñíåæíûé ïîêðîâ â òå÷åíèå çèìû. Ïåðâûé ïðèâîäèò ê ìàññîâîé ãèáåëè ãí¸çä æàâî- ôàêòîð îïðåäåëÿåò çàðàñòàíèå ïàñòáèù ðîíêîâ, êîòîðûå, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, ÿâëÿþòñÿ îáèëüíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ, ÷òî ñîçäà¸ò îäíèì èç âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ êîðìîâûõ îáú- òðóäíîñòè äëÿ óñïåøíîé îõîòû áàëîáàíà åêòîâ áàëîáàíà è ãëàâíûì ïèùåâûì êîì- íà ïèùóõ è ñóñëèêîâ, ÷òî íåãàòèâíî ñêà- ïîíåíòîì â ïåðèîäû çàòÿæíûõ íåíàñòèé â çûâàåòñÿ íà óñïåõå ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîêîëîâ. ëåòíèé ïåðèîä, êîãäà àêòèâíîñòü ïèùóõ è Âòîðîé ôàêòîð âûíóæäàåò çèìóþùèõ ïòèö ñóñëèêîâ ìèíèìàëüíà. Âåñåííèå ïàëû äå- ñîâåðøàòü ïðîòÿæ¸ííûå êî÷¸âêè â îáëà- ëàþò äîñòóïíûìè äëÿ äîáû÷è âñåìè õèù- ñòè ñ ìåíüøèì ñíåãîâûì ïîêðîâîì, ÷òî íèêàìè è âðàíîâûìè ìîëîäíÿêà ïèùóõ è óâåëè÷èâàåò øàíñû ãèáåëè ïî ïðè÷èíå ïå- ñóñëèêîâ, ÷òî ðåçêî ïîäðûâàåò êîðìîâóþ Ãèáåëü ÷àñòè ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêå áàëîáàíà ðåñå÷åíèÿ ïòèöàìè òåððèòîðèé, íà êîòî- áàçó íà ó÷àñòêàõ áàëîáàíîâ, ïîïàâøèõ â îò ãîëîäà – ðåçóëüòàò ðûõ èìåþòñÿ ïòèöåîïàñíûå ËÝÏ, âåä¸òñÿ çîíó ïàëîâ, è ïðèâîäèò ê ÷àñòè÷íîé èëè ðåçêîãî ñíèæåíèÿ èíòåíñèâíûé îòëîâ ñîêîëîâ ëèáî ïðèìå- ïîëíîé ãèáåëè ïîòîìñòâà îò ãîëîäà â òå÷å- äîñòóïíîñòè êîðìîâ â íÿþòñÿ ÿäîõèìèêàòû. íèå ëåòà. Îñåííèå ïàëû êðàéíå íåãàòèâíî òå÷åíèå ïåðèîäà âû- êàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ. Ñíèæåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà îñàäêîâ è çàñóõè â âëèÿþò íà ïîïóëÿöèè äàóðñêîé è ìîíãîëü- Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. óñëîâèÿõ ðåãèîíà îêàçûâàþò ìèíèìàëüíîå ñêîé ïèùóõ, òàê êàê âûãîðàåò íå òîëüêî ñó- Loss of nestlings in íåãàòèâíîå âëèÿíèå íà áàëîáàíà, òàê êàê õàÿ òðàâà, íî è îòêðûòûå çèìíèå çàïàñû broods caused by lack îñíîâíîé êîìïëåêñ âèäîâ-æåðòâ àäàïòè- ïèùóõ, ÷òî ðåçêî ñíèæàåò âîçìîæíîñòü èõ of food is a result of ðîâàí ê òàêèì ôàêòîðàì. Îáû÷íî ëåòíèå áëàãîïîëó÷íîé çèìîâêè, à ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, decreasing the availabil- çàñóõè ñìåíÿþòñÿ äîæäëèâûìè ãîäàìè, è ñîêðàùàåò êîðìîâóþ áàçó áàëîáàíà â çèì- ity of prey during the fledging period. ïîïóëÿöèè ãðûçóíîâ óñïåâàþò âîñïîëíÿòü íèé è âåñåííèé ïåðèîä. Ïîæàëóé, èìåííî Photo by I. Karyakin. ïîòåðè, ïîíåñ¸ííûå â ñóõîé ãîä. Ïèùóõè ïèùóõè áîëüøå âñåãî ñòðàäàþò îò ïàëîâ, òàê êàê â íèõ òàêæå âûãîðàþò è îáøèðíûå çàðîñëè êóñòàðíèêîâ (ñïèðåè, êàðàãàíû), ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ «ñòàöèÿìè ïåðåæèâàíèÿ» äëÿ ïèùóõ ïðè ñèëüíîì õèùíè÷åñêîì ïðåñ- ñå è â ïåðèîäû çàñóõ. Èõ óíè÷òîæåíèå îïðåäåëÿåò ïàäåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïèùóõ íà äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ, ÷òî òàêæå íåãàòèâíî îòðàæàåòñÿ è íà áàëîáàíå. Íàñêàëüíîãíåçäÿùèìñÿ áàëîáàíàì óãðî- æàåò äîáû÷à ïîëåçíûõ èñêîïàåìûõ, îäíà- êî îíà òàêæå íîñèò ëîêàëüíûé õàðàêòåð. Ïîêà äîáû÷à ïîëåçíûõ èñêîïàåìûõ âåä¸ò- ñÿ òî÷å÷íî, îñîáîé óãðîçû äëÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê áàëîáàíà â öåëîì îíà íå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò. Îäíàêî, çàïóñê äîáû÷è óãëÿ íà Ýëåãåñòå, ïëàíû ìàñøòàáíîé ðàçðàáîò- êà Êàðàêóëüñêîãî ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ ïîëè- Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 45

íå èìåþò àêêðåäèòàöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ). Âåðíî ëè ýòî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, èëè ìîòèâû ñíèæåíèÿ ñòàòóñà áàëîáàíà èíûå, îñòà¸òñÿ íåèçâåñò- íûì. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ïðèõîäèòñÿ ïðèíÿòü ñëîæèâøóþñÿ ñèòóàöèþ è ïëàíèðîâàòü ðà- áîòó ïî îõðàíå ýòîãî âèäà èñõîäÿ èç åãî ñòàòóñà, êàê óÿçâèìîãî. Ñòàòóñ áàëîáàíà â Êðàñíîì ëèñòå ÌÑÎÏ âàæåí äëÿ åãî îõðàíû, ïðåæäå âñåãî, â Åâ- ðîïå, òàê êàê åâðîïåéñêîå ïðèðîäîîõðàí- íîå çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî áîëåå íà íåãî îðè- åíòèðîâàíî, ÷åì çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî Ðîññèè. ×èñëåííîñòü âñåõ åâðîïåéñêèõ ïîïóëÿöèé áàëîáàíà ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 4–6% îò ìèðî- âîé ïîïóëÿöèè, ê òîìó æå åâðîïåéñêèå Ïðîéäåííûé ïîæàðîì ìåòàëëîâ íà õð. ×èõà÷¸âà ìîãóò íàíåñòè áàëîáàíû, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïòèöàìè àçè- Áàëãàçûíñêèé áîð – óäàð ïî îòäåëüíûì ãíåçäîâûì ãðóïïèðîâ- àòñêèõ ïîïóëÿöèé, ãîðàçäî ìåíåå êîì- ìåñòî áûëîãî ãíåçäî- âàíèÿ áàëîáàíà â Òóâå. êàì áàëîáàíà â ðåçóëüòàòå óíè÷òîæåíèÿ ìåð÷åñêè ïðèâëåêàòåëüíû è èñïûòûâàþò Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ñêàë è ñîçäàíèÿ ñîïóò- ìèíèìàëüíûé ïðåññ íåëåãàëüíîãî îòëîâà. The Balgazyn pine ñòâóþùåé èíôðàñòðóêòóðû. Ïîñëåäíåå Ïîýòîìó ïîíèæåíèå ñòàòóñà ïðàêòè÷åñêè forest burned – an area íàèáîëåå îïàñíî, åñëè ðàçâèòèå ñåòè ËÝÏ íå ïîâëèÿåò íà óðîâåíü áðàêîíüåðñêîé in Tyva, where Sakers áóäåò èäòè â ðàçðåç ñ ðîññèéñêèì ïðèðî- äîáû÷è è êîíòðàáàíäû áàëîáàíà â Åâðî- bred earlier. äîîõðàííûì çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì. ïå. Îíî, îäíàêî, ìîæåò ïîâëèÿòü íà ðåãó- Photo by I. Karyakin. ëèðîâàíèå ðàçâåäåíèÿ áàëîáàíà â íåâîëå Ñîñòîÿíèå îõðàíû áàëîáàíà â åâðîïåéñêèõ ñòðàíàõ è òîðãîâëè ýòèìè Îñíîâíûå ìåæäóíàðîäíûå ïðèðîäî- âûðàùåííûìè ñîêîëàìè. îõðàííûå êîíâåíöèè è ñîãëàøåíèÿ  îñíîâå îõðàíû áàëîáàíà â Ðîññèè ëå- Áàëîáàí âíåñ¸í â Êðàñíûé ñïèñîê æèò çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî î Êðàñíûõ êíèãàõ ÌÑÎÏ (IUCN, 2010) è â ñïèñîê íàõîäÿùèõ- ÐÔ è ñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ. Ïðè ïîäãîòîâêå ýòèõ ñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé âèäîâ BirdLife International Êðàñíûõ êíèã ðåêîìåíäàöèè ÌÑÎÏ äî ïî- (BirdLife…, 2010), âî II Ïðèëîæåíèå Êîí- ñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè íå ó÷èòûâàëèñü. Áîëåå âåíöèè î ìåæäóíàðîäíîé òîðãîâëå âèäàìè òîãî, ðîññèéñêîå çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî íå ðàç- ôàóíû è ôëîðû, íàõîäÿùèìèñÿ ïîä óãðî- ëè÷àåò ñòàòóñ âèäîâ, âíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíûå çîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ (CITES…, 2010), â Ïðè- êíèãè – âñå êðàñíîêíèæíûå âèäû îáåñïå- ëîæåíèÿ II Áîííñêîé è Áåðíñêîé Êîíâåí- ÷åíû îäíèì è òåì æå óðîâíåì ïðàâîâîé öèé (Convention…, 2009; Convention…, çàùèòû. 2002). Âûñîêèé ïðèðîäîîõðàííûé ñòàòóñ áà- Äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè áàëîáàí áûë ëîáàíà â Êðàñíîì ñïèñêå ÌÑÎÏ íèêàê íå êëàññèôèöèðîâàí êàê èñ÷åçàþùèé âèä âëèÿë òàêæå è íà ôèíàíñèðîâàíèå ìåðî- (Endangered) â Êðàñíîì ëèñòå ÌÑÎÏ, îä- ïðèÿòèé, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà îõðàíó áàëîáà- íàêî â 2010 ã. îí áûë ïåðåâåä¸í â ñïèñîê íà â Ðîññèè. Çà ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò â ñòðàíå óÿçâèìûõ (Vulnerable) (IUCN, 2010). Îäíà íà äåíüãè çàðóáåæíûõ ôîíäîâ è ìåæäóíà- èç ïðåäïîëàãàåìûõ ïðè÷èí ñíèæåíèÿ ñòà- ðîäíûõ îðãàíèçàöèé íå áûëî ðåàëèçîâà- òóñà áàëîáàíà â Êðàñíîì ñïèñêå ÌÑÎÏ íî íè îäíîãî ïðîåêòà, ãäå öåëåâûì âèäîì îçâó÷åíà À.Â. Ìîøêèíûì (2010) – ýòî áûë áû áàëîáàí. Èñêëþ÷åíèå ïðåäñòàâëÿ- ëîááèðîâàíèå âûñîêîïîñòàâëåííûìè ñî- åò ëèøü Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ýêîðåãèîíàëüíûé êîëüíèêàìè èç ðÿäà ñòðàí Ïåðñèäñêîãî ïðîåêò ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ, â êîòîðîì, îäíàêî, çàëèâà ïðîäîëæåíèÿ ëåãàëüíîé ìåæäóíà- áàëîáàí áûë âûáðàí èíäèêàòîðíûì âèäîì ðîäíîé òîðãîâëè äèêèìè (ïîëó÷åííûìè èç âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò åãî ñòàòóñà â Êðàñíîì ïðèðîäû) áàëîáàíàìè. Êîãäà âèä áûë ïðè- ñïèñêå ÌÑÎÏ. çíàí íàõîäÿùèìñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé ãëîáàëü- Îïðåäåë¸ííóþ âûãîäó îò ïîíèæåíèÿ íîãî èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ, áûë ïîäíÿò âîïðîñ î ñòàòóñà áàëîáàíà â Êðàñíîì ñïèñêå ÌÑÎÏ âêëþ÷åíèè åãî â Ïðèëîæåíèÿ I Áîííñêîé ïîëó÷àåò òîëüêî Ìîíãîëèÿ, ãäå ðàçðåø¸í Êîíâåíöèè è Êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ. Åñëè áû ëåãàëüíûé îòëîâ è ýêñïîðò äèêèõ áàëîáà- ýòî îñóùåñòâèëîñü, îêàçàëàñü áû çàïðåùå- íîâ. Áëàãîäàðÿ ñíèæåíèþ ñòàòóñà áàëî- íà ëåãàëüíàÿ òîðãîâëÿ êàê äèêèìè ïòèöàìè, áàíà âîïðîñ î ïðåêðàùåíèè ëåãàëüíîé ïðîèñõîäÿùèìè èç Ìîíãîëèè, òàê è ñîêî- òîðãîâëè íå áóäåò ñòîÿòü òàê îñòðî, êàê ýòî ëàìè, âûðàùåííûìè ïðàêòè÷åñêè âî âñåõ áûëî â òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäíèõ ñåìè ëåò. ïèòîìíèêàõ Ðîññèè (ïîñêîëüêó ïîñëåäíèå Ñàì ïî ñåáå çàïðåò ëåãàëüíîé òîðãîâëè 46 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ìè èç êîòîðûõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ Ôåäåðàëüíûé çà- êîí îò 10.01.2002 ã. ¹7-ÔÇ «Îá îõðàíå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû», Ôåäåðàëüíûé çàêîí îò 24.04.1995 ã. ¹52-ÔÇ «Î æèâîòíîì ìèðå», Ôåäåðàëüíûé çàêîí îò 14.03.1995 ã. ¹3393 «Îá îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ïðèðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ», à òàêæå â èíûõ çàêîíîäàòåëü- íûõ àêòàõ, ïîñòàíîâëåíèÿõ Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, âåäîìñòâåííûõ íîðìàòèâíûõ ïðàâîâûõ àêòàõ, íîðìàòèâ- íûõ ïðàâîâûõ àêòàõ èíûõ îòðàñëåé ïðàâà (ãðàæäàíñêîå, óãîëîâíîå, àäìèíèñòðàòèâ- íîå çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî). Ôåäåðàëüíûé çàêîí «Î æèâîòíîì ìèðå» îïðåäåëÿåò ïðàâî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ñîá- ñòâåííîñòè íà æèâîòíûé ìèð â ïðåäåëàõ òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè è Èíôîðìàöèîííûé â Ìîíãîëèè áàëîáàíàìè, èçúÿòûìè èç ïðè- ìåðû ñîõðàíåíèÿ ñðåäû îáèòàíèÿ îáúåê- ïëàêàò äëÿ òàìîæåí, ðîäû, ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ íå òàêîé îäíîçíà÷íî òîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, âêëþ÷àÿ ìåñòà îáè- ñîçäàííûé â ðàìêàõ ïðîãðàììû Ñèáýêîöåí- ïîçèòèâíîé ìåðîé, êàê ìîãëî áû ïîêàçàòü- òàíèÿ ðåäêèõ è íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé òðà «Ïðîòèâîäåéñòâèå ñÿ. Ñ ó÷¸òîì ñëàáîãî êîíòðîëÿ áðàêîíüåð- èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âèäîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå ÷åðåç êîíòðàáàíäå ðåäêèõ ñòâà è êîíòðàáàíäû â ýòîé ñòðàíå, î÷åíü îðãàíèçàöèþ ÎÎÏÒ, ïðåäóñìàòðèâàåò âû- âèäîâ» ïðè ïîääåðæêå âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî, â ñëó÷àå çàïðåòà, îòëîâ äåëåíèå çàùèòíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ òåððèòîðèé è Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ïðî- åêòà ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ. ïðîñòî ñòàíåò íåëåãàëüíûì, áåç ñíèæåíèÿ àêâàòîðèé, íåîáõîäèìûõ äëÿ îñóùåñòâëå- åãî îáùåãî óðîâíÿ. íèÿ æèçíåííûõ öèêëîâ, íà êîòîðûõ çàïðå- Information poster for customs, made under Ïòèöû, âûðàùåííûå â ïèòîìíèêàõ Ðîñ- ùàþòñÿ èëè ðåãëàìåíòèðóþòñÿ îòäåëüíûå the program of the ñèè, äî ñèõ ïîð ñîñòàâëÿþò íà ñîêîëèíûõ âèäû õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè, à òàêæå Siberian Environmental ðûíêàõ çäîðîâóþ êîíêóðåíöèþ êîíòðà- ñðîêè è òåõíîëîãèè èõ ïðîâåäåíèÿ. Center «Combating áàíäíûì ïòèöàì, âûëîâëåííûì â ïðèðîäå. Çàêîí óñòàíàâëèâàåò, ÷òî ðåäêèå è íàõî- the smuggling of rare species” with the sup- Çàïðåò òîðãîâëè, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, óíè- äÿùèåñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ îáúåêòû port of the Altai-Sayan ÷òîæèò ðîññèéñêèå ïèòîìíèêè, à ñ äðó- æèâîòíîãî ìèðà çàíîñÿòñÿ â Êðàñíóþ êíè- project of UNDP/GEF. ãîé – îñòàâøàÿñÿ íåóäîâëåòâîð¸ííîé ÷àñòü ãó ÐÔ è Êðàñíûå êíèãè ñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ. Äåé- ñïðîñà, êîòîðóþ ñåé÷àñ çàêðûâàþò ïòèöû ñòâèÿ, êîòîðûå ìîãóò ïðèâåñòè ê èõ ãèáåëè, èç ïèòîìíèêîâ, ìîæåò îêàçàòüñÿ ñòèìóëîì ñîêðàùåíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè èëè íàðóøåíèþ äëÿ åù¸ áîëüøåãî ðîñòà áðàêîíüåðñêîãî îò- ñðåäû èõ îáèòàíèÿ íå äîïóñêàþòñÿ, à þðè- ëîâà è êîíòðàáàíäû. Èòàê, âêëþ÷åíèå áàëî- äè÷åñêèå ëèöà è ãðàæäàíå, îñóùåñòâëÿþùèå áàíà â Ïðèëîæåíèå I ÑÈÒÅÑ îïðåäåë¸ííî õîçÿéñòâåííóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü íà òåððèòîðèÿõ íå óìåíüøèò ïðåññà íà äèêèå ïîïóëÿöèè, à è àêâàòîðèÿõ, ãäå îáèòàþò òàêèå îáúåêòû, ñêîðåå äàæå óâåëè÷èò åãî. Äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ, íåñóò îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà èõ ñîõðàíåíèå è êðå÷åò (Falco rusticolus) äàâíî âêëþ÷¸í â âîñïðîèçâîäñòâî. Çàêîí òàêæå ïðåäóñìà- Ïðèëîæåíèå I ÑÈÒÅÑ, è ýòî íèñêîëüêî íå òðèâàåò ðàçðåøèòåëüíûé ïîðÿäîê èñïîëüçî- ñïàñàåò åãî îò òåõ æå áåä: íåëåãàëüíûé âàíèÿ, îáîðîòà, ñîäåðæàíèÿ óêàçàííûõ îáú- îáîðîò êðå÷åòà ñ êàæäûì ãîäîì ðàñò¸ò, è â åêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà â íåâîëå è èõ âûïóñê íåãî âîâëåêàþòñÿ âñ¸ íîâûå ðåãèîíû. â åñòåñòâåííóþ ïðèðîäíóþ ñðåäó. Ðåçþìèðóÿ âñ¸ âûøåñêàçàííîå, ìîæíî  äîêóìåíòå «Òðåáîâàíèÿ ïî ïðåäîòâðà- êîíñòàòèðîâàòü ôàêò, ÷òî âíå çàâèñèìî- ùåíèþ ãèáåëè îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ñòè îò ñòàòóñà áàëîáàíà â Ïðèëîæåíèÿõ ê ïðè îñóùåñòâëåíèè ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ïðî- ìåæäóíàðîäíûì êîíâåíöèÿì è â ñïèñêàõ öåññîâ, à òàêæå ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàíñ- ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãà- ïîðòíûõ ìàãèñòðàëåé, òðóáîïðîâîäîâ, íèçàöèé, íà åãî îõðàíå â ÀÑÝ ýòî âîîáùå ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è», óòâåðæ- íèêàê íå ñêàçûâàåòñÿ. ä¸ííîì ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÔ îò 13.08.1996 ã. ¹997 (äàëåå Òðåáîâàíèÿ), Çàêîíîäàòåëüíûå è èíûå íîðìàòèâ- â ò.÷. îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ íåîáõîäèìîñòü îõðà- íûå ïðàâîâûå àêòû Ðîññèéñêîé Ôå- íû è çàùèòû ïòèö ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè ëèíèé äåðàöèè ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è. Äàííûé äîêóìåíò  Ðîññèè íîðìû ïî îõðàíå è èñïîëüçî- ðåãëàìåíòèðóåò ïîðÿäîê îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ âàíèþ îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà è ñðåäû ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ïðîöåññîâ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, èõ îáèòàíèÿ ñîäåðæàòñÿ â ïðèðîäîîõ- ñò. 34 óêàçûâàåò íà îáÿçàòåëüíîñòü îñíà- ðàííûõ çàêîíîäàòåëüíûõ àêòàõ, êëþ÷åâû- ùåíèÿ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è ìîùíîñòüþ Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 47

6–10 ê ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè. (êàòåãîðèÿ 2) (Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðîññèéñêîé «Ïðàâèëà òåõíè÷åñêîé ýêñïëóàòàöèè Ôåäåðàöèè…, 2001). ýëåêòðîóñòàíîâîê ïîòðåáèòåëåé», óòâåðæ- Äîáûâàíèå îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, ä¸ííûå ïðèêàçîì Ìèíýíåðãî ÐÔ îò 13 ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â ÿíâàðÿ 2003 ãîäà ¹6, ÿâëÿþòñÿ âàæíûì Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, ðåãóëèðóåòñÿ ïîñòàíîâ- âåäîìñòâåííûì äîêóìåíòîì, ïðåäóñìà- ëåíèåì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðà- òðèâàþùèì îñíàùåíèå ýëåêòðîóñòàíîâîê öèè îò 6 ÿíâàðÿ 1997 ã. ¹13 «Îá óòâåðæäå- ñïåöèàëüíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè, îáåñïå÷è- íèè Ïðàâèë äîáûâàíèÿ îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî âàþùèìè ñîáëþäåíèå óñòàíîâëåííûõ ñà- ìèðà, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì íèòàðíûõ íîðì è ïðàâèë è ïðèðîäîîõðàí- â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, íûõ òðåáîâàíèé. Ïóíêò 1.7.25. óêàçàííûõ çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì âîäíûõ áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ Ïðàâèë ãëàñèò: «Ýêñïëóàòàöèÿ ýëåêòðîó- ðåñóðñîâ». Äîáûâàíèå îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ñî- ñòàíîâîê áåç óñòðîéñòâ, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ ãëàñíî Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîìó ðåãëàìåíòó ñîáëþäåíèå óñòàíîâëåííûõ ñàíèòàðíûõ Ôåäåðàëüíîé ñëóæáû ïî íàäçîðó â ñôåðå íîðì è ïðàâèë è ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ òðåáî- ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ (Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîð) ïî âàíèé, èëè ñ íåèñïðàâíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè, âûäà÷å ðàçðåøåíèé íà äîáûâàíèå îáúåêòîâ íå îáåñïå÷èâàþùèìè ñîáëþäåíèå ýòèõ æèâîòíîãî è ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ìèðà, çàíåñ¸í- òðåáîâàíèé, íå äîïóñêàåòñÿ» (Ãëàâà 1.7. íûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, óòâåðæä¸ííîìó Ïðàâèëà áåçîïàñíîñòè è ñîáëþäåíèÿ ïðè- ïðèêàçîì Ìèíïðèðîäû Ðîññèè îò 30 àïðå- ðîäîîõðàííûõ òðåáîâàíèé). ëÿ 2009 ã. ¹123 (çàðåãèñòðèðîâàí Ìèíþ- «Ïðàâèëà óñòðîéñòâà ýëåêòðîóñòàíî- ñòîì Ðîññèè 22 èþíÿ 2009 ã., ðåãèñòðàöè- âîê (ÏÓÝ)» (Ãëàâà 2.5. Âîçäóøíûå ëèíèè îííûé ¹14115). Ñîãëàñíî âûøåóêàçàííûì ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è íàïðÿæåíèåì âûøå Ïðàâèëàì, äîáûâàíèå áàëîáàíîâ äîïóñêà- 1 êB), óòâåðæä¸ííûå ïðèêàçîì Ìèíý- åòñÿ â èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ â öåëÿõ èõ íåðãî Ðîññèè îò 20 ìàÿ 2003 ã. ¹187, ñîõðàíåíèÿ, îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ ìîíèòîðèíãà òàêæå ÿâëÿþòñÿ çíà÷èìûì âåäîìñòâåí- ñîñòîÿíèÿ èõ ïîïóëÿöèé, ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ èõ íûì íîðìàòèâíûì àêòîì, îáÿçûâàþùèì ÷èñëåííîñòè… âëàäåëüöåâ ýëåêòðîóñòàíîâîê ïðèíèìàòü Îáîðîò îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, ïðè- ìåðû ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ íåãàòèâíûõ íàäëåæàùèõ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñ- ïîñëåäñòâèé âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ïòèö è ËÝÏ. íóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, ðåãóëèðóåòñÿ ïîñòàíîâëåíè- Ïóíêò 2.5.36. íàñòîÿùèõ Ïðàâèë ñîäåð- åì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè æèò àëüòåðíàòèâíîå ðåøåíèå ïðîáëåìû îò 19 ôåâðàëÿ 1996 ã. ¹156 «Î ïîðÿäêå ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â âèäå êîíêðåòíîãî âûäà÷è ðàçðåøåíèé (ðàñïîðÿäèòåëüíûõ ëè- óêàçàíèÿ: «Â ðàéîíàõ ðàññåëåíèÿ êðóï- öåíçèé) íà îáîðîò äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ, ïðèíàä- íûõ ïòèö äëÿ … ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ ãèáåëè ëåæàùèõ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ ïòèö ñëåäóåò … íå èñïîëüçîâàòü îïîðû êíèãó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè» è îñóùåñò- ÂË ñî øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè». âëÿåòñÿ ñîãëàñíî Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîìó ðå- Îñíîâíûå çàêîíû è ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ïîä- ãëàìåíòó Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîðà ïî èñïîëíå- çàêîííûå è âåäîìñòâåííûå íîðìàòèâíûå íèþ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ôóíêöèè ïî âûäà÷å ïðàâîâûå àêòû ñîñòàâëÿþò â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ðàçðåøåíèé (ðàñïîðÿäèòåëüíûõ ëèöåíçèé) ñòåïåíè ïðîðàáîòàííóþ ïðàâîâóþ îñíîâó íà îáîðîò äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ, ïðèíàäëåæà- äåÿòåëüíîñòè îðãàíîâ óïðàâëåíèÿ è ïðàâî- ùèõ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó îõðàíèòåëüíûõ îðãàíîâ â îáëàñòè îõðàíû ÐÔ, óòâåðæä¸ííîìó ïðèêàçîì ÌÏÐ Ðîññèè è èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðåäêèõ è íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä îò 15 ÿíâàðÿ 2008 ã. ¹4 (çàðåãèñòðèðîâàí óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíî- Ìèíþñòîì Ðîññèè 13 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 ã., ðå- ãî ìèðà, ñîõðàíåíèÿ ñðåäû èõ îáèòàíèÿ. ãèñòðàöèîííûé ¹11154). Îäíàêî ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ýòîé, â öåëîì ïðî- Çà óíè÷òîæåíèå âèäîâ æèâîòíîãî è ðàñ- ðàáîòàííîé, ñèñòåìû íîðìàòèâíîãî ïðà- òèòåëüíîãî ìèðà, à òàêæå ñðåäû èõ îáè- âîâîãî ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ñóùåñòâåííî ñíè- òàíèÿ, â ñóäåáíîì ïîðÿäêå ñ íàðóøèòåëÿ æàåòñÿ îòñóòñòâèåì ëèáî íåäîñòàòî÷íîé âçûñêèâàåòñÿ ñóììà óùåðáà, ðàññ÷èòàííàÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòüþ ïðàâîïðèìåíèòåëüíîé ñîãëàñíî «Ìåòîäèêå èñ÷èñëåíèÿ ðàçìåðà ïðàêòèêè, à òàêæå íàëè÷èåì â ýòîé ñèñòå- âðåäà, ïðè÷èí¸ííîãî îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìå íîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâûõ è ìåòîäè÷åñêèõ ìèðà, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîñ- ïðîáåëîâ ïî ðÿäó âîïðîñîâ. ñèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, à òàêæå èíûì îáú- åêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, íå îòíîñÿùèìñÿ ê Ðîññèéñêèå Êðàñíûå êíèãè îáúåêòàì îõîòû è ðûáîëîâñòâà, è ñðåäå èõ Áàëîáàí çàíåñ¸í â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîñ- îáèòàíèÿ», êîòîðàÿ óòâåðæäåíà Ïðèêàçîì ñèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè è èìååò ñòàòóñ ðåäêî- ÌÏÐ Ðîññèè îò 28 àïðåëÿ 2008 ã. ¹107 ãî âèäà ñ ñîêðàùàþùåéñÿ ÷èñëåííîñòüþ (çàðåãèñòðèðîâàí Ìèíþñòîì Ðîññèè 29 48 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ìàÿ 2008 ã., ðåãèñòðàöèîííûé ¹11775).  ðåãèîíå ñóùåñòâóåò 9 ôåäåðàëüíûõ Áàëîáàí çàíåñ¸í â Êðàñíûå êíèãè âñåõ ÎÎÏÒ, âêëþ÷àþùèõ 3778,9 êì2 ìåñòîî- ñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ â ÀÑÝ: Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé áèòàíèé áàëîáàíà (2,7% îò îáùåé ïëî- (2007); Ðåñïóáëèêè Òûâà (2002); Ðåñïóá- ùàäè ìåñòîîáèòàíèé áàëîáàíà â ðåãèî- ëèêè Õàêàñèÿ (2004); Àëòàéñêîãî (2006) è íå), íà êîòîðûõ èçâåñòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå Ðèñ. 9. Îñîáî îõðà- Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî (2000) êðà¸â. 19 ïàð è ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå íå íÿåìûå ïðèðîäíûå òåððèòîðèè (ÎÎÏÒ) è Òàêèì îáðàçîì, áàëîáàí â äîñòàòî÷íîé ìåíåå 38 ïàð, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 2,6% ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë áàëî- ñòåïåíè çàùèù¸í çàêîíîäàòåëüíî êàê íà ôå- îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â ðåãèîíå áàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì äåðàëüíîì, òàê è íà ðåãèîíàëüíîì óðîâíÿõ. (ðèñ. 9).  ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ýòî çàïîâåä- ýêîðåãèîíå. íèêè «Õàêàññêèé», «Óáñóíóðñêàÿ êîòëî- Fig. 9. Specially Pro- Òåððèòîðèàëüíàÿ îõðàíà âèíà», «Àëòàéñêèé», «Ñàÿíî-Øóøåíñêèé», tected Natural Areas Íóæíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî, íåñìîòðÿ íà äî- «Àçàñ», íàöèîíàëüíûå ïàðêè «Ñàéëþãåì» and the Saker breeding range in the Altai-Sayan ñòàòî÷íóþ çàêîíîäàòåëüíóþ áàçó è íàëè- è «Øóøåíñêèé áîð». Áàëîáàí, êàê ãíåç- Eacoregion. Labels: ÷èå ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ ñòðóêòóð, áàëîáàí äÿùèéñÿ âèä, óêàçûâàåòñÿ äëÿ òåððèòîðèé 1 – breeding range of â ðåãèîíå, êàê è â Ðîññèè â öåëîì, îõðà- çàïîâåäíèêîâ «Òèãèðåêñêèé», «Êàòóíñêèé» the Saker Falcon, íÿåòñÿ êðàéíå ñëàáî è íåýôôåêòèâíî, è «Êóçíåöêèé Àëàòàó», îäíàêî, ó÷èòûâàÿ 2 – administrative bor- ders, 3 – protected ar- òåððèòîðèàëüíàÿ îõðàíà â ðåãèîíå íå îòñóòñòâèå íà èõ òåððèòîðèè äîñòàòî÷- eas (a – nature reserve, îðèåíòèðîâàíà íà ýòîò âèä, ïîýòîìó íè íà íûõ ïëîùàäåé ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ýòîãî âèäà, “zapovednik”, îäíîé èç ôåäåðàëüíûõ îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü åãî çäåñü ñëó÷àéíûì ýëå- b – national park, ïðèðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèé (ÎÎÏÒ) íåò äîñòà- ìåíòîì ôàóíû. c – nature park, d – zoological refugees, òî÷íî êðóïíûõ ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ Îñíîâíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè áà- “zakaznik”). ãðóïïèðîâîê ñîêîëà. ëîáàíà ñîñðåäîòî÷åíû çà ïðåäåëàìè òåððèòîðèé ÎÎÏÒ è ëèøü â çàïîâåäíè- êàõ «Àëòàéñêèé» è «Óáñóíóðñêàÿ êîòëî- âèíà» îõðàíÿåòñÿ ìåíåå 2-õ äåñÿòêîâ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð áàëîáàíîâ (ðèñ. 10). Íà äðóãèõ ÎÎÏÒ âèä ëèáî ñèëüíî ñîêðàòèë ñâîþ ÷èñëåííîñòü, ëèáî ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåõà- ðàêòåðíûì ýëåìåíòîì ôàóíû, ëèáî ïëî- ùàäü ýòèõ ÎÎÏÒ íàñòîëüêî ìàëà, ÷òî íå â ñîñòîÿíèè âìåñòèòü íåñêîëüêî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîêîëîâ. Íà âñåõ ÎÎÏÒ íåïî- ñðåäñòâåííàÿ îõðàíà áàëîáàíà ñëàáà èëè ïîëíîñòüþ îòñóòñòâóåò èç-çà îñòðîãî äåôèöèòà íåîáõîäèìîãî ôèíàíñèðîâà- íèÿ è îòñóòñòâèÿ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ. Èìåííî èç-çà áðàêîíüåðñòâà áîëüøèíñòâî êëà- ñòåðîâ çàïîâåäíèêà «Õàêàññêèé» ëèøè- ëèñü áàëîáàíîâ, ïðè÷¸ì – çà ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, òåððèòîðèè îñíîâíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê âèäà íå ÿâëÿþò- ñÿ îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûìè, à, íàïðîòèâ, èñ- ïîëüçóþòñÿ â õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ÷åëîâåêà. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ñòðàòåãèÿ ñî- õðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíà â ÀÑÝ äîëæíà áûòü íàïðàâëåíà íà îïòèìèçàöèþ óñëîâèé åãî îáèòàíèÿ â óñëîâèÿõ ïðîäîëæàþ- ùåãîñÿ õîçÿéñòâåííîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ýòîãî âèäà.

Ðèñ. 10. Ó÷àñòêè ÎÎÏÒ, âêëþ÷àþùèå ìåñòîîáèòà- íèÿ áàëîáàíà, â êîòîðûõ äîñòîâåðíî óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå ñîêîëîâ. Fig. 10. Protected Areas including habitats of Sakers, where breeding falcons have been proved. Labels: 1 – habitats of the Saker Falcon in the protected areas (a – nature reserve, “zapovednik”, b – national park, c – nature park, d – zoological refugies, “zakaznik”). Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 49

Êîíå÷íî, àäàïòàöèÿ ñèñòåìû ÎÎÏÒ ñ öå- ëüþ óëó÷øåíèÿ òåððèòîðèàëüíîé îõðàíû ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê áàëîáàíà êðàéíå íåîáõîäèìà.  ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñëåäóåò ìàêñèìàëüíî çàðåçåðâèðîâàòü ãîðíûå ìå- ñòîîáèòàíèÿ âèäà, çàñåë¸ííûå ñ ìèíèìàëü- íîé ïëîòíîñòüþ â îñíîâíîì îñ¸äëûìè èëè êî÷óþùèìè ïòèöàìè, ýòè ó÷àñòêè äî ñèõ ïîð îñòàþòñÿ ìàëî äîñòóïíûìè äëÿ ëîâ- öîâ è áóäóò ÿâëÿòüñÿ «êëèìàòè÷åñêèìè ðå- ôóãèóìàìè» ïðè äàëüíåéøåé àðèäèçàöèè êëèìàòà – ýòî, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, Þæíî- ×óéñêèé õðåáåò, Ñàéëþãåì, ×èõà÷¸âà, Êóðàéñêèé, à òàêæå áàññåéíû ðåê Ìîãåí- Áóðåí è Êàðãû â Òóâå. Âî âòîðóþ î÷åðåäü òðåáóåòñÿ áîëåå ïîë- Áàëîáàíû, âûðàùåííûå â ïèòîìíèêå. íîå ðåçåðâèðîâàíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðî- Ôîòî À. Áàõòåðåâà. âîê ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí, äëÿ ÷åãî íåîáõîäè- Sakers bred in captivity. Photo by A. Bakhterev. ìî ñîçäàíèå ÎÎÏÒ â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â ðàéîíå îç¸ð Õàäûí è ×åäåð, â áàññåéíå Âûïóñê ðàçâåä¸ííûõ â íåâîëå áàëîáàíîâ ð. ×óëûì íà ãðàíèöå Õàêàñèè è Êðàñíî- â ïðèðîäó ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñóùåñòâåííîé ìåðîé ÿðñêîãî êðàÿ, â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ èõî ÷èñëåííîñòè. Ñ åãî ïî- Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé. ìîùüþ ìîæíî ðåãóëèðîâàòü ãåíäåðíîå ñî- îòíîøåíèå îñîáåé â ïðèðîäå, ìåòîäû õåê- Ðàçâåäåíèå â íåâîëå êèíãà ïîçâîëÿþò ïðèó÷èòü ìîëîäóþ ïòèöó Áàëîáàí ïðåêðàñíî ðàçìíîæàåòñÿ â íåâî- ê êîíêðåòíîìó ìåñòîîáèòàíèþ è äàæå ñîç- ëå.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Ðîññèè ðàçâåäåíè- äàòü êîíêðåòíûé ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. åì áàëîáàíîâ çàíèìàþòñÿ ïèòîìíèêè «Ðóñ- Òàê, â Êàçàõñòàíå â 1996–97 ãã. èñêóññòâåí- ñêèé ñîêîëèíûé öåíòð» (Ìîñêâà), «Ôèëèí» íî ðàçâåä¸ííûå áàëîáàíû ïðèó÷àëèñü ê (Ãèçåëü, Ñåâåðíàÿ Îñåòèÿ), «Ãàëè÷üÿ Ãîðà» èñêóññòâåííî ñîçäàííîìó ãíåçäó íà ñêà- (Äîíñêîå, Ëèïåöêàÿ îáëàñòü), «Õîëçàí» (Åêà- ëå, ÷òî âûðàáàòûâàëî ó ïòèö ñîîòâåòñòâó- òåðèíáóðã) è «Àëòàé Ôàëêîí» (Áàðíàóë). þùèé ñòåðåîòèï (Ð. Ïôåôôåð, ëè÷íîå  ðåãèîíå îôèöèàëüíî ôóíêöèîíèðó- ñîîáùåíèå), â Ïîëüøå è Ãåðìàíèè òàêèìè åò ïèòîìíèê «Àëòàé Ôàëêîí» – ïåðâûé â ìåòîäàìè óñïåøíî âîññòàíàâëèâàþò ïî- Ðîññèè ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûé ïèòîìíèê ñëå ïîëíîãî âûìèðàíèÿ äðåâåñíîãíåçäÿ- ñîêîëîâ, ñîçäàííûé â Áàðíàóëå â 1991 ã. ùèåñÿ ïîïóëÿöèè ñàïñàíà (Anderwald et Èñõîäíîå ïîãîëîâüå ïèòîìíèêà ñîñòàâèëè al., 2010; Klenstauber et al., 2009; Sielicki, ñîêîëû – êðå÷åòû, áàëîáàíû è ñàïñàíû, Sielicki, 2009). Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, äîñòîâåðíûõ îòëîâëåííûå íà ðàçíûõ øèðîòàõ – îò Çà- ôàêòîâ ðåçóëüòàòèâíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â ïîëÿðüÿ äî þãà Ñèáèðè, ïî ðàçðåøåíèÿì ïðèðîäå ñîêîëîâ èç âûïóñêîâ, îñóùåñò- Ìèíýêîëîãèè Ðîññèè.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ âëÿåìûõ ïèòîìíèêîì «Àëòàé Ôàëêîí», îêîëî 70 ñïåöèàëüíî îòîáðàííûõ ïî ýêñ- íåò. Ïðè ïîëíîì îòñóòñòâèè ãîñóäàðñòâåí- òåðüåðíûì ïðèçíàêàì è îõîòíè÷üèì êà÷å- íîãî ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ êàê ïèòîìíèêà, òàê ñòâàì âçðîñëûõ ïòèö ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïëåìåííûì è ðàáîò ïî ðåèíòðîäóêöèè ñîêîëîâ, ïè- ïîãîëîâüåì ïèòîìíèêà. Áàëîáàíû â ïèòîì- òîìíèêó ïðèõîäèòñÿ âûïóñêàòü â ïðèðîäó íèêå ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ ñ 1994 ã. Åæåãîäíûé êîììåð÷åñêè íåèíòåðåñíûõ îñîáåé, â ïðèïëîä ñîêîëîâ ïèòîìíèêà ñîñòàâëÿåò îò ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü – ñàìöîâ, ÷òî, ïðè ñèòóà- 50 äî 120 ìîëîäûõ ïòèö. Ïèòîìíèê «Àë- öèè êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêîãî íåäîñòàòêà ñàìîê òàé Ôàëêîí» ðàáîòàåò â òåñíîì êîíòàêòå â åñòåñòâåííîé ïîïóëÿöèè, ïðàêòè÷åñêè ñ ãîñóäàðñòâåííûìè ïðèðîäîîõðàííûìè íèêàê íå óëó÷øàåò å¸, à ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, è ïðàâîîõðàíèòåëüíûìè îðãàíèçàöèÿìè, âêëàä ïèòîìíèêà â âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïî- âûïîëíÿåò ôóíêöèþ ðåàáèëèòàöèîííîãî ïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà â ÀÑÝ ïóò¸ì âûïóñêà öåíòðà äëÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö, êîíôèñêîâàí- ïòèö íè÷òîæåí. íûõ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè.  òå÷åíèå 15 ëåò Ïðè çàäåðæàíèÿõ áðàêîíüåðñêè îòëîâ- â ïðèðîäó áûëî âûïóùåíî áîëåå òðåõñîò ëåííûõ ïòèö êàê â ñàìîì ðåãèîíå, òàê è áàëîáàíîâ. Íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1996 ã., ïèòîìíèê ïðè èõ òðàíñïîðòèðîâêå çà åãî ïðåäåëà- ýêñïîðòèðóåò ïòèö â ðàçíûå ñòðàíû – îò ìè, ïòèöû ïåðåä âûïóñêîì äîëæíû ïîëó- Çàïàäíîé Åâðîïû äî ßïîíèè (Àëòàé Ôàë- ÷àòü êâàëèôèöèðîâàííóþ âåòåðèíàðíóþ êîí, 2010). ïîìîùü, ïðîõîäèòü ñïåöèàëüíóþ ðåàáèëè- 50 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

òàöèþ.  îòñóòñòâèè ñïåöèàëüíûõ öåíòðîâ «Ñàÿíî-Øóøåíñêèé» è «Óáñóíóðñêàÿ êîò- è âîçìîæíîñòè îñóùåñòâèòü âûïóñê â ïîä- ëîâèíà», ïðè ïîääåðæêå Àãåíòñòâà ïî õîäÿùåì áèîòîïå â ïîäõîäÿùåå âðåìÿ, áà- îõðàíå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû ÎÀÝ ÷åðåç ëîáàíû, êîòîðûì óäàëîñü èçáåæàòü âûâîçà Èíñòèòóò èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîêîëîâ (Âåëèêî- çà ðóáåæ, ñ áîëüøîé âåðîÿòíîñòüþ ïîãèá- áðèòàíèÿ) è Ïðîåêòà ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ «Ñî- íóò. Ïîýòîìó ïàðàëëåëüíî ñ àêòèâèçàöèåé õðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â ðîññèéñêîé ðàáîòû èíñïåêòîðîâ è àíòèáðàêîíüåðñêèõ ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà». Çà 12 áðèãàä íåîáõîäèìî ïðîäóìûâàòü è ðàçâè- ëåò ìîíèòîðèíã äîêàçàë ñâîþ ýôôåêòèâ- âàòü ñèñòåìó ðåàáèëèòàöèîííûõ öåíòðîâ íîñòü â ïîëó÷åíèè óíèêàëüíîé îáúåêòèâ- äëÿ ñîêîëîâ. íîé èíôîðìàöèè î ñîñòîÿíèè ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê áàëîáàíà, íåîáõîäèìîé äëÿ Ìîíèòîðèíã ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïîïóëÿöèé âûðàáîòêè àäåêâàòíûõ ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ ìåð Ìîíèòîðèíã ñîñòîÿíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóï- ïî äîëãîâðåìåííîìó èõ ñîõðàíåíèþ. È ïèðîâîê áàëîáàíà â ÀÑÝ ïðåäóñìàòðèâà- â 2010 ã. ïî ìàòåðèàëàì ýòèõ ðàáîò áûëà åò ñèñòåìó äëèòåëüíîãî ñëåæåíèÿ çà ðàñ- ïîäãîòîâëåíà «Ïðîãðàììà ìîíèòîðèíãà ïðîñòðàíåíèåì, ÷èñëåííîñòüþ, èíûìè áàëîáàíà â ÀÑÝ» (Êàðÿêèí, 2010). ïîïóëÿöèîííûìè ïàðàìåòðàìè, à òàêæå Öåëü ïðîãðàììû ìîíèòîðèíãà – ïîëó÷àòü ñîñòîÿíèåì ìåñò îáèòàíèÿ â öåëÿõ ñâî- åæåãîäíóþ îáúåêòèâíóþ èíôîðìàöèþ î åâðåìåííîãî âûÿâëåíèÿ, àíàëèçà è ïðî- ñîñòîÿíèè ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê áàëî- ãíîçèðîâàíèÿ âîçìîæíûõ èçìåíåíèé íà áàíà â ÀÑÝ äëÿ âûðàáîòêè ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ ôîíå åñòåñòâåííûõ ïðîöåññîâ è ïîä âëèÿ- ìåð ïî èõ äîëãîâðåìåííîìó óñòîé÷èâîìó íèåì àíòðîïîãåííûõ ôàêòîðîâ. ñîõðàíåíèþ. Ñîãëàñíî Ïðîãðàììå, ìîíè-  ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ äåéñòâóþùèì ðîñ- òîðèíã ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê áàëîáàíà ñèéñêèì çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì âåäåíèå ãî- âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ äâà âèäà ó÷¸òîâ ÷èñëåí- ñóäàðñòâåííîãî ó÷¸òà ÷èñëåííîñòè è ãî- íîñòè: ëåòíèé è îñåííèé. Ó÷¸òû ïðîâî- ñóäàðñòâåííîãî ìîíèòîðèíãà îáúåêòîâ äÿòñÿ íà âûäåëåííûõ êëþ÷åâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ â æèâîòíîãî ìèðà â ïðåäåëàõ ñóáúåêòà ïðåäåëàõ êàæäîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ÐÔ, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî áàëîáàíà åæåãîäíî. Îáà ó÷¸òà ïðîâîäÿò- ìèðà, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ íà ÎÎÏÒ ôåäåðàëü- ñÿ ïî ñõîäíîé ìåòîäèêå. Äëÿ ñáîðà ïîëå- íîãî çíà÷åíèÿ, îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ îðãàíàìè âîé èíôîðìàöèè ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ âèçóàëüíûé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé âëàñòè ñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ â ó÷¸ò ïòèö è èõ ãí¸çä íà ïîñòîÿííûõ ïëî- îáëàñòè îõðàíû è èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ æèâîò- ùàäêàõ â ïðåäåëàõ âûäåëåííûõ êëþ÷åâûõ íîãî ìèðà. Îäíàêî, â ðåàëüíîñòè ýòîãî íå ó÷àñòêîâ ìîíèòîðèíãà. ïðîèñõîäèò. Ôàêòè÷åñêè, íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1999 ã., ìîíèòî- Ïðîñâåòèòåëüñêàÿ è îáðàçîâàòåëüíàÿ ðèíãîì ñîñòîÿíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê äåÿòåëüíîñòü áàëîáàíà â ÀÑÝ çàíèìàëèñü îáùåñòâåííûå Êàê áûëî ñêàçàíî âûøå, çàùèòà áàëîáà- Ó÷¸ò ñîêîëîâ íà Àëòàå îðãàíèçàöèè Ðîññèéñêîé ñåòè èçó÷åíèÿ íà îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ íîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâîé â 2010 ã. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. è îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ – Ñèáèð- áàçîé, ñâÿçàííîé ñ Êðàñíûìè êíèãàìè ÐÔ Census of falcons in ñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð, Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ è ñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ, à òàêæå ìåæäóíàðîäíûìè Altai in 2010. èññëåäîâàíèé è Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò», ñî- êîíâåíöèÿìè, êîòîðûå ðàòèôèöèðîâàëà Photo by S. Vazhov. âìåñòíî ñ çàïîâåäíèêàìè «Õàêàññêèé», Ðîññèÿ. Îäíàêî, èõ ñîáëþäåíèå ñòàëêè- âàåòñÿ ñ ðÿäîì ïðîáëåì, ãëàâíàÿ èç êî- òîðûõ – íåäîñòàòîê èíôîðìèðîâàííîñòè èíñïåêòîðîâ êàê ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ îðãàíîâ îõðàíû ïðèðîäû, òàê è äðóãèõ óïîëíîìî- ÷åííûõ ñòðóêòóð.  ÷àñòíîñòè, çà èñïîëíå- íèå ðîññèéñêèõ îáÿçàòåëüñòâ ïåðåä ÑÈÒÅÑ îòâå÷àþò òàìîæåííûå îðãàíû, èìåííî îíè êîíòðîëèðóþò ñîáëþäåíèå Êîíâåí- öèè – íàëè÷èå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ðàçðåøå- íèé ïðè ââîçå è âûâîçå îáúåêòîâ ôëîðû è ôàóíû. Çà êîíòðàáàíäíîå ïåðåìåùå- íèå ÷åðåç ãðàíèöó âíå ìåñò òàìîæåííîãî êîíòðîëÿ îòâå÷àþò ïîãðàíè÷íûå ñëóæáû, êîòîðûå, â ñëó÷àå çàäåðæàíèÿ íàðóøèòå- ëÿ ñ òîâàðîì (èëè áðîøåííûé íà ãðàíèöå òîâàð), ïåðåäàþò åãî, îïÿòü-òàêè, òàìî- æåííèêàì. Âíóòðè Ðîññèè ñîáëþäåíèå çà- Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 51

ëó÷åíèè ïîäîáíîé ïîääåðæêè.  îáùåì ïîòîêå òðàíñãðàíè÷íîãî ïåðåìåùåíèÿ òîâàðîâ, êîòîðûé ïðîõîäèò ÷åðåç òàìîæ- íþ, îòñëåäèòü ïîòîê ñïåöèôè÷åñêîãî òî- âàðà èç äèêîé ïðèðîäû êðàéíå ñëîæíî. È ãëàâíûì ïðåïÿòñòâèåì ê ýòîìó ñòàíîâèòñÿ îòñóòñòâèå ïîíèìàíèÿ âàæíîñòè ýòîãî ïî- òîêà èíñïåêòîðîì íà òàìîæåííîì ïîñòó. Äðóãàÿ ïðîáëåìà – âûñîêàÿ ðîòàöèÿ òàìî- æåííûõ êàäðîâ, ïðè êîòîðîé òðóäíî îöå- íèòü óñïåøíîñòü óñèëèé, âëîæåííûõ â ïî- âûøåíèå îïûòà òàìîæåííèêîâ. Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ äëÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ îðãà- íîâ îõðàíû ïðèðîäû è èíñïåêòîðîâ ÎÎÏÒ îêàçûâàþòñÿ âïîëíå ýôôåêòèâíûìè â óñëî- âèÿõ îòäàë¸ííûõ ðàéîíîâ ðåñïóáëèê Àëòàÿ, Òûâû è Õàêàñèè, ãäå ðîòàöèÿ êàäðîâ íåâå- Ñåìèíàð ñ Ñ.Í. Ëÿïó- êîíîäàòåëüñòâà â ðàçíîé ìåðå äîëæíû îáå- ëèêà. Îäíàêî, â óñëîâèÿõ ÷àñòûõ ðåôîðì ñòèíûì äëÿ òàìîæåí- ñïå÷èâàòü èíñïåêòîðà îõðàíû ïðèðîäû êàê âñåé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ñòðóêòóðû îõðàíû íèêîâ. Ôåäåðàëüíîé ñëóæáû Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîðà è Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. ïðèðîäû è ïåðåäà÷è ïîëíîìî÷èé îò îäíîé å¸ ðåãèîíàëüíûõ îòäåëåíèé, òàê è ìåñòíûõ ñòðóêòóðû ê äðóãîé, âûïîëíåíèå îáÿçàííî- Oral presentation of îðãàíîâ îõðàíû ïðèðîäû, âêëþ÷àÿ îõîòèí- S. Lyapustin within ñòåé ÷àñòî ïðîñòî òðóäíîâûïîëíèìî. workshop for customs ñïåêòîðîâ, à òàêæå ãîñèíñïåêòîðà ÎÎÏÒ. officers. Photî by Îäíàêî ïðàêòèêà ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ðåçóëü- Ïåðâîî÷åðåäíûå ìåðû ïî ñîõðà- E. Nikolenko. òàòèâíîñòü ðàáîòû, ñâÿçàííîé ñ âûÿâëåíè- íåíèþ áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì åì è ïðåñå÷åíèåì áðàêîíüåðñòâà, òðàíñ- ýêîðåãèîíå ïîðòèðîâêè íåëåãàëüíî äîáûòûõ îáúåêòîâ Ñîõðàíåíèå àëòàå-ñàÿíñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè (â ò.÷. áàëîáàíîâ) è âûâîçà çà ïðåäåëû ÐÔ áàëîáàíà ìîæíî îáåñïå÷èòü òîëüêî êîì- îñòà¸òñÿ íà êðàéíå íèçêîì óðîâíå. ïëåêñîì ìåð, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà ñîõðàíå-  ðàìêàõ ïðîãðàììû Ñèáýêîöåíòðà íèå êàê ñàìîãî ñîêîëà, òàê è ñðåäû åãî «Èíôîðìàöèîííî-ìåòîäè÷åñêàÿ ïîääåðæêà îáèòàíèÿ. Ïðè ýòîì íåîáõîäèìî ó÷èòûâàòü ãîñîðãàíîâ», êîòîðàÿ ðåàëèçóåòñÿ ñ 2005 ã. áèîëîãè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè ýòîãî âèäà è ïðè ïîääåðæêå WWF è Ïðîåêòà ÏÐÎÎÍ/ îïûò ïðîøëûõ ëåò â ñôåðå åãî îõðàíû. ÃÝÔ «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ðîñ- Íà îñíîâàíèè àíàëèçà, ïðèâåä¸ííîãî â ñèéñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèî- äàííîé ñòàòüå, ìîæíî ðàíæèðîâàòü îñíîâ- íà», ðåàëèçóþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå íàïðàâëåíèÿ: íûå ôàêòîðû, íåãàòèâíî âëèÿþùèå íà áà- 1. Ïðîâåäåíèå îáó÷àþùèõ ñåìèíàðîâ è ëîáàíà, ïî ñèëå èõ âîçäåéñòâèÿ: ðàáî÷èõ âñòðå÷ äëÿ îáìåíà îïûòîì ìåæäó 1. Íåëåãàëüíûé îòëîâ äëÿ íóæä ñîêîëè- ãîñóäàðñòâåííûìè îðãàíàìè îõðàíû ïðèðî- íîé îõîòû, êàê â ðåãèîíå, òàê è íà ïóòÿõ äû è Ñèáèðñêèì òàìîæåííûì óïðàâëåíèåì ìèãðàöèè. (ÑÒÓ), â òîì ÷èñëå íà ìåæäóíàðîäíîì óðîâ- 2. Ãèáåëü ïòèö íà ËÝÏ, êàê âíóòðè ðåãèî- íå, ñ ïðèãëàøåíèåì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ïîäîá- íà, òàê è íà ìèãðàöèÿõ. íûõ îðãàíîâ èç Êàçàõñòàíà è Ìîíãîëèè. 3. Ñîêðàùåíèå ìåñò îáèòàíèÿ èç-çà ðó- 2. Îáó÷åíèå òàìîæåííûõ èíñïåêòîðîâ áîê è ïîæàðîâ, à òàêæå ðàçâèòèÿ ãîðíîé ÑÒÓ ïî òåìå òðàíñãðàíè÷íîãî ïåðåìåùå- äîáû÷è èñêîïàåìûõ. íèÿ îáúåêòîâ ôëîðû è ôàóíû è çàäåðæà- 4. Íåãàòèâíîå âëèÿíèå êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ íèÿ êîíòðàáàíäû – íà áàçå Íîâîñèáèð- èçìåíåíèé è íåäîñòàòêà âûïàñà íà âèäû- ñêîãî òàìîæåííîãî ó÷åáíîãî öåíòðà, ñ æåðòâû áàëîáàíà. ïðèãëàøåíèåì ïðåïîäàâàòåëåé èç Ðîññèé- 5. Óíè÷òîæåíèå ãí¸çä íà èñêóññòâåííûõ ñêîé òàìîæåííîé àêàäåìèè (ÐÒÀ). ñîîðóæåíèÿõ. 3. Èññëåäîâàíèå è ðåãóëÿðíûé ìîíèòî- Ñïèñîê êîíêðåòíûõ ïðåäëàãàåìûõ ìå- ðèíã ðûíêîâ îáúåêòîâ, äîáûòûõ â ïðèðî- ðîïðèÿòèé ïðåäëîæåí íèæå. äå, ñ ïåðåäà÷åé åãî ðåçóëüòàòîâ ñîòðóäíè- Ðàçâèòèå ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñîòðóä- êàì îïåðàòèâíûõ òàìîæåí (Ñìåëÿíñêèé, íè÷åñòâà Íèêîëåíêî, 2010). Äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíà â ÀÑÝ ïåðâî- 4. Èçäàíèå ìåòîäè÷åñêèõ ðàçðàáîòîê, ñïðà- î÷åðåäíîå çíà÷åíèå èìååò îðãàíèçàöèÿ âî÷íèêîâ è íàãëÿäíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ïî òåìå. ïðèðîäîîõðàííîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ Ðîñ- Äàííàÿ ðàáîòà ïîêàçûâàåò âûñîêóþ çà- ñèè è Ìîíãîëèè. Áåç òàêîãî âçàèìîäåé- èíòåðåñîâàííîñòü ñîòðóäíèêîâ ÑÒÓ â ïî- ñòâèÿ ñîõðàíåíèå âèäà íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè 52 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ìàëîýôôåêòèâíî â ñèëó òðàíñãðàíè÷íîãî Ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå íîðìàòèâíîé õàðàêòåðà êàê ñàìîé ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà, ïðàâîâîé áàçû òàê è êîìïëåêñà íåãàòèâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ, â Äëÿ ïîâûøåíèÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ðîññèé- ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü àíòðîïîãåííûõ. ñêîãî ïðèðîäîîõðàííîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà Ìåæãîñóäàðñòâåííîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî â è ïðàâîïðèìåíèòåëüíîé ïðàêòèêè â îáëà- äàííîé îáëàñòè öåëåñîîáðàçíî ðàçâèâàòü ñòè ñîõðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíà ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ: ïî ñëåäóþùèì íàïðàâëåíèÿì: 1. Îáåñïå÷èòü ïðèìåíåíèå íîðì ðîñ- 1. Ðàçðàáîòêà ïðîãðàììû äåéñòâèé ïî ñèéñêîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà äëÿ ïðèâëå÷å- ñîõðàíåíèþ áàëîáàíà â òðàíñãðàíè÷íîé íèÿ ê îòâåòñòâåííîñòè ëèö, çàíèìàþùèõñÿ çîíå Ðîññèè è Ìîíãîëèè. íåçàêîííûì ñîäåðæàíèåì è òðàíñïîðòè- 2. Ñîçäàíèå ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ òðàíñãðà- ðîâêîé ñîêîëîâ è äðóãèõ ðåäêèõ è íàõî- íè÷íûõ ðîññèéñêî-ìîíãîëüñêèõ ÎÎÏÒ äëÿ äÿùèõñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âèäîâ, ñîõðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíà. ïðèíèìàþùèõ íà âûäåëêó äëÿ èçãîòîâëå- 3. Ðàçðàáîòêà ïðîãðàììû ñîâìåñòíûõ íèÿ ÷ó÷åë òóøêè è ïðîäàþùèõ ÷ó÷åëà íå- ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ áàëîáàíîâ çàêîííî äîáûòûõ ñîêîëîâ. íà èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ. 2. Óñòàíîâèòü ïðàâîâûå íîðìû äëÿ ïðè- 4. Êîîðäèíàöèÿ äåéñòâèé Ðîññèè è Ìîí- âëå÷åíèÿ ê îòâåòñòâåííîñòè ëèö çà ïðåäî- ãîëèè ïî ïðåñå÷åíèþ êîíòðàáàíäíîãî ñòàâëåíèå Èíòåðíåò-ðåñóðñîâ è ÑÌÈ äëÿ ïåðåìåùåíèÿ è ïåðåïðîäàæè áàëîáàíîâ. ðàçìåùåíèÿ îáúÿâëåíèé î ïðîäàæå ñîêî- Òàêîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî è îáìåí èíôîðìà- ëîâ è èõ ÷ó÷åë, çà ïðèîáðåòåíèå â ëè÷íóþ öèåé öåëåñîîáðàçíî ðàçâèâàòü ìåæäó òà- ñîáñòâåííîñòü ñîêîëîâ è èõ ÷ó÷åë, à òàêæå ìîæåííûìè ñëóæáàìè Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäå- ëèö, ðàçìåùàþùèõ òàêèå îáúÿâëåíèÿ. ðàöèè è Ìîíãîëèè. 3. Óñèëèòü àäìèíèñòðàòèâíóþ îòâåòñòâåí- 5. Êîîðäèíàöèÿ íàó÷íûõ ïðîãðàìì è íîñòü çà óíè÷òîæåíèå áàëîáàíà è äðóãèõ ðàçâèòèå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà ñïåöèàëèñòîâ âèäîâ, âíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, Ðîññèè, Ìîíãîëèè è äðóãèõ ñòðàí â îáëà- ïóò¸ì âíåñåíèÿ èçìåíåíèé â ñòàòüþ 8.35. ñòè èçó÷åíèÿ áàëîáàíà. Îñîáóþ âàæíîñòü â «Óíè÷òîæåíèå ðåäêèõ è íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä ýòîé îáëàñòè èìååò ðàçðàáîòêà ñîâìåñòíîé óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ èëè ïðîãðàììû ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóï- ðàñòåíèé» Êîäåêñà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè ïèðîâîê áàëîáàíà â òðàíñãðàíè÷íîé çîíå îá àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿõ, Ðîññèè è Ìîíãîëèè, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü – â ïðåäóñìîòðåâ â ïåðå÷íå íàêàçóåìûõ äåÿ- Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Äðóãèìè âàæíûìè íèé òàêæå õðàíåíèå è òðàíñïîðòèðîâêó çàäà÷àìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ îïðåäåëåíèå îñíîâíûõ «êðàñíîêíèæíîãî» âèäà, åãî ÷àñòåé ëèáî ïóòåé ñåçîííûõ ìèãðàöèé áàëîáàíîâ, à òàê- äåðèâàòîâ, à òàêæå óâåëè÷èâ ðàçìåð àä- æå îáëàñòåé ðåãóëÿðíîé çèìîâêè ñîêîëîâ. ìèíèñòðàòèâíîãî øòðàôà äëÿ ãðàæäàí: 6. Êîîðäèíàöèÿ äåéñòâèé îðãàíîâ ïî âìåñòî ñóììû «îò îäíîé òûñÿ÷è ïÿòèñîò îõðàíå ïðèðîäû Ðîññèè è Ìîíãîëèè, à äî äâóõ òûñÿ÷ ïÿòèñîò ðóáëåé» ñóììîé «îò òàêæå ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèõ êîìïàíèé ñòðàí ñ äâóõ òûñÿ÷ ïÿòèñîò äî ïÿòè òûñÿ÷ ðóáëåé» öåëüþ ðåàëèçàöèè ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ìåðî- è ïðåäóñìîòðåâ äîïîëíèòåëüíî êîíôèñêà- ïðèÿòèé â ìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è ìèãðàöèè öèþ òðàíñïîðòíîãî ñðåäñòâà, èñïîëüçóå- áàëîáàíà â ïðèãðàíè÷íîé çîíå. ìîãî äëÿ ïåðåâîçêè (òðàíñïîðòèðîâêè). Êàê ïîêàçûâàåò îïûò ðàáîòû Ñèáýêî- 4. Óñèëèòü îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà óíè÷òîæå- öåíòðà è Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, íèå è íåçàêîííîå ïåðåìåùåíèå ÷åðåç ñîâìåñòíî ñ Èíñòèòóòîì èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñî- òàìîæåííóþ ãðàíèöó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäå- êîëîâ, â 1999–2005 ãã., à òàêæå ðåàëèçà- ðàöèè âèäîâ, âíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó öèÿ ïðîãðàìì â ðàìêàõ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ÐÔ, à òàêæå èõ äåðèâàòîâ, ïóò¸ì âíåñåíèÿ ïðîåêòà ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ, êðàéíå àêòóàëüíî èçìåíåíèé è äîïîëíåíèé â Óãîëîâíûé êî- ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî ñ ìåæäóíàðîäíûìè ïðè- äåêñ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè: ðîäîîõðàííûìè îáùåñòâåííûìè îðãàíè- - â ÷àñòü 2 ñòàòüè 188 ÓÊ ÐÔ «Êîíòðà- çàöèÿìè, áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíûìè ôîíäàìè è áàíäà», ðàñøèðèâ ïîíÿòèå «êîíòðàáàíäà» äðóãèìè íåïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûìè ñòðóêòó- è ïåðå÷åíü çàïðåù¸ííûõ ê ïåðåìåùåíèþ ðàìè. Òàêîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî ñïîñîáñòâóåò ÷åðåç òàìîæåííóþ ãðàíèöó òîâàðîâ è ïðèâëå÷åíèþ äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ôèíàíñî- ïðåäìåòîâ ïóò¸ì âêëþ÷åíèÿ â ïóíêò 2 ñòà- âûõ ñðåäñòâ, à òàêæå îáìåíó èäåÿìè, èñ- òüè 188 ïîñëå ñëîâ «ñòðàòåãè÷åñêè âàæíûõ ïîëüçîâàíèþ ïåðåäîâîãî ìåæäóíàðîäíî- ñûðüåâûõ òîâàðîâ èëè êóëüòóðíûõ öåííî- ãî îïûòà, ïðîâåäåíèþ ñîâìåñòíûõ ðàáîò ñòåé, â îòíîøåíèè êîòîðûõ óñòàíîâëåíû ðîññèéñêèõ è çàðóáåæíûõ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ â ñïåöèàëüíûå ïðàâèëà ïåðåìåùåíèÿ ÷åðåç îáëàñòè ñîõðàíåíèÿ è èçó÷åíèÿ áàëîáàíà òàìîæåííóþ ãðàíèöó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðà- íà âñåé òåððèòîðèè àðåàëà âèäà. öèè» ñëîâ «æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé, çàíåñ¸í- Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 53

íûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèé- ïðè îñóùåñòâëåíèè ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ïðî- ñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, èõ ÷àñòåé, öåññîâ, à òàêæå ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàíñ- äåðèâàòîâ è ïðîäóêöèè, ïðî- ïîðòíûõ ìàãèñòðàëåé, òðóáîïðîâîäîâ, ëè- èçâåä¸ííîé èç íèõ»; íèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è» äîïîëíåíèå - â ñòàòüå 258 ÓÊ ÐÔ ïðåä- î ïîëíîì çàïðåòå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ íåèçîëè- óñìîòðåòü îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà ðîâàííîãî ïðîâîäà â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ìåòàëëè- íåçàêîííóþ òðàíñïîðòèðîâêó ÷åñêèìè òðàâåðñàìè è øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿ- æèâîòíûõ, îõîòà íà êîòîðûõ òîðàìè íà ÂË 6–10 êÂ. Èçìåíèòü ðåäàêöèþ ïîëíîñòüþ çàïðåùåíà, èõ ÷à- ï. 34 íà ñëåäóþùóþ: «Âîçäóøíûå ëèíèè ñòåé è ïðîäóêöèè èç íèõ, ïðî- ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è íàïðÿæåíèÿ 6–35 ê ñ æå- øåäøåé ïåðâè÷íóþ îáðàáîò- ëåçîáåòîííûìè îïîðàìè, ìåòàëëè÷åñêèìè êó, êàê çà íåçàêîííóþ îõîòó òðàâåðñàìè è øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè äî èëè ââåñòè â Óãîëîâíûé êîäåêñ èõ ðåêîíñòðóêöèè äîëæíû áûòü îñíàùåíû ÐÔ ñòàòüþ 259.1. «íåçàêîí- ýôôåêòèâíûìè äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèìè ïòèöå- íûé îáîðîò (ïðèîáðåòåíèå, çàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè (ÏÇÓ), ïîëíîñòüþ Ïðîäàæà ÷ó÷åë áàëîáà- ïåðåäà÷à, ñáûò, ñîäåðæàíèå, ïåðåâîçêà) èñêëþ÷àþùèìè âîçìîæíîñòü êîíòàêòà ïòèö, íà íàðóøàåò çàêîí. îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ñèäÿùèõ íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ òðàâåðñàõ, ñ òî- Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ». êîíåñóùèìè ïðîâîäàìè. Ïîäîáíûå ÏÇÓ Sale of stuffed Sakers is Ñàíêöèè ïî ýòîé ñòàòüå äîëæíû ïðåäóñìà- äîëæíû îáåñïå÷èâàòü èçîëÿöèþ òîêîíåñó- prohibited. òðèâàòü íàêàçàíèÿ îò êðóïíûõ øòðàôîâ (îò ùåãî ïðîâîäà íà ó÷àñòêàõ èõ ïðèêðåïëåíèÿ Photo by E. Nikolenko. 100 äî 200 òûñ. ðóá.) äî ëèøåíèÿ ñâîáîäû ê êîíñòðóêöèÿì îïîð íà ðàññòîÿíèè íå ìå- íà ñðîê äî 6 ëåò. íåå 80 ñì îò ìåñòà êðåïëåíèÿ ê èçîëÿòîðó 5. Âíåñòè â Ôåäåðàëüíûé çàêîí îò (îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü èçîëèðîâàííîãî 23.11.1995 ã. ¹174-ÔÇ «Îá ýêîëîãè÷å- ó÷àñòêà äîëæíà ñîñòàâëÿòü íå ìåíåå 1,6 ì). ñêîé ýêñïåðòèçå» èçìåíåíèÿ è äîïîëíåíèÿ, Îñíàùåíèþ ýôôåêòèâíûìè ïòèöåçàùèòíû- ïðåäóñìàòðèâàþùèå, ÷òî ïðîåêòíàÿ äîêó- ìè óñòðîéñòâàìè ïîäëåæàò âñå áåç èñêëþ÷å- ìåíòàöèÿ ëþáûõ îáúåêòîâ êàïèòàëüíîãî íèÿ îïîðû ÂË ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè. Çàïðåùà- ñòðîèòåëüñòâà â ìåñòàõ îáèòàíèÿ áàëîáàíà åòñÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèå â êà÷åñòâå ñïåöèàëüíûõ è äðóãèõ âèäîâ, âíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíè- ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ íåèçîëèðîâàííûõ ãó ÐÔ, äîëæíà ïðîõîäèòü ãîñóäàðñòâåííóþ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ êîíñòðóêöèé è õîëîñòûõ èçî- ýêîëîãè÷åñêóþ ýêñïåðòèçó. ëÿòîðîâ. Íàëè÷èå îòâëåêàþùèõ ïðèñàä íà 6. Óæåñòî÷èòü ïðàâèëà ïîæàðíîé áåçî- îïîðàõ ÂË íå ìîæåò ðàññìàòðèâàòüñÿ â êà- ïàñíîñòè ïðè ñæèãàíèè ñóõîé òðàâû, ñòåð- ÷åñòâå ýôôåêòèâíîé çàùèòû ïòèö íà ÂË.» íè, ñîëîìû, òðîñòíèêà è èíûõ ðàñòèòåëüíûõ 9. Ðàçðàáîòàòü è ïðèíÿòü ðåãèîíàëüíûå îñòàòêîâ íà ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ óãîäüÿõ «Òðåáîâàíèÿ ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè â òå÷åíèå ïîæàðîîïàñíîãî ñåçîíà, ââåñòè îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè îñóùåñò- ïîëíûé çàïðåò íà ðàçâåäåíèå îãíÿ íà òîð- âëåíèè ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ïðîöåññîâ, à ôÿíèêàõ. Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå èçìåíåíèÿ âíå- òàêæå ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàíñïîðòíûõ ñòè â Ôåäåðàëüíûé çàêîí îò 21.12.1994 ã. ìàãèñòðàëåé, òðóáîïðîâîäîâ, ëèíèé ñâÿçè ¹69-ÔÇ «Î ïîæàðíîé áåçîïàñíîñòè», â è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è» â ðåñïóáëèêàõ Àëòàé, Ïðàâèëà ïîæàðíîé áåçîïàñíîñòè â ëåñàõ Õàêàñèÿ è Òûâà, à òàêæå â Àëòàéñêîì è (îò 30 èþíÿ 2007 ã. ¹417), â Òðåáîâà- Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå. íèÿ ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè îáúåêòîâ 10. Ðàçðàáîòàòü è ïðèíÿòü ðåãèîíàëüíûå æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè îñóùåñòâëåíèè ïðî- «Ïðàâèëà ïîæàðíîé áåçîïàñíîñòè íà ïðè- èçâîäñòâåííûõ ïðîöåññîâ, à òàêæå ïðè ðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ è çåìëÿõ ñåëüñêîõî- ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàíñïîðòíûõ ìàãèñòðàëåé, çÿéñòâåííîãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ». òðóáîïðîâîäîâ, ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïå- 11. Ðàçðàáîòàòü è ïðèíÿòü çàêîíû Ðåñïóá- ðåäà÷è (îò 13 àâãóñòà 1996 ã. ¹997). ëèê Àëòàé, Õàêàñèÿ è Òûâà î ïàñòáèùíûõ ðå- 7. Äîïîëíèòü Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûé êîäåêñ ñóðñàõ, ïðåäóñìàòðèâàþùèå îïòèìàëüíûå ÐÔ íîðìîé îá îòâåòñòâåííîñòè ïðàâîîá- ðåæèìû èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïàñòáèù è íàãðóçîê ëàäàòåëÿ çåìåëüíîãî ó÷àñòêà çà ïðåäåëàìè íà íèõ, ó÷èòûâàþùèå íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñî- íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ çà âîçãîðàíèå íà åãî õðàíåíèÿ ðîþùèõ ãðûçóíîâ è çàéöåîáðàç- òåððèòîðèè, ñ îáÿçàòåëüíûì âîçìåùåíèåì íûõ êàê êîðìîâîãî ðåñóðñà áàëîáàíà è óùåðáà, íàíåñ¸ííîãî âîçíèêøèì ïîæàðîì äðóãèõ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö. èìóùåñòâó, çäîðîâüþ è æèçíè èíûõ ãðàæ- 12. Ïðåäóñìîòðåòü äàëüíåéøåå ñîâåð- äàí è þðèäè÷åñêèõ ëèö, ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé øåíñòâîâàíèå çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà íà ôå- è ìóíèöèïàëüíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè. äåðàëüíîì è ðåãèîíàëüíîì óðîâíÿõ è 8. Âíåñòè â ï. 33 «Òðåáîâàíèé ïî ïðåäîò- ðàçðàáîòêó âåäîìñòâåííûõ äîêóìåíòîâ â âðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà îáëàñòè ñîõðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíà. 54 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå ñåòè îñîáî îõðà- Áàøêàóñ, à ïî âîçìîæíîñòè è ìàññèâà Òàë- íÿåìûõ ïðèðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèé äóàèð, ëèáî îðãàíèçàöèÿ íà äàííîé òåððè- Äëÿ îïòèìèçàöèè ñèñòåìû ÎÎÏÒ äëÿ áà- òîðèè ïðèðîäíîãî ïàðêà. ëîáàíà íåîáõîäèìî ðàñøèðåíèå ñóùåñòâó- 3. Ïîâûøåíèå ñòàòóñà ïðèðîäíîãî ïàðêà þùèõ ÎÎÏÒ è ñîçäàíèå íîâûõ (ðèñ. 11). «Çîíà ïîêîÿ ïëàòî Óêîê» è âêëþ÷åíèå åãî  Ðîññèè: òåððèòîðèè â ñîñòàâ íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà 1. Ðàñøèðåíèå òåððèòîðèè ó÷àñòêîâ «Ñàéëþãåìñêèé». íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Ñàéëþãåìñêèé» 4. Ñîçäàíèå ïðèðîäíîãî ïàðêà «Þæíî- «Ñàéëþãåì» è «Óëàíäðûê» çà ñ÷¸ò âêëþ- ×óéñêèé» ñ âêëþ÷åíèåì â íåãî äîëèí ðåê ÷åíèÿ â èõ ñîñòàâ ïåðèôåðèéíîé ÷à- ñåâåðíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà Þæíî-×óéñêîãî ñòè õðåáòà è ×óéñêîé ñòåïè áåç èçúÿòèÿ õðåáòà, îò Òàðõàòû äî ×àãàí-Óçóíà. çåìåëü. Äðóãèì âàðèàíòîì óâåëè÷åíèÿ 5. Ñîçäàíèå ïðèðîäíîãî ïàðêà «Êóðàé- òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà ìî- ñêèé» íà âñ¸ì þæíîì øëåéôå Êóðàéñêîãî æåò áûòü ñîçäàíèå åãî îõðàííîé çîíû íà õðåáòà. óêàçàííîé òåððèòîðèè. 6. Ñîçäàíèå êëàñòåðíîãî ïðèðîäíîãî 2. Ñîçäàíèå äîïîëíèòåëüíîãî ó÷àñòêà íà- ïàðêà â çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ðåñïóáëèêè Àë- öèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Ñàéëþãåìñêèé» íà çà- òàé ñ âêëþ÷åíèåì â íåãî èçîëèðîâàííûõ ïàäíîì ìàêðîñêëîíå õð. ×èõà÷¸âà ïî ãðà- ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê áàëîáàíà â Óñòü- íèöå ñ Ðåñïóáëèêîé Òûâà è Ìîíãîëèåé, ñ Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, äîëèíàõ ðåê Àíóé è âêëþ÷åíèåì âñåõ âåðõîâèé ðåê Áóãóçóí è Ïåñ÷àíàÿ. 7. Óâåëè÷åíèå òåððèòîðèè çàïîâåäíè- êà «Óáñóíóðñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà» â Ðåñïóáëè- êå Òûâà çà ñ÷¸ò ñîçäàíèÿ ó÷àñòêîâ çàïî- âåäíèêà íà õð. Çàïàäíûé Òàííó-Îëà, õð. ×èõà÷¸âà, õð. Öàãàí-Øèáåòó, à òàêæå çà ñ÷¸ò ðàñøèðåíèÿ ó÷àñòêà «Ìîíãóí- Òàéãà». 8. Óâåëè÷åíèå øòàòà çàïîâåäíèêà «Óá- ñóíóðñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà» äëÿ åãî àäåêâàòíîé îõðàíû. 9. Ñîçäàíèå ïðèðîäíîãî ïàðêà â Òó- âèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ñ âêëþ÷åíèåì â íåãî ãîðíî-ñòåïíûõ ìàññèâîâ âîêðóã îç¸ð Õà- äûí è ×åäåð è íå ñãîðåâøèõ ó÷àñòêîâ Áàë- ãàçûíñêîãî áîðà. 10. Ðàñøèðåíèå êëàñòåðîâ «Õàêàññêîãî» çàïîâåäíèêà «Õîëë-Áîãàç» è «Ïîäçàïëîò» â Ðåñïóáëèêå Õàêàñèÿ. 11. Ñîçäàíèå ïðèðîäíûõ ïàðêîâ èëè òðàíñãðàíè÷íîãî ïðèðîäíîãî ïàðêà â áàñ- ñåéíå ×óëûìà íà ãðàíèöå Ðåñïóáëèêè Õà- êàñèè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ. Ïðè ðàñøèðåíèè ñóùåñòâóþùèõ ÎÎÏÒ è ðàñøèðåíèè ñåòè ÎÎÏÒ ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü Ðèñ. 11. Ñèñòåìà ÎÎÏÒ â ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà. Ïëà- âíèìàíèå íà íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñîõðàíåíèÿ íèðóåìûå ÎÎÏÒ: 1 – ó÷àñòêè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Ñàéëþãåìñêèé» «Ñàéëþãåì» óìåðåííîãî, à ìåñòàìè (â ëóãîâûõ ñòåïÿõ) è «Óëàíäðûê», 2 – ó÷àñòîê íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Ñàéëþãåìñêèé» íà õð. ×èõà÷¸- äîñòàòî÷íî èíòåíñèâíîãî, âûïàñà âíóòðè âà, 3 – ïðèðîäíûé ïàðê «Êóðàéñêèé», 4 – ïðèðîäíûé ïàðê «Þæíî-×óéñêèé», 5 ãðàíèö ÎÎÏÒ. – ïðèðîäíûé ïàðê «Óñòü-Êàíñêèé», 6 – ïðèðîäíûé ïàðê «Òóâèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà», 7 – ïðèðîäíûé ïàðê «×óëûìñêèé», 8 – ó÷àñòêè Õàêàññêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Õîëë-  ïåðñïåêòèâå ñîâìåñòíî ñ Ìîíãîëèåé: Áîãàç» è «Êàìûçÿêñêàÿ ñòåïü», 9 – ó÷àñòêè çàïîâåäíèêà «Óáñóíóðñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà» 1. Ñîçäàíèå òðàíñãðàíè÷íîãî ìåæäóíà- «×èõà÷¸âà», «Ìîíãóí-Òàéãà», «Öàãàí-Øèáåòó», «Çàïàäíûé Òàííó-Îëà», «Àãàð-Äàã- ðîäíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Óáñó-Íóð» íà áàçå Òàéãà». çàïîâåäíèêà «Óáñóíóðñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà» (Ðå- Fig. 11. The system of Protected Areas in the Russian part of the Altai-Sayan ñïóáëèêà Òûâà) è ñèñòåìû ÎÎÏÒ áàññåéíà ecoregion. Projected protected areas: 1 – areas of the National Park “Saylugem- îç. Óáñó-Íóð (Óâñ Àéìàê). sky” “Saylugem” and “Ulandryk”, 2 – area of the National Park “Saylugemsky” on the Chikhachev mountain ridge, 3 – Natural Park “Kuraysky”, 4 – Natural 2. Ñîçäàíèå òðàíñãðàíè÷íîãî íàöèîíàëü- Park”Yuzhno-Chuysky” , 5 – Natural Park “Ust-Kansky”, 6 – Natural Park “Tuva íîãî ïàðêà «Ñàéëþãåì» íà áàçå íàöèîíàëü- depression”, 7 – Natural Park “Chulymsky”, 8 – areas of the Khakassky State Na- íîãî ïàðêà «Ñàéëþãåìñêèé» (Ðåñïóáëèêà ture Reserve “Kholl-Bogaz” and “Kamyzyakskaya steppe” , 9 – areas of the State Àëòàé) è íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Ñèëêõåìèí Nature Reserve “Ubsunuur depression” “Chikchachev”, “Mongun-Taiga”, “Tsagan- Shibetu”, “Western Tannu-Ola”, “Agar-Dag-Taiga”. Íóðóó» (Áàÿí-Îëãèé Àéìàê). Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 55

3. Óñèëèòü êîíòðîëü è íàäçîð çà èñïîë- íåíèåì ïåðåäàííûõ â Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé, Õàêàñèÿ è Òûâà ïîëíîìî÷èé â îáëàñòè îõðàíû æèâîòíîãî ìèðà. 4. Îáåñïå÷èòü ýôôåêòèâíóþ äåÿòåëü- íîñòü ðåãèîíàëüíûõ îðãàíîâ ïî îõðàíå æèâîòíîãî ìèðà â áîðüáå ñ áðàêîíüåð- ñòâîì â ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ áàëîáàíà, âûäå- ëèâ äîïîëíèòåëüíîå ôèíàíñèðîâàíèå èç ôåäåðàëüíîãî áþäæåòà. 5. Ðàçâèâàòü ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî ïðèðîäî- îõðàííûõ è ïðàâîîõðàíèòåëüíûõ îðãàíîâ äëÿ áîðüáû ñ íåçàêîííûì îáîðîòîì áàëî- áàíà è äðóãèõ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ. 6. Îáåñïå÷èâàòü ñáîð îïåðàòèâíîé èí- ôîðìàöèè î íåëåãàëüíîì îòëîâå è ïåðå- äåðæêå áàëîáàíîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå ñ ïðèâëå÷å- íèåì ê äàííîé ðàáîòå ìåñòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ. Ãíåçäîâàÿ ñêàëà Ïîâûøåíèå ýôôåêòèâíîñòè îõðàíû 7. Âûÿâëÿòü ñëó÷àè ïðîâîçà íåëåãàëüíî áàëîáàíà â çàïîâåä- áàëîáàíà âíå îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ïðè- äîáûòûõ áàëîáàíîâ, óñòàíîâèòü êîíòðîëü íèêå «Óáñóíóðñêàÿ ðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèé çà ðûíêàìè ñáûòà, âûÿâëÿÿ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ êîòëîâèíà». Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Ýôôåêòèâíîñòü îõðàíû áàëîáàíà âíå ïî ïðîäàæå ñîêîëîâ ÷åðåç Èíòåðíåò è Nesting cliff of the Saker ÎÎÏÒ, â òîì ÷èñëå ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðåä- äðóãèå ñðåäñòâà ìàññîâîé èíôîðìàöèè. in the State Nature óïðåæäåíèÿ è ïðåñå÷åíèÿ áðàêîíüåðñòâà, 8. Ñîçäàòü è îáåñïå÷èòü ôóíêöèîíèðî- Reserve “Ubsunuur â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè çàâèñèò îò ïîä- âàíèå îáùåñòâåííûõ èíñïåêöèé ïî îõðà- depression”. äåðæêè ãîñóäàðñòâà, ôåäåðàëüíûõ îð- íå ðåäêèõ âèäîâ èç ìåñòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ, Photo by I. Karyakin. ãàíîâ èñïîëíèòåëüíîé âëàñòè è îðãàíîâ ïðîæèâàþùåãî è îñóùåñòâëÿþùåãî ñâîþ èñïîëíèòåëüíîé âëàñòè ñóáúåêòîâ Ðîññèé- äåÿòåëüíîñòü â ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ áàëîáàíà. ñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè è àêòèâíûõ äåéñòâèé îá- 9. Óïîðÿäî÷èòü ñèñòåìó ëåãàëüíîãî îò- ùåñòâåííûõ îáúåäèíåíèé. ëîâà áàëîáàíà â Ìîíãîëèè, çàêðåïèòü Ìåðû ïî óñèëåíèþ îõðàíû áàëîáàíà óãîäüÿ, íà êîòîðûõ îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ îòëîâ âíå ÎÎÏÒ ìîãóò áûòü ýôôåêòèâíûìè, ñîêîëîâ, çà îáùèíàìè ìåñòíûõ æèòåëåé, åñëè íîñÿò ñèñòåìíûé õàðàêòåð è îñíîâû- ïðåäîñòàâèâ èì äîëþ îò ïðèáûëè â ðå- âàþòñÿ íà ñêîîðäèíèðîâàííûõ ñîâìåñò- çóëüòàòå ïðîäàæè ñîêîëîâ äëÿ íóæä ñî- íûõ äåéñòâèÿõ Ìèíèñòåðñòâà ïðèðîäíûõ êîëèíîé îõîòû. ðåñóðñîâ è ýêîëîãèè ÐÔ, Ôåäåðàëüíîé Ïðè ïîäãîòîâêå ïðîãðàìì ñîöèàëüíî- ñëóæáû ïî íàäçîðó â ñôåðå ïðèðî- ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ðåãèîíîâ ïðè- äîïîëüçîâàíèÿ è åå òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ îðèòåòû ñëåäóåò îòäàâàòü ïðîãðàììàì è óïðàâëåíèé, Ôåäåðàëüíîé ñëóæáû áåçî- ïðîåêòàì, êîòîðûå ìèíèìàëüíî âîçäåé- ïàñíîñòè, âêëþ÷àÿ Ïîãðàíè÷íóþ ñëóæáó ñòâóþò íà ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ áàëîáàíà. Ê òà- ÔÑÁ, îïåðàòèâíîé òàìîæíè, òðàíñïîðò- êèì ïðîåêòàì è ïðîãðàììàì, â ÷àñòíîñòè, íîé ìèëèöèè, óïîëíîìî÷åííûõ îðãàíîâ îòíîñÿòñÿ ïðîãðàììû ðàçâèòèÿ á¸äâîò÷èí- ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé âëàñòè ñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ, ãà, ðåàëèçàöèÿ êîòîðûõ íàïðÿìóþ çàâèñèò äðóãèõ çàèíòåðåñîâàííûõ îðãàíîâ âëàñòè, îò ñòåïåíè ñîõðàííîñòè ãîðíî-ñòåïíûõ è à òàêæå ìåñòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ. ëåñîñòåïíûõ ýêîñèñòåì è äîñòóïíîñòè äëÿ Ñîçäàíèå àíàëîãè÷íûõ óñëîâèé íåîá- íàáëþäåíèé ïòèö, â ò.÷. áàëîáàíà. Íåîá- õîäèìî è íà ñîïðåäåëüíîé òåððèòîðèè õîäèìî ðàçðàáîòàòü è äðóãèå ìåõàíèçìû Ìîíãîëèè. ïîâûøåíèÿ çàèíòåðåñîâàííîñòè íàñåëå- Äëÿ ïîâûøåíèÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè îõðàíû íèÿ â ñîõðàíåíèè áàëîáàíà. áàëîáàíà è îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ åãî ìåñòîîáèòàíèé âíå ÎÎÏÒ öåëåñîîáðàçíî: Áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ 1. Ðàçðàáîòàòü è ðåàëèçîâàòü êîìïëåêñ- Íàèáîëåå ñóùåñòâåííîé ôîðìîé ïðàê- íûå ðåãèîíàëüíûå ïðîãðàììû îõðàíû òè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà ìåñòîîáèòàíèé áàëîáàíà ñ ó÷¸òîì èõ óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè è ïðîäóêòèâíî- ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé çíà÷èìîñòè äëÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ñòè áàëîáàíà, ìîæåò ñòàòü äåÿòåëüíîñòü ïî ãðóïïèðîâîê. ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ñîêîëîâ íà ãíåçäîâàíèå â 2. Ââåñòè îãðàíè÷åíèÿ íà õîçÿéñòâåí- èñêóññòâåííûå ñîîðóæåíèÿ. íóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü â íàèáîëåå âàæíûõ ìå- Áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ áóäóò ñòîîáèòàíèÿõ áàëîáàíà. ìàêñèìàëüíî ýôôåêòèâíû íà òåððèòîðè- 56 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ÿõ ñ âûñîêîé ñîâðåìåííîé è/èëè ïðîãíî- çèðóåìîé ïëîòíîñòüþ êîðìîâîãî ðåñóðñà – â ðîâíûõ ñòåïÿõ êîòëîâèí è íà âûñîêî- ãîðíûõ ïëàòî, ãäå áàëîáàí íå èìååò âîç- ìîæíîñòè ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà åñòåñòâåííûõ ñóá- ñòðàòàõ èç-çà èõ îòñóòñòâèÿ. Ðåàëèçàöèÿ òàêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïîçâîëèò ñîçäàòü ðå- çåðâ ñâîáîäíûõ îñîáåé â ïîïóëÿöèè áàëî- áàíà, ÷òî î÷åíü âàæíî â ñèòóàöèè, êîãäà âèä ïîäâåðãàåòñÿ èíòåíñèâíîìó íåãàòèâ- íîìó àíòðîïîãåííîìó ïðåññó è ñîêðàùà- åò ÷èñëåííîñòü èç-çà ôèçè÷åñêîãî èçúÿòèÿ îñîáåé èç ïðèðîäû. Òàê, ôîðìèðîâàíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê áàëîáàíîâ íà èñ- êóññòâåííûõ ñîîðóæåíèÿõ âîçìîæíî â àðåàëå äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè â Óáñóíóðñêîé è Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ (ðèñ. 12). Íà òåð- ðèòîðèè äàííûõ ðåãèîíîâ èìååòñÿ ïîëî- æèòåëüíûé îïûò ïîäîáíûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ (Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2011). Ïðèîðèòåò- íûìè äëÿ âîçìîæíîñòè ñîçäàíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ Áàëîáàí â ãíåçäå íà ãíåçäîâîé ïëàòôîðìå, óñòàíîâ- ãðóïïèðîâîê áàëîáàíîâ íà èñêóññòâåííûõ ëåííîé íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé òðåíîãå. ñîîðóæåíèÿõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ òàêæå óñëîâèÿ ×óé- Ôîòî Å. Ïîòàïîâà. ñêîé ñòåïè (àðåàë ìîíãîëüñêîé ïèùóõè) è The Saker in the artificial nest erected on a metal Áåðòåêñêîé êîòëîâèíû (àðåàë äàóðñêîé tripod. Photo by E. Potapov. ïèùóõè) (ðèñ. 12), îäíàêî çäåñü ïîäîáíûå ýêñïåðèìåíòû íå ïðîâîäèëèñü. êîìïëåêñà íåãàòèâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ, îïðåäå-  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îòðàáîòàíû ìåòî- ëåíà ïðåäïî÷èòàåìîñòü ñîêîëàìè îïðåäå- Ðèñ. 12. Ïîòåíöèàëü- íûå ðåãèîíû ðåàëè- äû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ áàëîáàíà íà ãíåçäîâà- ë¸ííûõ òèïîâ êîíñòðóêöèé è ò.ï., íàêîïëåí çàöèè ïðîåêòîâ ïî íèå â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ êàê íåïî- äîñòàòî÷íûé ìåòîäè÷åñêèé ïîòåíöèàë äëÿ ñîçäàíèþ ãíåçäîâûõ ñðåäñòâåííî â Ðîññèè, â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà ìàñøòàáíîé ðåàëèçàöèè ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ãðóïïèðîâîê áàëîáà- (Êàðÿêèí, 2005à, 2005á; Êàðÿêèí, Íè- ïðèâëå÷åíèþ áàëîáàíà íà èñêóññòâåííûå íà íà èñêóññòâåííûõ ñîîðóæåíèÿõ. êîëåíêî, 2006; 2011), òàê è â ñîñåäíåé ãíåçäîâüÿ â ÀÑÝ. Ìîíãîëèè (Potapov et al., 2003; Ïîòàïîâ, Äëÿ ðÿäà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê Õàêà- Fig. 12. Potential regions to realize the 2005; Dixon, 2009; Dixon et al., 2010). ñèè è Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîãî Àëòàÿ óæå ñåé÷àñ projects on creating the Âñå ïðîåêòû âûïîëíÿëèñü â ñîîòâåòñòâèè íåîáõîäèìî ïðîäóìûâàòü âîññòàíîâëåíèå populations of Sakers ñ ðåãèîíàëüíîé ñïåöèôèêîé.  ðåçóëüòàòå ïîïóëÿöèé ïóò¸ì âûïóñêà ñîêîëîâ â åñòå- nesting on artificial áûëè óñòàíîâëåíû òåìïû çàñåëåíèÿ èñêóñ- ñòâåííóþ ñðåäó ìåòîäàìè õåêêèíãà, ïðè- constructions. Labels: 1 – priority region, ñòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé áàëîáàíàìè ïðè ðàç- ÷¸ì, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî, ñàìîê. Ýòà ðàáîòà 2 – probable region. íûõ êîðìîâûõ óñëîâèÿõ è âëèÿíèè öåëîãî ìîæåò áûòü âîçëîæåíà íà ïèòîìíèê «Àëòàé Ôàëêîí» ïðè íàäëåæàùåì åãî ôèíàíñèðî- âàíèè è êîíòðîëå ñî ñòîðîíû óïîëíîìî- ÷åííûõ ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ îðãàíîâ.

Ïòèöåçàùèòíûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ íà ËÝÏ Äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíà â ðåãèîíå íåîáõîäèìî ïîëíîñòüþ èñêëþ÷èòü òàêîé ôàêòîð, êàê ãèáåëü ñîêîëîâ íà ÂË 6–10 êÂ.  ðåãèîíå óæå èìåþòñÿ ïèëîòíûå ïðîåêòû ïî îñíàùåíèþ ËÝÏ ÏÇÓ îòå÷åñòâåííîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå (Ñîáûòèÿ, 2010á), à ìåæäó Ñèáýêîöåíòðîì è ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè ïîäïèñàíî ñîãëàøåíèå î ñîòðóä- íè÷åñòâå ñ öåëüþ ðàçðàáîòêè ïðîãðàììû ïî ðåàëèçàöèè ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî çàùèòå ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ëèíè- ÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è â çîíå îòâåòñòâåííî- ñòè ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009).  ðàìêàõ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 57

íà ËÝÏ ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ ïîýòàï- ðàííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè. Ïðåäïîñûëêè ýòîìó íîå îñíàùåíèå âñåõ ëèíèé âñå åñòü: áàëîáàí ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñèìâîëîì ñèëû 6–10 ê ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè è âëàñòè ó ìíîãèõ íàðîäîâ, à â êà÷åñòâå óñòðîéñòâàìè óëüÿíîâñêîãî íàèáîëåå ìîäíîãî ñîêîëà â ñîêîëèíîé è íèæåãîðîäñêîãî ïðîèçâîä- îõîòå ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåîòúåìëåìîé ÷àñòüþ ìè- ñòâà (ëèáî èõ ðåêîíñòðóêöèþ ðîâîãî êóëüòóðíîãî íàñëåäèÿ. ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ÑÈÏ-3), Êðèòåðèÿìè ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ðàáîòû ñ íà÷èíàÿ îò ñàìûõ îïàñíûõ íàñåëåíèåì ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîçèòèâíîå îòíîøå- äëÿ áàëîáàíà, ïðîòÿíóâøèõ- íèå ëþäåé ê äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïî ñîõðàíåíèþ ñÿ ÷åðåç ñòåïíûå êîòëîâèíû, áàëîáàíà è ãîòîâíîñòü îêàçûâàòü ïîääåðæ- çàêàí÷èâàÿ íàèìåíåå îïàñ- êó â ïðîâåäåíèè ýòîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè, î ÷¸ì íûìè, ïðîõîäÿùèìè ÷åðåç áóäóò ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàòü óìåíüøåíèå êîëè- òåððèòîðèè ãîðíî-ëåñíîé ÷åñòâà ñëó÷àåâ áðàêîíüåðñòâà â îòíîøå- çîíû. íèè áàëîáàíà, ðîñò êîëè÷åñòâà ó÷àñòíèêîâ äîáðîâîëüíûõ ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ àêöèé, Ìîíèòîðèíã ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïîääåðæêà ÎÎÏÒ ñî ñòîðîíû íàñåëåíèÿ, ïîïóëÿöèé êîððåêòèðîâêà õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíî-  óñëîâèÿõ ïîñòîÿííî ñî- ñòè ñ ó÷¸òîì îãðàíè÷åíèé, íåîáõîäèìûõ êðàùàþùåéñÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíà. áàëîáàíà â ÀÑÝ ìîíèòîðèíã Äëÿ ýôôåêòèâíîãî äîëãîâðåìåííîãî ñî- ËÝÏ, îñíàù¸íûå ÏÇÓ. åãî ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, êàê ìèíèìóì õðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíà â ÀÑÝ íåîáõîäèìî: Ôîòî À. Ìàöûíû. íà ÎÎÏÒ, äîëæåí áûòü âîçâåäåí â ðàíã 1. Èíôîðìèðîâàòü ìåñòíîå íàñåëåíèå î Electric poles with bird îáÿçàííîñòè íàó÷íûõ îòäåëîâ çàïîâåä- òîì, ÷òî áàëîáàí çàíåñ¸í â Êðàñíóþ êíè- protective devices. íèêîâ, íàöèîíàëüíûõ ïàðêîâ è äèðåêöèé ãó ÐÔ, Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ìîíãîëèè, Êðàñíûå Photos by A. Matsina. ÎÎÏÒ. Íåîáõîäèìî äîáèâàòüñÿ åæåãîäíî- êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèê Àëòàé, Õàêàññèÿ, Òûâà, ãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ ðà- Àëòàéñêîãî è Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðà¸â è ìå- áîò ïî ìîíèòîðèíãó áàëîáàíà íà óðîâíå ðàõ îòâåòñòâåííîñòè çà íåëåãàëüíîå äîáû- ñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ. âàíèå ýòîãî âèäà. Íàêîïëåííûé îïûò â îáëàñòè ìîíèòî- 2. Ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü ïîíèìàíèþ íàñåëå- ðèíãà ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî äëÿ óñîâåðøåíñòâî- íèåì íåîáõîäèìîñòè ñîõðàíåíèÿ è ðàöè- âàíèÿ ñèñòåìû ìîíèòîðèíãà ñîñòîÿíèÿ îíàëüíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ãîðíî-ñòåïíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê áàëîáàíà öåëå- è ëåñîñòåïíûõ ýêîñèñòåì äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ ñîîáðàçíî: áàëîáàíà, âûñîêîé ðîëè ÎÎÏÒ â ñîõðàíå- 1. Âêëþ÷èòü â ïðîãðàììó ìîíèòîðèíãà íèè áàëîáàíîâ è äðóãèõ óíèêàëüíûõ âèäîâ èçó÷åíèå ïóòåé è äàëüíîñòè ñåçîííûõ ìè- Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà, ôîðìèðî- ãðàöèé ñ ïîìîùüþ ìåòîäîâ òåëåìåòðèè. âàíèþ íåòåðïèìîñòè ê áðàêîíüåðñòâó. 2. Ðàçâèâàòü ìå÷åíèå öâåòíûìè êîëüöà- 3. Ôîðìèðîâàòü ó íàñåëåíèÿ, ïðîæèâà- ìè, ðàçðàáîòàâ öâåòîâûå ñõåìû äëÿ ãíåç- þùåãî â ïðåäåëàõ àðåàëà áàëîáàíà, îòíî- äîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê. øåíèå ê íåìó êàê ê ñâîåìó ïðèðîäíîìó è 3. Ñîçäàòü èíòåðàêòèâíûé áàíê äàííûõ êóëüòóðíîìó íàñëåäèþ, ïîíèìàíèå íåîá- ïî ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì è ïðåäóñìîòðåòü õîäèìîñòè åãî ñîõðàíåíèÿ, à òàêæå ðîëè äîñòóïíîñòü äàííûõ èõ ìîíèòîðèíãà ÷åðåç Ðîññèè â ñîõðàíåíèè ìèðîâîé ïîïóëÿöèè ñåòü Èíòåðíåò (èíôîðìàöèÿ ïî êîíêðåò- áàëîáàíà. íîé ïðèâÿçêå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äîëæíà 4. Ðàçðàáîòàòü è ðåàëèçîâàòü öåëåâûå áûòü çàêðûòà äëÿ ïîëüçîâàòåëåé, íå ÿâëÿþ- ïðîïàãàíäèñòñêèå êàìïàíèè äëÿ ðàçëè÷- ùèõñÿ ó÷àñòíèêàìè ïðîãðàììû ìîíèòî- íûõ ñîöèàëüíûõ ãðóïï íàñåëåíèÿ â àðåàëå ðèíãà). áàëîáàíà ñ öåëüþ ñîçäàíèÿ ïîëîæèòåëü- íîãî îáðàçà ñîêîëà êàê ñèìâîëà Àëòàÿ è Ïðîñâåòèòåëüñêàÿ è îáðàçîâàòåëüíàÿ Ñàÿí. äåÿòåëüíîñòü 5. Ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü ñîõðàíåíèþ äóõîâíîé Íåîáõîäèìûì íàïðàâëåíèåì ðàáîòû êóëüòóðû è îáû÷àåâ êîðåííûõ íàðîäîâ, äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíà â ÀÑÝ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîïàãàíäå òðàäèöèîííûõ çíàíèé, îáðÿ- ôîðìèðîâàíèå ó íàñåëåíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëå- äîâ è îáû÷àåâ, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà ñîõðàíå- íèÿ îá ýòîì ñîêîëå, êàê î íàöèîíàëüíîì íèå è óâàæèòåëüíîå îòíîøåíèå ê áàëîáà- äîñòîÿíèè è óíèêàëüíîì ïðèðîäíîì îáú- íó, à òàêæå ïîääåðæàíèå òðàäèöèîííîãî åêòå ìèðîâîãî ìàñøòàáà, ïîòðåáíîñòè óêëàäà æèçíè, èñïîëüçóþùåãî â îñíîâå ñîçíàòåëüíî ñîáëþäàòü ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå îòãîííîå æèâîòíîâîäñòâî, ïîâûøåíèå åãî ðåêîìåíäàöèè è îãðàíè÷åíèÿ, ñòðåìëåíèÿ ïðåñòèæíîñòè. ïðèíèìàòü ëè÷íîå ó÷àñòèå â ïðèðîäîîõ- 6. Ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü ïîâûøåíèþ óðîâíÿ 58 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ çíàíèé ñðåäè ëèö, ïðèíèìàþùèõ Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî îðãàíèçà- ðåøåíèÿ, è ñïåöèàëèñòîâ â îáëàñòè óïðàâëåíèÿ ïðè- öèè ìîíèòîðèíãà ñîêîëà-áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêî- ðîäíûìè ðåñóðñàìè. ðåãèîíå. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 2010ñ. 122 ñ. 7. Ïðèâëåêàòü ìåñòíîå íàñåëåíèå ê ðàçâèòèþ ðàöè- Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïîïóëÿöèîííî-ïîäâèäîâàÿ ñòðóêòóðà àðåà- ëà áàëîáàíà. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2011. ¹21. îíàëüíîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî òóðèçìà â ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ Ñ. 116–170. áàëîáàíà, à òàêæå ê áîðüáå ñ áðàêîíüåðñòâîì. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. ׸ðíûå äûðû â ïîïóëÿöè- 8. Ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü ïîïóëÿðèçàöèè ðåçóëüòàòîâ ñîâðå- ÿõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Çàïàäíîé ìåííûõ íàó÷íûõ çíàíèé î æèçíè áàëîáàíà â ïðèðîäå. Áåòïàê-Äàëå), Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹4. Ñ. 29–32. Ïåðñïåêòèâû âûæèâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîíîâàëîâ Ë.È. Íåêîòîðûå îñîáåííîñòè Àíàëèç ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ è äèíàìèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîçäíåãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèî- áàëîáàíà ïîêàçûâàåò áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ñòàáèëüíîå ñó- íå. – Àêòóàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïòèö Âîñ- ùåñòâîâàíèå ðÿäà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê â óñëîâèÿõ òî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè. Ìàòåðèàëû XI Ìåæäóíà- ðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè. Êàçàíü, 2001. Ñ. ïîñòîÿííî ïðîäîëæàþùåãîñÿ ñïàäà îáùåé ÷èñëåííî- 288–289. ñòè âèäà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå. Îáðàùàåò íà Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîåêòà ïî âîñ- ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå òî, ÷òî íàèáîëåå ïîçèòèâíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ ñòàíîâëåíèþ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Òóâèíñêîé ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ ñ áàëîáàíîì â ãîðíî-ñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ êîòëîâèíå, Ðåñïóáëèêà Òûâà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè þãà ÀÑÝ, ãäå îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà âçðîñëûõ ïòèö îñ¸äëà è è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹7. Ñ. 15–20. ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ïîãðàíçîíå Ðîññèè è Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà Ìîíãîëèè, ÷òî îáåñïå÷èâàåò èì îõðàíó áîëåå ñåðü¸ç- ïîïóëÿöèé áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â 2008 ã., íóþ, ÷åì íà ñóùåñòâóþùèõ ÎÎÏÒ. Åñòü ïîëîæèòåëüíûé Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. C. ñäâèã è â ôîðìèðîâàíèè äðåâåñíî-ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ ãíåç- 63–84. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîåêòà ïî âîñ- äîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ñîêîëîâ â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, êî- ñòàíîâëåíèþ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö â ðåñïóáëè- òîðàÿ íà÷àëà ôîðìèðîâàòüñÿ áëàãîäàðÿ ïëàòôîðìàì, êå Òûâà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2011. óñòàíîâëåííûì â ëåñîïîëîñàõ. Ïðè÷¸ì, ãðóïïèðîâêà ¹21. C. 14–83. ñòàëà ôîðìèðîâàòüñÿ íà 3-é ãîä ïîñëå ñòðîèòåëüñòâà Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áåêìàíñóðîâ ïëàòôîðì çà ñ÷¸ò èõ çàíÿòèÿ ìîëîäûìè, âíîâü ñôîð- Ð.Õ. 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Ulaanbaa- P. 23–31. 60 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ProblemofRaptorElectrocutionintheRepublicofKhakassia: NegativeImpactofDevelopingtheInfrastructureoftheMobile PhoneService ПРОБЛЕМА ГИБЕЛИ ПТИЦ НА ЛЭП В ХАКАСИИ: НЕГАТИВНЫЙ ВКЛАД ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ СОТОВОЙ СВЯЗИ NikolenkoE.G.(SiberianEnvironmentalCenter,Novosibirsk,Russia) Николенко Э.Г. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ðåçþìå Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî Äàííàÿ ñòàòüÿ îáîáùàåò ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ÏÎ ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ËÝÏ) íà ñåâåðå Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû â 2010 ã. è â ñòåïíîì Àëòàå â 2009 ã. Öåëü ðàáîòû – îöåíèòü óùåðá îò ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ è ñïðîãíîçèðîâàòü ðîñò ãèáåëè ïòèö ïðè ðàçâèòèè ñåòè ñîòîâîé ñâÿçè â Õàêàñèè. Ðàáîòû 630090, Ðîññèÿ, âåëèñü ñ 30 àâãóñòà ïî 3 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. â Óæóðñêîì ðàéîíå Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ, â Îðäæîíèêèäçåâñêîì è Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 Áîãðàäñêîì ðàéîíàõ Õàêàñèè. Áûëî îñìîòðåíî 6 ó÷àñòêîâ ËÝÏ îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 14,3 êì, 3 èç íèõ – ê òåë./ôàêñ: âûøêàì ñîòîâîé ñâÿçè.  ðåçóëüòàòå îñìîòðà ÏÎ ËÝÏ â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè 99 ïòèö +7 383 328 30 26 13 âèäîâ, èç íèõ 21 – ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ (21,2%) 6 âèäîâ. Ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü ãèáåëè ñîñòàâèëà 7,02 îñ./êì [email protected] ëèíèé. Íà ó÷àñòêå ËÝÏ, ïðîõîäÿùåì ÷åðåç ñâàëêó, ïëîòíîñòü ãèáåëè ïòèö ìàêñèìàëüíà – 15,63 îñ./êì. Èç ïòèö, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè, â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ïîãèáëè 2 ñòåïíûõ îðëà (Aquila nipalensis), 2 îðëà, îïðåäåë¸ííûõ äî ðîäà (Aquila sp.), è ôèëèí (Bubo bubo). Óùåðá îò çàôèêñèðîâàííûõ ñëó÷àåâ ãèáåëè ïòèö â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ñîñòàâëÿåò íå ìåíåå 408 òûñ. ðóá., â ñðåäíåì 27,0 òûñ. ðóá. íà 1 êì ëèíèé èëè Contact: 1789 ðóá. íà îäíó ïòèöåîïàñíóþ îïîðó. Îáùàÿ ãèáåëü ïòèö íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ Ôèëèàëà ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè «Õàêàñýíåðãî», Elvira Nikolenko äëèíà êîòîðûõ îöåíåíà â 128±4 êì, ñîñòàâëÿåò 3430±107 ïòèö çà ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä (ñ ó÷¸òîì êîýôôèöèåíòà NGO Siberian Environ- óòèëèçàöèè 3,1, âçÿòîãî èç èññëåäîâàíèÿ â Àëòàéñêîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà 2009 ã.), èç êîòîðûõ îêîëî 704±22 – õèù- mental Center íèêè, óùåðá îöåíåí â íå ìåíåå 10,8 ìëí. ðóá. Ïðè ýòîì, åù¸ äî 4000 ïòèö, èç êîòîðûõ 645 – õèùíèêè, ìîãóò P.O. Box 547, ãèáíóòü íà ËÝÏ âáëèçè ñâàëîê áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ, óùåðá íà íèõ ìîæåò äîõîäèòü äî 35,6 ìëí. ðóá. Ïðè ðàçâèòèè Novosibirsk, ñåòè ñîòîâûõ âûøåê â Õàêàñèè â áëèæàéøèå ãîäû óùåðá îò ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ïîäõîäÿùèõ ê íèì ËÝÏ ìîæåò ñî- Russia, 630090 ñòàâëÿòü îêîëî 13 ìëí. ðóá. åæåãîäíî. tel./fax: Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ËÝÏ, âûøêè ñîòîâîé ñâÿçè, îöåíêà óùåðáà, Õàêàñèÿ, +7 383 328 30 26 Ìèíóñèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà. [email protected] Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 07.03.2011 ã. Ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè 15.03.2011 ã.

Abstract This paper presents the results of surveys of bird electrocution on the overhead power lines (PL) carried out in the north of the Minusinsk depression in 2010 and in the steppe part of Altai in 2009. The aim of those surveys was the estimation of the damage from bird electrocution on PL and future prospects of the bird electrocution increasing under conditions of developing the infrastructure of the mobile phone service in Khakassia. The surveys were carried out in the Uzhur region of the Krasnoyarsk Kray and Ordzhonikidze and Bograd regions of Khakassia since August 30 to September 3, 2010. We inspected 6 sectors of PL of a total length of 14.3 km, 3 of them go to the mobile phone towers. As a result, remains of 99 birds of 13 species were found under electric poles in the Minusinsk depression, 21 of them were raptors (21.2%) of 6 species. The average density of electrocuted birds was 7.02 ind./km of surveyed PL. The density was the highest (15.63 ind./km) on the sector of PL going across a dump. We recorded several raptor species listed in the Red Data Book: 2 Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), 2 Eagles identified only as Aquila sp., and 1 Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo). The damage caused by bird electrocution in the Minusinsk depression is estimated no less than 408,000 rubles, averaging 27,000 rubles per 1 km of PL or 1789 rubles per dangerous electric pole. The death rate of bird on PLs managed by the department of IRDNC of Siberia “Khakassenergo” with a length being 128±4 km, is 3430±107 birds per breeding season (considering the index of utilization as 3.1, that was calculated during surveys of the Altai part of the region in 2009), and 704±22 birds of them are raptors, the damage has been estimated as no less than 10,800,000 rubles. Besides, up to 4000 birds, with 645 of them being raptors, may be killed by electrocution on PL near damps, and the damage from it may be up to 35,600,000 rubles. Under the mobile phone service development in Khakassia we can project the damage from bird electrocution on PL going to phone towers increasing up to 13,000,000 rubles a year in the nearest future. Keywords: raptors, birds of prey, electrocution, power lines, damage, Republic of Khakassia, Minusinsk depresion. Received: 07/03/2011. Accepted: 15/03/2011.

Ââåäåíèå Introduction Äàííàÿ ðàáîòà âûïîëíåíà â ðàìêàõ òå- The Altai part of the region was surveyed êóùåé ðàáîòû ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëî- under a project of UNDP/GEF in 2009 (Kar- ãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèî- yakin et al., 2009). We have inspected 44 íå ïî òåìå ãèáåëè ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö íà sectors of PLs with a total length of 136.5 ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ËÝÏ). km – 13 sectors in the Republic of Altai and  2009 ã. â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ 31 – in the Altai Kray. The damage from áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà Àëòàéñêàÿ ÷àñòü ðåãèî- dead birds found was 2,294,000 rubles, the íà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). Òîãäà áûëî îñìî- total damage caused by bird electrocution Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 61

òðåíî 44 ó÷àñòêà îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 136,5 êì – 13 ó÷àñòêîâ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àë- òàé è 31 – â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå. Óùåðá îò ãèáåëè ôàêòè÷åñêè íàéäåííûõ ïòèö ñî- ñòàâèë 2 ìëí. 294 òûñ. ðóá., à îáùèé åæå- ãîäíûé óùåðá îò âñåõ ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ (ÏÎ ËÝÏ) Àëòàÿ îöåíåí â 150,1 ìëí. ðóá. «Ìåòîäèêà èñ÷èñëåíèÿ ðàçìåðà âðåäà, ïðè÷èí¸ííîãî îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà» (Âûäåðæêè…, 2008). Ðàáîòà íàä ïðîåêòîì ïîçâîëèëà ïîñòà- âèòü ïðîáëåìó ïåðåä Ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé ðàñïðåäåëèòåëüíîé ñåòåâîé êîìïàíèåé Ñèáèðè (ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè), êîòîðàÿ çàëîæè- ëà â ïëàíû íà 2010–2012 ãã. îñíàùåíèå ÏÎ ËÝÏ ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè (ÏÇÓ) ñ ó÷¸òîì âûäàííûõ Ñèáýêîöåíòðîì ðåêîìåíäàöèé.  íîÿáðå 2010 ã. ïåðâûå 10 êì ËÝÏ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå áûëè îñíà- ùåíû ÏÇÓ (Ñîáûòèÿ, 2010). Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè ÿâëÿ- åòñÿ êðóïíåéøåé ñåòåâîé êîìïàíèåé â ðå- ãèîíå, ñóùåñòâóþò òàêæå è äðóãèå õîçÿé- ñòâóþùèå ñóáúåêòû – ïîëüçîâàòåëè ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ. Íàèáîëåå áûñòðî ðàçâèâàþùèìè- Êàê ïðàâèëî, ê âûøêàì ñîòîâîé ñâÿçè â Àëòàå- ñÿ èç íèõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ êîìïàíèè ñîòîâîé ñâÿçè Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ïîäâåäåíû ïòèöåîïàñíûå ËÝÏ. – ÌÒÑ, Áèëàéí è Ìåãàôîí, êîòîðûå â ïî- Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. ñëåäíèå ãîäû àêòèâíî óâåëè÷èâàþò ÷èñëî As a rule, the power lines going to towers of the ñîòîâûõ âûøåê ïî âñåìó Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîìó mobile phone service in the Altai-Sayan region pose a ðåãèîíó, ïûòàÿñü âêëþ÷èòü â çîíó ïîêðû- high risk to birds. Photo by E. Nikolenko. òèÿ è ñàìûå íåäîñòóïíûå óãîëêè. Èç ÷åãî ñëåäóåò, ÷òî â ñëàáî îñâîåííûõ ðåãèî- at using of PL 6–10 kV in the zone of loca- íàõ, ãäå äî ñèõ ïîð ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ êðàéíå tion of PL managed by IRDNC of Siberia is íèçêàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ËÝÏ, à ñóùåñòâóþùèå estimated at a minimum 150.1 million ru- ëèíèè îñíàùåíû äåðåâÿííûìè îïîðàìè, bles a year. íå ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèìè îïàñíîñòè äëÿ ïòèö, This paper analyzes the results of surveys ïîÿâèòñÿ ìíîæåñòâî íîâûõ ëèíèé íà æå- on PLs in the north of the Minusinsk depres- ëåçîáåòîííûõ îïîðàõ, îïàñíûõ äëÿ ïòèö. sion in 2010, and data concerning PL, go- Áîëåå òîãî, åñëè ñóùåñòâóþùèå ËÝÏ ïðî- ing to mobile phone towers in the Altai part òÿíóòû, êàê ïðàâèëî, ìåæäó íàñåë¸ííûìè of the region, obtained in 2009. The aim of ïóíêòàìè èëè, â êðàéíåì ñëó÷àå, âåäóò ê our surveys was the estimation of the dam- ïîëåâûì ñòàíàì, ò.å., ïî òåððèòîðèÿì, íà- age from bird electrocution on PL and future ðóøåííûì õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ, prospects of the bird electrocution increas- ãäå ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïòèö ìàëà, òî ing under conditions of developing the in- íîâûå ËÝÏ ïðîòÿíóòñÿ îò ñóùåñòâóþùèõ frastructure of the mobile phone service in ËÝÏ ÷åðåç íåòðîíóòûå áèîòîïû íà âîçâû- Khakassia. øåííûå ó÷àñòêè ê âûøêàì ñîòîâîé ñâÿçè, ðàñïîëîæåíèå êîòîðûõ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ èñ- Methods êëþ÷èòåëüíî âåëè÷èíîé çîíû ïîêðûòèÿ We surveyed 4 PLs going to mobile phone ñâÿçè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî îæèäàòü towers in the Altai Kray in 2009, (fig. 1. áîëüøóþ âåëè÷èíó ãèáåëè ïòèö íà òàêèõ ¹¹6, 7, 9, 10). All of PLs were observed ÏÎ ËÝÏ è ïðîãíîçèðîâàòü çíà÷èòåëüíûé in May-July and in September. For compar- óùåðá íàòèâíûì ïîïóëÿöèÿì ïåðíàòûõ ing data two sectors of “usual” PLs, going õèùíèêîâ ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè èõ ÷èñëà. between settlements have been included in Äàííàÿ ñòàòüÿ àíàëèçèðóåò ðåçóëüòàòû the analysis (fig. 1. ¹¹1, 11). èññëåäîâàíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ íà ñåâåðå Ìèíó- In 2010, we surveyed PLs in the Uzhur re- ñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû â 2010 ã., à òàêæå äàí- gion of the Krasnoyarsk Kray and Ordzhoni- íûå ïî ËÝÏ ê ñîòîâûì âûøêàì ïî Àëòàé- kidze and Bograd regions of Khakassia since ñêîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà, ïîëó÷åííûå â 2009 ã. August 30 to September 3. A total length of 62 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Öåëü ðàáîòû – îöåíèòü óùåðá îò ãèáåëè 6 surveyed sectors was 14.3 km, with 3 of ïòèö íà ËÝÏ è ñïðîãíîçèðîâàòü ðîñò ãèáå- them going to mobile phone towers (fig. 2). ëè ïòèö ïðè ðàçâèòèè ñåòè ñîòîâîé ñâÿçè The surveyed sectors of PLs in the Mi- â Õàêàñèè. nusinsk depression have been divided into 3 òèïà: (1) types: going to mobile phone Ìåòîäèêà towers – “mobile”, (2) PLs between settle-  2009 ã. áûëî îñìîòðåíî 4 ËÝÏ, âå- ments – “usual”, (3) going near a dump at äóùèõ ê âûøêàì ñîòîâîé ñâÿçè â Ìàìîí- the vicinities of a settlement – “dump”. òîâñêîì ðàéîíå (ðèñ. 1, ¹6, âûøêà ó For processing the data obtained the in- ïîñ. Êîñòèí Ëîã – çäåñü è äàëåå äëÿ ËÝÏ dex of carcass utilization, being calculated â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå èñïîëüçîâàíà òà æå íó- as 3.1 for the Altai-Kray in 2009 (Karyakin et ìåðàöèÿ, ÷òî è â ñòàòüå 2009 ã. – Êàðÿêèí al., 2009), has been taken into account. è äð., 2009), Óñòü-Êàëìàíñêîì ðàéîíå We have obtained data from the IRDNC (¹7, âûøêà ó ïîñ. Íîâîòðîåíêà), ×àðûø- of Siberia about numbers of electric poles ñêîì ðàéîíå (¹9, âûøêà ó ïîñ. Ìàðàëè- hazardous to birds for three regions of Kha- õà è Íîâîøèïóíîâî) è Ïåòðîïàâëîâñêîì kassia. Considering the available data on ðàéîíå (¹10, âûøêà ó ïîñ. Àíòîíüåâêà) the tree regions, a total number of settle- Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ (ðèñ. 1). Âñå ëèíèè áûëè ments in the Republic and a number of rural îñìîòðåíû â ìàå–èþëå (ËÝÏ ¹10 – äâàæ- population as well, we have calculated the äû çà ëåòî) è â ñåíòÿáðå. Äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ numbers of electric poles hazardous to birds â àíàëèç âêëþ÷åíû äâà ó÷àñòêà ËÝÏ, ïðî- as 2106 and 1987 poles accordingly (aver- õîäÿùèõ ìåæäó íàñåë¸ííûìè ïóíêòàìè – aging 2046.5±60 poles) (table 1). Taking ¹1 è ¹11. into account the average number of electric  2010 ã. ðàáîòû âåëèñü ñ 30 àâãóñòà ïî poles per 1 km of PL as 16 poles, we have 3 ñåíòÿáðÿ â Óæóðñêîì ðàéîíå Êðàñíîÿð- calculated a total length of PLs, managed by Ðèñ. 1. Ó÷àñòêè ËÝÏ ñêîãî êðàÿ, à òàêæå â Îðäæîíèêèäçåâñêîì “Khakassenergo” as about 128±4 km. â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå, è Áîãðàäñêîì ðàéîíàõ Ðåñïóáëèêè Õàêàñèÿ. For predicting the possible damage âêëþ÷¸ííûå â íà- Áûëî îñìîòðåíî 6 ó÷àñòêîâ ÏÎ ËÝÏ îáùåé caused by PLs going to mobile phone tow- ñòîÿùåå èññëåäîâàíèå. Íóìåðàöèÿ ó÷àñòêîâ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 14,3 êì, 3 èç íèõ – ê âû- ers, we have supposed that a tower at least âçÿòà èç ñòàòüè 2009 ã. øêàì ñîòîâîé ñâÿçè (ðèñ. 2). Íàäî îòìåòèòü, should serve every settlement with popula- (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009) è ÷òî ó÷àñòêè ËÝÏ ¹1 è ¹2 ê âûøêàì ñî- tion being more than 2,000 people. Thus, in ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðà- òîâîé ñâÿçè ïðîõîäÿò â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé the nearest future we can project at least 26 öèè â òàáë. 3. áëèçîñòè äðóã îò äðóãà: îíè ïîäíèìàþòñÿ îò of mobile phone towers constructing in the Fig. 1. Power lines ä. Êðàñíîå îçåðî ê äâóì ñîòîâûì âûøêàì, Republic (table 2). under consideration surveyed in the Altai ñòîÿùèì íà îäíîì õîëìå íà ðàññòîÿíèè The damage caused by hazardous PL has Kray in 2009. Numbers 130 ì äðóã îò äðóãà (âûøêè, ïî-âèäèìîìó, been calculated according to the technique of PL have taken from ïðèíàäëåæàò ðàçíûì îïåðàòîðàì ñâÿçè). approved by the Ministry of Natural Re- the article of 2009 Ìèíèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ýòèìè sources (Extracts…, 2008) (Karyakin et al., 2009) and are similar to the ËÝÏ ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 20–30 ì. Òàêèì îá- numbers in the table 3. ðàçîì, ïðè îïðåäåëåíèè ïëîòíîñòè ãèáåëè Results and discussion Rates of bird deaths A total of 99 carcasses of birds of 13 spe- cies, with 21 (21.2%) of them being raptors of 6 species, were found along the 14.3 km of PLs, surveyed in the Minusinsk depres- sion in autumn 2010. The average density of lost birds was 7.02 ind./km of PLs. Also 90 carcasses of birds of 15 species, with 17 (18.9%) of them being raptors of 7 species, were found along power lines considered in the article and surveyed in the Altai Kray in summer and autumn 2009, the average density was 8.16 ind./km (table 3). The average density of lost birds on “mo- bile” PLs was 8.36 ind./km in the Minusinsk depression, and 14.72 ind./km in the Altai Kray, while the average values of density for sectors of PLs going between settle- ments (excluding the sector going near a Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 63

the dump) were 4.32 and 5.65 ind./km ac- cordingly. Considering the data on summer and au- tumn surveys those values for “mobile” and “usual” PLs of the Altai Kray were accord- ingly 7.85 and 3.14 ind./km in summer, as well as 6.87 and 2.51 in autumn (table 4). Thus, the density of birds electrocuted on “mobile” PLs is 2.6 times as many as the density of birds killed on “usual” PLs in the Altai Kray, and 1.94 times – in the Minusinsk depression. On the sector of PL, going across the dump, the density of electrocuted birds was the highest – 15.63 ind./km. It is 3.62 times as many as this value for PLs going between settlements, 1.87 times – for “mobile” PLs (table 4). Ðèñ. 2. Îñìîòðåííûå ïòèö ïðàâèëüíåå áûëî áû ñ÷èòàòü èõ îäíèì ó÷àñòêè ËÝÏ â Ìèíó- ó÷àñòêîì, îäíàêî ìû íå ñòàëè ýòîãî äåëàòü, Species of Birds Electrocuted ñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Íóìåðàöèÿ ó÷àñòêîâ ò.ê. ïîëó÷èëñÿ áû ó÷àñòîê ËÝÏ ñ óäâîåí- The share of raptors in a total number ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðà- íûì ÷èñëîì ñòîëáîâ. Îäíàêî, íàäî ïîíè- of electrocuted birds has close values in öèè â òàáë. 3. ìàòü, ÷òî â èòîãå ïëîòíîñòü ãèáåëè ïòèö íà both regions under consideration: 21.2% Fig. 2. Power lines ýòèõ ËÝÏ çàíèæåíà. in the Minusinsk depression and 18.9% in surveyed in Minusinsk Ïëîòíîñòü ËÝÏ â Õàêàñèè êðàéíå íèçêà, the steppes of Altai. However the data ob- depression in 2010. à ïòèöåîïàñíûå ËÝÏ – ÿâëåíèå äîñòàòî÷- tained for the Altai Kray show the share of Numbers of PL are similar to the numbers íî ðåäêîå. È ò.ê. ôèëèàëû ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè died raptors increasing in autumn: it was in the table 3. íå ñìîãëè ïðåäîñòàâèòü ïî çàïðîñó êàðòû 20.4% during summer surveys and 17.1% ñ óêàçàíèåì ó÷àñòêîâ ëèíèé 6–10 ê íà – in autumn, while the total number of elec- æåëåçîáåòîííûõ îïîðàõ, òî â õîäå ïîëå- trocuted birds in autumn was 16.3% down âîãî âûåçäà ïðèõîäèëîñü èõ ðàçûñêèâàòü. from the summer value (fig. 5). Then, the Ìàðøðóò áûë ïðîëîæåí ïî ñòåïíûì è death rates during the spring-summer peri- ëåñîñòåïíûì ó÷àñòêàì Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîò- od seem to be higher in Khakassia too, and ëîâèíû ìåæäó íàñåë¸ííûìè ïóíêòàìè, èñ- the death rate of birds during the breeding õîäÿ èç îãðàíè÷åííîãî âðåìåíè, îòâåä¸í- season is at least 2 times as many as those íîãî íà èññëåäîâàíèå (ðèñ. 2). values obtained during autumn surveys. Ëèíèè îñìàòðèâàëèñü ëèáî èç îêíà ìà- Among electrocuted raptors the Common øèíû, äâèæóùåéñÿ âäîëü ËÝÏ íà íèçêîé Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and Black-Eared ñêîðîñòè, ëèáî íà ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòàõ. Ñ Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus) predominate ïîìîùüþ GPS-íàâèãàòîðà ôèêñèðîâàëèñü (38.1% and 19.1% accordingly) in the Mi- òî÷êè íà÷àëà è êîíöà îñìîòðåííûõ ó÷àñò- nusinsk depression. Also we recorded sever- êîâ, óãëîâûå îïîðû è âñå ìåñòà íàõîäîê al species, listed in the Red Data Book of RF: ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö. Íàéäåííûå îñòàíêè ôîòî- 2 Steppe Eagles (Aquila nipalensis), 2 eagles ãðàôèðîâàëèñü, îïðåäåëÿëàñü èõ âèäîâàÿ identified only as Aquila sp. and 1 Eagle Owl ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü, à òàêæå îöåíèâàëñÿ ñðîê (Bubo bubo); all of them were found along äàâíîñòè ãèáåëè ïòèöû.  íåêîòîðûõ ñëó- the PL ¹6: eagles – at the sector near the ÷àÿõ, êîãäà îò ïîãèáøåé ïòèöû îñòàâàëèñü dump (6–1), Eagle Owl – at the sector 6–2. ëèøü êîñòè (â ñëó÷àå îðëîâ) èëè ïåðüÿ (â ñëó÷àå âðàíîâûõ) îïðåäåëåíèå ïðîèç- Estimation and prediction of the Dam- âîäèëîñü äî ðîäà. Äàëåå ðàññ÷èòûâàëàñü age in the Republic of Khakassia ïëîòíîñòü ãèáåëè ïòèö íà îáñëåäîâàííûõ The damage caused by the registered ó÷àñòêàõ ËÝÏ, à òàêæå ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü deaths of birds in the Minusinsk depression ãèáåëè íà îáñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè. Çà- has been estimated as no less than 408,000 òåì äàííûå ïî ðàçíûì ó÷àñòêàì ñðàâíèâà- rubles. (27,032 rub./km or 1789 rub. per 1 ëèñü ìåæäó ñîáîé êàê âíóòðè îäíîãî ðå- pole) (table 5). ãèîíà, òàê è ìåæäó ðåãèîíàìè. The average value of damage caused by Îñìîòðåííûå ó÷àñòêè ËÝÏ â Ìèíóñèí- “mobile” PLs was 16,715.4 rub./km, “usu- ñêîé êîòëîâèíå áûëè ðàçäåëåíû íà 3 òèïà: al”» PLs – 13,597.7 rub./km, and PL along (1) ê ñîòîâûì âûøêàì – «ñîòîâûå», (2) ËÝÏ the dump – 138,125 rub./km (table 6). 64 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Considering the index of utilization as 3.1, calculated for the Altai Kray in 2009 (Karyakin et al., 2009), the real death rate during the breeding season on surveyed PL is at least 6.2 times as many as the data obtained. It means that 51.8 birds on average are killed by electrocution on every kilometer of “mo- bile” PLs during the breeding season (3.2 birds per dangerous electric pole), including 13 raptors (0.81 bird per dangerous electric pole). The damage is about 103,600 rub./ km. No less than 26.8 birds (1.68 per dan- gerous electric pole) killed by electrocution on every kilometers of usual PLs, which are managed by departments of URDNC of Si- beria, 5.5 of those birds are raptors (0.34 per dangerous electric pole). The damage is Äâå ñîòîâûå âûøêè â ìåæäó íàñåë¸ííûìè ïóíêòàìè – «ôîíî- about 84,300 rub./km. 130 ì äðóã îò äðóãà c âûå», (3) âáëèçè ñâàëêè áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ íà Considering the death rate on the “usual” ïîäâåä¸ííûìè ê íèì êðàþ ïîñ¸ëêà – «ñâàëêà». Òðè îñìîòðåííûå PLs and basing on the calculated length of äâóìÿ ïòèöåîïàñíûìè ËÝÏ. ËÝÏ ê ñîòîâûì âûøêàì ïðîâåðÿëèñü ïîë- PLs managed by “Khakassenergo” (128±4 Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. íîñòüþ, îò ìåñòà å¸ îòâåòâëåíèÿ äî âûøêè km) the death rate during the entire breed- Two mobile phone (ðèñ. 2. ËÝÏ ¹¹1, 2, 5). Ëèíèè ìåæäó ing season has been estimated as 3430±107 towers at the distance ïîñ¸ëêàìè îñìàòðèâàëèñü íà ó÷àñòêàõ, birds, with 704±22 birds of them being rap- of 130 m from each óäàë¸ííûõ îò ïîñ¸ëêîâ è ëåñèñòîé òåððè- tors, the damage has been estimated as no other and two power òîðèè. Ëèøü ëèíèÿ ¹6, ìåæäó ïîñ¸ëêàìè less than 10,800,000 rubles. lines hazardous to birds, going to them. Áîðîäèíî è Òîë÷åÿ, áûëà îñìîòðåíà ïîë- Photo by E. Nikolenko. íîñòüþ – æåëåçîáåòîííûå ñòîëáû ñòîÿëè Conclusions òîëüêî íà ýòîì ó÷àñòêå. Íàäî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî The mobile phone service is rapidly de- êðåïëåíèå ïðîâîäîâ íà îïîðàõ ýòîé ëèíèè veloping in the region. Considering the fact, íå áûëî ñòàíäàðòíûì: èçîëÿòîðû ðàñïîëà- that at least a tower will be constructed in ãàëèñü íà îïîðå, ÷òî îáû÷íî õàðàêòåðíî every settlement with population being äëÿ äåðåâÿííûõ ñòîëáîâ, íî ñ ìåíüøèì more than 2,000 people (26 settlements in ðàññòîÿíèåì ìåæäó êðåïëåíèÿìè èçîëÿ- Khakassia) in the nearest future, the dam- òîðîâ (ðèñ. 3). Äëÿ îáðàáîòêè äàííûõ ýòîò age, caused by bird electrocutions on PLs ó÷àñòîê áûë ïîäåë¸í íà 2 òèïà: îáû÷íûé, going to towers, will be about 13,000,000 ìåæäó ïîñ¸ëêàìè (¹6–1) è ó÷àñòîê âáëè- rubles per breeding season – at least during çè ñâàëêè (¹6–2), äëèíîé 1600 ì – îò ìå- next several years until the bird numbers ñòà îòâåòâëåíèÿ îò âûñîêîâîëüòíîé ËÝÏ íà will have been decreased as a result of that êðàþ äåð. Áîðîäèíî äî ïåðâîãî ïîâîðîòà, negative impact. òàì, ãäå ëèíèÿ âûõîäèëà íà òðàññó, ñîåäè- íÿþùóþ ïîñ¸ëêè. Äëÿ ðàñ÷¸òà ìàñøòàáîâ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Õàêàñèè ñ÷èòàëè, ÷òî ïëîòíîñòü ãèáåëè ïòèö íà îäíîòèïíûõ ËÝÏ ïî âñåé òåððèòîðèè ðåñïóáëèêè áëèçêà ê òîé, êî- òîðàÿ çàôèêñèðîâàíà íà îñìîòðåííûõ â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ó÷àñòêàõ. Äëÿ ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè ñîáðàííûõ äàííûõ áûë ïðèíÿò êîýôôèöèåíò óòèëèçàöèè òðóïîâ, ïîëó÷åííûé â 2009 ã. äëÿ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ – 3,1 (Êàðÿêèí è äð. 2009).

Ðèñ. 3. Íåñòàíäàðòíîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå èçîëÿòîðîâ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ ¹6 â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Fig. 3. Insulators unusually attached to electric poles on the PL 6 in the Minusinsk depression. Photo by E. Nikolenko. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 65

Òàáë. 1. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ðàéîíîâ Ðåñïóáëèêè Õàêàñèÿ è ÷èñëî ïòèöåîïàñíûõ îïîð â òð¸õ èç íèõ ïî äàííûì ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè. Table. 1. Data on populations in regions of the Republic of Khakassia and numbers of hazardous electric poles in three of them according to data of IRDNC of Siberia.

ÏÎ îïîðû Äàííûå îò÷¸òà ÐÎÑÑÒÀÒ Ôèëèàëà ÎÀÎ «×èñëåííîñòü ïîñòîÿííîãî íàñåëåíèÿ ÐÔ…», 2010. ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè – Data of Rosstat report “Resident population of RF …”, 2010. «Õàêàñýíåðãî» Dangerous ×èñëåííîñòü ×èñëî ñåëüñêèõ Ðàéîí electric poles Ïëîùàäü ×èñëåííîñòü ñåëüñêîãî ïîñåëåíèé Administrative managed by ðàéîíà, êì2 íàñåëåíèÿ íàñåëåíèÿ Number of settle- Region “Khakasenergo” Region area, km2 Population Rural population ments Áåéñêèé / Beya 109 4536 21796 21796 9 Àñêèçñêèé / Askiz 583 7536 43286 32438 11 Áîãðàäñêèé / Bograd 114 6660 15325 15325 11 Ñóììà ïî òð¸ì ðàéîíàì / Total for 3 regions 806 18732 80407 69559 31 Àëòàéñêèé / Altai - 1736 23509 23509 9 Îðäæîíèêèäçåâñêèé Ordzhonikidze - 6610 14540 9973 8 Òàøòûïñêèé Tashtyp - 20290 15871 15871 9 Óñòü-Àáàêàíñêèé Ust-Abakan - 8880 41331 25509 12 Øèðèíñêèé / Shira - 6880 27824 27068 12 Ñóììà / Total 63128 203482 171489 81

×èñëî ïòèöåîïàñíûõ îïîð, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ËÝÏ (¹¹5, 6). Ïðîñòîé ýêñòðàïîëÿöèåé â âåäåíèè ôèëèàëà ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè «Õàêà- èìåþùèõñÿ äàííûõ ïî òð¸ì ðàéîíàì íà ñýíåðãî», îáñëóæèâàþùèõ ëèíèè ìåæäó îáùåå ÷èñëî ñåëüñêèõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ ïîñ¸ëêàìè, áûëî îöåíåíî ñëåäóþùèì ðåñïóáëèêè, à òàêæå íà ÷èñëåííîñòü ñåëü- îáðàçîì. Ñäåëàíî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî ñêîãî íàñåëåíèÿ (×èñëåííîñòü ïîñòîÿííî- ãóñòîòà ñåòè ËÝÏ è êîëè÷åñòâî ïòèöåî- ãî íàñåëåíèÿ ÐÔ…, 2010) áûëè ïîëó÷åíû ïàñíûõ æåëåçîáåòîííûõ îïîð ïðÿìî ïðî- îöåíêè â 2106 è 1987 ïòèöåîïàñíûõ îïîð, ïîðöèîíàëüíû ÷èñëó ñåëüñêèõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî (â ñðåäíåì 2046,5±60 ïóíêòîâ è/èëè ÷èñëåííîñòè ñåëüñêîãî íà- îïîð) (òàáë. 1). Ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî íà 1 êì ËÝÏ ñåëåíèÿ. Îò ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè áûëè ïîëó÷åíû ïðèõîäèòñÿ â ñðåäíåì 16 îïîð, ïîëó÷àåì, äàííûå î êîëè÷åñòâå ïòèöåîïàñíûõ îïîð â ÷òî â Õàêàñèè ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ÏÎ ËÝÏ, íà- òð¸õ ðàéîíàõ Õàêàñèè, â ò.÷. Áîãðàäñêîì, õîäÿùèõñÿ â âåäåíèè «Õàêàñýíåðãî», ñî- â êîòîðîì áûëî îñìîòðåíî äâà ó÷àñòêà ñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 128±4 êì. Äî ñèõ ïîð íàì íå óäàëîñü ïîëó÷èòü èí- ôîðìàöèþ î òîì, ñêîëüêî óæå óñòàíîâëå- Òàáë. 2. ×èñëî ñåëüñêèõ àäìèíèñòðàöèé â Ðåñïóáëèêå Õàêàñèÿ, ðàíæèðîâàííûõ ïî ÷èñëó æèòåëåé. íî âûøåê ñîòîâîé ñâÿçè â Õàêàñèè è ñêîëü- êî ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ê óñòàíîâêå â áëèæàéøåì Table. 2. Number of rural administrations in the Republic of Khakassia, ranked by population. áóäóùåì. ×òîáû ñäåëàòü ïðîãíîç âîçìîæ- íîãî óùåðáà, êîòîðûé ìîæåò áûòü íàíåñ¸í ×èñëî æèòåëåé ×èñëî ñåëüñêèõ àäìèíèñòðàöèé ÏÎ ËÝÏ, ïðîëîæåííûìè ê âûøêàì ñîòîâîé Population Rural administrations ñâÿçè, áûëî ñäåëàíî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî 500 è ìåíåå / 500 and less 3 êàæäûé íàñåë¸ííûé ïóíêò ÷èñëåííîñòüþ 501–1000 13 áîëåå 2 òûñ. æèòåëåé äîëæíà îáñëóæèâàòü, 1001–1500 20 êàê ìèíèìóì, îäíà âûøêà. Âñåãî â Õàêàñèè 1501–2000 17 26 ñåëüñêèõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòà ñ ÷èñëåí- íîñòüþ áîëüøå 2000 ÷åëîâåê (òàáë. 2) (Âñå- 2001–3000 16 ðîññèéñêàÿ ïåðåïèñü …, 2002). Ñëåäîâà- 3001–4000 4 òåëüíî, â áëèæàéøèå ãîäû ìîæíî îæèäàòü 4001–5000 1 óñòàíîâêó, êàê ìèíèìóì, 26 âûøåê ñîòîâîé 5001–7000 3 ñâÿçè â ðåñïóáëèêå. Òàêæå áûëî ñäåëàíî áîëåå 7000 / more than 7000 2 ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî óðîâåíü ãèáåëè íà Âñåãî / Total 79 «ñîòîâûõ» ËÝÏ â ëþáîì ðàéîíå Õàêàñèè 66 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

áóäåò àíàëîãè÷åí íàáëþäàåìîìó íà 3-õ ïóíêòàìè (èñêëþ÷àÿ ó÷àñòîê ñâàëêè áûòîâûõ îñìîòðåííûõ «ñîòîâûõ» ËÝÏ. îòõîäîâ) ñîñòàâëÿþò 4,32 è 5,65 îñ./êì, ñî- Óùåðá îò ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ ðàññ÷èòàí îòâåòñòâåííî. Îäíàêî, íàäî èìåòü â âèäó, ïî ìåòîäèêå èñ÷èñëåíèÿ ðàçìåðà âðåäà, ÷òî â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå ëèíèè îñìàòðèâà- ïðè÷èí¸ííîãî îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, ëèñü äâàæäû – ëåòîì è â ñåíòÿáðå (ïîâòî- çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, à òàêæå ðû íàõîäîê íå ó÷èòûâàëèñü). Ïðè òîì, ÷òî èíûì îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, íå îòíî- äàâíîñòü íàéäåííûõ òðóïîâ äëÿ âñåõ îñìî- ñÿùèìñÿ ê îáúåêòàì îõîòû è ðûáîëîâñòâà òðåííûõ ëèíèé ñîñòàâëÿëà íå áîëåå 3-õ è ñðåäå èõ îáèòàíèÿ (Âûäåðæêè…, 2008). ìåñÿöåâ (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì íàõîäîê êîñòåé êðóïíûõ îðëîâ âáëèçè ñâàëêè â Áîãðàä- Ðåçóëüòàòû è èõ îáñóæäåíèå ñêîì ðàéîíå Õàêàñèè). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â Óðîâåíü ãèáåëè Àëòàéñêîì êðàå ó÷¸ò ãèáåëè ïòèö îõâà- Âñåãî íà 14,3 êì ëèíèé, ïðîâåðåííûõ â òèë, ôàêòè÷åñêè, ïîëãîäà, âåñü ãíåçäîâîé Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå îñåíüþ 2010 ã. ñåçîí, è ñðàâíåíèå ñðåäíèõ âåëè÷èí ïî áûëî çàôèêñèðîâàíî 99 ñëó÷àåâ ãèáå- äâóì îñìîòðàì ñ îäíîêðàòíûì îñìîòðîì ëè ïòèö 13 âèäîâ, èç íèõ 21 – ïåðíà- â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå íå âïîëíå êîð- òûõ õèùíèêîâ (21,2%) 6 âèäîâ. Ñðåä- ðåêòíî. íÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ñîñòàâèëà Ðàñ÷¸ò ëåòíåãî è îñåííåãî ó÷¸òà ïî îò- 7,02 îñ./êì ëèíèé. Íà ëèíèÿõ â Àëòàéñêîì äåëüíîñòè äàþò äëÿ «ñîòîâûõ» è «ôîíîâûõ» êðàå, âêëþ÷¸ííûõ â ýòî èññëåäîâàíèå, çà ËÝÏ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ ïëîòíîñòè ïîãèáøèõ ëåòî è îñåíü 2009 ã. áûëî çàôèêñèðîâàíî ïòèö, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, 7,85 è 3,14 îñ./êì 90 ñëó÷àåâ ãèáåëè ïòèö 15 âèäîâ, 17 èç êî- â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä è 6,87 è 2,51 – îñåíüþ òîðûõ – õèùíèêè (18,9%) 7 âèäîâ, ñðåäíÿÿ (òàáë. 4). Áåç ó÷¸òà êîýôôèöèåíòà óòè- ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 8,16 îñ./êì (òàáë. 3). ëèçàöèè, ðàññ÷èòàííîãî äëÿ êîíêðåòíîé Ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè è êîíêðåòíîãî ñåçîíà, ðàñ- «ñîòîâûõ» ËÝÏ â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ñìàòðèâàåìûå öèôðû âåñüìà îòíîñèòåëü- ñîñòàâèëà 8,36 îñ./êì, à â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå íû. Òàêæå íåâîçìîæíî ó÷åñòü è ðàçíèöó – 14,72 îñ./êì, òîãäà êàê ñðåäíèå ïëîòíî- ìåæäó îáèëèåì âñåõ âèäîâ, îáèòàþùèõ ñòè íà ó÷àñòêàõ ËÝÏ ìåæäó íàñåë¸ííûìè â ïðåäãîðíûõ ñòåïÿõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ è

Òàáë. 3. ×èñëî è ïëîòíîñòü ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö íà îñìîòðåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ËÝÏ. Íóìåðàöèÿ ËÝÏ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 1–2. Table 3. Death rates of birds through electrocution and their density of lost birds on surveyed PLs. Numbers of PLs are similar to the numbers in the fig. 1–2.

×èñëî ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö, îñ. ×àñòîòà ãèáåëè, îñ./êì Electrocuted birds, ind. Density of electrocuted birds, ind./km Âèäû ÊÊ ÐÔ Âèäû ÊÊ ÐÔ Äëèíà Species Species îñìîòðà, ì Ïåðíàòûå listed in the Ïåðíàòûå listed in the ¹ ËÝÏ Òèï ËÝÏ Length of Âñå âèäû õèùíèêè Red Data Âñå âèäû õèùíèêè Red Data No. of PL Type of PL PL, m All species Raptors Book of RF All species Raptors Book of RF Ñòåïíîé Àëòàé / Steppe of Altai 6 Ñîòîâàÿ / Mobile 293 3 0 0 10.24 0.00 0.00 7 Ñîòîâàÿ / Mobile 674 11 2 1 16.32 2.97 1.48 9 Ñîòîâàÿ / Mobile 166 3 0 0 18.07 0.00 0.00 10 Ñîòîâàÿ / Mobile 1925 28 4 1 14.55 2.08 0.52 1 Ôîíîâàÿ / Usual 1087 5 1 0 4.60 0.92 0.00 11 Ôîíîâàÿ / Usual 6879 40 10 0 5.81 1.45 0.00 Âñåãî / Total: 11024 90 17 2 8.16 1.54 0.18 Ìèíóñèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà / Minusinsk Depression 1 Ñîòîâàÿ / Mobile 1581 5 2 0 3.16 1.27 0.00 2 Ñîòîâàÿ / Mobile 1817 10 5 0 5.50 2.75 0.00 3 Ôîíîâàÿ / Usual 2415 23 2 0 9.52 0.83 0.00 4 Ôîíîâàÿ / Usual 1450 3 2 0 2.07 1.38 0.00 5 Ñîòîâàÿ / Mobile 1388 25 3 0 18.01 2.16 0.00 6–1 Ôîíîâàÿ / Usual 4004 8 3 1 2.00 0.75 0.25 6–2 Ñâàëêà / Dump 1600 25 4 4 15.63 2.50 2.50 Âñåãî / Total: 14255 99 21 5 7.02 1.47 0.35 Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 67

Òàáë. 4. Ãèáåëü ïòèö, ðàíæèðîâàííàÿ ïî òèïàì ËÝÏ è ïî ñåçîíàì. Table 4. Rates of bird deaths through electrocution, ranking by types of power lines and seasons.

Cóììà çà ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä Total in the breeding Ëåòî / Summer Îñåíü / Autumn season Ïðî÷èå Ïðî÷èå Ïðî÷èå Ïåðíàòûå âèäû Ïåðíàòûå âèäû Ïåðíàòûå âèäû Äëèíà õèùíèêè Other õèùíèêè Other õèùíèêè Other Âñå âèäû Îñìîòðåííûå ËÝÏ, ì Raptors species Raptors species Raptors species All species ËÝÏ Length îñ. îñ./êì îñ. îñ./êì îñ. îñ./êì îñ. îñ./êì îñ. îñ./êì îñ. îñ./êì îñ. îñ./êì Observed PL of PL, m ind. ind/km ind. ind/km ind. ind/km ind. ind/km ind. ind/km ind. ind/km ind. ind/km Ñòåïíîé Àëòàé / Steppe of Altai Ñîòîâàÿ Mobile 3058 5 1.64 19 6.21 1 0.33 20 6.54 6 1.96 39 12.76 45 14.72 Ïðî÷èå Others 7966 5 0.63 20 2.51 6 0.75 14 1.76 11 1.38 34 4.27 45 5.65 Âñåãî / Total: 11024 10 0.91 39 3.54 7 0.64 34 3.08 17 1.54 73 6.62 90 8.16 Ìèíóñèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà / Minusinsk Depression Ñîòîâàÿ Mobile 4786 - - - - 10 2.09 30 6.27 - - - - 40 8.36 Ñâàëêà / Dump 1600 - - - - 4 2.5 21 13.13 - - - - 25 15.63 Ïðî÷èå Others 7869 - - - - 7 0.89 27 3.43 - - - - 34 4.32 Âñåãî / Total: 14255 - - - - 21 1.47 78 5.47 - - - - 99 6.94

â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, îò êîòîðîãî ãèáåëü íà ËÝÏ, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, ïðèâëåêà- òàêæå íàïðÿìóþ çàâèñèò óðîâåíü ãèáåëè åò ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. ïòèö. Òåì íå ìåíåå, íàëèöî ñòàáèëüíîå Ýòà ëèíèÿ (¹6) ìåæäó äåðåâíÿìè Áîðî- ïðåâûøåíèå ïëîòíîñòè ãèáåëè íà ËÝÏ, âå- äèíî è Òîë÷åÿ áûëà îñìîòðåíà 3 ñåíòÿáðÿ. äóùèõ ê ñîòîâûì âûøêàì, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ Âî âðåìÿ ïðîâåðêè ýòîé ËÝÏ ìû íàáëþäà- ËÝÏ ìåæäó íàñåë¸ííûìè ïóíêòàìè. Òàê, â ëè çíà÷èòåëüíîå ñêîïëåíèå ïòèö íàä ñâàë- ñðåäíåì ïî äâóì ó÷¸òàì, ïëîòíîñòü ãèáåëè êîé ìóñîðà – îíî ñîñòîÿëî èç êîðøóíîâ ïòèö íà «ñîòîâûõ» ËÝÏ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå (Milvus migrans lineatus), âîðîíîâ (Corvus ïðåâûøàåò ïëîòíîñòü ãèáåëè íà «ôîíîâûõ» corax) è ÷¸ðíûõ âîðîí (Corvus corone), ËÝÏ â 2,6 ðàçà (â 2,48 ðàçà ëåòîì è 2,74 à òàêæå âêëþ÷àëî 8 ìîëîäûõ (1–3 ãîäà) ðàçà îñåíüþ), à â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå – â 1,94 ðàçà. Ðàçíèöà â ñìåðòíîñòè ïòèö â ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíàõ ìîæåò áûòü îáúÿñíå- íà òåì, ÷òî â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå ËÝÏ ìåæäó ïîñ¸ëêàìè òÿíóòñÿ â îñíîâíîì ïî ïîëÿì è ïðî÷èì àãðîëàíäøàôòàì, ãäå ÷èñëåííîñòü ïòèö íèçêà, à â Õàêàñèè ëàíäøàôò, ïî êî- òîðûì ïðîõîäÿò ËÝÏ, – ýòî, êàê ïðàâèëî, ïàñòáèùà âáëèçè ñîïîê, êîòîðûå â îáñëå- äîâàííûõ ðàéîíàõ îáëåñåíû. Íà ó÷àñòêå ËÝÏ, ïðîõîäÿùåì ÷åðåç ñâàëêó, ïëîòíîñòü ãèáåëè ïòèö ìàêñèìàëü- íà – 15,63 îñ./êì. Îíà ïðåâûøàåò ãèáåëü íà ËÝÏ ìåæäó íàñåë¸ííûìè ïóíêòàìè â 3,62 ðàçà, à ãèáåëü íà «ñîòîâûõ» ËÝÏ – â 1,87 ðàçà (òàáë. 4). Ìóñîð âñåãäà ïðèâëå- êàåò ïòèö, êàê õèùíûõ, òàê è äðóãèå âèäû. À êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ïòèö ñàìà ïî ñåáå è èõ

Òðóï ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus) ñ îòãîðåâøåé ëàïîé. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. A carcass of the Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) with a burnt foot. Photo by E. Nikolenko. 68 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (Aquila nipalensis). Îðëû êðóæèëè íàä ñâàëêîé, ïðèñàæèâàëèñü íà ñòîëáû ËÝÏ è îêðåñòíûå õîëìû. Ñêîïëå- íèå áûëî îòìå÷åíî â 13 ÷àñîâ äíÿ, êîãäà ìû ïðîåõàëè äåðåâíþ Áîðîäèíî è íà÷à- ëè îñìîòð ëèíèè â ñòîðîíó äåð. Òîë÷åÿ. Íà îáðàòíîì ïóòè, ÷åðåç 4–5 ÷àñîâ, áûë îñìîòðåí ó÷àñòîê ËÝÏ, ïðîõîäÿùèé ÷åðåç ñâàëêó, – îðëû ïî-ïðåæíåìó äåðæàëèñü ïîáëèçîñòè, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ýòî áûëî èõ îáû÷íîå ìåñòî êîðì¸æêè. Îäíàêî, ñâå- æèõ òðóïîâ îðëîâ íàéäåíî íå áûëî – áûëà çàôèêñèðîâàíà ãèáåëü 4-õ îðëîâ ïî êîñò- íûì è ïåðüåâûì îñòàíêàì, âîçðàñò êîòî- ðûõ ñîñòàâëÿë îò 2-õ äî 4-õ ìåñÿöåâ. Äâà èç íèõ áûëè îïðåäåëåíû êàê ñòåïíûå îðëû – ïî ïåðüÿì, äâà äðóãèõ îñòàëèñü îïðåäå- Ðèñ. 4. Ãèáåëü ïòèö â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ðàíæèðîâàííàÿ ïî äàâíîñòè ë¸ííûìè ëèøü äî ðîäà. ãèáåëè. Ýòà ËÝÏ îòëè÷àëàñü îò äðóãèõ îñìîòðåí- Fig. 4. Rates of bird deaths by electrocution in the Minusinsk depression, ranking íûõ ó÷àñòêîâ åù¸ è òåì, ÷òî çíà÷èòåëüíóþ by dates of dearth. äîëþ íà íåé ñîñòàâëÿëè ïòèöû, ïîãèáøèå â òå÷åíèå ñóòîê (ðèñ. 4). Âîçìîæíî, ïðè÷è- íîé ýòîãî ñòàëî ðåçêîå ïîõîëîäàíèå ñ äî- æä¸ì íàêàíóíå, ÷òî ìîãëî ïîâëèÿòü êàê íà óâåëè÷åíèå âåðîÿòíîñòè ãèáåëè ïòèö, òàê è íà ñêîðîñòü èõ óòèëèçàöèè õèùíèêàìè. Âòîðîé ëèíèåé, ãäå ïðåîáëàäàëî ÷èñëî òðó- ïîâ, ïîãèáøèõ â òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäíèõ ñóòîê, áûëà ëèíèÿ ¹3, ïðîõîäÿùàÿ ïî ñåíîêîñó è ñòåðíå âäîëü òðàññû áëèç ñ. Óñòèíêèíî. Îíà áûëà îñìîòðåíà 1 ñåíòÿáðÿ, êîãäà ñòî- ÿëà ò¸ïëàÿ ñîëíå÷íàÿ ïîãîäà. Âñå ñâåæèå òðóïû ïðèíàäëåæàëè ÷¸ðíûì âîðîíàì, è äàæå áûëà íàéäåíà îäíà æèâàÿ ïòèöà – ñë¸- òîê ñ ïàðàëèçîâàííûìè ëàïàìè, óäàðåííûé òîêîì, ïî-âèäèìîìó, íå áîëåå ÷àñà íàçàä. Ìíîãèå ñâåæèå òðóïû áûëè óæå óòèëèçè- ðîâàíû õèùíèêàìè – íà ìåñòå èõ ãèáåëè íàõîäèëè ëèøü îáèëüíûå âûùèïàííûå ïå- ðüÿ è ïóõ, ÷òî óêàçûâàëî íà òî, ÷òî, ñêîðåå âñåãî, èõ äîáûë ïåðíàòûé õèùíèê. Îäíàêî äîñòîâåðíî ýòî íå áûëî ïîäòâåðæäåíî. Èç- âåñòíî, ÷òî íà ïòèöàõ, ïîãèáøèõ íà ËÝÏ, ñïåöèàëèçèðóþòñÿ è êîðøóíû, è òåòåðåâÿò- íèêè (Accipiter gentilis), è îðëû-ìîãèëüíèêè (Aquila heliaca), ïî ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿì êîòî- ðûõ ïðîõîäèëà óêàçàííàÿ ËÝÏ.

Âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö Âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö íà îñìî- òðåííûõ ëèíèÿõ â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëî- âèíå îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðèé Àëòàÿ òîëüêî îòñóòñòâèåì ãàëêè (Corvus monedula) è óøàñòîé ñîâû (Asio otus) è íàëè÷èåì òåòåðåâÿòíèêà. Îäíàêî îòëè÷èå Ðèñ. 5. Ãèáåëü ïòèö (A) â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå è (B) â Còåïíîì Àëòàå, ðàíæè- ïëîòíîñòåé ïî âèäàì çíà÷èòåëüíî. ðîâàííàÿ ïî òèïàì ËÝÏ è ñåçîíàì. Äîëÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ñðåäè ïîãèá- Fig. 5. Rates of bird deaths (A) in the Minusinsk depression and (B) in the Steppe øèõ ïòèö áëèçêà ìåæäó äâóìÿ ðàññìàòðè- Altai, ranking by types of PLs and seasons. âàåìûìè ðåãèîíàìè è ñîñòàâëÿåò 21,2% â Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 69

Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå è 18,9% â Ñòåï- Êîíå÷íî, âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö íîì Àëòàå. Îäíàêî, äàííûå ïî Àëòàéñêî- ãîâîðèò â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü î ðàçíîîáðà- ìó êðàþ ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî äîëÿ ïîãèáøèõ çèè îáèòàþùèõ âîêðóã ËÝÏ âèäîâ. Òàê, íà õèùíèêîâ îñåíüþ ñíèæàåòñÿ: òàê, â ëåòíåì «ôîíîâûõ» ËÝÏ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå, êîòî- ó÷¸òå îíà ñîñòàâëÿåò 20,4%, â îñåííåì – ðûå ïðîõîäÿò ïî ïîëþ âäîëü òðàññû, èç 17,1%, ïðè ýòîì ãèáåëü ïòèö îñåíüþ â õèùíèêîâ ïîãèáàëè òîëüêî êîðøóíû è êà- öåëîì îêàçàëàñü íèæå íà 16,3% (ðèñ. 5). íþêè (Buteo buteo). Ðàçíîîáðàçèå âèäîâ Ïîýòîìó ìîæíî îæèäàòü, ÷òî âåñåííå- íà «ñîòîâûõ» ËÝÏ òàì ãîðàçäî áîãà÷å, ÷òî ëåòíÿÿ ãèáåëü âûøå è â Õàêàñèè, à îáùàÿ èëëþñòðèðóåò òîò ôàêò, ÷òî ËÝÏ ê ñîòî- ãèáåëü çà ãíåçäîâîé ñåçîí êàê ìèíèìóì â âûì âûøêàì ÷àùå ïðîõîäÿò ïî íåòðîíó- 2 ðàçà áîëüøå çàôèêñèðîâàííîé âî âðåìÿ òûì áèîòîïàì.  Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, îñåííèõ ó÷¸òîâ. îäíàêî, è íà «ôîíîâûõ» ËÝÏ ðàçíîîáðà- Ñðåäè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, îñòàíêè êîòî- çèå âèäîâ âåëèêî, äàæå åù¸ áîëüøå, ÷åì ðûõ áûëè íàéäåíû â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå, ïðåâà- íà îñìîòðåííûõ â ýòîì ðåãèîíå «ñîòîâûõ» ëèðóåò êîðøóí, åãî äîëÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò 58,8%, ËÝÏ. Ìåíüøèì ðàçíîîáðàçèåì îòëè÷àåòñÿ ñðåäè åäèíè÷íûõ íàõîäîê – îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê, ËÝÏ, èäóùàÿ ÷åðåç ñâàëêó: íà íåé, êðîìå ôèëèí (Bubo bubo), óøàñòàÿ ñîâà è ïóñòåëüãà âðàíîâûõ, áûëè íàéäåíû ëèøü ñêâîðöû (Falco tinnunculus) (äîëÿ êàæäîãî âèäà 5,9%). è ñòåïíûå îðëû, ÷òî íå óäèâèòåëüíî, ò.ê.  Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ïåðâîå ìåñòî çà- ñâàëêà ïðèâëåêàåò òîëüêî èçáðàííûå âèäû. íèìàåò ïóñòåëüãà – 38,1%, êîðøóí íà âòî- ðîì ìåñòå – 19,1%, òàêóþ æå äîëþ ñîñòàâ- Îöåíêà è ïðîãíîç óùåðáà â Ðåñïó- ëÿþò îðëû, êîòîðûå, îäíàêî, áûëè íàéäåíû áëèêå Õàêàñèÿ íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå ËÝÏ ¹6 – íà ìóñîðíîé Ñîãëàñíî ìåòîäèêå èñ÷èñëåíèÿ ðàçìåðà ñâàëêå. Ñðåäè âèäîâ, âíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ âðåäà, ïðè÷èí¸ííîãî îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî êíèãó ÐÔ, îòìå÷åí òàêæå ôèëèí – åãî òðóï ìèðà, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, à áûë íàéäåí íåïîäàë¸êó îò ïðóäà íà ëèíèè òàêæå èíûì îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, íå ¹6, ïðîòÿíóâøåéñÿ ìåæäó äåðåâíÿìè Áî- îòíîñÿùèìñÿ ê îáúåêòàì îõîòû è ðûáî- ðîäèíî è Òîë÷åÿ. ëîâñòâà è ñðåäå èõ îáèòàíèÿ (Âûäåðæêè…, Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå âûñîêàÿ 2008) óùåðá îò çàôèêñèðîâàííûõ ñëó÷à- äîëÿ â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå îáûêíî- åâ ãèáåëè ïòèö â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå âåííîé ïóñòåëüãè (0,56 îñ./êì) è ñêâîðöà ñîñòàâèë íå ìåíåå 408 òûñ. ðóá. (27 032 (Sturnus vulgaris) (0,42 îñ./êì), òîãäà êàê ðóá./êì) (òàáë. 5). Ñ÷èòàÿ, ÷òî íà 1 êì ËÝÏ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå – âñåãî ïî 0,09 îñ./ â ñðåäíåì ïðèõîäèòñÿ 16 îïîð, òî ñóììà êì, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ïðè ýòîì, ïóñòåëü- óùåðáà íà 1 îïîðó ñîñòàâèëà 1789 ðóá. Îá- ãè ïîãèáëè â îñíîâíîì íà ñîòîâûõ ËÝÏ, ùèé óùåðá, íàíîñèìûé ËÝÏ â Àëòàéñêîì à ñêâîðöû – íà ËÝÏ ¹6 ñ íåñòàíäàðòíûì êðàå, áûë îöåí¸í â èññëåäîâàíèè 2009 ã. â ðàñïîëîæåíèåì èçîëÿòîðîâ. 150,1 ìëí. ðóá. (Êàðÿêèí è äð. 2009). Îöåíèì îáùèé óùåðá îò ËÝÏ â Ðåñïóáëè- Ïîãèáøèé íà ËÝÏ êå Õàêàñèÿ, à òàêæå ñïðîãíîçèðóåì óùåðá ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) îò ðàñøèðåíèÿ ñåòè ñîòîâûõ âûøåê. è îæîãè íà åãî ëàïå. Îòäåëüíûé ïåðåñ÷¸ò ïî òèïàì ËÝÏ â Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ïðèâåä¸í â òà- Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) killed by electrocution áëèöå 6. Ñðåäíèé óùåðá îò «ñîòîâûõ» and burns on its foot. ËÝÏ ñîñòàâèë 16715,4 ðóá./êì, îò «ôîíî- Photos by E. Nikolenko. âûõ» – 13597,7 ðóá./êì, à âáëèçè ñâàëêè – 138125 ðóá./êì. Ñ ó÷¸òîì ïîâûøåííîé ãèáåëè ïòèö â òå- ÷åíèå ëåòà, à òàêæå êîýôôèöèåíòà óòè- ëèçàöèè 3,1, ïîëó÷åííîãî â 2009 ã. äëÿ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ (Êàðÿêèí è äð. 2009), ðåàëüíàÿ ñìåðòíîñòü ïòèö çà ãíåçäîâîé ñåçîí íà îñìîòðåííûõ ËÝÏ ïðåâûøàåò ôàêòè÷åñêè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííóþ â õîäå ðàçîâîãî îñåííåãî îñìîòðà ñìåðòíîñòü êàê ìèíèìóì â 6,2 ðàçà. Ò.å., íà 1 êì «ñî- òîâûõ» ËÝÏ â ñðåäíåì çà ãíåçäîâîé ñåçîí ãèáíåò 51,8 ïòèö (3,2 ïòèöû íà 1 ïòèöåî- ïàñíóþ îïîðó), â òîì ÷èñëå îêîëî 13 ïåð- íàòûõ õèùíèêîâ (0,81 íà 1 ïòèöåîïàñíóþ 70 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

îïîðó). Åæåãîäíûé óùåðá îò ãèáåëè ïòèö ñèè), òî íà áëèæàéøèõ ËÝÏ ìîæåò ãèáíóòü Òàáë. 5. Âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ è ïëîòíîñòü íà «ñîòîâûõ» ËÝÏ ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 103,6 äî 4000 ïòèö, èç êîòîðûõ 645 – õèùíèêè, à ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ íà òûñ. ðóá./êì. Íà 1 êì «ôîíîâûõ» ËÝÏ, ê óùåðá ìîæåò ñîñòàâëÿòü 35,6 ìëí. ðóá. çà ËÝÏ â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòîðûì îòíåñåíû âñå ËÝÏ, ýêñïëóàòèðó- ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íåñìî- êîòëîâèíå è â Ñòåï- åìûå ôèëèàëàìè ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè, ãèáíåò íå òðÿ íà íåðàçâèòóþ ñåòü ÏÎ ËÝÏ â Õàêà- íîì Àëòàå, à òàêæå óùåðá, ðàññ÷èòàííûé ìåíåå 26,8 ïòèö (1,68 íà 1 ïòèöåîïàñíóþ ñèè, îáùèé óùåðá îò ëèíèé «Õàêàñýíåðãî» ñîãëàñíî ìåòîäèêå îïîðó), 5,5 èç êîòîðûõ – õèùíèêè (0,34 îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 46 ìëí. çà ãíåçäîâîé ïåðè- èñ÷èñëåíèÿ ðàçìåðà íà 1 ïòèöåîïàñíóþ îïîðó). Åæåãîäíûé îä, ÷òî âñåãî â 3 ðàçà ìåíüøå îöåí¸ííîãî âðåäà, ïðè÷èí¸ííîãî óùåðá îò ãèáåëè ïòèö íà «ôîíîâûõ» ËÝÏ â 2009 ã. äëÿ âñåãî Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, çàíåñ¸ííûì â ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 84,3 òûñ. ðóá./êì. Êàê áûëî ñêàçàíî âî ââåäåíèè ê ýòîé Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, à Èñõîäÿ èç ñìåðòíîñòè ïòèö íà «ôîíî- ñòàòüå, ìû íå ðàñïîëàãàåì ñîâðåìåííûìè òàêæå èíûì îáúåêòàì âûõ» ËÝÏ è íà îñíîâàíèè îöåí¸ííîé íàìè äàííûìè î ÷èñëå ñîòîâûõ âûøåê â Õàêàñèè. æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, íå îò- ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè ÏÎ ËÝÏ «Õàêàñýíåðãî» Îäíàêî, ñîòîâàÿ ñâÿçü áûñòðî ðàçâèâàåò- íîñÿùèìñÿ ê îáúåêòàì îõîòû è ðûáîëîâñòâà è (128±4 êì), îáùàÿ ãèáåëü ïòèö íà íèõ îöå- ñÿ, è ïðåäïîëàãàÿ, ÷òî â áëèæàéøèå ãîäû ó ñðåäå èõ îáèòàíèÿ (Âû- íåíà â 3430±107 îñîáåé çà ãíåçäîâîé ïå- êàæäîãî ïîñ¸ëêà, â êîòîðîì ïðîæèâàåò áî- äåðæêè…, 2008). ðèîä, èç êîòîðûõ îêîëî 704±22 õèùíèêè, ëåå 2000 æèòåëåé, ïîÿâèòñÿ, êàê ìèíèìóì, Table 5. List of species, à óùåðá îöåí¸í íå ìåíåå 10,8 ìëí. ðóá. îäíà ñîòîâàÿ âûøêà, óùåðá îò ãèáåëè ïòèö number and density of  ýòó îöåíêó íå âîøëè ïòèöû, ãèáíóùèå íà íà ïîäõîäÿùèõ ê íèì ËÝÏ áóäåò ñîñòàâëÿòü electrocuted birds on ËÝÏ, ïðîõîäÿùèõ ÷åðåç ñâàëêè, êîòîðûå îêîëî 13 ìëí. ðóá. çà ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä the surveyed power lines in the Minusinsk òîæå ñ áîëüøîé âåðîÿòíîñòüþ íàõîäÿò- – ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå, â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ depression and in the ñÿ â âåäåíèè «Õàêàñýíåðãî». Êîððåêòíî ëåò, ïîêà çàïàñ ïòèö, îáèòàþùèõ â îêðåñò- steppes of Altai, and îöåíèòü âêëàä ëèíèé, ïðîõîäÿùèõ âáëèçè íîñòÿõ, íå áóäåò óíè÷òîæåí â ðåçóëüòàòå damage, calculated ñâàëîê, ïî èìåþùèìñÿ äàííûì äîñòàòî÷íî ýòîãî íåãàòèâíîãî âëèÿíèÿ. according to the technique of calculating ñëîæíî, ò.ê. ñèòóàöèÿ ìîæåò ñèëüíî îòëè- the damage caused to ÷àòüñÿ â êàæäîì êîíêðåòíîì ñëó÷àå. Òåì Âûâîäû wildlife species listed íå ìåíåå, åñëè ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ñâàëêà, 1. ×àñòîòà ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ, âåäóùèõ in the Red Data Book of ïîäîáíàÿ ðàññìîòðåííîé â èññëåäîâàíèè, ê ñîòîâûì âûøêàì, ïðåâûøàåò òàêîâóþ íà RF, non-game species, and their habitats èìååòñÿ ó êàæäîãî ïîñåëåíèÿ, ñ ÷èñëåííî- ËÝÏ ìåæäó íàñåë¸ííûìè ïóíêòàìè â Àë- (Extracts…, 2008). ñòüþ æèòåëåé áîëåå 2000 ÷åë. (26 â Õàêà- òàéñêîì êðàå â 2,6 ðàçà, â Ìèíóñèíñêîé

Ìèíóñèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà Ñòåïíîé Àëòàé Minusinsk Depression Steppes of Altai ×àñòîòà ×àñòîòà Óùåðá çà ãèáåëè, ãèáåëè, 1 îñ., ðóá. îñ./êì Óùåðá, îñ./êì Óùåðá, Tax for Ãèáåëü, îñ. Density of ðóá. Ãèáåëü, îñ. Density y of ðóá. Âèä the dam- Electrocuted lost birds, Damage, Electrocuted lost birds, Damage, Species age, rubles birds ind./km rubles birds ind./km rubles. Ãàëêà (Corvus monedula) 1 000 0 0 0 10 0.91 10 000 Âîðîí (Corvus corax) 1 000 6 0.42 6 000 2 0.18 2 000 Âîðîíà ÷¸ðíàÿ (Corvus corone) 1 000 39 2.74 39 000 15 1.36 15 000 Ãðà÷ (Corvus frugilegus) 1 000 13 0.91 13 000 28 2.54 28 000 Ãðà÷ èëè ÷¸ðíàÿ âîðîíà (Corvus sp.) 1 000 4 0.28 4 000 1 0.09 1 000 Ñîðîêà (Pica pica) 1 000 10 0.70 10 000 16 1.45 16 000 Ñêâîðåö (Sturnus vulgaris) 1 000 6 0.42 6 000 1 0.09 1 000 Îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) 100 000 0 0 0 1 0.09 100 000 Îð¸ë ñòåïíîé (Aquila nipalensis) 50 000 2 0.14 100 000 0 0 0 Îðëû (Aquila sp.) >50 000 2 0.14 >100 000 0 0 0 Êàíþê (Buteo buteo) 5 000 2 0.14 10 000 3 0.27 15 000 Êîðøóí (Milvus migrans) 5 000 4 0.28 20 000 10 0.91 50 000 ßñòðåá-òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis) 5 000 2 0.14 10 000 0 0 0 Ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) 5 000 8 0.56 40 000 1 0.09 5 000 Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) 50 000 1 0.07 50 000 1 0.09 50 000 Ñîâà óøàñòàÿ (Asio otus) 5 000 0 0 0 1 0.09 5 000 Ñóììà / Total 99 6.94 >408 000 90 8.16 298 000 Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 71

Òàáë. 6. Óùåðá, ðàññ÷èòàííûé ïî ìåòîäèêå èñ÷èñëåíèÿ ðàçìåðà âðåäà, ïî òèïàì ËÝÏ â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Table 6. The damage caused by hazardous PLs according to the technique approved the Ministry of Natural Resources, ranking by type of PLs in the Minusinsk depression.

ËÝÏ «ñîòîâûå» ËÝÏ íà ñâàëêå ËÝÏ «ôîíîâûå» Óùåðá çà (íà 4786 ì) (íà 1600 ì) (íà 7869 ì) 1 îñ., ðóá. “Mobile” PL (4786 m) “Dump” PL (1600 m) «Usual» PL (7869 m) Òax for the Ãèáåëü, îñ. Óùåðá, ðóá. Ãèáåëü, îñ. Óùåðá, ðóá. Ãèáåëü, îñ. Óùåðá, ðóá. damage, Electrocuted Damage, Electrocuted Damage, Electrocuted Damage, rubles birds rubles birds rubles birds rubles Âðàíîâûå (Corvidae sp.) 1 000 30 30 000 17 17 000 25 25 000 Ñêâîðåö (Sturnus vulgaris) 1 000 0 0 4 4 000 2 2 000 Îð¸ë (Aquila sp.) >50 000 0 0 4 >200 000 0 0 Êàíþê (Buteo buteo) 5 000 1 5 000 0 0 1 5 000 Êîðøóí (Milvus migrans) 5 000 1 5 000 0 0 3 15 000 Òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis) 5 000 1 5 000 0 0 1 5 000 Ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) 5 000 7 35 000 0 0 1 5 000 Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) 50 000 0 0 0 0 1 50 000 Ñóììà / Total 40 80 000 25 >221 000 34 107 000.00

êîòëîâèíå – â 1,94 ðàçà, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, 6. Ïðè ðàçâèòèè ñåòè ñîòîâûõ âûøåê â ÷òî ËÝÏ ê ñîòîâûì âûøêàì ÷àùå ïðîõî- Õàêàñèè â áëèæàéøèå ãîäû (êàê ìèíèìóì, äÿò ïî íåíàðóøåííûì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿì íà 26), óùåðá îò ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ïîäõîäÿùèõ âîçâûøåííîñòÿõ. Ýòî îòðàæàåòñÿ è íà ðàç- ê íèì ËÝÏ ìîæåò ñîñòàâëÿòü îêîëî 13 ìëí. íîîáðàçèè âèäîâ, ãèáíóùèõ íà íèõ. ðóá. åæåãîäíî. 2. Íà ó÷àñòêå ËÝÏ, ïðîõîäÿùåì ÷åðåç ñâàëêó áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ â Áîãðàäñêîì Áëàãîäàðíîñòè ðàéîíå Õàêàñèè, çàôèêñèðîâàíà ìàêñè- Õî÷åòñÿ ïîáëàãîäàðèòü Âèêòîðà Ïðî- ìàëüíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö – 15,63 õîðîâà, êîòîðûé áåçâîçìåçäíî îáåñïå÷èë îñ./êì. Îíà ïðåâûøàåò ãèáåëü íà ËÝÏ òðàíñïîðòîì è âñåì íåîáõîäèìûì õîçÿé- ìåæäó íàñåë¸ííûìè ïóíêòàìè â 3,62 ðàçà, ñòâåííûì îáîðóäîâàíèåì îñåííþþ ýêñïå- è ãèáåëü íà «ñîòîâûõ» ËÝÏ – â 1,87 ðàçà. äèöèþ 2010 ã. ïî Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. 3. Äîëÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ñðåäè ïî- ãèáøèõ ïòèö ñîñòàâëÿåò 21,2% â Ìèíó- Ëèòåðàòóðà ñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå è 18,9% – â ñòåïíîì Âñåðîññèéñêàÿ ïåðåïèñü íàñåëåíèÿ 2002 Àëòàå. Ñðàâíåíèå äàííûõ ëåòíåãî è îñåí- ãîäà . Çàêà÷àíî 07.03.2011 ã. îñåíüþ îáùàÿ ãèáåëü ïòèö íèæå íà 16,2%, Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., äîëÿ ïîãèáøèõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ òàêæå Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Ãèáåëü ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íà ËÝÏ íà Àëòàå: ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèÿ íèæå íà 16,3%. 2009 ãîäà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ 4. Óùåðá îò çàôèêñèðîâàííûõ ñëó÷àåâ îõðàíà. 2009. ¹16. C. 45–64. ãèáåëè ïòèö â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ñî- Ñîáûòèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. ñòàâëÿåò íå ìåíåå 408 òûñ. ðóá., â ñðåäíåì 2010. ¹20. C. 6–17. 27,032 òûñ. ðóá. íà 1 êì ëèíèé èëè 1789 Âûäåðæêè èç ìåòîäèêè èñ÷èñëåíèÿ ðàçìå- ðóá. íà îäíó ïòèöåîïàñíóþ îïîðó. ðà âðåäà, ïðè÷èí¸ííîãî îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî 5. Îáùàÿ ãèáåëü ïòèö íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ Ôè- ìèðà, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, à òàê- ëèàëà ÌÐÑÊ Ñèáèðè «Õàêàñýíåðãî», äëèíà æå èíûì îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, íå îòíîñÿ- êîòîðûõ îöåíåíà â 128±4 êì, ñîñòàâëÿåò ùèìñÿ ê îáúåêòàì îõîòû è ðûáîëîâñòâà è ñðåäå 3430±107 ïòèö çà ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä, èç èõ îáèòàíèÿ (Óòâåðæäåíà Ïðèêàçîì ÌÏÐ Ðîñ- ñèè îò 28.04.2008 ¹107). – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíè- êîòîðûõ îêîëî 704±22 õèùíèêè, óùåðá êè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 12–14. îöåí¸í íå ìåíåå ÷åì â 10,8 ìëí. ðóá. Ïðè ×èñëåííîñòü ïîñòîÿííîãî íàñåëåíèÿ Ðîññèé- ýòîì, åù¸ äî 4000 ïòèö, èç êîòîðûõ 645 ñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè ïî ãîðîäàì, ïîñ¸ëêàì ãîðîä- – õèùíèêè, ìîãóò ãèáíóòü íà ËÝÏ âáëèçè ñêîãî òèïà è ðàéîíàì íà 1 ÿíâàðÿ 2010 ã. Ôå- ñâàëîê áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ, óùåðá íà íèõ äåðàëüíàÿ ñëóæáà ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ñòàòèñòèêè. ìîæåò äîõîäèòü äî 35,6 ìëí. ðóá. – ÐÎÑÑÒÀÒ. 2010. 72 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

RaptorElectrocutionintheKrasnoslobodskRegionoftheRepublic ofMordovia,Russia ГИБЕЛЬ ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ НА ЛИНИЯХ ЭЛЕКТРОПЕРЕДАЧИ В КРАСНОСЛОБОДСКОМ РАЙОНЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ МОРДОВИЯ, РОССИЯ SpiridonovS.N.,AryanovK.A.(MordovskyStatePedagogicalInstitute,Saransk, RepublicofMordovia,Russia) Спиридонов С.Н., Арянов К.А. (Мордовский государственный педагогический институт, Саранск, Республика Мордовия, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ðåçþìå Ñåðãåé Ñïèðèäîíîâ  ðàáîòå ïðåäñòàâëåíû ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé ãèáåëè íà ËÝÏ 6–10 ê ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ è ïðåäñòàâèòå- Ìîðäîâñêèé ëåé äðóãèõ âèäîâ ïòèö â Êðàñíîñëîáîäñêîì ðàéîíå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ â 2007–2008 ãã. Îòìå÷åíà ãèáåëü ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé 8 âèäîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå 3-õ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö – îáûêíîâåííîé ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus), êàíþêà (Buteo ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèé buteo), óøàñòîé ñîâû (Asio otus). èíñòèòóò Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ËÝÏ, ïîðàæåíèå ýëåêòðîòîêîì, Ðåñïóáëèêà Ìîðäîâèÿ. 430007, Ðîññèÿ, Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 10.03.2011 ã. Ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè 15.03.2011 ã. Ðåñïóáëèêà Ìîðäîâèÿ, ã. Ñàðàíñê, Abstract óë. Ñòóäåí÷åñêàÿ, 11à This paper presents the results of authors’ studies of bird electrocution on the overhead medium voltage power lines (6–10 kV) in the Krasnoslobodsk region of the Republic of Mordovia in 2007–2008. A total of 8 species, including òåë.: +7 8342 35 21 38 3 raptor species – Kommon Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Buzzard (Buteo buteo) and Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) was [email protected] recorded to be electrocuted. Keywords: raptors, birds of prey, electrocution, power lines, Republic of Mordovia. Received: 10/03/2011. Accepted: 15/03/2011. Contact: Sergey Spiridonov Mordovsky State Pedagogical Institute Studencheskaya str., 11a Ââåäåíèå Introduction Saransk, Ïðîáëåìà ïîðàæåíèå ïòèö òîêîì íà Now the problem of bird electrocution on Republic of Mordovia, ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è ÂË 6–10 ê â the overhead medium voltage power lines Russia, 430007 íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èçó÷àåòñÿ è ðåøàåòñÿ (6–10 kV) is attracted considerable attention tel.: +7 8342 35 21 38 [email protected] âî ìíîãèõ ñóáúåêòàõ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäå- of specialists in many regions of the Russian ðàöèè (Ñàëòûêîâ, 1999; Êàðÿêèí è äð., Federation (Saltykov, 1999; Karyakin et al., 2009; Êàðåâ, 2008; Ìàöûíà, 2005; 2006; 2009; Karev, 2008; Matsyna, 2005; 2006; Ìåäæèäîâ è äð., 2005 è äð.).  Ìîðäîâèè Madzhidov et al., 2005 etc.). In Mordovia èìååòñÿ ïîëîæèòåëüíûé îïûò ðåøåíèÿ there is some positive experience of its so- ýòîé ïðîáëåìû â Íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå lution in the National Park “Smolny” (Mat- «Ñìîëüíûé» (Ìàöûíà è äð., 2010). Äëÿ syna et al., 2010). However, for other ter- îñòàëüíîé òåððèòîðèè Ðåñïóáëèêè ïðî- ritory of the Republic the problem of bird áëåìà ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ ïðîäîëæàåò electrocution remains an urgent concern. îñòàâàòüñÿ îñòðîé, òðåáóþùåé èçó÷åíèÿ Area of Surveys and Methods The paper are based on the data of counts of electrocuted birds carried out along the overhead medium voltage power lines (PL 6–10 kV) in the Krasnoslobodsk region of the Republic of Mordovia during summer-autumn period in 2007–2008. We observed about 75 km of PLs 6–10 kV, the most sectors of PLs were surveyed several times (fig. 1).

Ïòèöåîïàñíàÿ ëèíèÿ ýëåòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 ê â Êðàñíîñëîáîäñêîì ðàéîíå. Ôîòî Ê. Àðÿíîâà. The overhead medium voltage power line (6–10kV) in the Krasnoslobodsk region poses a high risk to birds. Photo by K. Aryanov. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 73

Results A total we found remains of 130 birds belonging to 8 species (table 1), includ- ing remains of 22 raptors (17% of the to- tal number of electrocuted birds). Among raptors the Buzzard (Buteo buteo) pre- dominated – 20 carcasses (90.9% of the total number of electrocuted raptors and 15.4% of the total number of electrocuted birds). Among other species of birds elec- trocuted we found the Rook (Corvus fru- gilegus) dominating – 62% (Spiridonov, Arianov, 2010). The analysis of habitats has shown that the greatest number of electrocuted raptors was recorded on PLs going along the bor- ders between cultivated lands and upland grasslands (table 2). Crows, on the contrary, generally recorded near settlements and cattle farms. A total length of PLs 6–10 kV in the terri- tory of the Krasnoslobodsk region is about 500 km. Thus, we can project no less 1000 birds being electrocuted on PLs 6–10 kV in this region per year. The damage, caused by bird electrocution to wildlife of the Krasnoslobodsk region in 2007–2008, was estimated as more than 3,500,000 rubles.

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàéîí èññëåäîâàíèé è îáñëåäîâàííûå ó÷àñòêè ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è. Fig. 1. Area of surveys and observed sectors of power lines.

è óñòðàíåíèÿ íåãàòèâíîãî âëèÿíèÿ ëèíèé ïåðåäà÷è íà ïòèö.

Ðàéîí èññëåäîâàíèé è ìåòîäèêà Ìàòåðèàëîì äëÿ ðàáîòû ïîñëóæè- ëè äàííûå ó÷¸òîâ ïîãèáøèõ íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è ñðåäíåãî íàïðÿæå- íèÿ (ÂË 6–10 êÂ) ïòèö, ñîáðàííûå â Êðàñíîñëîáîäñêîì ðàéîíå Ðåñïóáëè- êè Ìîðäîâèÿ â ëåòíå-îñåííèé ïåðèîä â 2007–2008 ãã. Îñìîòðåíî îêîëî 75 êì ÂË 6–10 êÂ, áîëüøèíñòâî èç íèõ íåîäíî- êðàòíî (ðèñ. 1). Îñìîòð ëèíèé âûïîë- íÿëñÿ íà ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòàõ íà îñíîâå àíàëèçà ïîîïîðíûõ ñõåì ÂË 6–10 êÂ, ïðåäîñòàâëåííûõ ôèëèàëîì ÎÀÎ «Ìîð- äîâýíåðãî» «Êðàñíîñëîáîäñêèé ÐÝÑ». Îöåíêà ìàñøòàáîâ ãèáåëè ïòèö ïðîâå- Ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus), ïîãèáøèå íà ËÝÏ. äåíà ñ ó÷¸òîì êîýôôèöèåíòà óòèëèçà- Ôîòî Ñ. Ñïèðèäîíîâà è Ê. Àðÿíîâà. öèè, êîòîðûé ïðèíÿò íàìè ðàâíûì 2,5, Electrocuted Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus). êàê è â ñîñåäíåé, ñõîäíîé ïî ôèçèêî- Photos by S. Spiridonov and K. Aryanov. 74 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 1. Ðåçóëüòàòû ó÷¸òà ãèáåëè ïòèö íà îáñëåäîâàííûõ ÂË 6–10 ê â Êðàñíîñëîáîäñêîì ðàéîíå, 2007–2008 ãã. Table 1. Results of counts of electrocuted birds carried out along PLs 6–10 kV in the Krasnoslobodsk region, 2007–2008.

Ñåíòÿáðü – íîÿáðü 2007 ã. Àïðåëü – íîÿáðü 2008 ã. (12,2 êì) (62,8 êì) September – November 2007 April – November 2008 Âñåãî (75 êì) Âèä (12.2 km) (62.8 km) Total (75 km) Species Àáñ. / Ind. % Àáñ. / Ind. % Àáñ. / Ind. % Êàíþê (Buteo buteo) 5 25 15 13.6 20 15.4 Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) - 0 1 0.9 1 0.8 Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus) - 0 1 0.9 1 0,8 Äðóãèå ïòèöû Other birds 15 75 93 84.6 108 83.0 Âñåãî All birds 20 100 110 100 130 100

ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîìó ïîëîæåíèþ, Íèæåãî- íÿþò ñòîëáû ËÝÏ, íà êîòîðûõ íåêîòîðûå ðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (Ìàöûíà, 2005). ïòèöû âïîñëåäñòâèè ïîãèáàþò. Íàèáîëüøàÿ ãèáåëü ñðåäè äðóãèõ âèäîâ Ðåçóëüòàòû îòìå÷åíà ó ãðà÷à (Corvus frugilegus) – 62%  ðåçóëüòàòå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû îñòàí- îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö (Ñïè- êè 130 ïòèö 8 âèäîâ (òàáë. 1). Ñðåäè ïî- ðèäîíîâ, Àðÿíîâ, 2010). ãèáøèõ ïòèö, îáíàðóæåííûõ ïîä îïî- Àíàëèç áèîòîïè÷åñêîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ðàìè ÂË 6–10 ê â Êðàñíîñëîáîäñêîì ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö âûÿâèë â êà÷åñòâå íàèáî- ðàéîíå, îòìå÷åíû îñòàíêè 22-õ ïåðíà- ëåå îïàñíûõ äëÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö ÂË 6–10 êÂ, òûõ õèùíèêîâ, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 17% îò ðàñïîëîæåííûå íà ãðàíèöàõ ñåëüñêîõî- âñåõ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö. Áîëüøå âñåãî èç çÿéñòâåííûõ óãîäèé è ñóõîäîëüíûõ ëó- õèùíèêîâ áûëî íàéäåíî ïîãèáøèõ êàíþ- ãîâ (òàáë. 2). Âðàíîâûå ïòèöû, íàîáîðîò, êîâ (Buteo buteo) – 20 îñîáåé (90,9% îò â îñíîâíîì ïîãèáàëè âáëèçè íàñåë¸ííûõ îáùåãî ÷èñëà ïîãèáøèõ ïåðíàòûõ õèù- ïóíêòîâ è æèâîòíîâîä÷åñêèõ êîìïëåêñîâ. íèêîâ è 15,4% îò âñåõ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö). Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ÂË 6–10 ê íà Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèìè îñîáåí- òåððèòîðèè Êðàñíîñëîáîäñêîãî ðàéîíà íîñòÿìè âèäà – äëÿ âûñëåæèâàíèÿ äî- (ïî äàííûì ôèëèàëà ÎÀÎ «Ìîðäîâýíåðãî» áû÷è åìó íóæíà ïðèñàäà.  óñëîâèÿõ «Êðàñíîñëîáîäñêèé ÐÝÑ») ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî îòêðûòûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ, ãäå ïðîâîäèëèñü 500 êì. íàøè èññëåäîâàíèÿ, ðîëü ïðèñàä âûïîë- Èñïîëüçóÿ ïîëó÷åííûå äàííûå ïî óðîâ- íþ ãèáåëè ïòèö êàæäîãî âèäà â ðåçóëüòàòå Òàáë. 2. ×àñòîòà âñòðå÷àåìîñòè ïòèö, ïîðàæ¸ííûõ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì íà ÂË ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ËÝÏ, ìîæíî 6–10 êÂ, â ðàçëè÷íûõ áèîòîïàõ Êðàñíîñëîáîäñêîãî ðàéîíà, â 2007–2008 ãã. (îñ./êì). ïðîèçâåñòè ïîâèäîâóþ ýêñòðàïîëÿöèþ ìàñøòàáîâ ãèáåëè ïòèö è îïðåäåëèòü ïî- Table 2. Density of electrocuted birds along PLs 6–10 kV in different habitats in the Krasnoslobodsk region in 2007–2008 (ind./km). òåíöèàëüíûé óùåðá, ïðè÷èíÿåìûé æè- âîòíîìó ìèðó Êðàñíîñëîáîäñêîãî ðàéîíà Ñåëüñêîõî- Æèâîòíî- Íèçèííûå (òàáë. 3). Íà ÂË 6–10 êÂ, ïðîòÿíóâøèõñÿ Ñóõîäîëü- çÿéñòâåí- âîä÷åñêèé ëóãà ïî òåððèòîðèè Êðàñíîñëîáîäñêîãî ðàéî- íûå ëóãà íûå ïîëÿ êîìïëåêñ Flood- íà, ìîæíî îæèäàòü åæåãîäíóþ ãèáåëü íå Âèä Upland Cultivated Cattle plain ìåíåå 1000 ïòèö. Îáùàÿ ñóììà óùåðáà, Species grasslands lands farm meadows íàíåñ¸ííîãî æèâîòíîìó ìèðó Êðàñíîñ- Êàíþê ëîáîäñêîãî ðàéîíà â ðåçóëüòàòå ýêñïëóà- (Buteo buteo) 0.12 0.34 0 0 òàöèè ÂË 6–10 ê â 2007–2008 ãã., îöåíå- Îáûêíîâåííàÿ íà áîëåå ÷åì â 3,5 ìëí. ðóáëåé. ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) 0 0.06 0 0 Ëèòåðàòóðà Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà Êàðåâ Â.À. Ãèáåëü ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Ìîñêîâ- (Asio otus) 0 0.06 0 0 ñêîì ðåãèîíå. – Ýêîëîãèÿ è âåòåðèíàðèÿ äè- Äðóãèå ïòèöû êèõ è ýêçîòè÷åñêèõ æèâîòíûõ. Ì.: ÐÃÀÇÓ, Other birds 1.52 0.69 7.84 1.56 2008. Ñ. 117–121. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 75

Òàáë. 3. Îöåíêà ìàñøòàáîâ ãèáåëè ïòèö è óùåðáà ïðè ïîðàæåíèè ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì íà ÂË 6–10 ê â Êðàñíîñëîáîäñêîì ðàéîíå â 2007–2008 ãã. Table 3. Estimation of damage caused by bird electrocution on PLs 6–10 kV in the Krasnoslobodsk region in 2007–2008.

Íîðìàòèâíàÿ Ñðåäíÿÿ ÷àñòîòà Âåðîÿòíûé óùåðá (ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ñòîèìîñòü, ãèáåëè, îñ./êì Íàáëþäàåìûé íà 500 êì ÂË 6–10 ê â ðàéîíå) ðóá. ñ ó÷¸òîì óùåðá Estimated damage (calculated for (Ìåòîäèêà…, êîýôôèöèåíòà (îáñëåäîâàíû 500 km of PL 6–10 kV in the region) 2008) óòèëèçàöèè 75 êì), ðóá. Tax of the Average density of Surveyed dam- damage, rub. electrocuted birds, age (length of Âèä (Technique…, ind./km considering surveyed PL – 75 Îñîáè Ñòîèìîñòü, ðóá. Species 2008) the index of utilization km), rub. Ind. Damage, rub. Êàíþê (Buteo buteo) 5 000 0.675 253 125 337.5 168 7500 Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) 5 000 0.03 11 250 15 75 000 Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus) 5 000 0.03 11 250 15 75 000 Äðóãèå ïòèöû Other birds 1 000 3.6 270 000 1 800 1 800 000 Âñåãî / Total 4.335 545 625 2 167.5 3 637 500

Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Ìåäæèäîâ Ð.À., Ïåñòîâ Ì.Â., Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Ãèáåëü ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ËÝÏ – èòîãè ïðîåêòà â Êàëìû- íà ËÝÏ íà Àëòàå: ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèÿ êèè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009 ãîäà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ 2005. ¹2. Ñ. 25–30. îõðàíà. 2009. ¹16. C. 45–64. Ìåòîäèêà èñ÷èñëåíèÿ ðàçìåðà âðåäà, ïðè- Ìàöûíà À.È. Ðåãèîíàëüíàÿ îöåíêà ìàñøòà- ÷èí¸ííîãî îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, çàíå- áîâ ãèáåëè ïòèö ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ ËÝÏ (íà ïðè- ñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäå- ìåðå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè). – Îðíèòîëî- ðàöèè, à òàêæå èíûì îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. ìèðà, íå îòíîñÿùèìñÿ ê îáúåêòàì îõîòû è Ñòàâðîïîëü. 2006. Ñ. 340–342. ðûáîëîâñòâà è ñðåäå èõ îáèòàíèÿ. Óòâåðæ- Ìàöûíà À.È. Îöåíêà è ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå äåíà Ïðèêàçîì ÌÏÐ Ðîññèè îò 28.04.2008 ã. ìàñøòàáîâ ãèáåëè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Íè- ¹107. Ðååñòð Ìèíþñòà ÐÔ. ¹11775. 29 ìàÿ æåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (ëåñíàÿ è ëåñîñòåïíàÿ 2008 ã. çîíà Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè). – Ïåðíàòûå Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïðåäîòâðàùå- õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 2. Ñ. 33–41. íèþ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è Ìàöûíà À.È., Ìàöûíà Å.Ë., Ìàöûíà À.À., 6–10 êÂ. – Óëüÿíîâñê, 1999. 43 ñ. Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô., Ñïèðèäîíîâ Ñ.Í. Îöåíêà ýô- Ñïèðèäîíîâ Ñ.Í., Àðÿíîâ Ê.À. Îöåíêà ãè- ôåêòèâíîñòè ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé íà áåëè âðàíîâûõ ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðå- ÂË 6–10 êâ â íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå «Ñìîëüíûé», äà÷è (íà ïðèìåðå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ). Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. – Âðàíîâûå ïòèöû Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Îìñê, 2010. ¹20. Ñ. 35–39. 2010. Ñ. 131–134.

Ïòèöåîïàñíàÿ ëèíèÿ ýëåòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 ê â Êðàñíîñëî- áîäñêîì ðàéîíå. Ôîòî Ê. Àðÿíîâà. Hazardous PL 6–10 kV in the Krasnoslobodsk region. Photo by K. Aryanov. 76 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

RaptorResearch ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ

White-TailedEagleintheDeltaoftheIleRiverandontheBalkhash Lake,South-EasternKazakhstan ОРЛАН-БЕЛОХВОСТ В ДЕЛЬТЕ РЕКИ ИЛЕ И НА ОЗЕРЕ БАЛХАШ, ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНЫЙ КАЗАХСТАН ZhatkanbaevA.Zh.(InstituteofZoology,CommitteeofaScienceofMinistryof EducationandSciences,Almaty,Kazakhstan) Жатканбаев А.Ж. (Институт зоологии Комитета науки Министерства образования и науки, Алматы, Казахстан)

Êîíòàêò: Ðåçþìå Àëòàé Æàòêàíáàåâ Îðèãèíàëüíûå ìàòåðèàëû ìîíèòîðèíãîâûõ íàáëþäåíèé 1984–2010 ãã. â äåëüòå ðåêè Èëå (Èëè) è íà îçåðå Áàë- Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè õàø (Þãî-Âîñòî÷íûé Êàçàõñòàí). Îòìå÷åíî óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) ÌÎÍ ÐÊ – ñ 26 äî 50 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð íà ïëîùàäè 8 òûñ. êì2, âåðîÿòíî, â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðåêðàùåíèÿ åãî èñòðåáëåíèÿ. ïð-ò Àëü-Ôàðàáè, 93, Ïîäðîáíûå ñâåäåíèÿ î íåîáû÷íîì òèïå ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – âîñüìè ñëó÷àÿõ ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä â çàðîñëÿõ òðîñò- Àêàäåìãîðîäîê, íèêà (Phragmites communis) â íèæíåé è ñðåäíåé ÷àñòÿõ äåëüòû, ãäå õàðàêòåðåí äåôèöèò âûñîêîñòâîëüíûõ Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí, äåðåâüåâ. Ïðè áëàãîïðèÿòíûõ êîðìîâûõ è çàùèòíûõ óñëîâèÿõ îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò ñïîñîáåí ïðîÿâëÿòü ãíåçäî- 050060 ñòðîèòåëüíóþ ïëàñòè÷íîñòü, èñïîëüçóÿ çàëîìû òðîñòíèêà â êà÷åñòâå ñóáñòðàòà, à åãî ñòåáëè è ëèñòüÿ – äëÿ [email protected] ñòðîèòåëüñòâà ãíåçäà. Êðèòè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ëèòåðàòóðíûõ ñâåäåíèé è ñîáñòâåííûå íàáëþäåíèÿ ïîçâîëÿþò [email protected] óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî äëÿ äåëüòû ðåêè Èëå îòñóòñòâóþò äîñòîâåðíûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè îðëàíà-äîëãîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus leucoryphus). Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò, Haliaaetus albicilla, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ãíåç- äîâàíèå, òðîñòíèê, îðëàí-äîëãîõâîñò, Haliaeetus leucoryphus, Èëå, Áàëõàø, Þãî-Âîñòî÷íûé Êàçàõñòàí. Contact: Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 12.02.2011 ã. Ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè 15.03.2011 ã. Altay Zhatkanbayev Institute of Zoology Abstract Al-Farabi ave., 93, The original data of surveys carried out in the delta of Ile (Ili) river and Balkhash lake (South-Eastern Kazakhstan) in Akademgorodok, 1984–2010. An increase of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) numbers from 26 to 50 breeding pairs is Almaty, Kazakhstan, indicated on 8000 sq. km. Probably because of the targeted mass persecution of raptors was stopped. The paper 050060 contains information about unusual type of the species nesting. There were 8 cases of nests placed on reed (Phrag- [email protected] mites communis) within lower and middle parts of the delta with rich food but lack of high trees. Critical analysis [email protected] of literature and author’s research indicated clearly that Pallas’s Sea-Eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus) does not nest in the Ile delta and near the lake Balkhash. Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, White-Tailed Eagle, Haliaaetus albicilla, population status, breeding biology, reed, Pallas’s Sea-Eagle, Haliaeetus leucoryphus, Ile river, Balkhash lake, South-Eastern Kazakhstan. Received: 12/02/2011. Accepted: 15/03/2011.

Ââåäåíèå Intoduction Äåëüòà ð. Èëå (ïðåæíåå íàçâàíèå – Èëè) The delta of the Ile river and the adjacent è ïðèäåëüòîâàÿ ÷àñòü îç. Áàëõàø – ñàìûå part of Balkhash lake are the largest and the êðóïíûå è áîãàòûå âèäàìè âîäíî-áîëîòíûå richest wetland concerning the landscape óãîäüÿ Êàçàõñòàíà. Äåëüòà íàïîìèíàåò òðå- and biological diversity in the territory of Ka- óãîëüíèê âûñîòîé 135 êì, âûòÿíóòûé âäîëü zakhstan. The area of the entire delta is more îñíîâíîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ ðå÷íîãî ñòîêà, than 8,000 km2. The White-Tailed Eagle ïðè øèðèíå óçêîé âåðøèíû (ãîëîâû äåëü- (Haliaeetus albicilla) is the most typical spe- òû) â 3–4 êì è ïðèîç¸ðíîãî îñíîâàíèÿ – â cies of the birds of prey and predominates 110–115 êì (ðèñ. 1). Îáùàÿ å¸ ïëîùàäü ñî- among eagles during the breeding and win- ñòàâëÿåò áîëåå 8 òûñ. êì2, à â îòíîñèòåëüíî tering seasons in the delta of the Ile and the ìíîãîâîäíûå ãîäû (íàïðèìåð, 1988, 1998 coast and islands Balkhash lake. è 2010) – äî 10 òûñ. êì2. Îçåðî Áàëõàø ïðîñòèðàåòñÿ â øèðîòíîì íàïðàâëåíèè Methods áîëåå ÷åì íà 600 êì, ïðè ìàêñèìàëüíîé The monitoring of breeding biology of the øèðèíå 70 êì, à â ñàìîé óçêîé ÷àñòè – 4,5 White-Tailed Eagle was carried out in the êì, ãäå ïîëóîñòðîâ Ñàðûåñûê ïî÷òè äåëèò delta of the Ile river and on Balkhash lake Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 77

îçåðî íà äâå ïîëîâèíû: âîñòî÷íóþ ñîë¸- in 1984–2010. Surveys were conducted íóþ è çàïàäíóþ ïðåñíóþ. by boats and kayaks on water routes eve- Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) ry year (up to 1000–1500 km a year) and – íàèáîëåå õàðàêòåðíûé âèä êðóïíûõ by vehicles and on foot (up to 800–1000 äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö â äåëüòå ð. Èëå, íà km a year) as well. Besides, counts of birds ïîáåðåæüÿõ è îñòðîâàõ îç. Áàëõàø. Îí and inspections of territories and water ar- âêëþ÷¸í â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðåñïóáëèêè Êà- eas were carried out during flights by plane çàõñòàí (2010) è Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Àëìàòèí- An-2 and helicopters Mi-8, Mi-2 and Agus- ñêîé îáëàñòè (2006), à òàêæå â Êðàñíûé taWestland AW119Ke. ñïèñîê ÌÑÎÏ â êàòåãîðèþ âèäîâ, ñòàòóñ êîòîðûõ âûçûâàåò ìèíèìàëüíîå áåñïî- Results and the discussion êîéñòâî (IUCN, 2010). Estimation of the population conditions according to the published data and data Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäèêà èññëåäîâàíèé of questionnaires Ýêîëîãèþ è ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíà- The large-scale actions on the birds of áåëîõâîñòà èçó÷àëè â 1984–2010 ãã. Åæå- prey shooting had been carried out in the Ðèñ. 1. Äåëüòà ð. Èëå è ãí¸çäà îðëàíà- ãîäíî ïðîâîäèëèñü ýêñïåäèöèè ïî âîäíûì territory of the Balkhash muskrat facility áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus ìàðøðóòàì íà ìîòîðíûõ è â¸ñåëüíûõ center, which covered all the delta of the Ile albicilla), óñòðîåííûå ëîäêàõ è áàéäàðêàõ (äî 1000–1500 êì â and almost all the western half of Balkhash íà òðîñòíèêå. ãîä), à òàêæå àâòîìîáèëüíûå è ïåøèå ó÷¸- lake, until 1963–1964. According to some Fig. 1. The delta of the òû (äî 800–1000 êì â ãîä), îáë¸òû íà ñà- data (Grachev, 1976) the shooting of birds Ile river and a nest of ìîë¸òå Àí-2 è âåðòîë¸òàõ Ìè-8, Ìè-2 è was carried out here up to 1963, to another the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) on AgustaWestland AW119Ke ïàðàëëåëüíûìè – up to 1964 (Grachev, 1965). a reed there. ãàëñàìè ïîïåð¸ê äåëüòû, ÷åðåç 5–10 êì, ñî As a result of those actions the number of the White-Tailed Eagle seemed to be rather decreased in the delta of the Ile, at coasts and islands of the western half of Balkhash lake. However, Grachev (1974), who sur- veyed eagles during 11 years (1954–1964) in the delta of the Ile, recorded about 26 pairs of the White-Tailed Eagle breeding there in 1950–1960-s. However Grachev (1976) noted, that in the territory under in- vestigation, being an area of 100 km2 and located in the upper part of the delta, the breeding density were being decreased – 6 pairs were noted in 1955, 5 – in 1957, 2 – in 1958 and only pair in 1962–1964, in spite of the fact, that this territory was a protected area, the species number was higher there than on other sites. According to our estimation (Zhatkan- bayev, 1990) a total of 30–40 pairs bred in the territory of the delta in 1984–1987.

Distribution, number and nest registra- tions in the modern period The greatest population density of the species was recorded in the upper part of the delta of the Ile (vicinities of Araltobe, Zheltorangy, Topar (Kaskelen-Topar), Balat- opar settlements) in 1984–2010, as well as during the previous decades. The eagle nests there on poplars (of different species) in the fragmented long-boled forests. A total of 40–43 pairs of eagles were re- corded to nest in 1996–1998, about 43–45 pairs – in 1999–2003, and 45–50 pairs – in 2004–2007. According to our estimation 78 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

no more than 50 pairs bred in the entire ter- ritory of the delta of the Ile in 2008–2010. The table 1 shows the data on changes in numbers of breeding pairs of the species in the delta of the Ile. Comparing with data obtained in 1950–1960-s the number of eagles has increased by 2010, that can be explained by the termination of those ac- tions on the birds of prey killing in the delta of the Ile.

Breeding biology The White-Tailed Eagle is generally treat- ed as a tree-nesting species. One nest on a tree may be regularly occupied by pairs dur- ing two-four years up to five-six, and some- times, probably, and a lot of years. Then it is abandoned for the different reasons. Ac- cording to our observations on wetlands of the delta of the Ile and Balkhash lake the species prefers to nests on various tree spe- cies: poplars (Popolus pruinosa, P. diversifo- lia and P. litvinoviana), silverberry (Elaeag- nus oxycarpa) and willows (Salix songarica, S. viminalis and S. wilhelmsiana). However during our surveys carried out we discovered 8 nests eagles, that were located on the Common Reed (Phragmites communis). Data about such 3 nests found in the lower reaches of the delta of the Ile in 1984–1987 has been already published (Zhatkanbayev, 1990). However there are no details of such type of the species nest- ing in the available publications. Among found 8 nests (including those three cases that have been already published) 7 nests were located in the lower part (one nests was found in 1984, two – in 1987, one – in 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1992), and one – in the middle part of the delta (1995). The percentage of the nests built on a reed ranged between 2.5–2.9% and 5.0–6.7% in a total number of found nests in differ- ent years (table 2), while the percentage of nests on trees varied from 93.3–95.0% to Òèïè÷íûé ëàíäøàôò â ñðåäíåé ñêîðîñòüþ îò 120 äî 180 êì/÷àñ, 97.1–97.5%. In other years during the pe- íèçîâüÿõ äåëüòû Èëå, íà âûñîòå 40–80 ì, ïðè øèðèíå ó÷¸òíîé riod of surveys, almost all the nests were ãäå îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò ïîëîñû â 200–250 ì ñ êàæäîé ñòîðîíû placed on the high trees (poplars, willows ãíåçäèòñÿ â òðîñòíèêàõ. Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. âîçäóøíîãî ñóäíà. Îçåðî Áàëõàø îáñëå- and silverberries), excepting two cases (questionnaire data) of the eagles nesting Typical landscape for äîâàëè íà ñóäíå îç¸ðíîãî òèïà ÏÒÑ-150 the lower part of the Ile è ìîòîðíîé ëîäêå. Îñóùåñòâëÿëèñü îïðî- on an electric pole and on a saxaul (more delta, where the White- ñû åãåðåé, îõîòíèêîâ, ðûáàêîâ è äðóãèõ obviously by Aquila sp.). Tailed Eagle nests in ãðóïï ìåñòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ â íàñåë¸ííûõ During our surveys 84 nests with clutches reed jungles. Photos by or broods were visited (a total of 157 eggs A. Zhatkanbayev. ïóíêòàõ, ÷àáàíñêèõ ñòîéáèùàõ, ðûáàöêèõ è îõîòíè÷üèõ ñòàíàõ (äî 50–80 ÷åëîâåê and 161 nestling were examined). The av- åæåãîäíî). Îñíîâíîé öåëüþ êîìïëåêñíûõ erage clutch size (table 3) in the delta of the îáñëåäîâàíèé áûë ó÷¸ò åæåãîäíî ãíåçäÿ- Ile was 1.87±0.67 eggs (n=84; range 1–3 ùèõñÿ ïàð îðëàíà, íî, â ñèëó ñëîæíîñòè eggs). Among 157 eggs 6 unfertilized eggs ëàíäøàôòà äåëüòû è âûñîêîé óêðûòîñòè (3.82%) were recorded. The average clutch Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 79

÷àñòè ãí¸çä, ðåçóëüòàòû èõ ó÷¸òîâ íåëüçÿ ñ÷èòàòü àáñîëþòíûìè.

Óñëîâèÿ îáèòàíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â äåëüòå ð. Èëå Ãîëîâíàÿ ÷àñòü äåëüòû Èëå áîãàòà õî- ðîøî ðàçâèòûìè àññîöèàöèÿìè âûñîêî- ñòâîëüíûõ äåðåâüåâ, íàëè÷èåì òóðàí- ãîâûõ ðîù, ãäå, â îñíîâíîì, ãíåçäèòñÿ îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò.  ñðåäíåé è, îñîáåí- íî, íèæíåé ÷àñòÿõ äåëüòû îùóùàåòñÿ îïðåäåë¸ííûé äåôèöèò âûñîêîñòâîëüíîé äðåâîâèäíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè, çäåñü ïðå- îáëàäàþò òðîñòíèêîâûå è òðîñòíèêîâî- ðîãîçîâûå êðåïè. Ïî ìåðå óäàëåíèÿ îò âåðøèíû äåëüòû ïëîùàäü, ãóñòîòà è âûñîòà òóãàåâ ñíèæàþòñÿ, â íèçîâüÿõ îíè ïîëíî- ñòüþ èñ÷åçàþò. Ïðèãîäíûå äëÿ ãíåçäîâà- íèÿ îðëàíîâ òîïîëÿ, ëîõ è èâû èçðåäêà ïðèñóòñòâóþò â íèæíåé ÷àñòè äåëüòû ëèøü â âèäå îòäåëüíî ñòîÿùèõ äåðåâüåâ ëèáî êðîõîòíûõ ëåíòî÷íûõ ðîùèö ïî áåðåãàì ïðîòîê è â ìåæäóðå÷üÿõ ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ Ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â äåëüòå Èëå, áîëüøèõ è ìàëûõ ðóêàâîâ. íåäàëåêî îò êîëîíèè ïåëèêàíîâ è áàêëàíîâ. Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé è èõ îáñóæ- Nesting habitats of the White-Tailed Eagle in the Ile delta close to a colony of Pelicans and Cormorants. äåíèå Photo by A. Zhatkanbayev. Îöåíêà ñîñòîÿíèÿ âèäà ïî ëèòåðà- òóðíûì è îïðîñíûì äàííûì size on islands of Balkhash lake (1990) was  ïîñëåâîåííûå ãîäû â Áàëõàøñêîì îí- 1.00 eggs (n=2). The average brood size äàòðîâîì õîçÿéñòâå, òåððèòîðèÿ êîòîðîãî in the delta of the Ile was 1.64±0.65 nest- îõâàòûâàëà äåëüòó Èëå è ïî÷òè âñþ çàïàäíóþ lings per nest with nestlings (n=98; range Ïîëíîñòüþ îïåð¸í- ïîëîâèíó îçåðà, âïëîòü äî 1963–64 ãã. ïðî- 1–3 nestlings) and 1.41±0.83 nestlings per íûé ïòåíåö îðëàíà- âîäèëèñü ìàñøòàáíûå êàìïàíèè ïî óíè- breeding attempt (n=114; range 1–3 nest- áåëîõâîñòà â ãíåçäå ÷òîæåíèþ õèùíûõ è âðàíîâûõ ïòèö (Ãðà- lings). The average brood size on islands of íà äåðåâå. Ãíåçäî â Balkhash lake was 1.00 nestlings per nest âåðõíåé ÷àñòè äåëüòû ÷¸â, 1965, 1976), êàê âðåäèòåëåé îíäàòðû Èëå. 16 ìàÿ 1995 ã. (Ondatra zibethicus) è âîäîïëàâàþùåé with nestlings and per breeding attempt Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. äè÷è. Ïî ñîîáùåíèþ áûâøåãî çàâåäóþ- as well (n=2). We monitored 69 occupied Fledgling of the White- ùåãî Êóéãàíñêèì îòäåëåíèåì Áàëõàøñêîãî nests (delta of the Ile), 51 of them were suc- Tailed Eagle in the nest ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî îõîòíè÷üåãî õîçÿéñòâà cessful (nestlings fledged), and 18 – unsuc- on a tree. The nest is Ï.À. Ñèìîíåíêî, çà ëàïêè äîáûòûõ ïòèö cessful (nestlings were lost). Thus, breeding located in the upper part of the Ile delta. âûïëà÷èâàëèñü ïðåìèè: 50 ñîâåòñêèõ êî- success in the Ile delta was 73.91% (n=69). May, 16 1995. Photo by ïååê (çà âîðîíó Corvus sp. è ñîðîêó Pica A total of 82 nestlings were recorded to A. Zhatkanbayev. pica), 2 ð. 50 ê. (çà ëóíåé Circus sp., êîð- fledge, averaging 1.61 fledglings per suc- cessful jack (n=51), or 0.72 fledglings per breeding attempt (n=114). Breeding suc- cess of pairs inhabiting islands of Balkhash lake was as follows: the dead nestling was found in the one nest, in the another nest the nestling was alive, but his further des- tiny was not looked after. The height of reed nest location in the bottom part of the delta (n=7) varied from 30 cm (1987) to 190 cm (1988) above the water level, and in the middle part of the delta – 150–170 cm (one nest was found in 1995). The average height of nest location on a reed 110 cm above the water level. Three nests on a reed, that was found in 80 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

1987–1988 and 1990, were located on one separate site. Two nests which were found in 1987–1988, were on Ulken Balakashkan lake, while both nests were discovered on one reed island; another nest (1990) was in 1.5–18 km apart. External diameter of nests (n=7) ranged between 60×70 cm (minimal) and 100×120 cm (maximal). Four nests were located on the banks of lakes covered by reed, including nest on the largest lake of the Ile delta – Asaubay lake, being found in 1984. Three nests were located on a reed is- land (the island size was 2.5×3.5 m) and one – on the bank of a channel covered by reed. Ïòåíåö îðëàíà- øóíîâ Milvus migrans è äðóãèõ õèùíûõ Nest cups of three nests were located at áåëîõâîñòà â òðîñòíè- ïòèö ñðåäíèõ ðàçìåðîâ) è 5 ðóáëåé (çà a height of 30–40 cm above the water level êîâîì ãíåçäå. Ïîñëå êîðìëåíèÿ íà êëþâå êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, âêëþ÷àÿ and at very strong wind they could partly îñòàëèñü èêðèíêè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà). Â.À. Ãðà÷¸â (1976) run with big waves in spite of the fact that ñàçàíà. òàêæå àêòèâíî ñîáèðàë àíêåòíûå ñâåäåíèÿ they were the largest (their diameter were Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. ïî îðëàíó-áåëîõâîñòó è ïðîñìàòðèâàë maximal – 100×120 cm). Nestling of the White- ëàïêè äîáûòûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà çàãîòîâè- All nests on a reed were lined with reed Tailed Eagle. After òåëüíûõ ñêëàäàõ Áàëõàøñêîãî îíäàòðîâîãî stems and leaves and occasionally with few feeding some grains of roe of the Common õîçÿéñòâà: ñðåäè 502 õèùíèêîâ, äîáûòûõ numbers of branches of trees or bushes. Carp remains on the bill îõîòíèêàìè â 1960–62 ãã. â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè All nests seemed to be occupied only dur- of the nestling Photo by äåëüòû, áûëî 87 îðëàíîâ, à èç 323 ïòèö, ing the year of their building and not used A. Zhatkanbayev. óíè÷òîæåííûõ â íèçîâüÿõ äåëüòû, – òîëüêî next years. Just in 1987–1988 one small îäèí.  áîëåå ðàííåé ðàáîòå (Ãóñåâ, ×óå- reed island (Ulken Balakashkan lake) was âà, 1951) ïðèâîäèëèñü ñâåäåíèÿ, êîãäà íà occupied by nesting twice. îäíîì êîíòðîëüíîì ó÷àñòêå, â ãîëîâíîé In the 7 reed nests we surveyed 11 eggs ÷àñòè äåëüòû, â 1949 ã. áûëî óíè÷òîæåíî and 9 nestlings in 5 nests. The average Îäèí èç òèïè÷íûõ 4 îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà, 35 áîëîòíûõ ëóíåé clutch size (table 4) was 1.57±0.79 eggs âàðèàíòîâ ðàñïîëîæå- (Circus aeruginosus), 9 êîðøóíîâ, 2 ìî- (n=7; range 1–3 eggs), that is less than the íèÿ ãíåçäà íà äåðåâå â ãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca), 50 ÷¸ðíûõ âî- same parameter for nests on trees (table 3 – âåðõíåé ÷àñòè äåëüòû ðîí (Corvus corone) è ðàçîðåíî 4 ãíåçäà 1.87±0.67). Among 11 eggs only egg was Èëå. Ãíåçäî íà òóðàíãå â íåáîëüøîé ðîùèöå õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ñëåäóåò, îäíàêî, îòìåòèòü, unfertilized. The average brood size was äåëüòû. ÷òî äî íà÷àëà êàìïàíèè ïî óíè÷òîæåíèþ 1.80±0.45 nestlings per nest with nestlings Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. õèùíûõ ïòèö ìåñòíîå íàñåëåíèå âåñüìà (n=5; range 1–2), and 1.13±0.99 nestlings One of typical nest òîëåðàíòíî îòíîñèëîñü ê íèì, î ÷¸ì ïè- per breeding attempt (n=8). The average locations on a tree in ñàë Å.Ë. Øåñòîïåðîâ (1929): «Ñòðîèò áåëî- brood size for reed nests was some higher, the upper part of the õâîñò ãíåçäî â ìåñòàõ, ðåäêî ïîñåùàåìûõ but this parameter per breeding attempt is Ile delta. The nest is located on a poplar in ÷åëîâåêîì, â äàííîé ìåñòíîñòè ýòî – áàð- lower than calculated average values (1.64 the small forest. Photo õàííûå ïåñêè, ïóñòûííûå áîëîòà è êëàä- and 1.41 accordingly). Only 3 from 7 reed by A. Zhatkanbayev. áèùà. Íî îäíî ãíåçäî, ïðèíàäëåæàâøåå nests were successful. Thus, the breeding success (n=7) was 42.86%, that consider- ably lower than calculated average values (73.91%). Only 5 nestlings fledged, making in average 1.67 fledglings per successful jack (n=3), 0.63 fledglings per breeding at- tempt (n=8). The average number of fledg- lings per successful nest (1.67) is higher, but this parameter per breeding attempt (0.63) is significantly lower (more than twice) than similar calculated average parameters for nests on trees and a reed (1.64 and 1.41 accordingly). Facts of passive kleptoparositism were recorded for the White-Tailed Eagle at the end of October 1989. At approach of our Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 81

ñðàâíèòåëüíî ìîëîäîé ïàðå, îêàçàëîñü boat to chicks of the Great White Pelican âûñòðîåííûì íà îêðàèíå îäíîãî èç ñåëå- (Pelecanus onocrotalus), they, having left íèé. Âïðî÷åì, ìåñòíîå íàñåëåíèå íèêîãäà their nests on reed islands, tried to swim íå ðàçîðÿåò ãí¸çä ýòèõ õèùíèêîâ». away and even to fly up. During that mo-  ðåçóëüòàòå êàìïàíèè ïî óíè÷òîæåíèþ ment some of them were belching the fish õèùíûõ ïòèö ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíà äîëæíà swallowed, which was immediately taken áûëà çàìåòíî ñîêðàòèòüñÿ, íî, ïî äàííûì by adult and young Yellow-Legged Gulls Â.À. Ãðà÷¸âà (1974), íà ïðîòÿæåíèè 11 ëåò (Larus cachinnans), Carrion crows, and also (1954–64 ãã.) çäåñü åæåãîäíî ãíåçäèëîñü 2 juvenile White-Tailed Eagles. ïî 26 ïàð áåëîõâîñòà. Òàêàÿ ñòàáèëüíîñòü ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîæåò îáúÿñíÿòüñÿ, íàïðè- Winter records ìåð, ðàçìåùåíèåì ãí¸çä â ìàëîäîñòóïíûõ The White-Tailed Eagle is a sedentary ó÷àñòêàõ äåëüòû, íåäîñòàòî÷íîé îáåñïå÷åí- species in the delta of the Ile river, that was íîñòüþ îõîòíèêîâ ìàëîìåðíûìè ñóäàìè, reported in the papers published earlier äîðîãîâèçíîé ïàòðîíîâ, à òàêæå ñïîñîá- (Shnitnikov, 1949; Gusev, Chueva, 1951). íîñòüþ âçðîñëûõ òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ îðëàíîâ èçáåãàòü âûñòðåëîâ. Âîçìîæåí è îïðåäå- ë¸ííûé íåäîó÷¸ò ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â íàè- áîëåå óêðûòûõ ìåñòàõ èëè ìåíÿþùèõ ãîä îò ãîäà ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè. Âìåñòå ñ òåì, íà êîíòðîëüíîì ó÷àñòêå â 100 êì2 â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè äåëüòû Â.À. Ãðà÷¸â (1976) îòìå÷àë ñó- ùåñòâåííîå ïàäåíèå ÷èñëà ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð îðëàíîâ: ñ 6 â 1955 ã. äî 1 â 1962–64 ãã. Íî è â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ íåãàòèâíîå àíòðîïîãåííîå âëèÿíèå íà îðëàíîâ-áåëîõâîñòîâ. Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ïîñòîÿííûõ, íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1984 ã., îïðîñîâ ìåñòíûõ æèòåëåé, ñðåäè íåêîòîðûõ èç Äâà ïóõîâè÷êà îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â ãíåçäå íà òóðàíãå â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè äåëüòû Èëå. íèõ, â òîì ÷èñëå îõîòíèêîâ-îíäàòðîëîâîâ Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. è ðûáàêîâ, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíî äàâíåå ñóæ- Two hatchlings of the White-Tailed Eagle in the nest äåíèå î õèùíûõ ïòèöàõ êàê îñíîâíûõ âðå- on a poplar tree in the upper part of the Ile delta. äèòåëÿõ îíäàòðîâîãî õîçÿéñòâà. Íåñìîòðÿ Photo by A. Zhatkanbayev. íà äåéñòâóþùèå çàïðåòû è îõðàíó ðåäêèõ âèäîâ, èíîãäà èìåþò ìåñòî ñëó÷àè óíè÷òî- Grachev (1976) also treated the species as æåíèÿ îðëàíîâ, íàðÿäó ñ áîëîòíûìè ëóíÿ- sedentary in 1954–1964. We also encoun- ìè è ÷¸ðíûìè êîðøóíàìè. Îðëàíû òàêæå tered eagles during the winter period: adults îòñòðåëèâàþòñÿ â äåëüòå Èëå ìåñòíûìè è were observed 3 times in the lower reaches ïðèåçæèìè ãîðîäñêèìè áðàêîíüåðàìè of the delta on December, 13, 1985; also äëÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ëàï è êîãòåé â êà÷åñòâå two eagles in the delta and an eagle apart áðåëîêîâ è òàëèñìàíîâ èëè ðàäè ïðàçäíî- near the Bakanas settlement were encoun- ãî ëþáîïûòñòâà, ÷òîáû ïîäåðæàòü óáèòóþ tered on December, 14, 1985; three adults êðóïíóþ õèùíóþ ïòèöó â ðóêàõ. – on December, 15, 1985; and 5 birds – on December, 18–19, 1985. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü â ñî- During autumn and winter periods the âðåìåííûé ïåðèîä White-Tailed Eagle does not form any large Ïðèíèìàÿ âî âíèìàíèå, ÷òî ÷èñëî ãíåç- concentrations in the delta of the Ile river and äÿùèõñÿ ïàð áåëîõâîñòà â äåëüòå Èëå îñòà- on Balkhash lake. Generally single birds, pairs, âàëîñü â ïåðèîä 1954–64 ãã. îòíîñèòåëüíî or sometimes groups consisting of 3 birds ñòàáèëüíûì äàæå ïðè öåëåíàïðàâëåííîì (adults and the juvenile) are encountered. óíè÷òîæåíèè õèùíûõ ïòèö, åñòü îñíîâà- íèÿ ïîëàãàòü, ÷òî â ðåçóëüòàòå çàïðåòà èõ About the Pallas’s Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus èñòðåáëåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíà ïîçäíåå leucoryphus) in the delta of the Ile river äîëæíà áûëà âîçðàñòè. Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, çà Grachev (1976) treated the Pallas’s Fish ïåðèîä 1984–87 ãã. íà òåððèòîðèè äåëüòû, Eagle being more numerous than the ïî íàøèì ñîáñòâåííûì è îïðîñíûì äàí- White-Tailed Eagle in the lower reaches of íûì, ãíåçäèëîñü îò 30 äî 40 ïàð îðëàíà- the Ile delta in 1954–1964. We believe this áåëîõâîñòà (Æàòêàíáàåâ, 1990). Íàèáîëü- opinion being an error, because earlier or øåé ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñåëåíèé, êàê later nobody reported about the species. 82 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

è â ïðåäûäóùèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ, îí äîñòèãàë â It should be noted, that according to data ãîëîâíîé ÷àñòè äåëüòû Èëå, ãäå, ïî ñâåäå- of Golubyatnikov (pers. com.), a huntsman íèÿì çàâåäóþùåãî Àêêîëüñêèì îòäåëåíè- of the Karojsky State Reserve (Zakaznik) the åì Áàêàíàññêîãî îíäàòðîâîãî çâåðîïðîì- inhabited nest of the Pallas’s Fish Eagle was õîçà îõîòîâåäà Â.Ì. Ïîêà÷àëîâà, áûëî discovered in the lower reaches of the Ile èçâåñòíî 13 æèëûõ ãí¸çä.  ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè delta (Zhatkanbayev, 1990). Unfortunately, äåëüòû â 1983–84 ãã. ïîñòóïàëè ñîîáùåíèÿ during our visits, that we managed to carry î 6 æèëûõ ãí¸çäàõ, îäíî èç êîòîðûõ ðàñ- out only in 1991–1996, the nest was occu- ïîëàãàëîñü íà îïîðå ËÝÏ (íå èñêëþ÷åíî, pied by a pair of White-Tailed Eagles. Birds âïðî÷åì, ÷òî ýòî ãíåçäî, êàê è ïîñòðîéêè on the pair were old and very pale. Thus the íà íàäìîãèëüíûõ ñîîðóæåíèÿõ è äåðåâüÿõ report of Golubyatnikov about the Pallas’s ñàêñàóëà, ïðèíàäëåæàëè íå áåëîõâîñòó, à Fish Eagle breeding in the lower reaches of íàñòîÿùèì îðëàì Aquila sp.).  íèæíåé è the Ile delta Silt it should be considered as ñðåäíåé ÷àñòÿõ äåëüòû â 1989–90 ãã. îá- an error. We have not encountered the spe- Íà ãí¸çäàõ îðëàíà, óñòðîåííûõ â òðîñò- íèêå: ââåðõó ñëåâà – îáñëåäîâàíèå ãíåçäà â àïðåëå 1990 ã., âíèçó ñëåâà – îáùèé âèä ãíåçäà íà îç. Àñàóáàé 7 èþíÿ 1984 ã., ââåðõó ñïðàâà – ïóõîâûå ïòåí- öû â ãíåçäå â àïðåëå 1990 ã. è îïåð¸ííûå ïòåíöû â ãíåçäå 1984 ã., âíèçó ñïðàâà – îïåðÿþ- ùèéñÿ ïòåíåö, ïîãèá- øèé â ãíåçäå íà îñòðîâå Áàëõàøà, è òîëüêî íà÷àâøèé îïåðÿòüñÿ ïòåíåö, ïîãèáøèé â ïîæàðå â ìàå 1990 ã. Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. Surveys of nests placed on a reed: upper left – nest survey in April 1990; bottom left – nest located on Asaubay lake, June, 7, 1984,up- per right – nestlings in the nest in April, 1990 and fledgling in nest, 1984, bottom right – fledgling, lost in the nest on island of Balkhash lake, and the nestling killed by fire in May 1990. Photos by A. Zhatkanbayev. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 83

Ãíåçäî îðëàíà- áåëîõâîñòà íà íèç- êîðîñëîé òóðàíãå íà îñòðîâå â âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè îçåðà Áàëõàø (ñëåâà) è îêðóæàþùàÿ îáñòàíîâêà âîêðóã ýòî- ãî ãíåçäà (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. Nest of White-Tailed Eagle on the small poplar on island in the east part of Balkhash lake (left) and surround- ing inhabitation (right). Photos by A. Zhatkanbayev. íàðóæåíî 6 íîâûõ ãí¸çä îðëàíà. Îäíî èç cies breeding for the entire period of sur- íèõ, ïîñòðîåííîå íà äæèäå, çàñåëÿëîñü â veys (1984–2010). Only single adults were 1988 è 1989 ãã., íî â íà÷àëå àïðåëÿ 1989 observed in the territory under considera- ãîäà äåðåâî è ãíåçäî ÷àñòè÷íî îáãîðåëè tion mainly in April. ïîñëå ñïåöèàëüíî óñòðîåííîãî çäåñü ïî- æàðà. Õîòÿ ïîñòðîéêà, ñèëüíî íàêðåíèâ- Threats and Conservation øèñü è ïîòåðÿâ îò ýòîãî ÷àñòü ãíåçäîâîãî Fires, which happen regularly during the ìàòåðèàëà, ê ñåðåäèíå ëåòà ñòàëà íåïðè- spring-summer period (caused by human ãîäíîé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, åäèíñòâåííûé ïòå- in 100% of cases), are the main treat for íåö óñïåë ïîäíÿòüñÿ íà êðûëî.  1990 ã., the White-Tailed Eagle successful breeding óæå íà äðóãèõ âåòâÿõ òîãî æå äåðåâà, ïàðà in the delta of the Ile river. Forests in the ñîîðóäèëà íîâîå ãíåçäî, íî èç-çà ïîæàðà Ile flood-lands and reeds burn throughout â êîíöå ìàÿ îïåðÿþùèéñÿ ïòåíåö ïîãèá. the delta every year. Another threat is the Ñîîðóæåíèå íîâîãî ãíåçäà íà ðàíåå îáãî- poaching. Thus, considering those negative ðåâøåì äåðåâå ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò êàê î ãíåç- factors we can not treat the population sta- äîâîé êîíñåðâàòèâíîñòè ïàðû îðëàíîâ, òàê è îá îïðåäåë¸ííîì äåôèöèòå ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âûñîêîñòâîëüíûõ äåðå- âüåâ â íèçîâüÿõ äåëüòû.  îäíîì èç ãí¸çä, ñîîðóæ¸ííûõ íà òðîñòíèêå ïîñëå ìîùíîãî ïîæàðà, óñòðîåííîãî 10 ìàÿ 1990 ã. â óðî- ÷èùå Áàëàêàøêàí îõîòíèêàìè, â ñãîðåâøåì ãíåçäå 12 ìàÿ íàõîäèëîñü äâà îáóãëèâøèõñÿ òðóïà îïåðÿâøèõñÿ ïòåíöîâ è ëîïíóâøåå îò ñèëüíîãî æàðà ÿéöî-áîëòóí. Îäíàêî, âû- æèâøàÿ ïîñëå ïîæàðà ïàðà áåëîõâîñòîâ ñ ýòîãî ãíåçäà, ñêîðåå âñåãî, çàãíåçäèëàñü âíîâü, òàê êàê 24 îêòÿáðÿ íà èõ ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå äåðæàëñÿ åù¸ ñîâñåì ïëîõî ëåòàþ- ùèé ñë¸òîê è íåäàëåêî îò íåãî – âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà. Ñëó÷àè âûæèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ â ãíåçäå íà äåðåâå îòìå÷åíû ïîñëå ïîæàðîâ òàêæå â 1995 è 1998 ãã.  íèæíåé ÷àñòè äåëüòû â 1991 ã. íà ïëî- ùàäè â 900 êì2 îáíàðóæåíî ÷åòûðå íîâûõ æèëûõ ãíåçäà íà ó÷àñòêàõ, çàíèìàåìûõ îð- ëàíàìè åù¸ ñ 1984 ã. Ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â êðîíàõ âûñîêîñòâîëüíûõ äåðåâüåâ – èâû è äæèäû.  òð¸õ èç íèõ áûëî ïî îäíîìó ïòåíöó, â ÷åòâ¸ðòîì – äâà; â êîíöå èþíÿ – Ãíåçäî îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà, óñòðîåííîå íà èâå â ïåðâîé äåêàäå èþëÿ êàæäîå èç ýòèõ ãí¸çä ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè äåëüòû Èëå, ñ òðåìÿ îïåð¸ííûìè ïîêèíóëî ïî îäíîìó ñë¸òêó.  äåëüòå Èëå ïòåíöàìè. Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. 9 ðàç ïî ãíåçäó ñ òðåìÿ ïòåíöàìè íàéäåíî Nest of the White-Tailed Eagle with 3 fledglings, â 1985, 1993–1999 è 2003 ãã.  îäíîì èç placed on the willow in the middle part of the Ile ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â 1996 è delta. Photo by A. Zhatkanbayev. 84 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

tus of the White-Tailed in the delta of the Ile as stable and successful, and its surviving here in the future seems to be unclear. In our opinion, the Nature Reserve (Res- ervat), which is planned now in the delta of the Ile river, will not solve the problem of protection of this unique local population of the White-Tailed Eagle. We believe the establishing of the State Nature Reserve (Zapovednik) in the delta of the Ile river with an area about 65,000 ha, that was suggested in 1980-s (Zhatkan- bayev, Ishutin, 1989), is more appropriate.

Conclusions According to our surveys the White- Ïòåíåö îðëàíà- 1997 ãã. óñïåøíî ãíåçäèëàñü ïàðà áåðêó- Tailed Eagle in the delta of the Ile river áåëîõâîñòà, îäå- òîâ (äâà ñë¸òêà è òðè îïåðÿþùèõñÿ ïòåíöà, strategy is not only tree-nesting species, its âàþùèéñÿ âî âòîðîé ñîîòâåòñòâåííî). nesting preferences are rather plastic. Wet- ïóõîâîé íàðÿä è ÿéöî-áîëòóí. Ãíåçäî â  1989–90 ãã., ïî íàøåé îöåíêå ñ ó÷¸òîì lands in the delta in its middle and lower âåðõíåé ÷àñòè äåëüòû îïðîñíûõ ñâåäåíèé, íà âñåé òåððèòîðèè parts are characterized by abundance of Èëå. 6 àïðåëÿ 1995 ã. äåëüòû ãíåçäèëèñü 30–40 ïàð áåëîõâîñòà, prey, but almost complete absence of high Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. â 1991–93 ãã. – 35–37 ïàð (â ò.÷. 10–12 trees (especially in the lower part) caused Nestling of the White- ïàð – â íèçîâüÿõ), â 1994–95 ãã. – 35–40, the species nesting habits changing. For Tailed Eagle and the un- â 1996–98 ãã. – 40–43, â 1999–2003 ãã. – the period of surveys (1984–2010) we for fertilized egg. The nest is located in the upper 43–45, â 2004–07 ãã. – 45–50, â 2008–10 the first time have recorded and described part of the Ile delta. ãã. – íå áîëåå 50 ïàð (òàáë. 1). Òàêèì îá- in details 8 cases of the species nesting on April, 6, 1995. Photo by ðàçîì, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 1950–60 ãã., â ïå- a reed with use of reed stems and leaves A. Zhatkanbayev. ðèîä 1984–2010 ãã. ïðîèçîøëî çàìåòíîå for the nest constructing and lining. How- óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëà ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð, âå- ever it should be noted, that such addi- ðîÿòíî, âñëåäñòâèå ïðåêðàùåíèÿ â äåëüòå tional variant of the species nesting was Èëå öåëåíàïðàâëåííîãî ìàñøòàáíîãî èñ- recorded only under conditions of rather òðåáëåíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö âîîáùå è îðëàíà- high population number and density of ea- áåëîõâîñòà, â ÷àñòíîñòè. gles in the upper part of the Ile river (the Îáñëåäîâàíèå íà ñóäíå 26 îñòðîâîâ â local population core). âîñòî÷íîé ïîëîâèíå àêâàòîðèè îç. Áàë- Now according to our estimation a total õàø ñ 27 èþíÿ ïî 3 èþëÿ 1990 ã. âûÿâèëî of 50 breeding pairs of White-Tailed Eagles â îòäàë¸ííûõ, íàèìåíåå ïîñåùàåìûõ ðû- inhabit the entire territory of Ile delta.

Òàáë. 1. ×èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) â äåëüòå ðåêè Èëå ïî îòäåëüíûì ïåðèîäàì âðåìåíè. Table 1. Numbers of breeding pairs of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in the Ilå delta in different years.

Êîëè÷åñòâî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð Ïåðèîä íàáëþäåíèé / Years Number of breeding pairs Àâòîð / Author 1950-å ãã. 26 Ãðà÷¸â, 1974 / Grachev, 1974 Íà÷àëî 1960-õ ãã. / Beginning of 1960s 26 Ãðà÷¸â, 1965 / Grachev, 1965 Ñåðåäèíà 1960-õ ãã. / Middle of 1960s 26 Ãðà÷¸â, 1976 / Grachev, 1976 1984–1987 ãã. 30–40 Æàòêàíáàåâ, 1990 / Zhatkanbaev, 1990 1988 ã. íå áîëåå 40 / no more then 40 Íàøè äàííûå / Our data 1989–1990 ãã. 30–40 -//- 1991–1993 ãã. 35–37 -//- 1994–1995 ãã. 35–40 -//- 1996–1998 ãã. 40–43 -//- 1999–2003 ãã. 43–45 -//- 2004–2007 ãã. 45–50 -//- 2008–2010 ãã. íå áîëåå 50 / no more then 50 -//- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 85

Ãíåçäî îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè äåëüòû Ãí¸çäà îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â ñðåäíåé è âåðõíåé ÷à- Èëå óöåëåëî ïîñëå òóãàéíîãî ïîæàðà è ïðîäîëæàëî ñòÿõ äåëüòû Èëå, ñîõðàíèâøèåñÿ ïîñëå ïîæàðîâ: íà èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ïàðîé è ÷åðåç íåñêîëüêî ëåò. èâå (ââåðõó) è äæèäå (âíèçó). Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. Nests of the White-Tailed Eagle in the middle and up- Nest of the White-Tailed Eagle in the upper part of the per parts of the Ile delta, having remained after fires: Ile delta had remained after the fire and used by the on the willow (upper) on the silverberry (bottom). pair during several years. Photos by A. Zhatkanbayev. Photos by A. Zhatkanbayev.

áàêàìè, îõîòíèêàìè è òóðèñòàìè, ìåñòàõ íûõ íàáëþäåíèé 1984–2010 ãã. â ïîäàâëÿ- äâà æèëûõ ãíåçäà (ïî îäíîìó îïåðèâøå- þùåì áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ãí¸çäà îðëàíà- ìóñÿ ïòåíöó â êàæäîì) è åù¸ îäíîé ïàðû áåëîõâîñòà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà äåðåâüÿõ: áåëîõâîñòîâ. Êðîìå òîãî, ïî àíêåòíûì òóðàíãàõ (òîïîëÿõ – ñèçîëèñòíîì Popo- ñîîáùåíèÿì îò îõîòíèêîâ è ðûáàêîâ- lus pruinosa, ðàçíîëèñòíîì P. diversifolia ïðîìûñëîâèêîâ, íà îäíîì èç îñòðîâîâ â è Ëèòâèíîâà P. litvinoviana), äæèäå (ëîõå çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè îçåðà òàêæå ðåãóëÿðíî îñòðîïëîäíîì Elaeagnus oxycarpa) è èâàõ ãíåçäèëàñü ïàðà áåëîõâîñòîâ. (äæóíãàðñêîé Salix songarica, ïðóòüåâèäíîé S. viminalis è Âèëüãåëüìñà S. wilhelmsiana). Îñîáåííîñòè ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè Âìåñòå ñ òåì, áûëî íàéäåíî 8 æèëûõ ãí¸çä Íà âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ óãîäüÿõ äåëüòû ðåêè íà òðîñòíèêå îáûêíîâåííîì (Phragmites Èëå è îç. Áàëõàø â ïåðèîä íàøèõ åæåãîä- communis). Òðè ñëó÷àÿ òàêîãî ðîäà â 1984– 86 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 2. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ãí¸çä îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ íà äåðåâüÿõ è ñîñòàâèâ â ñðåäíåì 1,61 ìîëîäûõ îñîáåé íà òðîñòíèêå â äåëüòå ðåêè Èëå (ïî ãîäàì). íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî (n=51), èëè 0,72 ñë¸ò- Table 2. Numbers of nests of the White-Tailed Eagle placed on trees and a reed in êà íà ïîïûòêó ðàçìíîæåíèÿ (n=114). the Ilå delta (concerning dates).  ïîðÿäêå ýêñïåðèìåíòà â ãîëîâíîé ÷à- ñòè äåëüòû Èëå â ðàéîíå ïîñ¸ëêà Àðàëòîáå Äîëÿ ãí¸çä íà Îáùåå êîëè÷åñòâî ñ âåñíû 2001 ã. ïðåäïðèíÿòà ïîïûòêà ïðè- Äîëÿ ãí¸çä íà òðîñòíèêå (â ãí¸çä (ïî äåðåâüÿõ (â % îò % îò îáùåãî êîìïëåêñíîé âëå÷åíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â èñêóññòâåí- îáùåãî ÷èñëà) ÷èñëà) îöåíêå) íîå ãíåçäî íà ìåñòå ñòàðîé îáðóøåííîé Ãîäû Portion of nest on Portion of nest Total number of ïîñòðîéêè, íî âïëîòü ïî 2010 ã. ïòèöû åãî Years trees (%) on a reed (%) nests íå èñïîëüçîâàëè. 1984 29–39 (96.7–97.5) 1 (2.5–3.3) 30–40 Ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà íà òðîñòíèêå ìàëî èçó÷åíî.  ñâîäêå «Ïòèöû 1987 28–38 (93.3–95.0) 2 (5. 0–6.7) 30–40 Êàçàõñòàíà» (Êîðåëîâ, 1962), êíèãå «Ïòè- 1988 39 (97.5) 1 (2.5) 40 öû Ñåìèðå÷üÿ» (Øíèòíèêîâ, 1949) è ñòàòüå 1989 39 (97.5) 1 (2.5) 40 Â.Ì. Ãóñåâà è Ã.È. ×óåâîé (1951) òàêèå ñëó- 1990 39 (97.5) 1 (2.5) 40 ÷àè íå îòìå÷åíû. Â.À. Ãðà÷¸â (1976) ñîîá- ùàåò, ÷òî çà âåñü ïåðèîä ðàáîòû â äåëüòå 1992 34–39 (97.1–97.5) 1 (2.5–2.9) 35–40 (1954–64 ãã.) åìó íå ïðèõîäèëîñü íàõîäèòü 1995 34–39 (97.1–97.5) 1 (2.5–2.9) 35–40 ãí¸çä áåëîõâîñòà íà òðîñòíèêå, õîòÿ îá ýòîì áûëî èçâåñòíî èç îïðîñíûõ ñâåäåíèé. Îí 87 ãã. â íèçîâüÿõ äåëüòû íàìè îïóáëèêîâà- òàêæå ïèøåò, ÷òî «äëÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ñòàöèé ýòî- íû (Æàòêàíáàåâ, 1990). Èç âîñüìè òðîñòíè- ãî âèäà îáÿçàòåëüíî íàëè÷èå êðóïíûõ äåðå- êîâûõ ãí¸çä ñåìü ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â íèæíåé âüåâ, íà êîòîðûõ îíè ñòðîÿò ãí¸çäà». (îäíî â 1984 ã., äâà â 1987 ã., ïî îäíîìó â Ìîùíûå ìíîãîëåòíèå çàëîìû òðîñòíèêà, 1988, 1989, 1990 è 1992 ãã.) è òîëüêî îäíî ìåñòàìè åù¸ ñîõðàíÿþùèåñÿ ïîñëå ÷àñòûõ (â 1995 ã.) – â ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè äåëüòû. Òàêèå çäåñü ïîæàðîâ, ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñóáñòðàò, ðà- ãí¸çäà ñîñòàâëÿëè îò 2,5 äî 6,7% îò îáùåãî ñòóùèé èç âîäû èëè íà îòäåëüíûõ êî÷êàõ. ÷èñëà íàéäåííûõ (òàáë. 2). Çà÷àñòóþ îíè îáðàçóþò êðóïíûå òðîñòíè- Ãí¸çäà íà äåðåâüÿõ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà âû- êîâûå ìàññèâû ìåæäó îç¸ðàìè è ïðîòîêà- ñîòå 4–7 ì, èìåëè äèàìåòð 1,5–2 ì è òîë- ìè â ñðåäíåé è, îñîáåííî, â íèæíåé ÷àñòÿõ ùèíó 1,2–1,7 ì. Ìàññà îäíîãî èç ñàìûõ äåëüòû. Èõ îñíîâà, ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ ïîãðó- êðóïíûõ îáðóøèâøèõñÿ ãí¸çä ñîñòàâëÿëà æ¸ííàÿ â âîäó, îáðàçóåò ïîäîáèå ïî÷âû èç 120–150 êã. Ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ, ÷òî âîçðàñò ìíîãîëåòíåãî ñïëåòåíèÿ êîðíåé, ñãíèâàþ- íàèáîëåå ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä ìîæåò äîñòèãàòü ùèõ ëèñòüåâ è ñòåáëåé, à òàêæå èç ñåäèìåí- 20–25 ëåò. Èçâåñòåí ñëó÷àé, êîãäà ïàðîé òîâ (âçâåøåííûõ ÷àñòèö) äåëüòîâîãî ñòîêà. áåëîõâîñòîâ â 1992 ã. áûëî çàíÿòî ãíåçäî, Ãí¸çäà, ðàñïîëîæåííûå íà òðîñòíèêå â ïóñòîâàâøåå 8 ëåò ïîäðÿä. íèæíåé ÷àñòè äåëüòû, ïîäíèìàëèñü íàä  õîäå èññëåäîâàíèé 1984–2010 ãã. îá- ïîâåðõíîñòüþ âîäû íà âûñîòó 30–190 ñì, íàðóæåíî 84 ãíåçäà ñ êëàäêàìè (âñåãî 157 â ñðåäíåì 110 ñì. Òðè òðîñòíèêîâûõ ãíåç- ÿèö, âêëþ÷àÿ 6 áîëòóíîâ) è 98 ãí¸çä ñ âû- äà â 1987–90 ãã. áûëè ñãðóïïèðîâàíû íà âîäêàìè (161 ïòåíåö).  äåëüòå ðåêè Èëå îäíîì êîìïàêòíîì ó÷àñòêå íå äàëåå 1,8 êì ñðåäíÿÿ êëàäêà (n=84) ñîñòàâèëà 1,87±0,67 äðóã îò äðóãà. Äâà ñåçîíà ïîäðÿä (â 1987 ÿéöà (òàáë. 3). Íåîïëîäîòâîð¸ííûå ÿéöà è 1988 ãã.) ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà îäíîì îñòàþòñÿ â ãíåçäå ñ ïòåíöàìè âïëîòü äî òðîñòíèêîâîì îñòðîâêå. Ïðè ïîäíîâëåíèè ïîäíÿòèÿ ñë¸òêîâ íà êðûëî. ßéöà-áîëòóíû çäåñü ãíåçäà âåñíîé 1988 ã. ïòèöàì, ñêî- íå ðàñêë¸âûâàþòñÿ, à ñî âðåìåíåì ëèøü ðåå âñåãî, ïðèøëîñü âíîâü çàëàìûâàòü ñâå- ïîñòåïåííî óòàïëèâàþòñÿ â òîëùó ëîòêà, æèé òðîñòíèê, óñïåâøèé çàíîâî ïîäíÿòüñÿ îñòàâàÿñü êàê áû çàêîïàííûìè â ãíåçäå. ñêâîçü ñèëüíî ñïëþùåííîå ñòàðîå ãíåçäî. Ñðåäíèé ðàçìåð âûâîäêà íà îäíî ãíåçäî ñ Òàêîå ÿâëåíèå â äåëüòå Èëå åæåãîäíî íà- ïòåíöàìè (n=98) ñîñòàâèë 1,64±0,65 ïòåí- áëþäàëè íà êîëîíèÿõ ïåëèêàíîâ. Òåððèòî- öà, à íà êàæäóþ ïîïûòêó ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ðèàëüíàÿ áëèçîñòü ýòèõ òð¸õ òðîñòíèêîâûõ îðëàíà (n=114) – 1,41±0,83 ïòåíöà. Èç 69 ãí¸çä ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî âñå îíè æèëûõ ãí¸çä ñ ïðîñëåæåííîé ñóäüáîé â ïðèíàäëåæàëè îäíîé ïàðå áåëîõâîñòîâ, 51 îïåð¸ííûå ñë¸òêè ïîäíÿëèñü íà êðûëî, ñîîðóæàâøèõ çäåñü òàêèå ïîñòðîéêè. Âíåø- à â 18 ïòåíöû ïîãèáëè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â íèé äèàìåòð òðîñòíèêîâûõ ãí¸çä ñîñòàâëÿë äåëüòå Èëå óñïåøíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà îò 60×70 ñì äî 100×120 ñì.  ïÿòè èç âîñü- (îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà ãí¸çä ñ ïðîñëåæåííîé ìè ñëó÷àåâ ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü ïî êðàþ ñóäüáîé, n=69) ñîñòàâèëà 73,91%. 82 ñë¸ò- òðîñòíèêîâîé áåðåãîâîé êðîìêè äåëüòîâûõ êà áëàãîïîëó÷íî ïîêèíóëè ñâîè ãí¸çäà, îç¸ð. Äâà ãíåçäà ðàçìåùàëèñü íà òðîñòíè- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 87

Òàáë. 3. Ïëîäîâèòîñòü è óñïåøíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â äåëüòå ðåêè Èëå è íà îç. Áàëõàø (âêëþ÷åíû ãí¸çäà, ðàñïîëîæåííûå è íà äåðåâüÿõ, è íà òðîñòíèêå). Table 3. Clutch size, brood size and breeding success of the White-Tailed Eagle in the Ili delta (including nests on a reed and trees as well).

Êîëè÷åñòâî Êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ Ãîäû íàáëþäàâøèõñÿ ãí¸çäa Âåëè÷èíà êëàäêèb â ãíåçäå Èòîã ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ¹ Years Number of surveyed nestsa Clutch sizeb Brood size Breeding results 1. 1984 3 2; 1; 2 2; 0; 2 +; -; + 2. 1985 4 2; 3; 1; 2 no; 3; 1; no no; no; +; no 3. 1986 3 2; 2; 1 2; 2; 1 +; no; + 4. 1987 3 1; 2; 1 0; 2; 1 -; +; + 5. 1988 2 1; 1 0; 1 -; + 6. 1989 4 1; 2; 2; 1 0; 2; 2; 1 -; +; no; + 7. 1990c 2+2 (îçåðî Áàëõàø 3; 1 2; 1 -; - Balkhash lake) 1; 1 1; 1 -; no 8. 1991 4 1; 1; 1; 2 1; 1; 1; 2 +; +; +; + 9. 1992 3 2; 1; 2 2; 1; 2 +; +; no 10. 1993 5 2; 2; 1; 2; 3 2; 2; 0; 2; 3 +; no; -; no; + 11. 1994 2 2; 3 2; 3 no; + 12. 1995 6 3; 2; 2; 1; 1; no 3; 1; 2; 1; 1; 2 +; +; no; -; +; no 13. 1996 2 2; 3 2; 3 +; + 14. 1997 3 2; 3; 2 2; 3; 2 +; no; + 15. 1998 13 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; no; no; 2; 2; 2; no; no; 1; 2; +; +; +; no; no; no; no; 2; no; 3; no; 2; no 2; 1; 3; 1; 2; 1 -; no; no; no; +; no 16. 1999 6 1; no; 3; 2; no; 1 no; 1; 3; 2; 1; 1 no; +; no; +; -; - 17. 2000 4 2; no; no; 1 2; 1; 1; 1 no; +; +; - 18. 2001 7 2; no; 1; 2; no; no; 3 2; 1; 0; 2; 2; 1; 2 +; +; -; no; no; +; no 19. 2002 10 no; 2; 2; no; no; 1; 2; no; 1; 1; -; no; no; no; +; 2; no; 1; no; 2 1; 1; 1; 1; no no; no; +; +; no 20. 2003 4 2; 1; 1; 3 2; 0; 1; 3 +; -; +; no 21. 2004 3 no; no; 2 1; 1; 2 +; no; no 22. 2005 6 no; no; no; 2; no; no 1; 1; 1; no; 1; 2 +; -; no; no; no; + 23. 2006 5 2; 3; no; no; 2 2; 2; 1; 2; 1 +; +; no; no; - 24. 2007 2 2; no 2; 1 no; + 25. 2008 4 2; no; 3; 1 2; 1; no; 1 no; +; no; no 26. 2009d 1no2 + 27. 2010 3 2; 3; 2 2; 2; 2 +; no; -

a – â òàáëèöó âêëþ÷åíû ïîëó÷åííûå ñâåäåíèÿ òîëüêî ïî æèëûì ãí¸çäàì ëèáî ñ ïîëíîñòüþ ïðîñëåæåííîé ñóäüáîé, èëè äëÿ êîòîðûõ áûëî èçâåñòíî õîòÿ áû îá îäíîé èç âåëè÷èí (êëàäêà, âûâîäîê), íî íå âñåãäà ñ èçâåñòíûì èòîãîì ãíåçäîâàíèÿ; è íå âêëþ÷åíî êîëè÷åñòâî æèëûõ ãí¸çä (â òîì ÷èñëå è ïî îïðîñíûì ñâåäåíèÿì), â êîòîðûõ âåëè÷èíà êëàäêè, êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ èëè èòîã ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íå ìîãëè áûòü ïðîâåðåííûìè èç-çà èõ òðóäíîäîñòóïíîñòè èëè æå ïî äðóãèì ïðè÷èíàì / data only on living nests, which were monitored or checked during the breeding season, are included in the table; data on living nests (in- cluding data of questionnaires) which not checked for the reason of their inaccessibility or for other reasons are not included. b – â ñëó÷àÿõ íàõîæäåíèÿ ãí¸çä óæå ñ ïòåíöàìè, íî ïðè îòñóòñòâèè êàêèõ-ëèáî ÿèö â íèõ, âåëè÷èíà êëàäêè ïðèíèìàëàñü ïî êîëè÷åñòâó ïòåíöîâ / in those cases, when the nests have been found with broods and unfertilized eggs have been not observed, a brood size is recognized as a clutch size. c – âòîðîå çíà÷åíèå ïðèâåäåíî äëÿ ãí¸çä, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ íà îñòðîâàõ îç. Áàëõàø / the second figure is for nests located in islands of Balkhash lake. d – ïåðèîäè÷åñêèå ïðîâåðêè îäíîãî æèëîãî ãíåçäà â 2009 ã. ïðîâîäèë Ä.À. Ïîïîâ, æèòåëü ïîñ. Àðàëòîáå / the monitoring of one living nest was carried out by Popov, resident of the Araltobe settlement. - – îòðèöàòåëüíûé èòîã ãíåçäîâàíèÿ (ãèáåëü êëàäêè èëè ïòåíöîâ) / clutch or brood was lost. + – ïîëîæèòåëüíûé èòîã ãíåçäîâàíèÿ (âûëåò ñë¸òêîâ èç ãíåçäà) / nestlings were successfully fledged. no – íåò äàííûõ / no data.

êîâîì îñòðîâêå (2,5×3,5 ì) ïîñðåäè áîëü- êà, ÷àñòè÷íî ïðèêðûâàþùèõ ãí¸çäà îò âåòðà øîé àêâàòîðèè â 20 ì îò áåðåãîâîé ëè- è âîëí, à òàêæå ñîçäàþùèõ òåíü. Ëîòêè òð¸õ íèè, åù¸ îäíî – íà òðîñòíèêîâîì áåðåãó ãí¸çä âîçâûøàëèñü íàä ïîâåðõíîñòüþ âîäû ïðîòîêè. Âîçëå íèõ èìåëèñü ñòåíêè âûñîòîé âñåãî íà 30–40 ñì.  ïÿòè èç âîñüìè ñëó÷àåâ 1–2,5 ì èç ïëîòíî ñòîÿùèõ ñòåáëåé òðîñòíè- ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà íà òðîñò- 88 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

íèêå áûëî î÷åâèäíûì, ÷òî âçðîñëûå ïòèöû çàëàìûâàëè ëèøü âåðõóøêè ìíîæåñòâà ñëó- ÷àéíî ñêó÷åííûõ òðîñòíèêîâûõ ñòåáëåé, ïî ôîðìå íàïîìèíàþùèõ íåñèììåòðè÷- íûå êîíóñû è áîëüøîãî äèàìåòðà ïó÷êè, òîð÷àùèå ââåðõ ïî÷òè âåðòèêàëüíî. Îíè ïðåäñòàâëÿëè èç ñåáÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî ïëîòíûå êîíñèñòåíöèè, ñîñòîÿùèå èç áîëüøîãî êîëè- ÷åñòâà çàñîõøèõ ñòåáëåé òðîñòíèêà. Òàêîãî ðîäà ñóáñòðàòû âûäåðæèâàëè âåñ ÷åëîâåêà â 80–85 êã. Âñå îáóñòðîåííûå òðîñòíèêî- âûå ãí¸çäà, â êîòîðûõ íàõîäèëèñü êëàäêè èëè ïòåíöû, áûëè ïîñòðîåíû â îñíîâíîì èç ñòåáëåé è ëèñòüåâ òðîñòíèêà, ëèøü èíîãäà ñ ðåäêîé ïðèìåñüþ òðàâû è íåñêîëüêèõ ìåë- êèõ âåòîê äåðåâüåâ è êóñòàðíèêîâ. Ãëóáèíà ëîòêà â ïÿòè ãí¸çäàõ ñ êëàäêàìè äîñòèãàëà 12–15 ñì.  îñòàëüíûõ òð¸õ ãí¸çäàõ ëîòîê áûë ñèëüíî ñïëþùåí ïîäðàñòàþùèìè ïòåí- öàìè è ïðåäñòàâëÿë ïî÷òè ðîâíóþ ïëîùàäêó. Ñåìü òðîñòíèêîâûõ ãí¸çä áûëè îäíîëåòíè- ìè, â îäíîì ñëó÷àå ïîñòðîéêà èñïîëüçîâà- ëàñü äâà ãîäà ïîäðÿä (â 1987 è 1988 ãã.). Êëàäêà îðëàíà â ãíåçäå íà òóðàíãå â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè Çà îäíèì èç ãí¸çä ñ äâóìÿ îïåðèâøèìè- äåëüòû Èëå.  ïåðâîì ÿéöå íà÷àëîñü âûëóïëåíèå ñÿ ïòåíöàìè ïðîâåäåíû êðàòêèå íàáëþäå- ïòåíöà. Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. íèÿ 8 èþíÿ 1984 ã. ñ 6.00 ÷ äî 10.25 ÷. Çà Clutch of the White-Tailed Eagle in the nest on a ýòî âðåìÿ âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà ïðèíåñëà ñóäà- poplar in the upper part of the Ile delta. The first egg êà äëèíîé 30–40 ñì, ïîëîâèíó êîòîðîãî is hutching. Photo by A. Zhatkanbayev. ïòåíöû ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî ðàñêëåâàëè è ñúå- ëè çà âðåìÿ íàáëþäåíèé. Ïðè ýòîì, îíè íå ïðîÿâëÿëè áåñïîêîéñòâà è íå ïûòàëèñü âçëåòåòü, êîãäà ê ãíåçäó ïðèáëèæàëèñü íà- Òàáë. 4. Ïëîäîâèòîñòü è óñïåøíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â äåëüòå áëþäàòåëè. Òàêîå òîëåðàíòíîå ïîâåäåíèå ðåêè Èëå (ãí¸çäà, ðàñïîëîæåííûå íà òðîñòíèêå). ìîæíî ðàññìàòðèâàòü êàê àäàïòàöèþ ê Table 4. Clutch size, brood size and breeding success of the White-Tailed Eagle in ãíåçäîâàíèþ íà òðîñòíèêàõ ñðåäè âîäû, the Ilå delta (nests, placed on a reed). ãäå, ïðè ïîïûòêå ñêðûòüñÿ èç ãíåçäà, ïëîõî ëåòàþùèå ïòåíöû ìîãëè óòîíóòü. Îäíàêî, Êîëè÷åñòâî îòäåëüíûå òðîñòíèêîâûå ãí¸çäà ñ êëàäêà- íàáëþäàâøèõñÿ Âåëè÷èíà Êîëè÷åñòâî Èòîã ìè áûëè îñòàâëåíû îðëàíàìè â ðåçóëüòàòå ãí¸çä êëàäêè* ïòåíöîâ â ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ðåãóëÿðíîãî áåñïîêîéñòâà ðûáàêàìè. Ãîäû Number of sur- Clutch ãíåçäå Breeding Îäíàæäû íàáëþäàëè ñëó÷àé ïàññèâíîãî ¹ Years veyed nests size* Brood size results êëåïòîïàðàçèòèçìà îðëàíîâ. 22 îêòÿáðÿ 1. 1984 1 2 2 + 1989 ã. â íèæíåé ÷àñòè äåëüòû Èëå íà êî- 2. 1987 2 1;2 0;2 -;+ ëîíèè ðîçîâîãî ïåëèêàíà äåðæàëîñü îêî- 3. 1988 1 1 0 - ëî 50 îïåð¸ííûõ ïòåíöîâ. Ïðè ïðèáëè- 4. 1989 1 1 0 - æåíèè ê êîëîíèè ëîäêè íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ, 5. 1990 1 3 2 - ñõîäÿ íà âîäó, îòðûãèâàëè ïðîãëî÷åííûõ 6. 1992 1 1 1 + ðûáèí, êîòîðûõ ñòàëè òóò æå ïîäáèðàòü 7. 1995 1 no 2 no âçðîñëûå è ìîëîäûå ÷àéêè-õîõîòóíüè (Larus cachinnans) è ÷¸ðíûå âîðîíû, à òàê- * – â ñëó÷àÿõ íàõîæäåíèÿ ãí¸çä óæå ñ ïòåíöàìè, íî ïðè îòñóòñòâèè æå äâà ñåãîëåòêà îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà. êàêèõ-ëèáî ÿèö â íèõ, âåëè÷èíà êëàäêè ïðèíèìàëàñü ðàâíîé êîëè÷åñòâó Ñðåäíÿÿ âåëè÷èíà êëàäêè â òðîñòíèêîâûõ ïòåíöîâ / in those cases, when the nests have been found with broods ãí¸çäàõ îðëàíà (n=7) ñîñòàâèëà 1,57±0,79 and unfertilized eggs have been not observed, a brood size is recognized ÿéöà (òàáë. 4), ÷òî îêàçàëîñü íåñêîëüêî as a clutch size. íèæå îáùåãî äëÿ äåëüòû çíà÷åíèÿ ýòîãî ïî- - – îòðèöàòåëüíûé èòîã ãíåçäîâàíèÿ (ãèáåëü êëàäêè èëè ïòåíöîâ) / êàçàòåëÿ (1,87±0,67; òàáë. 3). Ñðåäíèé ðàç- clutch or brood was lost. + – ïîëîæèòåëüíûé èòîã ãíåçäîâàíèÿ (âûëåò ñë¸òêîâ èç ãíåçäà) / nest- ìåð âûâîäêà íà îäíî òðîñòíèêîâîå ãíåçäî ñ lings were successfully fledged. ïòåíöàìè (n=5) ñîñòàâèë 1,80±0,45 ïòåíöà, no – íåèçâåñòíû âåëè÷èíà êëàäêè è èòîã ãíåçäîâàíèÿ / clutch size and à íà êàæäóþ ïîïûòêó ðàçìíîæåíèÿ îðëàíà breeding success are unknown. íà òðîñòíèêå (n=8) – 1,13±0,99 ïòåíöà. Ýòè Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 89

ïîêàçàòåëè òàêæå íåñêîëüêî îòëè÷àëèñü îò ñðåäíèõ âåëè÷èí äëÿ äåëüòû â öåëîì (1,64±0,65 è 1,41±0,83, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî). Èç ñåìè òðîñòíèêîâûõ ãí¸çä ñ ïðîñëåæåí- íîé ñóäüáîé òîëüêî â òð¸õ îïåð¸ííûå ïòåí- öû ïîäíÿëèñü íà êðûëî, à â ÷åòûð¸õ ñëó÷àÿõ êëàäêè èëè ïòåíöû ïîãèáëè. Òàêèì îáðà- çîì, óñïåøíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà òðîñòíèêå (îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà ãí¸çä ñ ïðîñëåæåííîé ñóäüáîé, n=7) ñîñòàâèëà 42,86%, ÷òî çíà- ÷èòåëüíî íèæå çíà÷åíèÿ îáùåãî äëÿ äåëüòû ïîêàçàòåëÿ (73,91%). Âñåãî 5 ñë¸òêîâ áëà- ãîïîëó÷íî ïîêèíóëè ñâîè ãí¸çäà, ñîñòàâèâ â ñðåäíåì 1,67 ìîëîäûõ îñîáåé íà óñïåø- íîå ãíåçäî (n=3) è òîëüêî 0,63 ñë¸òêà íà ïîïûòêó ðàçìíîæåíèÿ (n=8). Ïåðâûé ïî- Ãíåçäî îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà ñ äâóìÿ ïóõîâè÷êàìè, îáíàðóæåííîå â 1990 ã. êàçàòåëü îêàçàëñÿ ïî÷òè ðàâíûì, à âòîðîé Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. – âäâîå íèæå ñðåäíèõ äëÿ âñåé äåëüòû (1,64 Nest of the White-Tailed Eagle with two hatchlings nestlings, which was found in è 1,41, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî). 1990. Photo by A. Zhatkanbayev. Îñåííå-çèìíèå âñòðå÷è  äåëüòå ðåêè Èëå îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò âåä¸ò îñ¸äëûé îáðàç æèçíè (Øíèòíèêîâ, 1949; Ãóñåâ, ×óåâà, 1951; Ãðà÷¸â, 1976). Íàìè òàêæå â õîäå àâèàó÷¸òîâ çàôèêñèðîâàíû áîëåå äåñÿòè âñòðå÷ áåëîõâîñòà â äåêàáðå 1985 ã.: 13 äåêàáðÿ îðëàí áûë âñòðå÷åí òðè ðàçà â äåëüòîâûõ íèçîâüÿõ, 14 äåêàáðÿ âñòðå÷åíî äâà îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà, åù¸ îäèí îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò çà ïðåäåëàìè äåëü- òû âñòðå÷åí áëèç ïîñ. Áàêàíàñ 14 äåêàáðÿ, 15 äåêàáðÿ çàôèêñèðîâàíî òðè îðëàíà- áåëîõâîñòà, 18–19 äåêàáðÿ âñòðå÷åíî 5 îñîáåé. Êðîìå òîãî, â îêòÿáðå 1990 ã. è â ñåíòÿáðå 2010 ã. â ðàçíûõ ÷àñòÿõ äåëüòû è çà å¸ ïðåäåëàìè ó÷òåíî ñ âåðòîë¸òà íå- Ãíåçäî îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà ñ äâóìÿ ïóõîâè÷êàìè íà òðîñòíèêå íà îçåðå Àñàóáàé, 2 ìàÿ 1984 ã. Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. ñêîëüêî äåñÿòêîâ îðëàíîâ. Îäíàêî, ñàìûå êðóïíûå çèìíèå ñêîïëåíèÿ (â îáùåé ñëîæ- Nest of the White-Tailed Eagle with two nestlings on a reed on Asaubay lake. May, 2, 1984. Photo by A. Zhatkanbayev. íîñòè ïî÷òè äî ñîòíè) áåëîõâîñòîâ, êàêèå íàáëþäàëèñü â ôåâðàëå 2000 ã. â ñåâåðî- âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè Êàñïèÿ, ãäå íà ëüäó ùå- íÿòñÿ êàñïèéñêèå òþëåíè (Phoca caspica), à îðëàíû ïîäáèðàþò ðîäîâûå ïëàöåíòû è ïîãèáøèõ áåëüêîâ, â äåëüòå Èëå è íà Áàë- õàøå íå èçâåñòíû.

Çàìå÷àíèå îá îðëàíå-äîëãîõâîñòå (Haliaeetus leucoryphus) Ðàíåå Â.À. Ãðà÷¸â (1976) ïèñàë: «Ïî ðàñ- ñêàçàì îõîòíèêîâ, â íèæíåé ÷àñòè äåëüòû ãí¸çäà áåëîõâîñòîâ âñòðå÷àþòñÿ íà ñàê- ñàóëå è òðîñòíèêå. Íàì íè òåõ, íè äðóãèõ íàõîäèòü íå ïðèõîäèëîñü; âîçìîæíî, ãí¸ç- äà íà òðîñòíèêå ïðèíàäëåæàëè îðëàíó- äîëãîõâîñòó, êîòîðûé â íèæíåé ÷àñòè Ïòåíöû îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â ãíåçäå íà òðîñòíèêå. Óëüêåí Áàëàêàøêàí, 1987 ã. äåëüòû áîëåå ìíîãî÷èñëåí, ÷åì áåëîõâîñò Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. (îõîòíèêè èõ íå ðàçëè÷àþò)». Îäíàêî íèêà- Nestlings of the White-Tailed Eagle in the nest on a reed. Ulken Balakashkan, êèõ êîíêðåòíûõ ñâåäåíèé î íàõîäêàõ ãí¸çä 1987. Photo by A. Zhatkanbayev. îðëàíà-äîëãîõâîñòà íå ïðèâîäèëîñü. 90 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

øåíèÿ êîëè÷åñòâà êðîâîñîñóùèõ íàñåêîìûõ â ìåñòàõ ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ôåðì è áàç. Ðàáîò- íèêè ñåíîêîñíûõ áðèãàä – äëÿ ïîâûøåíèÿ óðîæàéíîñòè ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè. Êðîìå òîãî, â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ó÷àñòèëèñü ñëó÷àè, êîãäà òóãàéíûå çàðîñëè â ãîëîâíîé ÷àñòè äåëüòû ïîäæèãàþò æèòåëè ðàñïîëîæåííûõ çäåñü ïîñ¸ëêîâ, ÷òîáû ïîòîì èñïîëüçîâàòü ñïè- ñàííûå îáãîðåëûå ñóõîñòîéíûå äåðåâüÿ íà äðîâà è ñòðîéìàòåðèàëû. Ýòè ïîæàðû, íà- ðÿäó ñî ñëó÷àÿìè áðàêîíüåðñòâà, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ôàêòîðàìè, íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûìè äëÿ ïîïóëÿ- öèè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà. Âðÿä ëè óëó÷øèò ïî- ëîæåíèå îðëàíîâ ïëàíèðóåìûé ïðèðîäíûé ðåçåðâàò â äîïîëíåíèå ê óæå ñóùåñòâóþùèì ãîñóäàðñòâåííûì ïðèðîäíûì çàêàçíèêàì – Äâà ïóõîâè÷êà è  íàøåé ïóáëèêàöèè (Æàòêàíáàåâ, 1990) Êàðîéñêîìó (509 òûñ. ãà) è Ïðèáàëõàøñêî- ÿéöî-áîëòóí â ãíåçäå áûëà ïðèâåäåíà ññûëêà íà óñòíîå ñîîáùå- ìó (503 òûñ. ãà), êîòîðûå ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà íà òðîñòíèêå â äåëüòå Èëå. íèå åãåðÿ Êàðîéñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî çà- îõâàòûâàþò òåððèòîðèþ äåëüòû Èëå. Áîëåå Àïðåëü 1990 ã. êàçíèêà Ì. Ãîëóáÿòíèêîâà î ñëó÷àå íàõîæ- òîãî, çàêðûòûé ðåæèì òàêîãî ðîäà ÎÎÏÒ Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. äåíèÿ â íèçîâüÿõ äåëüòû Èëå æèëîãî ãíåçäà çàòðóäíÿåò ïîä÷àñ ïðîâåäåíèå â íèõ çîîëî- Two nestlings of the îðëàíà-äîëãîõâîñòà. Íî íàøè ïðîâåðêè ýòî- ãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé. White-Tailed Eagle and ãî ãíåçäà ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî â 1991–96 ãã. â í¸ì Äëÿ äåëüòû ðåêè Èëå öåëåñîîáðàçíà îð- the unfertilized egg ðåãóëÿðíî ðàçìíîæàëàñü ïàðà îðëàíîâ- ãàíèçàöèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî in the nest on a reed in the Ilå delta. April, áåëîõâîñòîâ, ñîñòîÿâøàÿ èç î÷åíü ñâåò- çàïîâåäíèêà ñ ïðèìåðíîé ïëîùàäüþ â 65 1990. Photo by ëûõ ñòàðûõ ïòèö. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñêîðåå òûñ. ãà, ÷òî ïðåäëàãàëîñü ðàíåå (Æàòêàíáà- A. Zhatkanbayev. âñåãî, Ì. Ãîëóáÿòíèêîâ îøèáî÷íî îïðå- åâ, Èøóòèí, 1989). Êðîìå òîãî, â ãîëîâíîé äåëèë âèäîâóþ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü ýòîé ñâåò- ÷àñòè äåëüòû Èëå íåîáõîäèìî ñîçäàíèå ëîé ïàðû. Çà âåñü ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé ïàìÿòíèêà ïðèðîäû ðåñïóáëèêàíñêîãî çíà- 1984–2010 ãã. ãí¸çä îðëàíà-äîëãîõâîñòà â ÷åíèÿ, êîòîðûé áû îõâàòèë êàê ìåñòà íàè- äåëüòå Èëå íàì íå ïðèõîäèëîñü íàõîäèòü. áîëüøåé ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà- Ëèøü íåñêîëüêî ðàç íà òåððèòîðèè äåëüòû áåëîõâîñòà, òàê è ðåëèêòîâûå òóðàíãîâûå íàìè çàôèêñèðîâàíû âñòðå÷è ñ îäèíî÷- ðîùè. Ñîçäàíèå â äåëüòå ðåêè Èëå îñîáî íûìè äîëãîõâîñòàìè, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî îõðàíÿåìîé ïðèðîäíîé òåððèòîðèè ñ íàè- â àïðåëå. Ïîýòîìó ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî áîëåå âûñîêèì ñòàòóñîì çàïîâåäíîñòè ñïî- îðëàí-äîëãîõâîñò íè ñåé÷àñ, íè â ïîñëåä- ñîáñòâîâàëî áû ñîõðàíåíèþ çäåñü öåííîé, íèå ïîëâåêà íå ãíåçäèëñÿ â äåëüòå ð. Èëå è ïëàñòè÷íîé, àäàïòèðîâàííîé ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ Þæíîì Ïðèáàëõàøüå. êàê íà äåðåâüÿõ, òàê è â çàðîñëÿõ òðîñòíè- êîâ, ïîïóëÿöèè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà. Íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûå ôàêòîðû è ìåðû îõðàíû Çàêëþ÷åíèå Íà óñïåøíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà- Äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â áåëîõâîñòà â äåëüòå Èëå íåãàòèâíî âëèÿþò äåëüòå ðåêè Èëå õàðàêòåðíà íå òîëüêî îá- åæåãîäíûå âåñåííå-ëåòíèå ïîæàðû àíòðî- ëèãàòíàÿ ñòðàòåãèÿ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà íà äåðå- ïîãåííîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ â òóãàéíûõ è âüÿõ îòíîñèòåëüíî ïîñòîÿííûõ è íà ïðî- òðîñòíèêîâûõ ìàññèâàõ. Óñòðàèâàþò èõ ðû- òÿæåíèè ìíîãèõ ëåò èñïîëüçóåìûõ ãí¸çä áàêè è îõîòíèêè (â òîì ÷èñëå, ïðèåçæàþùèå èç âåòîê, ñó÷üåâ, êîðû è òðàâû. Ïðè ïî- íà ïðîìûñëîâûå ñåçîíû èç ãîðîäîâ è ïîñ¸ë- òåíöèàëüíîé êîðìîâîé è çàùèòíîé ïðè- êîâ èç-çà ïðåäåëîâ äåëüòû Èëå), ðàáîòíèêè âëåêàòåëüíîñòè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ óãîäèé â ñêîòîâîä÷åñêèõ ôåðì è áàç, ñåíîêîñíûõ äåëüòîâûõ íèçîâüÿõ è â å¸ ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè, áðèãàä è äàæå ìåñòíûå æèòåëè, ÷üÿ ïðî- è ïðè èìåþùåìñÿ òàì äåôèöèòå âûñîêî- ôåññèîíàëüíàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü íàïðÿìóþ íå ñòâîëüíîé äðåâåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè (îñî- ñâÿçàíà ñ äèêîé ïðèðîäîé. Ðûáàêè è îõîò- áåííî â íèæíåé ÷àñòè) ñòðàòåãèÿ ãíåçäî- íèêè ïîäæèãàþò òðîñòíèê äëÿ óëó÷øåíèÿ ñòðîåíèÿ ó îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà ìîæåò áûòü óñëîâèé îáèòàíèÿ ïðîìûñëîâûõ âèäîâ ðûá äîñòàòî÷íî ïëàñòè÷íîé. Çà èññëåäîâàííûé è îíäàòðû, äëÿ ïðîäåëûâàíèÿ ïðîõîäîâ â ïåðèîä (1984–2010 ãã.) íàìè âïåðâûå òî÷- òðîñòíèêîâûõ êðåïÿõ. Ñêîòîâîäû – äëÿ îá- íî çàôèêñèðîâàíû è äåòàëüíî îïèñàíû âî- íîâëåíèÿ ïàñòáèù, ëó÷øåé ïðîñìàòðèâàå- ñåìü ñëó÷àåâ ðàçîâîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà íà ìîñòè óðî÷èù ñ ïàñóùèìñÿ ñêîòîì è óìåíü- òðîñòíèêå ñ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííûì èñïîëüçî- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 91

ñ¸ëêà Àðàëòîáå Áàëõàøñêîãî ðàéîíà Àë- ìàòèíñêîé îáë.  ïîëåâûõ ðàáîòàõ ïðè- íèìàëè ó÷àñòèå òàêæå Í.Ì. Äîñîâ, Î. è Â. Ìåçåíöåâû, À.Ø. Ìàíêèáàåâ, À.Ã. è Ë.Ã. Åíóñîâû, Ì. Óëü÷åíêî, È. Êàñûìîâ è äðó- ãèå. Äëÿ îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ îñåííåãî àâèàó÷¸- òà â äåëüòå ðåêè Èëå â 2010 ã. Ñ.Â. Êàí íà áåçâîçìåçäíîé îñíîâå ïðåäîñòàâèë ñâîé âåðòîë¸ò. Ñïîíñîðñêóþ ïîìîùü äëÿ ïðî- âåäåíèÿ ýêñïåäèöèé ðåãóëÿðíî îêàçûâà- ëè Æ.Æ. è Æ.Ì. Æàòêàíáàåâû, â 1995 ã. – Tokyo Cinema Inc., â 2002 ã. – êîìïà- íèÿ Philip Morris Kazakhstan. Âñåì èì, îêàçàâøèì ñîäåéñòâèå â îñóùåñòâëåíèè ýêñïåäèöèîííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé â äåëüòå ðåêè Èëå è íà îç. Áàëõàø è â íàïèñàíèè ñòàòüè, àâòîð âûðàæàåò áëàãîäàðíîñòü. Îòäåëüíàÿ áëàãîäàðíîñòü Â.Ì. Ãàëóøèíó, âçÿâøåìó íà ñåáÿ òðóä ïî ðåäàêòèðîâà- íèþ äàííîé ñòàòüè.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Ãðà÷¸â Â.À. Áèîëîãèÿ îðëàíà áåëîõâîñòà â äåëüòå ð. Èëè. – Íîâîñòè îðíèòîëîãèè: Ìàòå- ðèàëû IV Âñåñîþçíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîí- ôåðåíöèè. Àëìà-Àòà, 1965. Ñ. 99–100. Ãðà÷¸â Â.À. Îðíèòîôàóíà äåëüòû ðåêè Èëè. Àâòîðåôåðàò äèññåðòàöèè íà ñîèñêàíèå ó÷å- íîé ñòåïåíè êàíäèäàòà áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê. Àëìà-Àòà, 1974. 22 ñ. Ãðà÷¸â Â.À. Áèîëîãèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â äåëüòå Èëè. – Îðíèòîëîãèÿ. Âûï. 12. Ì., 1976.  òðîñòíèêîâûõ âàíèåì òðîñòíèêîâûõ ñòåáëåé è ëèñòüåâ äëÿ Ñ. 103–113. ïîæàðàõ ãèáíóò ãí¸çäà ïîñòðîéêè ãíåçäà. Îäíàêî, ñëåäóåò îòìå- Ãóñåâ Â.Ì., ×óåâà Ã.È. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ïèòà- íå òîëüêî âîäîïëàâàþ- òèòü, ÷òî òàêàÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ ñòðàòåãèÿ ïî íèþ íåêîòîðûõ ïòèö äåëüòû ðåêè Èëè. – Çîîëî- ùèõ ïòèö, íî è îðëà- ãè÷åñêèé æåðíàë. Ò. 30. Âûï. 6. Ñ. 594–601. âûáîðó ñóáñòðàòà äëÿ ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäà íîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â Æàòêàíáàåâ À.Æ. Ñîâðåìåííûå àñïåê- òðîñòíèêàõ. è ìàòåðèàëà äëÿ åãî ñòðîèòåëüñòâà âîçìîæ- òû ÷èñëåííîñòè ðåäêèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. íà ëèøü ïðè äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííî- äåëüòå ð. Èëè. – Ðåäêèå è ìàëîèçó÷åííûå ïòè- Fires in reeds destroy ñòè è ïëîòíîñòè íàñåëåíèÿ ñóá-ïîïóëÿöèè öû Ñðåäíåé Àçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû III ðåñïóáëèêàí- nests of waterfowl and îðëàíà â âåðõîâüÿõ äåëüòû ðåêè Èëå (öåí- ñêîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè. Áóõà- the White-Tailed Eagle as well. Photos by òðàëüíîå ÿäðî ìåñòíîé ïîïóëÿöèè). Îòñþ- ðà, 1990. Ñ. 19–22. A. Zhatkanbayev. äà, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ìîæåò ïðîèñõîäèòü Æàòêàíáàåâ À., Èøóòèí Ï. «Äæóíãëÿì Ïðè- ðåãóëÿðíîå ðàññåëåíèå îáðàçîâàâøèõñÿ áàëõàøüÿ» – çàïîâåäíîñòü. – Îõîòà è îõîòíè÷üå íîâûõ ïàð â ñðåäíþþ è íèæíþþ äåëüòîâûå õîçÿéñòâî. 1989. ¹7. Ñ. 4–6. ÷àñòè, â êîòîðûõ (îñîáåííî â íèæíåé) èìå- Êîðåëîâ Ì.Í. Îòðÿä Õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû Êàçàõñòàíà. Ò. II. Àëìà-Àòà, 1962. Ñ. 488–707. åòñÿ äåôèöèò âûñîêîñòâîëüíîé ðàñòèòåëü- Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðåñïóáëèêè Êàçàõñòàí. Ò. 1. Æè- íîñòè äëÿ ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä, íî, âìåñòå âîòíûå. ×. 1. Ïîçâîíî÷íûå. Èçä-å 4-å, èñïðàâ- ñ òåì, êîðìîâûå è çàùèòíûå óñëîâèÿ çäåø- ëåííîå è äîïîëíåííîå. Àëìàòû, 2010. 324 ñ. íèõ ìåñò áëàãîïðèÿòíû äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ ýòîãî Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Àëìàòèíñêîé îáëàñòè. Æèâîò- îñåäëîãî çäåñü âèäà. íûå. Àëìàòû, 2006. 520 ñ.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, ñîãëàñíî íàøåé Øåñòîïåðîâ Å.Ë. Ìàòåðèàëû äëÿ îðíèòîëî- êîìïëåêñíîé îöåíêå, íà âñåé òåððèòîðèè ãè÷åñêîé ôàóíû Èëèéñêîãî êðàÿ. – Áþëëåòåíü äåëüòû ðåêè Èëå ãíåçäèòñÿ íå áîëåå 50 ìîñêîâñêîãî îáùåñòâà èñïûòàòåëåé ïðèðî- ïàð îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà. äû. Íîâàÿ ñåðèÿ. Îòäåëåíèå áèîëîãè÷åñêîå. 1929. Ò. 38. Âûï. 1–2. Ñ. 154–204. Âûï. 3–4. Ñ. 205—248. Áëàãîäàðíîñòè Øíèòíèêîâ Â.Í. Ïòèöû Ñåìèðå÷üÿ. Ìîñêâà – Áîëüøóþ ïîìîùü â ïðîâåäåíèè ïîëå- Ëåíèíãðàä, 1949. 666 ñ. âûõ èññëåäîâàíèé â âåðõíåé è ñðåäíåé IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Spe- ÷àñòÿõ äåëüòû ðåêè Èëå â 1984–2008 ãã. cies. Version 2010.4. . îêàçàë îõîòîâåä Â.Ì. Ïîêà÷àëîâ èç ïî- Downloaded on 01 November 2010. 92 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

EaglesoftheAral-CaspianRegion,Kazakhstan ОРЛЫ АРАЛО-КАСПИЙСКОГО РЕГИОНА, КАЗАХСТАН KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) KovalenkoA.V.,LevinA.S.(InstituteofZoology,MinistryofEducationandSciences, Almaty,Kazakhstan) PazhenkovA.S.(TheVolga-UralECONETAssistanceCentre,Samara,Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н.Новгород, Россия) Коваленко А.В., Левин А.C. (Институт зоологии ЦБИ МОН РК, Алматы, Казахстан) Паженков А.С. (Центр содействия «Волго-Уральской экологической сети», Самара, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ðåçþìå Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Ñòàòüÿ îáîáùàåò äàííûå àâòîðîâ, ïîëó÷åííûå â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèé 2003–2006 ãã. Ïîäðîáíî ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ è ïèòàíèå áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos), ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila èññëåäîâàíèé heliaca) è ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. ×èñëåííîñòü áåðêóòà îïðåäåëåíà â 603000, Ðîññèÿ, 600–800 ïàð, ìîãèëüíèêà – 360–580 ïàð, ñòåïíîãî îðëà – 2936–3866 ïàð. Áåðêóò ãíåçäèòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñ- Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, êëþ÷èòåëüíî íà âûñîêèõ îáðûâàõ ÷èíêîâ, ìîãèëüíèê – íà äåðåâüÿõ è îïîðàõ ËÝÏ, ñòåïíîé îð¸ë – íà çåìëå, óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 êóñòàõ, îïîðàõ ËÝÏ è îáðûâàõ ÷èíêîâ.  âûâîäêàõ áåðêóòà îò 1 äî 3-õ ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=56) 1,86±0,48 òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 ïòåíöà, â âûâîäêàõ ìîãèëüíèêà – 1–3, â ñðåäíåì (n=15) 2,27±0,59 ïòåíöà, â âûâîäêàõ ñòåïíîãî îðëà 1–4, â [email protected] ñðåäíåì (n=14) 2,36±0,84 ïòåíöà. Îñíîâó ðàöèîíà áåðêóòà ñîñòàâëÿþò ñðåäíåàçèàòñêàÿ ÷åðåïàõà (Testudo horsfieldii) è æ¸ëòûé ñóñëèê (Spermophilus fulvus), îñíîâó ðàöèîíà ìîãèëüíèêà æ¸ëòûé ñóñëèê è çìåè, îñíîâó ðàöèîíà ñòåïíîãî îðëà – æ¸ëòûé è ìàëûé (Spermophilus pygmaeus) ñóñëèêè. Àíäðåé Êîâàëåíêî Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, õèùíûå ïòèöû, îðëû, áåðêóò, ìîãèëüíèê, ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, Aquila 405030, Êàçàõñòàí, chrysaetos, Aquila heliaca, Aquila nipalensis, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ, Êàçàõñòàí. Àëìàòû, Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 26.02.2011 ã. Ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè 23.03.2011 ã. óë. Âàõòàíãîâà, 11Á–3 òåë.: +7 727 246 29 11 Abstract +7 701 570 25 60 The paper is based on authors’ data obtained during surveys in 2003–2006. It presents distribution, number, +7 777 339 10 35 breeding biology and diet of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) and Steppe +7 700 910 05 32 Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) in the Aral-Caspian region in detail. [email protected] The Golden Eagle population is estimated as 600–800 pairs, Imperial Eagle – 360–580 pairs, Steppe Eagle – 2936–3866 pairs. The Golden Eagle breeds almost only on high cliff-faces, the Imperial Eagle – on trees and Àíàòîëèé Ëåâèí electric poles, the Steppe Eagle – on the ground, bushes, electric poles and cliff-faces. The average brood size for Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè the Golden Eagle is 1.86±0.48 nestlings (n=56; range 1–3), for the Imperial Eagle – 2.27±0.59 nestlings (n=15; Ìèíèñòåðñòâà range 1–3), and for the Steppe Eagle – 2.36±0.84 nestlings (n=14; range 1–4). The main prey for the Golden Eagle îáðàçîâàíèÿ è íàóêè is the Russian Tortoise (Testudo horsfieldii) and Yellow Souslik (Spermophilus fulvus), for the Imperial eagle – also Êàçàõñòàí, Àëìàòû the Yellow Souslik as well as snakes, the diet of the Steppe Eagle consists generally of Yellow and Little Sousliks òåë.: +7 3272 69 48 76 (Spermophilus pygmaeus). [email protected] Keywords: raptors, birds of prey, eagles, Golden Eagle, Imperial Eagle, Steppe Eagle, Aquila chrysaetos, Aquila heliaca, Aquila nipalensis, distribution, population status, breeding biology, Kazakhstan. Àëåêñåé Ïàæåíêîâ Received: 26/02/2011. Accepted: 23/03/2011. Öåíòð ñîäåéñòâèÿ «Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè» Ââåäåíèå Introduction 443045, Ðîññèÿ, Ñàìàðà, à/ÿ 8001 Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí, íåñìîòðÿ íà During surveys in the Aral-Caspian re- [email protected] óíèêàëüíîñòü ëàíäøàôòîâ, òóðèñòè÷åñêóþ gion authors of the paper paid the special ïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòü è àêòèâíóþ íåôòå- è attention to the eagles as a species deter- ãàçîäîáû÷ó, äî ñèõ ïîð ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì mining distribution of many other raptor èç ñëàáî èçó÷åííûõ â îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîì species in a territory and being a precise ïëàíå. Ïóáëèêàöèè ïî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ, indicator of feeding conditions in a re- ÷èñëåííîñòè, ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè è ïèòà- gion. Extensive data were obtained and íèþ îðëîâ Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà results of data processing are presented ïðàêòè÷åñêè îòñóòñòâóþò. Ïóñòûíè Ïðè- in the paper. êàñïèÿ è Ïðèàðàëüÿ îáñëåäîâàëèñü àâ- òîðàìè â ðàìêàõ «Ñòåïíîé ïðîãðàììû» Methods Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé (Í. Íîâãî- The region under consideration occupies ðîä, Ðîññèÿ) è Öåíòðà ñîäåéñòâèÿ «Âîëãî- the extensive area in the Western Kaza- Óðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè» (Ñàìàðà, khstan (within the state borders) between Ðîññèÿ), ïðîåêòà «Áàëîáàí â Ðîññèè è Êà- Caspian and Aral Seas with a territory of çàõñòàíå» Èíñòèòóòà èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîêî- 250 thousands km2 (fig. 1). ëîâ (Falcon Research Institute, Carmarthen, That territory was surveyed in 2003–2006. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 93

Contact: UK) è ïðîåêòà ïî âûÿâëåíèþ Êëþ÷åâûõ A total length survey routes was 15654 km. Igor Karyakin îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Êàçàõñòà- For 4 years of research 31 study plots with Center of Field Studies 2 Korolenko str., 17a–17, íà Àññîöèàöèè ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîî- a total area of 1098.49 km were set up Nizhniy Novgorod, áðàçèÿ Êàçàõñòàíà (Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí).  (fig. 2). Russia, 603000 õîäå ðàáîòû îðëàì óäåëÿëîñü îñîáîå âíè- Breeding territories of the eagles were tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 ìàíèå, êàê âèäàì, îïðåäåëÿþùèì ðàñïðå- discovered during vehicle and pedestrian [email protected] äåëåíèå ìíîãèõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ïî routes which were planned in habitats pre- Andrey Kovalenko òåððèòîðèè, ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ ïîñòàâùèêàìè ferred the species – usually along different Vahtangova str., 11b–3, ïîñòðîåê äëÿ ñîêîëîâ, à òàêæå èíäèêàòî- cliff-faces, along narrow ravines, power Almaty, Kazakhstan, 405030 ðàìè êîðìîâîé ñèòóàöèè â ðåãèîíå.  ðå- lines, and sand edges. The activity was tel.: +7 727 246 29 11 çóëüòàòå áûë ñîáðàí äîâîëüíî îáøèðíûé aimed at the search of nests and registra- +7 701 570 25 60 ìàòåðèàë, ðåçóëüòàòû îáðàáîòêè êîòîðîãî tion of birds. +7 777 339 10 35 ïðåäñòàâëåíû â íàñòîÿùåé ñòàòüå. The territories where nests of the eagles +7 700 910 05 32 [email protected] (either living or empty but occupied) or Ìåòîäèêà pairs have been recorded, were recognized Anatoliy Levin Ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé â ñòàòüå ðåãèîí çàíè- as breeding territories. As the possible Institute of Zoology ìàåò îáøèðíóþ òåððèòîðèþ â Çàïàäíîì breeding territories we considered the reg- Ministry of Education and Sciences Êàçàõñòàíå (â àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèöàõ istrations of the displaying adult birds. Almaty, Kazakhstan ãîñóäàðñòâà) ìåæäó Êàñïèéñêèì è Àðàëü- Discovered breeding territories of the tel.: +7 3272 69 48 76 ñêèì ìîðÿìè ïëîùàäüþ 250,0 òûñ. êì2 eagles were mapped. The population cal- [email protected] è ëåæèò, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî, â çîíå ïó- culation was performed using GIS-soft- Aleksey Pazhenkov ñòûíü, ïîëóïóñòûíü è îïóñòûíåííûõ ñòå- ware (ArcView 3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA) (Kar- The Volga-Ural ECONET ïåé (ðèñ. 1).  ðàìêàõ ðåãèîíà â äàííîé yakin, 2004) based on the map of typical Assistance Centre ñòàòüå ìû íå ðàññìàòðèâàåì Ìóãîäæàðû è habitats (cliff-faces) obtained through the P.O. Box 8001, Samara, ïðàâîáåðåæüå Ýìáû, òàê êàê ýòè òåððèòî- verification of Landsat ETM+ satellite im- Russia, 443045 [email protected] ðèè ñóùåñòâåííî îòëè÷àþòñÿ ïî ñòðóêòó- ages and analysis of 1:500000 scale topo- ðå ëàíäøàôòîâ îò ïóñòûíü è ïîëóïóñòûíü graphic maps. Ìàíãûøëàêà, Óñòþðòà è Ïðèàðàëüÿ. Îäíà- A total length of cliff-faces in the region êî, ñðàâíèâàÿ ïîïóëÿöèè îðëîâ, ìû ïðè- is 8065.02 km as well as in study plots is âîäèì äàííûå è ïî ýòèì òåððèòîðèÿì, 1768.9 km. Following the geographical åñëè îíè èìåþòñÿ. location and the dominating type of rock Ðåãèîí îáñëåäîâàëñÿ â àïðåëå–ìàå (chalky, limy or clay), all cliff-faces of the region were divided into 10 groups: cliff- faces of the Shagyray Plateau, northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau (including the Donyz-Tau cliff-faces), western cliff-fac- es of the Usturt Plateau, southern (chalky) cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau and calck cliff-faces of Aktau, the Aral cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, cliff-faces of the Aral Sea, cliff-faces of Mangyshlak Peninsula, cliff-faces of depressions of the Kinderli- Kayasanskoe Plateau (Karagie, Kaundy, Basgurly, Zhazgurly Northeastern cliff- faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau, Kolenkeli and Zheltau Cliffs. The diet studies were based on an analy- sis of remains of preys in nests and pellets. A total of 880 prey remains and 125 pellets were analyzed. The cameral treatment of the nonspa- tial data was carried out using MS Excel 2003 and Statistica 6.0 software. The fac- tual data were represented as “the mean ± standard deviation” (̱SD). The nor- mality tests for the parameter distribution were performed using the Shapiro–Wilk’s Ðèñ. 1. Êàðòà ïðèðîäíûõ çîí Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà. W test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov & Lilie- Fig. 1. Nature zones of the Aral-Caspian region. fors test for normality. 94 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

2003–2006 ãã. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü Results ýêñïåäèöèîííûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà Status of species 15654 êì (3832 êì – â 2003 ã., 5975 êì – Only three species of eagles – the Golden â 2004 ã., 977 êì – â 2005 ã. è 4870 êì – â Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Imperial Eagle 2006 ã.). (Aquila heliaca) and Steppe Eagle (Aquila  2003 ã. óäàëîñü îáñëåäîâàòü 11 ïëî- nipalensis) are proved as breeding spe- ùàäîê îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 2194,95 êì2.  cies in the Aral-Caspian region. Data about 2004 ã. ïîñåùàëîñü 6 ïëîùàäîê ïðîøëîãî the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) ãîäà, 3 èç êîòîðûõ áûëè ïîëíîñòüþ îáñëå- breeding (Zaletaev, 1968) have been rec- äîâàíû. Âñåãî çà ãîä áûëî îñìîòðåíî 18 ognized as an error, because Zaletaev con- ïëîùàäîê (ñ ó÷¸òîì íîâûõ) îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ fused the Spotted Eagles with Steppe Ea- 8162,70 êì2.  2005 ã. â Ïðèàðàëüå áûëî gles (Karyakin, Levin, 2008). çàëîæåíî 3 ïëîùàäêè îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 196,43 êì2.  2006 ã. óäàëîñü îáñëåäîâàòü Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) 5 ïëîùàäîê îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 905,32 êì2. Distribution and Population Numbers Çà 4 ãîäà èññëåäîâàíèé áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà In the Aral-Caspian region, the Golden 31 íå ïåðåêðûâàþùàÿñÿ ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäêà Eagle is recorded only in rouged terrains Ðèñ. 2. Ó÷¸òíûå îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 1098,49 êì2 (ðèñ. 2). mainly in the regions near the Caspian Sea ïëîùàäêè (ââåðõó) è ìàðøðóòû (âíèçó). Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè îðëîâ âûÿâëÿëèñü â – Mangistau mountains, Mangyshlak penin- õîäå àâòîìîáèëüíûõ è ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòîâ, sula, and cliff-faces of the Usturt plateau. Fig. 2. Study plots (upper) and transects êîòîðûå ïëàíèðîâàëèñü ïî ãíåçäîïðè- Unfortunately despite of many surveys car- (bottom). ãîäíûì äëÿ âèäîâ áèîòîïàì – ïðåèìóùå- ried out in the Aral Sea region we have not recorded the Golden Eagle breeding. We found it breeding to the north of the Shagy- ray plateau in the Mugodzhary mountains (Karyakin et al., 2007), in flood forests in the or and Ural river basins, however sepa- rate breeding pairs are recorded far apart up to the Guberlya upland, and the species breeding in the steppe zone seems to be occasional. A total of 187 adults (older than 2 years) in 123 territories were recorded during our surveys in the Aral-Caspian region. We found 115 breeding territories (105 – on the model plots, including 100 – on cliff-faces), nests were discovered in 100 breeding terri- tories (186 nests including old nests) (fig. 3). Pairs were registered in 10 breeding territo- ries, single adults – in 3 territories (display- ing males – in 2 cases and the alarmed fe- male in one territory) and the fledgling bad flying – in one territory (the nest was not being searched due to lack of time). Thus, the breeding was proved in 82.11% cases in a total number of bird records (n=123). The census of eagles has shown that in dif- ferent types of cliff-faces the density varied from 1.90 to 6.94 pairs/100 km, averaging 6.0 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces throughout the region. The highest values of density are noted for the chalk cliff-faces of the Mangyshlak peninsula – 3.41–11.80, aver- aging 6.94 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces, and the Kinderli-Kayasan plateau – 1.44–13.93, averaging 6.76 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces (table 1). Such high density is connected with the territory having an abundance of sites suitable for eagles nesting – many Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 95

×èíêè Ìàíãûøëàêà è Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Cliff-faces of the Mangyshlak Peninsula and Kinderli-Kayasan Plateau. Photos by I. Karyakin.

ñòâåííî âäîëü îáðûâîâ ðàçëè÷íîãî òèïà high sheer cliffs with numerous niches and è, â ìåíüøåé ñòåïåíè, âäîëü ñàåâ (óçêèõ ledges. îâðàãîâ), êðîìêè ïåñêîâ è ëèíèé ýëåêòðî- The average nearest neighbour distance is ïåðåäà÷è (ËÝÏ). Ðàáîòà áûëà íàïðàâëåíà 6.44±4.23 km (n=86; range 1.5–23.8 km;

íà ïîèñê ãí¸çä è ðåãèñòðàöèþ ïòèö. Ìå- Ex=3.17, median=5.48; mode=3.55 km) ñòà, ïðèãîäíûå äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà îðëàìè (table 2). ãí¸çä, îñìàòðèâàëèñü â îïòèêó (áèíîêëè In the Mangistau mountains the breed- 8×30, 12×50) ñ öåëüþ îáíàðóæåíèÿ ãíåç- ing density was 3.52 pairs/100 km2 while äîâûõ ïîñòðîåê èëè ïòèö íà ïðèñàäàõ.  the nearest neighbour distance was 3.13– õîäå ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòîâ îñìàòðèâàëèñü òàê- 8.42 km, averaging 5.84±2.65 km. æå ïîäíîæèÿ ÷èíêîâ è îñûïè íà ïðåäìåò Taking into account the average density îáíàðóæåíèÿ îñòàòêîâ ïèùè è ïîãàäîê. Âî (6.0±1.1 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces) and the ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ÷èíêè ïðîõîäèëèñü ïåø- total length of cliff-faces in the Kazakhstan êîì ïîâåðõó èëè ïîíèçó, ëèáî è ïîâåðõó, part of the Aral-Caspian region (8065.02 km) è ïîíèçó ãðóïïîé èç 2-õ ÷åëîâåê. we can project at least 395–573 pairs, on Ïîä ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè ïîäðàçóìå- average 484 pairs of eagles to breed in the âàþòñÿ òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòîðûõ îáíà- region. Similar values (363–503, on average ðóæåíû ãí¸çäà îðëîâ (ëèáî æèëûå, ëèáî 433 pairs) have been obtained as a result of ïóñòóþùèå, íî àáîíèðóåìûå ïòèöàìè), calculations for different types of cliff-faces âñòðå÷åíû òîêóþùèå âçðîñëûå ïòèöû. Ê (table 3). âîçìîæíûì ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì ìû ïðè- In the Mangistau mountains, with the ðàâíèâàåì èþíüñêèå âñòðå÷è âçðîñëûõ density being 3.52 pairs/100 km2 and the ïòèö, íåîäíîêðàòíî ðåãèñòðèðîâàâøèõñÿ total area of 956 km2, about 33–34 pairs of íà îäíîé è òîé æå òåððèòîðèè. eagles are projected to breed. Âûÿâëÿåìûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè îðëîâ Apart cliff-faces we can only project ea- êàðòèðîâàëèñü, äàííûå âíîñèëèñü â ñðåäó gles breeding, but no more than 20 pairs. ÃÈÑ (ArcView 3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA), ãäå è Considering the mentioned above, we can ïðîèçâîäèëñÿ ðàñ÷¸ò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè state that at least 416–557 pairs of Golden 96 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

âèäà (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Íà îñíîâå ðàñòðî- Eagles breed in the Aral-Caspian region âûõ êàðò Ì 1:500000 è êîñìîñíèìêîâ within the administrative borders of Kaza- Landsat ETM+ áûëè ïîäãîòîâëåíû âåêòîð- khstan, that is similar to our previous esti- íûå ñëîè îáðûâîâ, íà îáùóþ ïðîòÿæ¸í- mations at 400–500 pairs (Levin, Karyakin, íîñòü êîòîðûõ ïðÿìî ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàëèñü 2005). The number of entire population of äàííûå ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëîâ, ïîëó÷åí- the Golden Eagle including cliff-faces in the íûå íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ. territory of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ â ðå- can be estimates as 600–800 pairs. ãèîíå ñîñòàâèëà 8065,02 êì, à ïðîòÿæ¸í- Basing on the analysis of distribution of íîñòü îáðûâîâ íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ – breeding pairs between Aral and Caspian 1768,9 êì. Ïî ñâîåìó ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîìó Seas two large breeding groups have been ðàñïîëîæåíèþ, à òàêæå ïî äîìèíèðîâà- distinguished – “Mangyshlak” and “North íèþ òîãî èëè èíîãî òèïà îáíàæåíèé (ìå- Usturt” (fig. 6), which in addition were dif- ëîâûå, ðàêóøå÷íèêîâûå èëè ãëèíÿíûå), ferent in main prey species and dates of âñå îáðûâû ðåãèîíà ïîäåëåíû íà 10 breeding. ãðóïï: îáðûâû ïëàòî Øàãûðàé, ñåâåðíûé The post-breeding population number is ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò (âêëþ÷àÿ ÷èíê Äîíûç- estimated as 2000–2500 individuals in the Òàó), çàïàäíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò, þæíûé Aral-Caspian region. (ìåëîâîé) ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò è ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Àêòàó, Àðàëüñêèé ÷èíê ïëàòî Breeding Óñòþðò, îáðûâû Ïðèàðàëüÿ, îáðûâû ïî- As mentioned above, the main nesting ëóîñòðîâà Ìàíãûøëàê, îáðûâû âïàäèí habitats for the Golden Eagle in the Aral- Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (Êàðàãèå, Caspian region are different types of cliffs Êàóíäû, Áàñãóðëû, Æàçãóðëû), ñåâåðî- and precipices, generally within the zone of âîñòî÷íûé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî the Usturt plateau cliff-faces (mostly in the ïëàòî, îáðûâû Êîëåíêåëè è Æåëüòàó. Caspian Sea region), as well as the rocky Ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè â 2003–2004 ãã. çà- gorges of the Mangistau mountains (West- êëàäûâàëèñü òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû ê êîí- ern and Eastern Karatau). Among the dis- öó ïîëåâîãî ñåçîíà 2004 ã. îõâàòèòü âñå covered nesting sites (n=115) the sites on ãðóïïû îáðûâîâ â ðåãèîíå. Ýêñòðàïîëÿ- the chalk cliff-faces predominated – 60.0%, öèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëîâ âåëàñü èìåííî alternative sites were on shell cliff-faces íà òå ãðóïïû îáðûâîâ, íà êîòîðûõ îðëû – 27.83% and the least number of sites ó÷èòûâàëèñü. (6.09%) were recorded on the clay cliffs Çà ïðåäåëàìè îáðûâîâ îðëû ó÷èòûâà- (fig. 7). Also we found 3.48% pairs breed- ëèñü íà àâòîìîáèëüíûõ ìàðøðóòàõ, íà ing in the rocky gorges of the Mangistau íåîãðàíè÷åííîé ïîëîñå (Êàðÿêèí, 2004), mountains, 1.74% pairs – in a flat clay semi- ëèáî íà ïëîùàäêàõ. Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ â òàêèõ desert close to the zone of cliff-faces and

Ðàçëè÷íûå òèïû ãëèíÿíûõ ÷èíêîâ íà Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîì ïëàòî, Ìàíãûøëàêå è Óñòþðòå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Different types of clay cliff-faces distributed in the Mangyshlak Peninsula, Kinderli- Kayasan and Usturt Plateaus. Photos by I. Karyakin. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 97

0.87% – in sands. It should be noted, that eagles inhabiting cliff-faces of Western and Northern Usturt, which is mostly clay, prefer to nest on cliff-faces with outcrops of shell cliffs, even if they occur as a very narrow layer above the clay stratum and form the overhangs. We are analyzing only 112 nests (100 active and 12 old nests) of 186 nests dis- covered. It is connected with the fact that on suitable cliff-faces (often in the specific cirques) the nests of Golden Eagles of dif- ferent ages are located close to each other in adjacent niches and/or ledges of different levels (usually no far than 50 m from each other). During filling in the database the old nests in such nest aggregations were re- corded, but their parameters were ignored, and the information only about active nest was input in the database. Among 112 nests 110 (98.21%) were located on cliffs and rocks and only 2 (1.79%) – on metal electric poles (fig. 8, 9). Analyzing the nest locations on cliffs (n=110) we have revealed that nest built in the upper part of a cliff predominated – 70.0%. Alternative nest location is in the middle part of a cliff – 23.64%, and the least number of nests (6.36%) was located in the bottom part (fig. 10). At the nesting on open ledges, the wall behind the nest al- ways dominates, but its height may be only 1–1.5 ì. Generally cliff-nesting eagles (n=110) Ìåòîäèêà âûÿâëåíèÿ ñëó÷àÿõ îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü íà îáùóþ ïëîùàäü built their nests in niches – 71.82% (fig. 11). ãí¸çä çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òåððèòîðèè, ïî êîòîðîé ïðîëåãàëè ìàðø- Also birds place their nests on open ledges îñìîòðå ïîäõîäÿùèõ ðóòû, ëèáî íà òå áèîòîïû, â êîòîðûõ áûëè (18.18%), ledges protected by overhangs äëÿ èõ óñòðîéñòâà ìåñò ñ ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûõ çàëîæåíû ïëîùàäêè. (7.27%), and very seldom on a bush grow- òî÷åê íà ÷èíêå (ââåðõó) Ïèòàíèå èçó÷àëîñü ïóò¸ì îïðåäåëåíèÿ ing on the open ledge (2.73%). ëèáî èç-ïîä ÷èíêà âèäîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè îñòàíêîâ æåðòâ â The height of nest placed on cliffs depends (âíèçó). ãí¸çäàõ è ðàçáîðà ïîãàäîê.  îáùåé ñëîæ- on a height of cliff-faces, which are used as Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. íîñòè ðàçîáðàíî 125 ïîãàäîê è îñìîòðå- a nesting site, and ranges from 2 to 120 m The technique of nest íî 880 îñòàòêîâ ïèùè, îïðåäåëåíî 1093 above the bottom of a cliff. Generally eagles searching is based on the survey of suitable îáúåêòà ïèòàíèÿ. prefer to nest at a height lower than 50 m, for nesting habitats from Ìàòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ îáðàáîòêà äàííûõ îñó- and about a half of surveyed pairs (52.73%) different places on cliff- ùåñòâëÿëàñü â MS Excel 2003 è Statistica were recorded to nest at a height ranging faces (upper), or from 6.0. Äëÿ âûáîðîê îïðåäåëÿëîñü ñðåä- between 10 and 30 m (fig. 12). The average under cliffs (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin. íåå è ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå (M±SD), height of nest location is 23.74±20.52 m

ïðè ñðàâíåíèè âûáîðîê ðàññ÷èòûâà- (n=110; Ex=5.49, median=20; mode=20 m). ëè êîýôôèöèåíò êîððåëÿöèè Ïèðñîíà, As a rule, the Golden Eagle’s nests are â àíàëèçå ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ èñïîëüçîâà- rather large constructions made from ëè êðèòåðèè Êîëìîãîðîâà-Ñìèðíîâà è branches and twigs of saxaul, tamairisk and Øàïèðî-Óèëêñà. caragana, however we found rather small nests: in the Mangyshlak peninsula the sizes Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé of nests varied very much – from 1–1.5 at Ñòàòóñ âèäîâ height on the open ledges to almost com- Äëÿ Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà â êà- plete absence of nest construction on niches ÷åñòâå ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ âèäîâ îðëîâ âïëîòü (only several twigs symbolized such nest). äî ñåðåäèíû ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ïðèâîäèëèñü 3 In the Aral-Caspian region Golden Eagles 98 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

âèäà: áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos), ìîãèëü- start to breed in January, this period is char- íèê (Aquila heliaca) è ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila acterized by active courtship display. Dates nipalensis), ïðè÷¸ì, äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà è of it are very protracted due to asynchronic ñòåïíîãî îðëà þæíàÿ ãðàíèöà ãíåçäîâîãî breeding of different pairs, that is a common àðåàëà ïðîâîäèëàñü ÷åðåç ñåâåð Óñòþðòà feature for a desert population of eagles. The è íå çàõâàòûâàëà Ìàíãûøëàê (Äåìåíòüåâ, egg laying is spread across the period since 1951; Êîðåëîâ, 1962). Â.Ñ. Çàëåòàåâ (1968) 15 January in the south part of the region âí¸ñ â ñïèñîê ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ âèäîâ ðåãèîíà (Kinderli-Kayasan plateau, Mangyshlak) è áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga) íà and 1–5 February – in the north (Northern îñíîâàíèè âñòðå÷ è äîáû÷è ïòèö íà Çàïàä- Usyurt, Shagyray). Clutches are recorded íîì ÷èíêå Óñòþðòà. Ïîçæå, íà îñíîâàíèè in March up to late April in the south part ýòîé èíôîðìàöèè, Óñòþðò âêëþ÷¸í â àðå- of the region and up to late May – in the àë ïîäîðëèêà â Êàçàõñòàíå Ý.È. Ãàâðèëî- north. The latest clutch, consisting of only âûì (Ãàâðèëîâ, 1999; Gavrilov, Gavrilov, fresh egg was seen on the north cliff-faces 2005). Îäíàêî óêàçàíèå íà ãíåçäîâàíèå of the Usturt plateau on 5 May, 2006. Such ïîäîðëèêà íà Óñòþðòå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÿâíî îøè- large difference in dates of egg laying de- áî÷íûì. Òóøêè ïòèö, äîáûòûõ â 40 êì îò pends on spring and local food conditions Ìàíàòû, îïðåäåë¸ííûõ Â.Ñ. Çàëåòàåâûì in the breeding territories. Taking into ac- êàê áîëüøèå ïîäîðëèêè è õðàíèâøèå- count that the main part of the Aral-Caspian ñÿ â ìóçåå ÌÃÓ ïîä íîìåðàìè R-79651, population is located in the Mangyshlak pe- 79650 è 79649, â 80-õ ãã. ïåðåîïðåäå- ninsula, South Usturt and Kinderli-Kayasan ëåíû Å.Í. Êîðøóíîâîé êàê ñòåïíûå îðëû plateaus, in the Aral-Caspian region the (Êàðÿêèí, Ëåâèí, 2008). Íàìè òåððèòîðèÿ most egg laying seems to be in the period Çàïàäíîãî Óñòþðòà äîñòàòî÷íî õîðîøî between 26 January and 14 February. îáñëåäîâàíà â 2003–2006 ãã. è ïîäîðëèê Eggs of first clutches are being hatched in çäåñü âñòðå÷åí ëèøü îäíàæäû íà ïðîë¸òå the south of the region since the beginning íàä ÷èíêàìè Æåëüòàó 22 ìàÿ 2004 ã., â òî of Mart (1–3 March), in the north – in late âðåìÿ êàê ñòåïíîé îð¸ë õîòü è ðåäêî, íî March (21–23 March). The most hatching is âñ¸ æå ãíåçäèòñÿ íà ÷èíêàõ ïî âñåìó Çà- recorded at the period between 12 and 30 ïàäíîìó Óñòþðòó è â áîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå March. The fledging period may be spread ìèãðèðóåò ÷åðåç ïëàòî (Ëåâèí, Êàðÿêèí, up to the beginning of August, in the north 2005). Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ – up to 20 August. ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î äîñòîâåðíîì ãíåçäîâà- In 2004, we surveyed the earliest fledg- íèè â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå òîëüêî lings in Mangyshlak on 5 May and in the òð¸õ âèäîâ îðëîâ – áåðêóòà, ìîãèëüíèêà è northern cliff-faces of Usturt – on 25 May. ñòåïíîãî. The end of the fledging period in the main part of population in Mangyshlak, Souther Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos) Usturt and Kinderli-Kayasan plateau is re- Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü corded in dates 16 May – 3 June. About  Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå áåðêóò 50% broods fledge in late May. Nestlings in ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í ëèøü íà òåððèòîðèÿõ ñ äî- latter broods fledge in June – August, until ñòàòî÷íî ñèëüíî ïåðåñå÷¸ííûì ðåëüåôîì, late August. But so latest dates are seldom. ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â Ïðèêàñïèè – ãîðû Depending on weather conditions dates Ìàíãèñòàó íà Ìàíãûøëàêå è ÷èíêè ïëàòî. of breeding may be different across the  Ïðèàðàëüå, íåñìîòðÿ íà ðÿä ýêñïåäè- years, and the egg laying may start earlier öèé, áåðêóò íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íàìè íå îáíà- for 2 week or later for 2–3 weeks comparing ðóæåí íè íà ÷èíêàõ ñåâåðíåå Àðàëüñêîãî with the average dates (3–5 February). ìîðÿ, íè íà ÷èíêàõ ïëàòî Óñòþðò âäîëü We surveyed 112 active nests in 2003– ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîãî ïîáåðåæüÿ Àðàëüñêîãî 2007 (including nests visited repeatedly ìîðÿ. Õîòÿ áåðêóò ãíåçäèòñÿ íà ïëàòî Øà- the next year): lost clutches or broods ãûðàé, ðàñïîëîæåííîì âñåãî ëèøü â 100 were recorded in 6 nests (5.36%), 21 nests êì çàïàäíåå (Ïàæåíêîâ, Êîðæåâ, 2006). (18.75%) were repaired and occupied, Íà Àðàëüñêîì ÷èíêå ïëàòî Óñòþðò ãíåçäî- but the breeding was not recorded at the âàíèå áåðêóòà áûëî èçâåñòíî â Óçáåêèñòà- moment of survey and 85 nests (75.89%) íå â íà÷àëå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ (Ìîë÷àíîâ, 1912; contained living clutches and broods, 64 of Çàðóäíûé, 1916), îäíàêî ñîâðåìåííûå them were visited to determine the clutch äàííûå ñ ýòîé òåððèòîðèè ïî ïðèñóòñòâèþ and brood size. âèäà îòñóòñòâóþò (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé è äð., A total 8 nests with clutches were sur- 1987; 2009). Òåì íå ìåíåå, ãíåçäîâàíèå veyed (4 nests with living clutches and 4 – Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 99

îòäåëüíûõ ïàð âïîëíå âîçìîæíî íà êàçàõ- ñêîé ÷àñòè ÷èíêà, ãäå â 2005 ã., áëèç ãðà- íèöû ñ Óçáåêèñòàíîì, íàáëþäàëàñü ïàðà ïòèö (À.Â. Ìîøêèí, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Ãíåçäîâàíèå áåðêóòà íà îáøèðíûõ ðàâ- íèíàõ ïëàòî Óñòþðò äîñòàòî÷íî ñëó÷àé- íî. Ðàíåå áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå áëèç êîëîäöà Ó÷êóäóê (Êîñòèí, 1956).  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íà Óñòþðòå ïàðû áåðêó- òîâ ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà îïîðàõ âûñîêîâîëüòíûõ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ËÝÏ), îäíàêî ñî- âåðøåííî íåðàâíîìåðíî (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2004). Âîçìîæíî, ãíåçäîâàíèå áåðêóòà íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ – íîâîå äëÿ Óñòþðòà ÿâëåíèå è ïðèâíåñåíî ïòèöàìè ñ áîëåå âîñòî÷- íûõ ðåãèîíîâ.  ÷àñòíîñòè, â Êûçûëêóìàõ ãíåçäîâàíèå áåðêóòà íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ ñòà- ëî îáû÷íûì ÿâëåíèåì óæå â êîíöå 70-õ Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. – íà÷àëå 80-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ (Ëàíîâåíêî, Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Àáäóëíàçàðîâ, 1983). Ñåâåðíåå ïëàòî Øà- Photo by I. Karyakin. ãûðàé ãíåçäîâàíèå óñòàíîâëåíî â Ìóãîä- æàðàõ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2007), â ïîéìåííûõ with lost ones), the average clutch size was ëåñàõ ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêîâ áàññåéíà Îðè è 1.75±0.71 eggs (range 1–3). Unfortunately Óðàëà, îäíàêî âïëîòü äî Ãóáåðëèíñêîãî these data are not valid for the region be- ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà áåðêóò ãíåçäèòñÿ îòäåëü- cause the most found clutches were late. íûìè ïàðàìè, óäàë¸ííûìè äðóã îò äðóãà A total of 56 nests contained broods (54 íà áîëüøèå ðàññòîÿíèÿ è â öåëîì â ñòåï- living and 2 lost); the average brood size íîé çîíå åãî ðàçìíîæåíèå íîñèò ñëó÷àé- was 1.86±0.48 nestlings (range 1–3). We íûé õàðàêòåð. found the third unfertilized egg in four nests Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé â Àðàëî- with broods comprised of 2 nestlings and Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå àâòîðàìè âñòðå÷åíî the second unfertilized egg in 5 nests with 187 áåðêóòîâ ñòàðøå 2-õ ëåò íà 123 òåððè- broods consisted of only nestling. Consider- òîðèÿõ, âûÿâëåíî 115 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ing those data we can project the average (105 – íà ïëîùàäêàõ, â òîì ÷èñëå 100 – íà size of early clutches as 2.02±0.49 eggs. ÷èíêàõ), íà 100 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáíà- Almost all the living broods (n=54) con- ðóæåíû ãí¸çäà îðëîâ (186 ãí¸çä, ñ ó÷¸òîì sisted of 2 eggs (75.93%) (fig. 13). All the ñòàðûõ, çàíèìàâøèõñÿ ðàíåå) (ðèñ. 3). Íà broods comprised of 3 fledglings were ob- 10 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ âñòðå÷åíû ïàðû served for 7–12 days before they flying out the nest, then we can assume the breed- ing to be successful. We have observed no cases of cannibalism in the Golden Eagle broods and not recorded nestlings died through starvation. The lost broods seemed to be a result of death of an adult in the pair. Unfortunately we have no sufficient data on the breeding success and can estimate it on the base of the ratio of successful and empty nests during the period of 2 weeks before the fledglings flying out the nest. Depending on food and spring conditions up to 90% pairs can not breed in some re- gions, that were observed in the Norther Usturt in 2003 ã and in the Souther Usturt in 2006. However throughout the region more than 50% pairs were noted to breed. And the main reason of the Golden Eagle Ðèñ. 3. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áåðêóòîâ (Aquila chrysaetos). non-breeding is the decrease in numbers Fig. 3. Breeding territories of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). of the Great Gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) 100 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ïòèö, íà 3-õ – îäèíî÷íûå âçðîñëûå ïòèöû (â and Yellow Souslik (Spermophilus fulvus) in äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ òîêîâàâøèé ñàìåö è íà îäíîì those regions, where the Russian Tortoise ó÷àñòêå – áåñïîêîèâøàÿñÿ ñàìêà) è íà (Testudo (Agrionemys) horsfieldii) and Chu- îäíîì ó÷àñòêå íàáëþäàëñÿ ïëîõî ëåòàþùèé kar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) are absent ñë¸òîê (ãíåçäî â ýòîì ìåñòå íå èñêàëè èç-çà or their numbers are little, however insignif- ëèìèòà âðåìåíè). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ãíåçäîâà- icant part of the population breeds in those íèå áåðêóòà ïîäòâåðæäåíî ïðè âñòðå÷àõ ñ regions. ïòèöàìè (n=123) â 82,11% ñëó÷àåâ. Êîëè÷åñòâî âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò- Diet êîâ áåðêóòîâ äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêî êîððåëèðó- The analysis of remains of prey species in åò ñî ñòåïåíüþ îáñëåäîâàííîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ the Golden Eagle nests in the region (n=478 áèîòîïîâ (r=0,92, p<0,08). Àíàëèç ãí¸çä in 32 nests) has shown the Russian Tortoise áåðêóòà â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòî- (41.21%) predominating. It is connected ïîâ ïîêàçûâàåò äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíóþ with the fact that the tortoise shells remain êàðòèíó âñòðå÷ íà âñåõ òèïàõ ÷èíêîâ, çà èñ- in and under the nest for a long time unlike êëþ÷åíèåì ãëèíÿíûõ (ðèñ. 4). Ñâÿçàíî ýòî, the remains of small mammals. However â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ñ òåì, ÷òî íà ãëèíÿíûõ the analysis of remains and pellets collected ÷èíêàõ ìåíüøå îòâåñíûõ ñòåí, ïðèãîäíûõ in 12 nests have shown another results – äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà áåðêóòàìè ãí¸çä. see table 4 and fig. 14. In this case (n=420) Ó÷¸ò áåðêóòîâ ïîêàçàë, ÷òî íà ðàçíûõ òè- the Russian Tortoise also predominates ïàõ ÷èíêîâ èõ ïëîòíîñòü âàðüèðóåò îò 1,90 (27.38%), but another significant prey spe- äî 6,94 ïàð/100 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì cies in the diet is the Great Gerbil (22.38%), ïî ðåãèîíó 6,0 ïàð/100 êì îáðûâîâ. Ìàê- bones of which are numerous in pellets, ñèìàëüíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè õàðàê- but its carcasses are infrequent in the nests. òåðíû äëÿ ìåëîâûõ îáðûâîâ Ìàíãûøëàêà Another alternative prey species are the – 3,41–11,80, â ñðåäíåì 6,94 ïàð/100 êì Yellow Souslik (16.9%), Chukar Partridge îáðûâîâ è Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî – (12.4%), East-Four-lined Ratsnake (5.48%) 1,44–13,93, â ñðåäíåì 6,76 ïàð/100 êì (Elaphe sauromates) and Tolai Hare (3.33%) îáðûâîâ (òàáë. 1). Âûñîêàÿ ïëîòíîñòü íà (Lepus tolai) ëîêàëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ñâÿçàíà íàïðÿìóþ ñ Thus, the Golden Eagle diet in the Aral- âûñîêîé ñòåïåíüþ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíîñòè òåð- Caspian region consists primarily of the ðèòîðèè – ìàññà âûñîêèõ îòâåñíûõ ñòåí ñ Russian Tortoise, East-Four-lined Ratsnake, áîëüøèì êîëè÷åñòâîì íèø è ïîëîê, óäîá- Chukar Partridge, Yellow Souslik, Great Ger- íûõ äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà îðëàìè ãí¸çä. Íà ïëàòî bil and partly Hares. Tortoise, Great Gerbil, Ðèñ. 4. Êîððåëÿöèÿ Óñòþðò íà íåñêîëüêèõ ïëîùàäêàõ áåðêóò Yellow Souslik and Chukar Partridge are the âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áåðêóòîâ ñ íå îáíàðóæåí (â îñíîâíîì òàì, ãäå îòñóò- main prey species, and East-Four-lined Rat- ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ ìàðø- ñòâîâàëè ïîäõîäÿùèå îáðûâû). Òàì æå, ãäå snake and Tolai Hare may be recognized as ðóòîâ â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ îí áûë íàéäåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè, ïëîòíîñòü alternative prey. ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ. âàðüèðîâàëà îò 2,34 äî 9,14, ñîñòàâëÿÿ The diets of eagles in the north and south Fig. 4. Correlation â ñðåäíåì 6,05 ïàð/100 êì îáðûâîâ èëè parts of the region have some differences between known 6,65 ïàð/100 êì îáðûâîâ áåç ó÷¸òà òåð- (fig. 15). In the Northern Usturt (n=102) tor- breeding territories of the Golden Eagle and ðèòîðèé, íà êîòîðûõ áåðêóò íå íàéäåí íà toises are not recorded in the diet, which lengths of routes across ãíåçäîâàíèè. Ïîñëåäíèé ïîêàçàòåëü ïðè- consists of the Yellow Souslik (48.04%) and breeding habitats. áëèæàåòñÿ ê òàêîâîìó íà Ìàíãûøëàêå è Ratsnakes (21.57%) – mainly the East-Four- lined Ratsnake – 14.71%. In the south of the Aral-Caspian region (Mangyshlak, Southern Usturt, Kinderli-Kayasan plateau) (n=318) the dist consists of tortoises (36.16%) to- gether with the Great Gerbil (29.56%) and Chukar Partridge (15.41%), while the por- tions of the Yellow Souslik and Ratsnakes are insignificant, however are recorded al- most in all surveyed nests. The Mangistau mountains Western and Eastern Karatau) is the unique territory, where the Chukar Par- tridge dominates in the diet of eagles – up to 53.57% (n=28). The diet depends also on the season. The Great Gerbil and Chukar Partridge seem to Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 101

Òàáë. 1. ×èñëåííîñòü è ïëîòíîñòü áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) íà îáðûâàõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðà- öèè íà ðèñ. 2. Table 1. Number and density of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) on cliff-faces on the plots. Numbers of plots are similar to ones in the fig. 2.

Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/100 êì Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü Ãíåçäîâûå îáðûâîâ) îáðûâîâ (êì) ó÷àñòêè Density ×èíêè Ïëîùàäêè Length of cliffs Breeding (pairs/100 Cliffs Plots (km) Ãîä / Year territories km cliffs) Ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Àêòàó 4 71.9 2003 7 9.74 Chalky cliffs of the Aktau range 5 34.7 2003 4 11.53 Þæíûé Àêòàó è îâðàã Àùûáàñ 20 29.3 2004 1 3.41 Southern Aktau and Aschybas ravine Ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Àêòàó 2, 23 93.2 2004 11 11.80 Chalky cliffs of the Aktau range 1, 24 289.7 2004 13 4.49 Ï-îâ Ìàíãûøëàê / Mangyshlak Peninsula 518.8 2003–2004 36 6.94 Þæíûé (ìåëîâîé) ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 6 55.6 2003 5 9.00 Southern (chalk) cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 7 80.5 2003 4 4.97 Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 8, 22 142.8 2004 8 5.60 Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 10 34.5 2003 2 5.80 Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 11 24.6 2003 0 0 9, 21 120.4 2004 11 9.14 31 64.9 2006 5 7.71 32 9.2 2006 0 0 33 42.7 2006 1 2.34 34 20.3 2006 0 0 Ïëàòî Óñòþðò / Usturt Plateau 595.3 2003–2006 36 6.05 Êîëåíêåëè è Æåëüòàó 25 95.8 2004 2 2.09 Kolenceli and Zheltau Cliffs ×èíê ïëàòî Øàãûðàé 27 53.9 2004 1 1.86 Cliff-faces of the Shagyray Plateau 35 51.5 2006 1 1.94 Ïëàòî Øàãûðàé / Shagyray Plateau 105.4 2004–2006 2 1.90 Âïàäèíà Êàðàãèå / Karagie Depression 13 67.1 2004 4 5.96 Êàñïèéñêèé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî 14 69.4 2004 1 1.44 Caspian seaside cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasan- skoe Plateau Âïàäèíà Êàóíäû / Kaundy Depression 15 34.9 2004 4 11.45 Ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî 16 113.2 2004 6 5.30 ïëàòî (óñòóïû Êóëàíäû) 17 31.2 2004 4 12.84 Northern-eastern cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayas- anskoe Plateau (Kulandy cliffs) Âïàäèíà Æàçãóðëû / Zhazgurly Depression 18 14.4 2004 2 13.93 Âïàäèíà Áàñãóðëû / Basgurly Depression 19 24.9 2004 3 12.05 Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî 355.1 2004 24 6.76 Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau Àðàëüñêèé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 12 30.3 2003 0 0 Aral cliff-face of the Usturt Plateau Îáðûâû ï-îâà Êàðàòóï 26 19.3 2004 0 0 Cliff-faces of the Karatup Peninsula Îáðûâû âïàäèí Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèàðàëüÿ 28 10.7 2005 0 0 Cliff-faces of the Northern Aral Sea Region 29 9.6 2005 0 0 Îáðûâû ï-îâà Øóáàðòàðàó 30 28.7 2005 0 0 Cliff-faces of the Shubartarau Peninsula Ïðèàðàëüå / Aral Sea Region 98.6 2003–2005 0 0 Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí 1768.9 (1670.4*) 2003–2006 100 5.65 (6.0*) Aral-Caspian Region

* – áåç ó÷¸òà Ïðèàðàëüÿ / without Aral Sea Region 102 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 2. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñîñåäíèõ ïàð áåðêóòîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ. dominate absolutely in the Golden Eagle Table 2. Nearest-neighbor distances on study plots. diet in January – March, and their numbers determine the occupancy of breeding ter- Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ritories and further breeding output. The áëèæàéøèìè numbers of both species are rather little in ñîñåäÿìè (êì) the north of Usturt and the main prey is a M±SD (lim) hare in spring, and Yellow Souslik – since Nearest-neighbor the end of March. It seems that as a result Ïëîùàäêè distance (km) of such poor diet, Golden Eagles inhabiting ×èíêè / Cliffs Plots n M±SD (lim) there are forced to breed with lower density Êàðàòàó / Karatau Mountains 3 3 5.84±2.65 (3.13–8.42) and in latest dates, timing the hatching to Ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Àêòàó 1, 24 12 6.24±3.89 the end of hibernation of Yellow Sousliks. Chalk cliffs of the Aktau range (2.93–15.57) 2, 23 8 5.19±2.95 (2.04–9.86) Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) 4 6 2.89±1.63 (1.68–6.03) Distribution and Population Numbers 5 3 2.03±0.45 (1.52–2.35) Until the middle of ÕÕ century, the breed- Þæíûé (ìåëîâîé) ÷èíê 6 6 4.71±2.44 (1.68–7.98) ing range of the Imperial Eagle had not cov- ïëàòî Óñòþðò ered the Aral-Caspian region (Dementyev, Southern (chalk) cliff-faces of 1951). Now the Imperial Eagle inhabit the the Usturt Plateau entire Aral-Caspian region, however the Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 7 3 6.46±4.99 most density is observed only in the north- Western cliff-faces of the (3.55–12.22) ern part of the region – Northern Usturt, Usturt Plateau 8, 22 8 8.40±7.15 Shagyray plateau and adjacent depressions, (1.58–23.83) and in the Aral Sea region as well. Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 10 1 7.68 During our surveys carried out in the Aral- Northern cliff-faces of the 9, 21 12 7.88±4.23 Caspian region we have encountered 128 Usturt Plateau (2.67–16.58) birds over the age of 2 years in 55 territo- 31 5 7.27±3.69 ries, and discovered 51 breeding territories (2.58–12.09) (30 – on the plots, including 28 – in the Âïàäèíà Êàðàãèå 13 3 5.95±2.67 (3.02–8.24) zone of cliff-faces), nests were found in all Karagie Depression the territories (56 nests including old) (fig. Êàñïèéñêèé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè- 14 1 19.32 16). Thus, the Imperial Eagle breeding was Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî proved in 92.73% events of birds encoun- Caspian seaside cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasan Plateau tered (n=55). Single birds were observed in Âïàäèíà Êàóíäû 15 3 5.52±2.60 4 cases and were recognized as non-breed- Kaundy Depression (2.66–7.72) ing, because encountered birds were under Ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûé ÷èíê 16 6 9.22±4.0 (5.91–15.39) the age of 6 years. We managed to observe both birds in the pair in 40 cases. The age Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî 17 3 5.60±3.44 (1.66–8.02) (óñòóïû Êóëàíäû) structure of pairs has shown a low mortality Northern-eastern cliff-faces of rate – both birds in the pair were adult in the Kinderli-Kayasan Plateau 37 cases (92.5%), and young birds recorded (Kulandy cliffs) in 3 cases (7.5%) (3–5 years) (young males Âïàäèíà Æàçãóðëû 18 1 6.4 were in 2 pairs and female – in the pair). Zhazgurly Depression The census of eagles has shown that Âïàäèíà Áàñãóðëû 19 2 5.51±0.28 (5.31–5.70) 56.86% discovered breeding pairs prefer Basgurly Depression to nest in the zone of cliff-face distribution. Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí 86 6.44±4.23 Others inhabit semi-deserts mostly in the Aral-Caspian Region (1.52–23.83) north part of the Aral-Caspian region. Bas- ing on those data we have calculated the Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîì ïëàòî, ïðè òîì, ÷òî population number in the region for the ïëîòíîñòü ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ áåðêóòà ïî ÷èí- zone of cliff-faces and other territory sepa- êàì íà Óñòþðòå áîëåå ðàâíîìåðíàÿ. rately. Òàê êàê áîëüøèíñòâî ÷èíêîâ ñèëüíî èç- The average breeding density on clay and ðåçàíû ëîãàìè, òî ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðû- shell cliff-faces 3.34 ïàð/100 km of cliff-fac- âîâ â ïðåäåëàõ ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà ïàðû es, ranging from 0.7 to 10.46 pairs/100 km áåðêóòîâ ìîæåò ñîñòàâëÿòü äåñÿòêè êèëî- (table 5). ìåòðîâ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó Apart the zone of cliff-face distribution the ãí¸çäàìè ñîñåäíèõ ïàð îáû÷íî íå ïðåâû- Imperial Eagle was encountered at 73.17% øàþò 10 êì.  öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó ðàññòîÿ- count transects with the average density Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 103

of 0.61 pairs/100 km2 (0.55 pairs/100 km2 – in the Northern Caspian Sea region, to the west up to the Emba river, and 0.65 pairs/100 km2 – in the Northern Aral Sea region) (table 6). The average nearest neighbour distance (n=18) in the zone of cliff-face distribution is 8.16±6.76 km, ranging from 2.9 to 26.84 km. In the semi-desert along the west edge of the Bolshie Barsuki sands the distance ranges from 1.76 to 25.54 km, averag- ing (n=8) 8.91±7.51 km. Throughout the Aral-Caspian region the average nearest neighbour distance is 8.39±6.86 km (n=26;

Ex=2.25, median=5.25 km) (table 7). Calculating the average values of density (3.34±0.5 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces) per total length of cliff-faces in the north part of Ðèñ. 5. Ãèñòîãðàììà íèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ïàðàìè áåðêóòîâ the Aral-Caspian region (3329.71 km) we äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó áëè- âàðüèðóåò â äîñòàòî÷íî øèðîêèõ ïðåäå- assume at least 96–126 pairs (on average æàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè. ëàõ, îò 1,5 äî 23,8 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 111 pairs) breeding in the zone of cliff-face Fig. 5. Chart of nearest- ïî ðåãèîíó (n=86) 6,44±4,23 êì (E =3,17, distribution. Similar values (98–122, on av- neighbor distances. x ìåäèàíà=5,48; ìîäà=3,55 êì) (òàáë. 2). erage 110 pairs) have been obtained at the Óâåëè÷åíèå äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó ñîñåäÿìè data processing for different types of cliff- áîëåå 10 êì (ðèñ. 5) ñâÿçàíî ñ îòñóòñòâèåì faces (table 8). ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ñêàë íà ÷èíêàõ. Basing on the data obtained during transect Âàðèàíò óñòðîéñòâà  ãîðàõ Ìàíãèñòàó áåðêóò ãíåçäèòñÿ ñ counts, we project 228–412 pairs, on aver- áåðêóòàìè ãíåçäà â 2 íèøå ìåëîâîãî îáðûâà ïëîòíîñòüþ 3,52 ïàð/100 êì ïðè äèñòàí- age 320 pairs to breed in the north part of the íà Ìàíãûøëàêå. öèè ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè 3,13– Aral-Caspian region, 125–239 pairs of them Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. 8,42 êì, â ñðåäíåì 5,84±2,65 êì. (averaging 182 pairs) inhabit the Northern Nest location in niche Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ñðåäíèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé Aral Sea region (a total area of habitats with- observed for the Golden ïëîòíîñòè (6,0±1,1 ïàð/100 êì îáðûâîâ) out areas of water bodies and salt marshes is Eagle on chalk cliff-face 28111.03 km2) and 103–173 pairs (averag- of the Mangyshlak íà âñþ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ â êàçàõ- Peninsula. ñòàíñêîé ÷àñòè Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèî- ing 138 pairs) – in the Northern Caspian Sea Photos by I. Karyakin. íà (8065,02 êì) ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëîæèòü region (25052.41 km2) (table 9). About the ten pairs are projected to breed in the south part of the Usturt plateau and up to 5–6 pairs – in the Kinderli-Kayasan plateau. Taking into account the mentioned above, we estimate the population of the Imperial Eagle in the Aral-Caspian region within bor- ders of Kazakhstan as 340–550 breeding pairs, on average 445 pairs. Including adja- cent territories of Uzbekistan and Turkmeni- stan the population number may be run up to 360–580 pairs. The population trend is certainly positive in the region. We have some information about the population increasing in the area to the west of the Bolshie Barsuki sands in 2003–2006. There the Imperial Eagle has started to breed in a semi-desert from the edge of sands and inhabited active and dis- mantled power lines, having forced Steppe Eagles out. The density of eagles breeding on electric poles, which we had surveyed, has increased from 2.01 to 6.03 pairs/100 km of power line for 4 years (Karyakin, 2006). 104 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 3. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè áåðêóòà, ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ íà îáðûâàõ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå (íà òåððèòîðèè Êàçàõñòàíà). Table 3. Estimated numbers of pairs of the Golden Eagle breeding on cliff-faces in the Aral-Caspian region (only the territory of Kazakhstan).

Áåðêóò / Golden Eagle Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/100 êì Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ) ×èñëåííîñòü (ïàðû) Íàçâàíèå ïëàòî Ãðóïïà ÷èíêîâ îáðûâîâ (êì) Density Estimated number Plateau Types of cliffs Length of cliffs (km) (pairs/100 km cliffs) (pairs) Óñòþðò Ñåâåðíûé 1275.19 77 Usturt Plateau Northern cliff-face Çàïàäíûé 713.91 43 Western cliff-faces Ìåëîâîé 2509.42 152 Chalk cliffs Àðàëüñêèé 96.53 6 Aral cliff-faces Ïëàòî Óñòþðò / Usturt Plateau 4595.056.05 278 Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå Âïàäèíû 470.75 32 Kinderly-Kayasan Cliffs of depressions Plateau Ñåâåðî-âîñòîê 792.07 54 NE cliff-faces Ïðèêàñïèé 203.08 14 Caspian cliff-faces Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî 1465.906.76 99 Kinderly-Kayasan Plateau Êîëåíêåëè è Æåëüòàó 132.59 2.09 3 Cliff-faces of Kolenkely and Zheltau Ïëàòî Øàãûðàé / Shagyray Plateau 377.15 1.90 7 Ìàíãûøëàê / Mangyshlak peninsula 663.46 6.94 46 Ïðèàðàëüå (áåç Óñòþðòà) 830.87 0 0 Aral Sea Region (without Aral cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau) Âñåãî â ðåãèîíå / Total 8065.02 433

ãíåçäîâàíèå â ðåãèîíå, êàê ìèíèìóì, Breeding 395–573, â ñðåäíåì 484 ïàðû áåðêóòîâ. In the Aral-Caspian region the Imperial Áëèçêèå ïîêàçàòåëè (363–503, â ñðåäíåì Eagle prefer to breed in different woodland 433 ïàðû) äà¸ò ðàçäåëüíûé ïåðåñ÷¸ò äëÿ landscapes, primarily in the north part of the ðàçíûõ òèïîâ ÷èíêîâ (òàáë. 3). region: cliff-faces of Usturt, Shagyray and  ãîðàõ Ìàíãèñòàó, ïðè ïëîòíîñòè 3,52 the Aral Sea region – 56.86%, in ravines ïàð/100 êì2, íà ïëîùàäè 956 êì2 ìîæåò and along dry and normal rivers – 5.88%, ãíåçäèòüñÿ îêîëî 33–34 ïàð áåðêóòîâ. edges of sands – 23.53%. Last years, the Çà ïðåäåëàìè îáðûâîâ áåðêóò ãíåçäèòñÿ species has nested on electric poles and â ãîðàõ Ìàíãèñòàó, â ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ ïðè- solitary trees growing at the place of de- ÷èíêîâîé çîíû, â ïåñêàõ Êàðûíæàðûê stroyed farms, wells, inhabiting absolutely ìåæäó Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêèì ïëàòî è ïëà- woodless deserts (fig. 19). òî Óñòþðò, âîçìîæíî, â ïåñêàõ Óÿëû è Ñàì We have discovered 56 nests of the Im- â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè ïëàòî Óñòþðò. Âñå ýòè perial Eagle (50 active and 6 old nests): 37 òî÷êè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ðàçðîçíåíû (66.07%) nests were located on trees or è â öåëîì âíå ÷èíêîâ è óùåëèé ãîð Ìàí- bushes, 17 (30.36%) – on metal and con- ãèñòàó ìîæíî ëèøü ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâà- crete electric poles, and only 2 (3.57%) – íèå íå áîëåå 20 ïàð îðëîâ. on rocks (fig. 20, 21). Also the nest, which Ó÷èòûâàÿ âñ¸ âûøåñêàçàííîå, ìîæíî has not included in the sample, was built by îöåíèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü áåðêóòà íà ãíåçäîâà- eagles on a rock close to the place, where íèè â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå â ïðåäå- their previous nest was located. Their old ëàõ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèö Êàçàõñòàíà, nest had burnt down with the nesting tree êàê ìèíèìóì, â 416–557 ïàð, ÷òî àíàëî- in a fire. At the moment of observation the ãè÷íî íàøåé ïðåæíåé îöåíêå â 400–500 birds were bringing manure for the nest ïàð (Ëåâèí, Êàðÿêèí, 2005). ×èñëåííîñòü lining. Unfortunately the territory was not Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 105

Âàðèàíòû óñòðîéñòâà áåðêóòàìè ãí¸çä â íè- øàõ îáðûâîâ Óñòþðòà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Different nest locations in niches observed for the Golden Eagle on cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau. Photos by I. Karyakin. 106 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

visited later, and we do not know about a breeding success of that pair. Both nests located on rocks, which are analyzed, were placed very specifically – on pinnacles, which dominated that whole lev- el of usually the middle layer of cliff-faces. Tree-nesting eagles prefer to build their nests (n=37) on silverberries, which are the most common and tallest trees in the zone of cliff-face distribution (62.16% in the to- tal number of nests, located on trees and 41.07% in the total number of surveyed nests), and saxauls (18.92% and 12.5% ac- cordingly). We surveyed 17 nests on elec- tric poles: only 2 (11.76%) of them were located on metal poles – in the Kinderli-Ka- yasan plateau and Usturt, others – on con- crete ones. The nest on trees (n=37) were situated on Ðèñ. 6. Ïëîòíîñòü ðàñ- âñåé àðàëî-êàñïèéñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè áåðêó- a top tree (27.03%), in the upper fork of tree ïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ òà, ñ ó÷¸òîì ÷èíêîâ íà òåððèòîðèè Óçáå- (29.73%), in a fork in the upper part of a ó÷àñòêîâ áåðêóòà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì êèñòàíà è Òóðêìåíèñòàíà, ìîæåò ïðèáëè- trunk (as a rule, the second from the top fork ðåãèîíå. æàòüñÿ ê 600–800 ïàðàì. of the main trunk, or a fork of one of largest Fig. 6. Density of the Àíàëèç ïëîòíîñòè ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäÿ- lateral branches – 40.54%) (fig. 22). Only Golden Eagle breeding ùèõñÿ ïàð áåðêóòîâ ìåæäó Êàñïèåì è Àðà- nest built on the Siberian Elm was found in territory distribution in ëîì ïîçâîëÿåò âûäåëèòü äâå êðóïíûå ãíåç- a fork in the middle part of the trunk. the Aral-Caspian region. äîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè – «Ìàíãûøëàêñêóþ» è Nest on rock outcrops were placed 12 m «Ñåâåðîóñòþðòñêóþ» (ðèñ. 6), êîòîðûå, ïî- above the foot of rocks. On trees nests were ìèìî ïðî÷åãî, ðàçëè÷àþòñÿ òðîôè÷åñêîé placed 1.8 – 15 m above the ground, the ñïåöèàëèçàöèåé è ñðîêàìè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. average height was (n=35) 4.79±3.07 m

Ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áåðêóòà â (Ex=3.49, median=4; mode=4 m). Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ìîæåò ïðè- The Imperial Eagles start to breed in the áëèæàòüñÿ ê 2–2,5 òûñ. îñîáåé, îäíàêî ýòà Aral-Caspian region in mid-March. And îöåíêà äîñòàòî÷íî óñëîâíà. Äî ñèõ ïîð breeding dates vary insignificantly through- íåÿñåí çàïàñ â ïîïóëÿöèè íåðàçìíîæàþ- out the region, unlike the Golden and ùèõñÿ ïòèö â âîçðàñòå äî 5 ëåò, ïîòîìó ÷òî Steppe Eagles. â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ íà ïëàòî îíè ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå First clutches are recorded after March 20. ðåãèñòðèðóþòñÿ, à íà ÷èíêàõ âûïàäàþò èç Only 2 pairs were recorded building nests ó÷¸òà èç-çà ñïåöèôèêè ðàáîòû, îðèåíòè- after April 10, but a breeding success for Ðèñ. 7. Ãíåçäîâûå áèî- ðîâàííîé íà ïîèñê ãí¸çä. òîïû áåðêóòà â Àðàëî- both pairs was not surveyed, because those Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. territories were not visited once again. Con- Fig. 7. Nesting habitats Ðàçìíîæåíèå sidering the facts of the nest repairing and of the Golden Eagle in Êàê óæå îòìå÷àëîñü âûøå, îñíîâíûìè rebuilding in later dates we assume the late the Aral-Caspian region. ãíåçäîâûìè áèîòîïàìè áåðêóòà â Àðàëî- and repeated clutches being until May 20, however it has not been proved. Thus, egg laying in the Aral-Caspian region is spread across a period between 21 March and 10 April, mostly on 25 March – 5 April. Hutch- ing is recorded on 5–25 May, mostly on 10–20 May, and the fledging dates are 7–28 July, mostly 12–23 July. Depending on spring conditions the dates of most egg laying start- ing may be later or earlier for a week. Among 55 active nests visited in 2003– 2007 (taking into account nests visited repeatedly next year) lost clutches were recorded in 2 (3.64%) nests, 15 (22.27%) nests were repaired and occupied, but suc- cessful breeding at the moment of survey Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 107

Àêòèâíûå ãí¸çäà áåð- êóòà (À) è ñòàðûå ïî- ñòðîéêè (Â), ðàñïîëî- æåííûå â îäíîì öèðêå íà ÷èíêå (ââåðõó) è íà ñòåíêå ëîãà (âíèçó) – ÿâíûå ìíîãîëåòíèå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áåðêóòîâ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Active nests of the Golden Eagle (À) and old nests (Â), located in the cirque of cliff-faces (upper) and on a slope of the ravine (bottom) are the perennial breed- ing territories of the Golden Eagle. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûå was not recorded (3 nest were building by òèïû îáðûâîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ÷èíêî- birds at the moment of survey) and 38 nests âîé çîíå ïëàòî (â îñíîâíîì â Ïðèêàñïèè), (69.09%) contained living clutches and à òàêæå ñêàëèñòûå óùåëüÿ ãîð Ìàíãèñòàó broods. We investigated 38 nests, including (Çàïàäíûé è Âîñòî÷íûé Êàðàòàó). Ñðåäè 21 with living clutches and broods. âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áåðêóòîâ We observed 8 nests with clutches (6 nests (n=115) ÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò ó÷àñòêè íà ìå- with living and 2 – with lost clutches), the av- ëîâûõ îáðûâàõ – 60,0%, ÷óòü ìåíüøåå êî- erage clutch size was 2.25±0.71 eggs (range ëè÷åñòâî ðàñïîëîæåíî íà ðàêóøå÷íèêî- 1–3). Pestov and Saraev (2009) reported âûõ îáðûâàõ ÷èíêîâ – 27,83% è ìèíèìóì about the clutch consisting of 4 eggs in the – íà îáðûâàõ, ñëîæåííûõ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî Northern Usturt. Considering those data, we ãëèíàìè – 6,09% (ðèñ. 7). Òàêæå 3,48% ïàð can state that in the Aral-Caspian region the âûÿâëåíî â ñêàëèñòûõ óùåëüÿõ Ìàíãèñòàó, clutch size ranges between 1 and 4 eggs, on 1,74% ïàð – â ðîâíîé ãëèíèñòîé ïîëóïó- average (n=9) 2.44±0.88 eggs (fig. 23). ñòûíå â ïðè÷èíêîâîé çîíå è 0,87% – â ïå- Also 15 nests contained broods (all of ñêàõ. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî íà ÷èíêàõ Çà- them were successful). The average brood ïàäíîãî è Ñåâåðíîãî Óñòþðòà, ñëîæåííûõ size was 2.27±0.59 nestlings (range 1–3). ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ãëèíàìè, áåðêóò èçáèðà- Broods consisted of 2 nestlings predomi- òåëüíî ïîäõîäèò ê âûáîðó ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò- nated – 60.0%, the share of broods com- êîâ, ïðåäïî÷èòàÿ ñòåíû ÷èíêîâ ñ âûõîäàìè prising of 3 nestlings was 33.3% (fig. 23). ðàêóøå÷íèêîâ, äàæå åñëè îíè ëåæàò óçêîé The share of empty and unsuccessful ïëèòîé ïîâåðõ ãëèí è ôîðìèðóþò íàâåñû. (with lost clutches) nests except the build- Èç 186 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê áåðêóòà ing nests was 25.45%. At least a half of ìû àíàëèçèðóåì ëèøü 112 (100 àêòèâíûõ nests was empty for the reason of the prey ãí¸çä è 12 ñòàðûõ, óäàë¸ííûõ îò àêòèâíûõ number decreasing, 2 nest with lost clutch- çà ïðåäåëû âèäèìîñòè ñ òî÷êè îáçîðà ïîä es were abandoned due to the human dis- ÷èíêîì). Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî íà óäîá- turbance (both nests were located near arte- íûõ ñòåíàõ ÷èíêîâ (÷àñòî â ñâîåîáðàçíûõ sian wells, where herders gathered camels öèðêàõ) ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè áåðêóòà to watering). ðàçíîãî âîçðàñòà ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ äîñòàòî÷- íî êó÷íî â ñèñòåìàõ íèø è/èëè ïîëîê ðàç- Diet íîãî óðîâíÿ (îáû÷íî íå äàëåå 50 ì äðóã The table 10 shows the results of the anal- îò äðóãà ïî ãîðèçîíòàëè è âåðòèêàëè). Âî ysis of prey remains and pellets, which were 108 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

collected in 18 nests of the Imperial Eagle for the diet studying in detail. Also prey re- mains were recorded in 12 nest, which have not been included in the table 10. Yellow Souslik (40.16%) and East-Four- lined Ratsnake (17.89%) were the main prey predominating among prey items (n=503) collected in 30 nest. All snakes, including not identified species, comprise 31.21% in the diet of the Imperial Eagle in the Aral- Caspian region (fig. 24). Eagles seem to prey on snakes at the period of feeding the chick during the first 2 weeks post-hatch, whilst young Yellow Sousliks are not numerous. Re- mains of snakes predominated in many nests in the first half of May (when nestlings were several days old). However the situation var- ies across years, and if the numbers of young sousliks are high, snakes are not so signifi- Ðèñ. 8. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå âðåìÿ çàïîëíåíèÿ áàçû äàííûõ ñòàðûå ïî- cant in the diet of eagles, such event was re- ãí¸çä áåðêóòà, ðàí- ñòðîéêè â òàêèõ àãðåãàöèÿõ îòìå÷àëèñü, corded in 2004. The feeding on snakes is a æèðîâàííûõ ïî òèïó ñóáñòðàòà, â Àðàëî- îäíàêî èõ ïàðàìåòðû èãíîðèðîâàëèñü, à â distinctive feature of the Aral-Caspian popu- Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. áàçó äàííûõ çàíîñèëàñü èíôîðìàöèÿ ëèøü lation of the Imperial Eagle. Fig. 8. Distribution of ïî àêòèâíîìó ãíåçäó. Èç 112 ãí¸çä áåð- Another interesting feature is rather low the Golden Eagle nests, êóòîâ 110 (98,21%) ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà îá- share of the Great Gerbil and Tolai Hare in ranging accordingly to ðûâàõ èëè ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ è ëèøü 2 the diet of eagles. Gerbils are recorded in types of nest location in (1,79%) – íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ the diet of pairs in the south and central the Aral-Caspian region. (ðèñ. 8, 9). Íà ó÷àñòêàõ, ãäå ÷èíêè áûëè parts of the region, hares are recorded al- ìíîãîóðîâíåâûìè, îñîáîé ïðèóðî÷åííî- most everywhere. ñòè ê óðîâíþ ÷èíêà íå îòìå÷åíî. Ãëàâíîå Unlike the Golden Eagle the Imperial Ea- òðåáîâàíèå áåðêóòà – íàëè÷èå îòâåñíîé gle almost not preys on tortoises – their ñòåíû (îáû÷íî ñàìîé îòâåñíîé â ïðåäå- shells are seldom in the nests, and usually, ëàõ çàíÿòîãî ó÷àñòêà). Òåì íå ìåíåå, ïðî- they were young animals. ñëåæèâàåòñÿ ïðåäïî÷òåíèå áåðêóòîì îò- âåñíûõ ñòåí ôàñà ÷èíêà, îáðûâàþùèõñÿ Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) ê ññîðàì, ÷åì ñòåí â ëîãàõ, äàæå â øèðî- Distribution and Population Numbers êèõ ëîãàõ. Dementyev (1951) believed the south line Ïî ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè ãí¸çä ê óðîâíþ îá- of the Steppe Eagle breeding range going ðûâîâ (n=110) ÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò óñòðî- across the lower reaches of the Ural river åííûå â èõ âåðõíåé òðåòè – 70,0%. Ðåæå up to the Aral Sea, while Zarudny (1916) áåðêóòû ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè îáðû- mentioned the Steppe Eagle rather regular âîâ – 23,64% è åù¸ ðåæå – â íèæíåé òðå- breeding along the west coast of the Aral Sea. A living nests of Steppe Eagles was found in the vicinities of the Chiykuduk well Ðèñ. 9. Ñóáñòðàòû, èñ- in the Uzbekistan part of Usturt on June, 11, ïîëüçóåìûå áåðêóòàìè äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä, 1948 (Kostin, 1956). Also Gubin (2004) dis- â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì covered nests of two pairs on the Buzachi ðåãèîíå. peninsula in 2003. He treated this fact as Fig. 9. Pie chart the Steppe Eagle spreading to the south showing types of the for the reason of steady rains recording at Golden Eagle nest the beginning of ÕÕI century, however it location in the Aral- Caspian region. seems to be hardly probable. Considering that Zaletaev (1968) shot breeding birds in the Western Usturt near Manaty (see chap- ter “Status of Speices”) it seems the species to breed in the â the Aral-Caspian region for a long time, but with low density. Now the Steppe Eagle distribution in the Aral-Caspian region is similar to the Impe- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 109

rial Eagle one – the species breed through- out the region to south up to Turkmenistan, however its density if the south part of the region is rather low, the species is rare in the central (Buzachi, Western, Central and East- ern Usturt), rather common in the Northern Usturt and the most common in the plains of the Northern Caspian Sea region and the Emba river basin, in the Shagyray plateau, and as a result it is the most common eagle species in the Aral Sea region. During our surveys in the Aral-Caspian region we encountered 452 Steppe Ea- Ðèñ. 10. Èçáèðàòåëü- òè – 6,36% (ðèñ. 10). ßâíîå ïðåäïî÷òåíèå gles over the age of 2 years in 163 terri- íîñòü áåðêóòàìè áåðêóòîì äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âåðõíåé ÷àñòè tories (including 240 in flocks), discovered ðàçíûõ ÷àñòåé îáðûâîâ ïðè óñòðîéñòâå ãí¸çä. ñêàë íà ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâàõ ñ âûõîäàìè 133 breeding territories, including 31 in ðàêóøå÷íèêîâ äåëàåò èõ ãí¸çäà äîñòàòî÷- the zone of cliff-faces distribution (33 – on Fig. 10. Differences in the Golden Eagle nest íî äîñòóïíûìè äëÿ îñìîòðà, òàê êàê, íå- plots, including 26 – in the zone of cliff- location in cliffs and ñìîòðÿ íà âûñîòó ñòåí äî 100 ì, ãí¸çäà faces distribution), nests were found in 123 rocks. ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ âñåãî ëèøü â íåñêîëüêèõ territories (139 nests including old) (fig. ìåòðàõ îò âåðøèíû. Ïðè ýòîì áåðêóò íè- 25). Thus, the Steppe Eagle breeding was êîãäà íå ñòðîèò ãí¸çäà íà ñàìèõ âåðøèíàõ proved in 92.73% events of birds encoun- ÷èíêîâ, â îòëè÷èå îò äðóãèõ âèäîâ îðëîâ. tered (n=163). Single birds were observed Ïðè îòêðûòîì ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ïîëêàõ íàä in 12 cases and were recognized as non- ãíåçäîì âñåãäà âîçâûøàåòñÿ ñòåíà, ïóñòü breeding, because encountered birds were âûñîòîé âñåãî ëèøü 1–1,5 ì. under the age of 4 years. Flocks consisting Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà áåðêóòîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ of 3–46 non-breeding birds were observed íà ñêàëàõ è îáðûâàõ (n=110), óñòðàèâàåò in 18 areas. The largest flock comprising of ãí¸çäà â íèøàõ – 71,82% (ðèñ. 11). Ðåæå 46 individuals was observed in the flooded áåðêóòû óñòðàèâàþò ãí¸çäà íà îòêðûòûõ area between the Usturt plateau cliff-faces ñâåðõó ïîëêàõ (18,18%), ïîëêàõ, çàêðûòûõ and the Zheltau mountains on May, 20, íàâåñàìè (7,27%) è åù¸ ðåæå â êà÷åñòâå 2004 (Levin, Karyakin, 2005). îïîðû âûáèðàåòñÿ êóñò, ðàñòóùèé íà îò- Both birds from 53 pairs were managed êðûòîé ïîëêå (2,73%). to observe. The age structure of pairs has Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä áåðêóòà, shown the high mortality rate, however óñòðîåííûõ íà ñêàëàõ è îáðûâàõ, ñóùå- it is lower than in other territories. Both ñòâåííî çàâèñèò îò âûñîòû ñòåí ÷èíêà, íà birds were adult in 32 pairs (60.38%), and êîòîðûõ óñòðîåíû ïîñòðîéêè è âàðüèðóåò young (3–5 years) – in 21 pairs (39.62%) â î÷åíü øèðîêèõ ïðåäåëàõ – îò 2 äî 120 ì îò (fig. 26). Among 77 females in breeding Ðèñ. 11. Õàðàêòåð ïîäíîæèÿ îòâåñíîé ÷àñòè ñòåíû (áåç ó÷¸òà pairs, which age had been distinguished, óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ïîëîãî-íàêëîííîé îñûïàþùåéñÿ èëè íà- including females from 24 pairs, in which áåðêóòàìè íà ñêàëàõ è îáðûâàõ. ìûâíîé ÷àñòè â ïîäíîæèè ñòåíû). Ó÷èòû- males had not been observed, 26 birds âàÿ òî, ÷òî âûñîêèå îòâåñíûå ñòåíû – ðåä- (33.77%) were older than 5 years. Thus, Fig. 11. Golden Eagle nest placing in cliffs and êîñòü, îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà áåðêóòîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ more than a third of breeding pairs in the rocks. â äèàïàçîíå âûñîò íèæå 50 ì, à îêîëî ïî- Aral-Caspian region comprises at least a young bird in the pair. The census of Steppe Eagles has shown, that 23.31% of breeding pairs prefer to nest in the zone of cliff-faces distribution. The density of eagles breeding on clay and shell cliffs ranges between 0.7 and 41.64 pairs/100 km, on average 3.1 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces in the region (table 11). Apart the zone of cliff-faces distribution in plateaus within study plots 10, 22, 25 the average density of the Steppe Eagle was 0.32 pairs/100 km2, ranging between 0.16 and 0.76 pairs/100 km2. The census in saxaul forests carried out one 110 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Êëàäêè áåðêóòà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Clutches of the Golden Eagle. Photos by I. Karyakin. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 111

Âûâîäêè áåðêóòà ñ ïóõîâûìè ïòåíöàìè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Broods of the Golden Eagle consisting of hatchlings and nestlings. Photos by I. Karyakin. 112 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

time in the north of Usturt in 2006 has indi- cated the density as 3.07 pairs/100 km2. In the semi-deserts apart the plateau the Steppe Eagle breeds with density of 5.21 pairs/100 km (ranging between 0 and 3.51 pairs/100 km). According the data obtained during transect counts the aver- age density was 5.28 pairs/100 km2 (4.2 pairs/100 km2 – in the Northern Caspian Sea region, to the west up to the Emba river, and 6.1 pairs/100 km2 – in the North- ern Aral Sea region), ranging from 1.78 (in the deserts of the Aral Sea region) to 16.37 pairs/100 km2 (in the clay semi-deserts of the Aral Sea region) (table 12). The nearest neighbour distance var- ies widely from 0.26 to 25.36 km, on

average 6.01±5.01 km (n=97; Ex=2.95, Ðèñ. 12. Âûñîòà ðàñ- ëîâèíû âñåõ âûÿâëåííûõ ïàð (52,73%) – â median=5.16 km) in the Aral-Caspian re- ïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä äèàïàçîíå âûñîò 10–30 ì (ðèñ. 12). Ñðåä- gion (table 13). A half of distances (50.52%) áåðêóòîâ íà ñêàëàõ è îáðûâàõ. íÿÿ âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä (n=110) ranges between 2 and 7 km (fig. 27). ñîñòàâëÿåò 23,74±20,52 ì (E =5,49, ìå- Considering the average density (3.1±0.5 Fig. 12. Heights of x the Golden Eagle nest äèàíà = 20; ìîäà = 20 ì). pairs/100 km of cliff-faces) and the total location in cliffs and Êàê ïðàâèëî, ïîñòðîéêè áåðêóòà – äî- length of cliff-faces in the north part of the rocks. âîëüíî ìîùíûå ñîîðóæåíèÿ èç âåòîê ñàê- Aral-Caspian region (3329.71 km) we esti- ñàóëà, òàìàðèñêà è êàðàãàíû, îäíàêî íà mate the number of eagles â in the zone of Ìàíãûøëàêå íåðåäêè è èñêëþ÷åíèÿ. Çäåñü cliff-faces distribution as at least 87–120, at ðàçìåð ïîñòðîåê äîâîëüíî ñèëüíî âàðüè- average 103 breeding pairs. The higher es- ðóåò, îò 1–1,5 ì â âûñîòó íà îòêðûòûõ timations (122–172, at average 147 pairs) ïîëêàõ äî ïðèñóòñòâèÿ ëèøü íåñêîëüêèõ have been obtained the separate calculation âåòî÷åê â íèøàõ, ëèøü ñèìâîëèçèðóþùèõ for different types of cliff-faces, and it seems ãíåçäî. Ïðè ÿâíîì íåäîñòàòêå äðåâåñíîé to be more real, because its deviation is less ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè áåðêóò èñïîëüçóåò äëÿ (table 14). ãíåçäîñòðîåíèÿ êóñòû ïîëûíè, ñîëÿíîê è In desert habitats of the plateau, which ñòåáëè òðîñòíèêà.  âûñòèëêå ãí¸çä áåð- area is 75265 km2 at the average density of êóòà îòñóòñòâóåò íàâîç, à àíòðîïîãåííûé 0.32±0.1 pairs/100 km2 a total of 151–301 ìàòåðèàë ïðèñóòñòâóåò ëèøü â êà÷åñòâå èñ- pairs (averaging 226 pairs) are estimated to êëþ÷åíèÿ (2,7% ãí¸çä). Äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà breed. Another 80 pairs inhabit saxaul for- ãí¸çä õàðàêòåðíà îáèëüíàÿ âûñòèëêà èç ests (2600 km2) in the Northern Usturt and ñóõîé òðàâû.  òå÷åíèå ãíåçäîâîãî ñåçîíà Shagyray. âçðîñëûå ïòèöû íà ãíåçäî ðåãóëÿðíî ïðè- We believe that the population core is íîñÿò çåëåíü – â îñíîâíîì ïó÷êè ïîëûíè undoubtedly located in semi-deserts of the è ñîëÿíîê, âåòêè òàìàðèñêà, ñàêñàóëà è north of the region apart the plateau with ëîõà, ðåæå òðîñòíèê. the number ranging from 2428 to 3104 Íà÷àëî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áåðêóòîâ â Àðàëî- pairs (on average 2766 pairs): 1455–1975 Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà ÿí- pairs of them (on average 1715 pairs) breed âàðü è õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ àêòèâèçàöèåé òîêà. in the Northern Aral Sea region (the area of Ñðîêè òîêà ñèëüíî ðàñòÿíóòû èç-çà àñèí- habitats excepting salt marshes and water õðîííîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ðàçíûõ ïàð, ÷òî bodies is 28111.03 km2), other 973–1129 ÿâëÿåòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî õàðàêòåðíîé îñîáåí- pairs (on average 1051 pairs) – â in the íîñòüþ ïóñòûííûõ ïîïóëÿöèé îðëîâ. Ïåð- Northern Caspian Sea region (25052.41 km2) âûå êëàäêè ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ ñ 15 ÿíâàðÿ â þæ- (table 15). íîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà (Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå About ten pairs are projected to breed in ïëàòî, Ìàíãûøëàê) è 1–5 ôåâðàëÿ – â ñå- the Buzachi peninsula, up to ten pairs – in âåðíîé (Ñåâåðíûé Óñòþðò, Øàãûðàé).  òî the Mangyshlak and the south part of the æå âðåìÿ êëàäêè íàáëþäàþòñÿ â òå÷åíèå Usturt plateau, and up to 5 pairs – in the âñåãî ìàðòà è àïðåëÿ (äî 20-õ ÷èñåë àïðå- Kinderli-Kayasan plateau. ëÿ âêëþ÷èòåëüíî) â þæíîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà è Considering the above, a total number of äî 20-õ ÷èñåë ìàÿ – â ñåâåðíîé. Íàèáîëåå the Steppe Eagle in the Aral-Caspian region Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 113

ïîçäíÿÿ êëàäêà èç ñëàáîíàñèæåííîãî ÿéöà íàéäåíà 5 ìàÿ 2006 ã. íà ñåâåðíîì ÷èíêå ïëàòî Óñòþðò. Ðàñòÿíóòîñòü ñðîêîâ ðàçìíî- æåíèÿ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ êàê õîäîì âåñíû, òàê è êîíêðåòíûìè êîðìîâûìè ðåñóðñàìè íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ.  íîðìå â ìàðòå êëàä- êè íàáëþäàþòñÿ ó 50% èç ðàçìíîæàþùèõ- ñÿ ïàð (ó 50% óæå ïòåíöû), â àïðåëå – ëèøü ó 20% ïàð áåðêóòîâ (ó 80% óæå ïòåíöû), â ìàå – ó 5% ïàð (ó 65% ïòåíöû, à ó 30% óæå ñë¸òêè). Ó÷èòûâàÿ òî, ÷òî îñíîâíîé ðåñóðñ àðàëî-êàñïèéñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè áåðêóòà ñî- ñðåäîòî÷åí íà Ìàíãûøëàêå, þæíîì Óñòþð- òå è Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîì ïëàòî, îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà îðëîâ ïðèñòóïàåò ê îòêëàäêå ÿèö â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå â ïåðèîä ñ 26 ÿíâàðÿ ïî 14 ôåâðàëÿ. Ïòåíöû èç ðàííèõ êëàäîê íà þãå ðå- ãèîíà âûëóïëÿþòñÿ ñ ïåðâûõ ÷èñåë ìàðòà (1–3 ìàðòà), íà ñåâåðå – â 20-õ ÷èñëàõ ìàðòà (21–23 ìàðòà). Ìàññîâîå âûëóïëå- Ãíåçäî áåðêóòà ñ íèå ïòåíöîâ íàáëþäàåòñÿ ñ 12 ïî 30 ìàð- ïòåíöîì â ãîðàõ Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàðàòàó. òà. Ïîçäíèå âûâîäêè, åù¸ íå âñòàâøèå íà 19.05.2007. êðûëî, íà þãå ðåãèîíà ìîãóò íàáëþäàòüñÿ Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. âïëîòü äî 1-õ ÷èñåë àâãóñòà, íà ñåâåðå – äî Nest of the Golden 20-õ ÷èñåë àâãóñòà. Eagle with nestling Ïîäú¸ì áåðêóòîâ íà êðûëî íà÷èíàåòñÿ on the Eastern â ìàå. Íàèáîëåå ðàííèå ñë¸òêè â 2004 ã. Karatau ridge Áåðêóò ó ãíåçäà â óùåëüå ìåëîâîãî ÷èíêà íà Ìàí- (Mangistau Mointains). âñòðå÷åíû íàìè íà Ìàíãûøëàêå 5 ìàÿ (2 ãûøëàêå. 18.05.2007. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. 19/05/2007. Photos by ïòåíöà óæå äåðæàëèñü íà óñòóïàõ, â ðà- Golden Eagle near the nest on the chalk cliff-face. A. Pazhenkov. äèóñå 30 ì îò ãíåçäà, îäèí èç ïòåíöîâ ïðè Mangyshlak Peninsula, 18/05/2007. Photos by A. Pazhenkov.

within the administrative borders of Kaza- khstan is estimated as 2806–3682 breeding pairs, on average 3244 pairs. Including the adjacent territory of Uzbekistan the Aral- Caspian population is projected as 2936– 3866 pairs, on average 3400 pairs. The number of Steppe Eagles in the Aral-Caspian region in the post-breeding season is estimated as 10,000–14,000 in- dividuals. A high share of young birds in the breed- ing population of the Steppe Eagles (see fig. 26) is caused by the high mortality rate, the mainly part of birds seems to be lost during migrations and in the winter grounds.

Breeding According to our surveys 23.31% of ob- served breeding pairs prefer to nest in the zone of cliff-faces distribution, and 17.29% – on plateaus (primarily Northern Usturt and Shagyray) apart cliff-faces (fig. 28). Other 59.4% pairs (almost a half of recorded pairs) inhabit semi-deserts generally in the north of the Aral-Caspian region. Basing on our observations the Steppe 114 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Âûâîäêè áåðêóòà ñ ïóõîâûìè è îïåðÿþùè- ìèñÿ ïòåíöàìè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Broods of the Golden Eagle consisting of nestlings. Photos by I. Karyakin. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 115

Âûâîäêè áåðêóòà ñ îïåðÿþùèìèñÿ è ïîëíîñòüþ îïåð¸ííû- ìè ïòåíöàìè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Broods of the Golden Eagle consisting of nestlings. Photos by I. Karyakin. 116 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Eagle prefer to build its nests on electric poles or on the ground at the base of poles – 37.98% (fig. 29, 30). May be it is connect- ed with the fact that our counts were car- ried out along the roads lined with electric poles. However, even during those counts we registered nests built on the ground and bushes apart power lines. Thus, in spite of a low share of nests placed on bushes (24.81%), flat ground and hillocks (6.98%) in our sample, such types of nest location predominate within the species range in the Aral-Caspian region. Among nests located on cliffs (n=20), the nests placed on the top or in the upper third of cliffs predominate – 40% of each (fig. 31). Sizes of Steppe Eagles vary greatly de- pending on individual habits of a pair. The smallest nests were recorded for pairs breeding in the semi-deserts and desert- ed steppes. Probably it is connected with frequent fires, and as a result, with regu- lar burning the perennial nests. The lining of Steppe Eagle nests differs from nests of Ãíåçäî áåðêóòà ñ ïòåí- áåñïîêîéñòâå ïåðåëåòåë â ãíåçäî) è íà ñå- other eagles being abundant in man-made öîì íà ñòåíå ìåëîâîãî âåðíîì ÷èíêå Óñòþðòà – 25 ìàÿ. Ìàññîâûé things – paper, rags, polyethylene, and ÷èíêà. Ìàíãûøëàê, âûëåò ïòåíöîâ áåðêóòà â îñíîâíîé ÷àñòè 18.05.2007. pieces of wool and manure as well. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. ïîïóëÿöèè, íà Ìàíãûøëàêå, þæíîì Óñòþð- The breeding season of Steppe Eagles in Nest of the Golden òå è Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîì ïëàòî ïðîèñõî- the Aral-Caspian region starts at the end of Eagle with nestling äèò 16 ìàÿ – 3 èþíÿ. Îêîëî 50% âûâîäêîâ March – begging of April. First pairs with on the chalk cliff-face. âñòà¸ò íà êðûëî â 20-õ ÷èñëàõ ìàÿ. Ïòåíöû courtship behavior and repairing nests are Mangyshlak Peninsula, èç ïîçäíèõ âûâîäêîâ âñòàþò íà êðûëî â òå- recorded since 20 March, when the most 18/05/2007. Photos by A. Pazhenkov. ÷åíèå èþíÿ – àâãóñòà, äî 20-õ ÷èñåë àâãóñòà of Steppe Eagles from northern population âêëþ÷èòåëüíî. Íî ñòîëü ïîçäíèå ñðîêè, êî- is migrating. The earliest unfinished clutch íå÷íî æå, ÿâëÿþòñÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûìè. in a nest on the ground (lower Emba river)  çàâèñèìîñòè îò ïîãîäíûõ óñëîâèé ñðî- was observed on March, 23, 2006. The êè íà÷àëà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â ðàçíûå ãîäû ìî- most egg laying in the southern and cen- ãóò ñäâèãàòüñÿ íà 2 íåäåëè ðàíüøå èëè 2–3 tral parts of the region is observed since 1 íåäåëè ïîçæå ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ñðåäíèì to 10 April, and in the north of the region – ñðîêàì íà÷àëà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ (îêîëî 3–5 in the period between 5 and 15 April. The ôåâðàëÿ). latest clutch containing of 2 fresh eggs was Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî â ïåðèîä âûõîäà æ¸ëòî- found in the Aral Sea region on May, 15, ãî ñóñëèêà (Spermophilus fulvus) èç ñïÿ÷êè 2006, thus, hutching may be projected to ó áåðêóòîâ, óæå èìåþùèõ ïòåíöîâ, äî- be not earlier than June 15, or more likely âîëüíî ÷àñòî ìîæíî íàáëþäàòü òîêîâîå June 20. ïîâåäåíèå, à èíîãäà è êîïóëÿöèè, êîòîðûå Hutching of earliest eggs is recorded íå ïðèâîäÿò ê äîêëàäûâàíèþ ÿèö, à îòíî- on 1 May. The most hatching in the south ñÿòñÿ áîëüøå ê «ìîöèîíó», ÷åì ê ïîïûòêàì and center of the region is recorded on «ïðîäîëæåíèÿ ðîäà». 10–20 May, in the north – on 15–25 May. Èç 112 àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä â 2003–2007 ãã. (ñ Nestlings fledge in the July, mostly in the ó÷¸òîì ïîâòîðíûõ ïîñåùåíèé íåêîòîðûõ south – on 10–20 July, and in the north – ãí¸çä íà ñëåäóþùèé ãîä) â 6 (5,36%) ïî- on 15–25 July. Nestlings from latest and ãèáëè êëàäêè èëè âûâîäêè, 21 (18,75%) repeated clutches fledge in the first half áûëî ïîäíîâëåíî è àáîíèðîâàëîñü ïòèöà- of August. ìè, íî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íà ìîìåíò Analyzing the breeding success for 131 îáñëåäîâàíèÿ â ãíåçäå íå óñòàíîâëåíî active nests during 2003–2007 (including (äëÿ 3-õ ãí¸çä, ïðîâåðåííûõ â ïåðèîä ñ 31 nests visited repeatedly the next year) we ìàðòà ïî 20 àïðåëÿ, ñ áîëüøîé äîëåé óâå- recorded 2 nests (1.53%), containing lost ðåííîñòè ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî êëàäêà clutches, 34 nests (25.95%) being repaired Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 117

åù¸ íå íà÷àëàñü, òàê êàê ñàìêè ëåæàëè íà and occupied, but unsuccessful at the mo- ïóñòûõ ãí¸çäàõ â ìîìåíò èõ âñïóãèâàíèÿ) ment of survey: 11 nests (8.4%) were be- è 85 ãí¸çä (75,89%) áûëè ñ æèâûìè êëàä- ing built by birds at the moment of survey êàìè è âûâîäêàìè. Èç 85 ãí¸çä 64 áûëî and 21 nests (16.03%) were empty for dif- îñìîòðåíî ñ öåëüþ ïîäñ÷¸òà êîëè÷åñòâà ferent reasons, including (5 nests) deaths ÿèö è ïòåíöîâ. of birds through electrocution. At the mo-  8 îñìîòðåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ ñ êëàäêàìè (4 ment of survey 97 nests (74.05%) were ãíåçäà ñ æèâûìè êëàäêàìè, 4 – ñ ïîãèáøè- successful, 65 nests were investigated in ìè) îáíàðóæåíî 1–3, â ñðåäíåì 1,75±0,71 detail, including 31 nests containing liv- ÿéöà. Äëÿ îáùåãî ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î ðàçìå- ing clutches and broods. Females were in- ðàõ êëàäêè áåðêóòà â ðåãèîíå ýòè äàííûå, cubating eggs or warming nestlings in 57 êîíå÷íî æå, íåëüçÿ èñïîëüçîâàòü, òàê êàê nests, and we did not disturb birds for the áîëüøèíñòâî êëàäîê – ýòî ïîçäíèå ñëó÷àè nest investigation. ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áåðêóòà â ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå Analyzing only the incubated clutches ïî êîðìîâûì è/èëè êëèìàòè÷åñêèì óñëî- we estimate the average clutch size as âèÿì ãîäû. 2.38±0.65 eggs (n=13; range 1–3 eggs)  56 ãí¸çäàõ ñ âûâîäêàìè (54 æèâûõ è (fig. 32). 2 ïîãèáøèõ) îáíàðóæåíî 1–3, â ñðåäíåì We have found 14 nests with broods (all 1,86±0,48 ïòåíöîâ.  4-õ ãí¸çäàõ ñ âû- of them were successful): the average brood âîäêàìè èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ áûëî òðåòüå ÿéöî- number was 2.36±0.84 nestlings (range áîëòóí è â 5 ãí¸çäàõ ñ âûâîäêàìè èç îäíîãî 1–4). Broods consisting of 2 nestlings pre- ïòåíöà áûëî âòîðîå ÿéöî-áîëòóí. Ó÷èòû- dominated – 42.86%, broods with 3 nest- âàÿ ýòè äàííûå, ìîæíî ïðîãíîçèðîâàòü lings made up 5.71% (fig. 32). ñðåäíèé ðàçìåð ðàííèõ êëàäîê, êîòîðûé ñîñòàâëÿåò 2,02±0,49 ÿèö. Diet  óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çäàõ ñ ïòåíöàìè (n=54) àá- Comparing with other eagles the diet of ñîëþòíî äîìèíèðîâàëè âûâîäêè èç 2-õ ïòåí- the Steppe Eagle in the region has been öîâ – 75,93% (ðèñ. 13). Âñå âûâîäêè èç 3-õ rather poor investigated. And it is con- ïòåíöîâ îñìàòðèâàëèñü çà 7–12 äíåé äî âûëå- nected primarily with the fact that food is òà, ïîýòîìó ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü îòñóòñòâèå not being accumulated in a large number in â íèõ îòõîäà ïòåíöîâ. Íàäî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî çà the Steppe Eagle nests during the period of âåñü ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé íàìè íå âûÿâëåíî hatchlings feeding, unlike Golden and espe- ñëó÷àåâ êàííèáàëèçìà â âûâîäêàõ áåðêóòà, cially Imperial Eagles. êàê è íå îòìå÷åíî ãèáåëè ïòåíöîâ îò ãîëî- We collected 112 remains of prey in 97 äà.  ïîãèáøèõ âûâîäêàõ ñìåðòü ïòåíöîâ, âè- nests of eagles. The main prey was the äèìî, ÿâëÿëàñü ñëåäñòâèåì ãèáåëè îäíîãî èç Yellow (29.46%) and Little Sousliks (Sper- ïàðòí¸ðîâ. Ñðåäíèå âåëè÷èíû êëàäêè è âû- mophilus pygmaeus) (33.04%). The mam- âîäêà îòëè÷àþòñÿ äðóã îò äðóãà èñêëþ÷èòåëü- mals (84.82%), generally rodents (74.11%) íî çà ñ÷¸ò íåîïëîäîòâîð¸ííûõ ÿèö. dominated in the diet (fig. 33). Eagles in- Îá óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áåðêóòà habiting the lower Emba river, Usturt and ìû ìîæåì ñóäèòü ëèøü êîñâåííî, ïî ñîîò- the Aral Sea region prey mainly on Yel- íîøåíèþ óñïåøíûõ è ïóñòóþùèõ ãí¸çä â low Sousliks, while eagles breeding in the Ðèñ. 13. Ðàçìåð âû- 2-õ íåäåëüíûé ïåðèîä äî âûëåòà ïòåíöîâ. Shagyray plateau and semi-deserts of the âîäêîâ áåðêóòà.  ðàçíûå ãîäû, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò êîðìîâîé north-west of the region – on Little Sous- Fig. 13. Brood sizes of ñèòóàöèè è õîäà âåñíû â îïðåäåë¸ííûõ liks. It should be noted that Steppe Eagles the Golden Eagle. ðàéîíàõ ðåãèîíà, ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ ìîãóò íå inhabit with the highest density those areas where the large populations of Little Sous- liks are located.

Discussion Populations of 3 eagle species in the Ar- al-Caspian region – Golden, Imperial and Steppe Eagles, divide the territory among themselves. “The population cores” of those species overlap primarily in the north-west of Usturt (fig. 34). In the community of 3 eagle species having formed in the zone of their cohabi- tation the Golden Eagle is the species, 118 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ïðèñòóïàòü äî 90% ïàð, ÷òî ìû íàáëþäàëè which distinguish distributions of other â 2003 ã. íà Ñåâåðíîì Óñòþðòå è â 2006 ã. eagles. Preferring the most rough terrain – íà Þæíîì Óñòþðòå. Îäíàêî â öåëîì â ðå- in the zone of cliff-faces the Golden Eagle ãèîíå ðàçìíîæåíèå íàáëþäàëîñü ó áîëåå with rather high density inhabit areas with ÷åì 50% ïàð. Ìàññîâîå «íåðàçìíîæåíèå» sheer cliffs, and being more powerful and áåðêóòîâ âûçûâàþò äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè aggressive species it forces other eagles áîëüøîé ïåñ÷àíêè (Rhombomys opimus) è out. The analysis of occurrences of Golden æ¸ëòîãî ñóñëèêà â ðàéîíàõ, ãäå îòñóòñòâóþò and Imperial Eagles has shown the sig- ëèáî íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìàññîâûìè âèäàìè ñðåä- nificant correlation between discovered íåàçèàòñêàÿ ÷åðåïàõà (Testudo (Agrionemys) breeding territories of Golden Eagles and horsfieldii) è êåêëèê (Alectoris chukar), îäíàêî a degree of cliff-face studying (r=0.92, â òàêèõ ðàéîíàõ ãíåçäèòñÿ íåçíà÷èòåëüíàÿ p<0.08), while it is insignificant for the ÷àñòü ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè áåðêóòà. Imperial Eagle (r=0.40, p<0.74), howev- Ðèñ. 14. Ïèòàíèå er the negative correlation between the áåðêóòà â Àðàëî- Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå: Ïèòàíèå density of breeding pairs of the Imperial À – ïî îñòàíêàì æåðòâ Àíàëèç âñåõ ñáîðîâ îñòàíêîâ æåðòâ â and Golden Eagles has been recorded for â 32 ãí¸çäàõ,  – ïî ãí¸çäàõ áåðêóòà â ðåãèîíå (n=478 ïî 32 the different types of cliff-faces (r=-0.95, îñòàíêàì æåðòâ è ïî- ãí¸çäàì) ïîêàçûâàåò àáñîëþòíîå äîìè- p<0.21) (fig. 35). Thus, the Imperial Ea- ãàäêàì â 12 ãí¸çäàõ. íèðîâàíèå ñðåäíåàçèàòñêîé ÷åðåïàõè – gle seems to breed successfully only on Fig. 14. Diet of the 41,21%. Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî ïàíöèðè ÷å- those cliff-faces, where sheer cliffs are ab- Golden Eagle in the Aral-Caspian region ðåïàõ â ãíåçäå è ïîä ãíåçäîì ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ sent, and, hence, the density of Golden according to: À – results î÷åíü äîëãî, â îòëè÷èå îò îñòàíêîâ ìåëêèõ Eagles is minimal, however the relief of of the analysis of prey ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ.  òî æå âðåìÿ, àíàëèç nesting habitats should be developed, be- remains from 32 nests, îñòàòêîâ ïèøè è ïîãàäîê íà 12 ãí¸çäàõ è cause trees suitable for the Imperial Eagle  – results of the analysis of remains and ïîä íèìè ïîêàçûâàåò èíîå ñîîòíîøåíèå nesting are absent on the gentle slopes of pellets from 12 nests. – ñì. òàáë. 4 è ðèñ. 14.  äàííîì ñëó÷àå cliff-faces. However lack of trees provides the Steppe Eagle nesting on cliff-faces. Thus, as a result of the competition with the Golden Eagle the Imperial Eagles does not inhabit chalk cliff-faces, preferring to breed on chalk plateaus apart the zone of cliff-faces, and as a result of deficiency of nesting sites, it is rare in clay semi-deserts êðàéíå in the north of the region apart the cliff-faces and the edge of sands, which are abundant in trees. The Steppe Eagle predominates in the flat clay deserts in the north of the region. The abundant food in the region provides high population numbers of eagles, howev- er the territory is not optimal for the Impe- rial Eagle nesting. The main threats to all the three eagle species in the Aral-Caspian region are caused by the development of oil produc- tion, and hence, development of power lines, especially the medium voltage lines (6–10 kV).

Acknowledgments We are grateful to Andrew Semenov, Poman Lapshin, Timofey Barabashin, Lud- mila Novikova, Dmitry Korzhev and Ilya Smelansky, having participated in the ex- peditions. Also we thank Eugene Potapov and Sergey Sklyarenko, who have helped us with their recommendations to obtain funding for our surveys in the Aral-Caspian region. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 119

Òàáë. 4. Ïèòàíèå áåðêóòà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. Ìåñòà ëîêàëèçàöèè ãí¸çä: 1, 2, 4 – Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò, 8 – Þæíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11 – Àêòàó (ïîëóîñòðîâ Ìàíãûøëàê), 9, 10 – Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî (âïàäèíà Êàóíäû è óñòóïû Êóëàíäû), 12 – Âîñòî÷íûé Êàðàòàó (ãîðû Ìàíãèñòàó). Table 4. Diet of the Golden Eagle in the Aral-Caspian region. Nest locations: 1, 2, 4 – Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 8 – Southern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11 – Aktau cliff-faces (Mangyshlak Peninsula), 9, 10 – Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau (Kaundy depression amd Kulandy cliff-faces), 12 – Eastern Karatau ridge (Mangistau Mountains).

Ãí¸çäà áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) / Nests of the Golden Eagle Âñåãî Ñîäåðæèìîå ãíåçäà 123456789101112îáúåêòîâ Äîëÿ, % Contents of the nest Total ind. Portion, % Ðàçìåð âûâîäêà 333222222211 2.08 Brood size Ïàëëàñîâ ïîëîç 56141211 2 23 5.48 (Elaphe sauromates) Óçîð÷àòûé ïîëîç 1 2 3 0.71 (Elaphe dione) Àãàìà ñòåïíàÿ 1 1 2 0.48 (Trapelus sanguinolentus) Çìåè (áëèæå íå 1 1 2 4 0.95 îïðåäåëåíî) / Snakes Ñðåäíåàçèàòñêàÿ 3427133912872115 27.38 ÷åðåïàõà (Testudo (Agrionemys) horsfieldii) ¨æ óøàñòûé 1 1 1 3 0.71 (Hemiechinus auritus) Ëèñèöà (Vulpes vulpes) 1 2 1 4 0.95 Çàÿö-òîëàé (Lepus tolai) 1 1 2 5 1 2 1 1 14 3.33 Ñóñëèê æ¸ëòûé 26114125231 133 71 16.90 (Spermophilus fulvus) Ïåñ÷àíêà áîëüøàÿ 7 16 23 4 7 10 16 4 7 94 22.38 (Rhombomys opimus) Ñàéãàê (Saiga tatarica) 1 1 2 0.48 äåò¸íûøè / young Óñòþðòñêèé ãîðíûé 1 2 1 1 5 1.19 áàðàí (Ovis vignei arkal) äåò¸íûøè, ïàäàëü young, carrion Ñòðåïåò (Otis tetrax) 1 2 3 0.71 Æóðàâëü-êðàñàâêà 1 1 0.24 (Grus virgo) Êåêëèê (Alectoris chukar) 2 9 4 11 2 1 3 4 15 51 12.14 Ñåðàÿ êóðîïàòêà 1 3 4 0.95 (Perdix perdix) Êóðãàííèê 1 1 1 1 1 5 1.19 (Buteo rufinus) Ñîâà óøàñòàÿ (Asio otus) 1 2 3 0.71 Ñîâà áîëîòíàÿ 1 1 2 0.48 (Asio flammeus) Ãîëóáü (Columba sp.) 1 1 0.24 Âîðîí (Corvus corax) 1 1 2 0.48 Ñîðîêà (Pica pica) 1 1 0.24 Ðîçîâûé ñêâîðåö 7 7 1.67 (Sturnus roseus) Âñåãî îáúåêòîâ 39 27 61 36 63 52 14 25 23 30 22 28 420 100 Total ind. 120 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ïàëëàñîâ ïîëîç (Elaphe sauromates) – âòîðîñòåïåííûé, íî âàæ- íûé îáúåêò ïèòàíèÿ áåðêóòà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. East-Four-lined Ratsnake (Elaphe sauromates) is an alternative important prey in the diet of the Golden Eagle in the Aral-Caspian region. Photo by I. Karyakin.

(n=420) ðîëü ñðåäíåàçèàòñêîé ÷åðåïàõè îñòà¸òñÿ òàêæå âû- ñîêîé (27,38%), îäíàêî ïðàê- òè÷åñêè òàêóþ æå ðîëü â ïèòà- íèè èãðàåò è áîëüøàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà (22,38%), Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå è ðàçíèöà ïðèñóòñòâèå êîñòåé êîòîðîé â ïîãàäêàõ â ñïåêòðå ïèòàíèÿ áåðêóòîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ñóùåñòâåííî âûøå, ÷åì îñòàíêîâ òóøåê íà â þæíîé è ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòÿõ ðåãèîíà (ðèñ. ãí¸çäàõ. Áîëüøóþ ðîëü â ïèòàíèè áåðêó- 15). Íà Ñåâåðíîì Óñòþðòå (n=102) ÷åðå- òà â ðåãèîíå èãðàþò òàêæå æ¸ëòûé ñóñëèê ïàõà â ïèòàíèè îòñóòñòâóåò è àáñîëþòíûì (16,9%) è êåêëèê (12,4%), à òàêæå ïàëëàñîâ äîìèíàíòîì ðàöèîíà ÿâëÿåòñÿ æ¸ëòûé ñóñ- ïîëîç (5,48%) è çàÿö-òîëàé (3,33%). ëèê – 48,04%, à ñóáäîìèíàíòàìè – ïîëîçû Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îñíîâíûìè îáúåêòàìè (21,57%) è â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ïàëàñîâ ïî- ïèòàíèÿ áåðêóòà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðå- ëîç – 14,71%. Íà þãå Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ãèîíå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñðåäíåàçèàòñêàÿ ÷åðåïà- ðåãèîíà (Ìàíãûøëàê, Þæíûé Óñòþðò, õà, ïàëëàñîâ ïîëîç (Elaphe sauromates), Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî) (n=318) êåêëèê, æ¸ëòûé ñóñëèê, áîëüøàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà îñíîâó ðàöèîíà áåðêóòà ñîñòàâëÿåò ÷å- è, îò÷àñòè, çàéöû (Lepus tolai). ×åðåïàõà, ðåïàõà – 36,16%, à ñóáäîìèíàíòàìè ÿâëÿ- áîëüøàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà, æ¸ëòûé ñóñëèê è êåêëèê þòñÿ áîëüøàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà – 29,56% è êåêëèê âõîäÿò â ãðóïïó äîìèíàíòîâ â ïèòàíèè – 15,41%, ïðè ýòîì, íè æ¸ëòûé ñóñëèê, íè áåðêóòà, à ïàëëàñîâ ïîëîç è çàÿö-òîëàé – â ïîëîçû íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ çíà÷èìûìè îáúåêòàìè ãðóïïó ñóáäîìèíàíòîâ. ïèòàíèÿ, õîòÿ ïðèñóòñòâóþò ïðàêòè÷åñêè

Îñíîâíûå îáúåêòû ïèòàíèÿ áåðêóòà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðå- ãèîíå: êåêëèê (Alectoris chukar), ñðåäíåàçèàò- ñêàÿ ÷åðåïàõà (Testudo horsfieldii), æ¸ëòûé ñóñëèê (Spermophilus fulvus) è áîëüøàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà (Rhombomys opimus). Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà è È. Êàðÿêèíà. The Golden Eagle diet in the Aral-Caspian region consists primarily of the Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar), Russian Tortoise (Testudo horsfieldii), Yellow Souslik (Spermophilus fulvus) and Great Gerbil (Rhombomys opimus). Photos by A. Pazhenkov and I. Karyakin Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 121

Ðèñ. 15. Ïèòàíèå âî âñåõ îñìîòðåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ. Åäèíñòâåí- áåðêóòà â Àðàëî- íàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ, ãäå àáñîëþòíûì äîìè- Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå: íàíòîì ðàöèîíà áåðêóòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ êåêëèê, À – ïî îñòàíêàì æåðòâ è ïîãàäêàì â 3-õ ãí¸ç- – ãîðû Ìàíãèñòàó (Çàïàäíûé è Âîñòî÷íûé äàõ íà ñåâåðå ðåãèîíà Êàðàòàó) – äî 53,57% (n=28). (Ñåâåðíûé Óñòþðò),  ðàçëè÷íûå ïåðèîäû ãîäà â ðàöèîíå  – ïî îñòàíêàì ïðåîáëàäàåò êàêîé-òî îäèí âèä èç ãðóïïû æåðòâ è ïîãàäêàì â 9 ãí¸çäàõ íà þãå ðåãèîíà äîìèíàíòîâ. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî áîëü- (Ìàíãûøëàê, Þæíûé øàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà è êåêëèê àáñîëþòíî äîìèíè- Óñòþðò, Êèíäåðëè- ðóþò â ïèòàíèè áåðêóòà â ÿíâàðå – ìàðòå Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî). è èìåííî èõ ÷èñëåííîñòü â îñíîâíîì è Fig. 15. Diet of the îïðåäåëÿåò çàíÿòîñòü êîíêðåòíûõ ó÷àñò- Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca). Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Golden Eagle in the êîâ è áóäóùóþ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ïîïóëÿöèè. Aral-Caspian region Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). Photo by A. Pazhenkov. according to: À – results Ïî ìåðå ïðîäâèæåíèÿ íà ñåâåð Óñòþðòà of the analysis of re- ÷èñëåííîñòü îáîèõ ýòèõ âèäîâ ïàäàåò è mains and pellets from âåñíîé åäèíñòâåííûì êëþ÷åâûì êîðìîì Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) 3 nests in the north of çäåñü ÿâëÿþòñÿ çàéöû, à ñ êîíöà ìàðòà – Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü the region (Northern Usturt),  – results of æ¸ëòûå ñóñëèêè. Âåðîÿòíî, ïî ïðè÷èíå Äî ñåðåäèíû ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ Àðàëî- the analysis of remains áîëüøåé áåäíîñòè êîðìîâ íà Ñåâåðíîì Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí íå áûë âêëþ÷¸í â and pellets from 9 Óñòþðòå, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ çäåñü áåðêóòû âû- ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë ìîãèëüíèêà. Ã.Ï. Äåìåí- nests in the south of íóæäåíû ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ ñ ìåíüøåé ïëîò- òüåâ (1951) ïðîâîäèë þæíóþ ãðàíèöó the region (Mangyshlak Peninsula, Southern íîñòüþ è â áîëåå ïîçäíèå ñðîêè, ïðèóðî- ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà ýòîãî îðëà ìåæäó Êà- Usturt, Kinderli-Kayasan ÷èâàÿ âûëóïëåíèå ïòåíöîâ ê ìàññîâîìó ñïèåì è Àðàëîì ïî øèðîêîé äóãå, îáõî- Plateau). âûõîäó èç íîð æ¸ëòûõ ñóñëèêîâ. äÿùåé ñ ñåâåðà Óñòþðò. Âîñòî÷íåå Àðàëà ãðàíèöà ïðîâîäèëàñü ñ çàõâàòîì íèçîâèé Ñûð-Äàðüè, ãäå ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü íåðåãó- ëÿðíîå è ñïîðàäè÷íîå ãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà (Ñïàíãåíáåðã, Ôåéãèí, 1936; Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951). Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé ñ ñîàâòîðà- ìè (1987) âêëþ÷èë òåððèòîðèþ Óñòþðòà â àðåàë ìîãèëüíèêà â Óçáåêèñòàíå, ñäåëàâ ðåìàðêó î òîì, ÷òî «ëèòåðàòóðíûå äàííûå î ãíåçäîâàíèè ìîãèëüíèêà íà êàðàêàëïàêñêîì Óñþðòå îòñóòñòâóþò». Ïî ñóòè, àâòîðàì áûëà èçâåñòíà åäèíñòâåííàÿ íàõîäêà ãíåçäà âèäà, êîòîðàÿ äî ñèõ ïîð ó ðÿäà ñïåöèàëèñòîâ âû- çûâàåò ñîìíåíèÿ â ïðàâèëüíîñòè âèäîâîé èäåíòèôèêàöèè îðëîâ, – ãíåçäî áûëî óñòðî- åíî íà êàìåííîé ìîãèëå áëèç ñò. Òóëåé è 10 èþíÿ 1977 ã. ñîäåðæàëî êëàäêó èç 2-õ íàñè- æåííûõ ÿèö (è ìåñòî ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäà, è ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áîëåå õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà). Èìåííî ýòà íàõîäêà è ïî- ñëóæèëà îñíîâàíèåì äëÿ âêëþ÷åíèÿ Óñòþð- òà â ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë âèäà â Óçáåêèñòàíå.  òî æå âðåìÿ, â Êûçûëêóìàõ â 70–80-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ àâòîðàìè îïèñàíî íå ìåíåå 5 ãíåçäîâûõ íàõîäîê ìîãèëüíèêà â äîñòàòî÷íî òèïè÷íûõ äëÿ íèõ óñëîâèÿõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ è ñðîêè, ÷òî ïðåäïîëàãàåò äîñòàòî÷íî øèðî- êîå, õîòü è ñïîðàäè÷íîå, ãíåçäîâàíèå ýòîãî îðëà íà øèðîòå Óñòþðòà âîñòî÷íåå Àðà- ëà. Íà àðàëüñêîì ÷èíêå ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà áûëî îáíàðóæåíî áëèç Àêåñïå 11 àïðåëÿ 1947 ã. (Êóçÿêèí, 2005), â äîëèíå íèæíåé Ñûð-Äàðüè áëèç ñò. Áàéãàêóì – 18 àïðå- ëÿ 1964 ã. (Ìàëûøåâñêèé, 2005), îäíàêî äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè ýòà èíôîðìàöèÿ íå áûëà îïóáëèêîâàíà.  1989–1990 ãã. 122 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

÷àùå, ÷åì áåðêóò (Ðóñòàìîâ, 2004). Óæå íà Ñåâåðíîì Óñòþðòå, Øàãûðàå è â Ïðèàðàëüå ìîãèëüíèê ñòàíîâèòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî õàðàê- òåðíûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âèäîì (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2004; Êàðÿêèí, 2006; Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006; Ïàæåíêîâ, Êîðæåâ, 2006; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîãèëüíèê ãíåçäèòñÿ âî âñ¸ì Àðàëî- Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå, îäíàêî íàèáîëüøåé ÷èñëåííîñòè äîñòèãàåò â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà – íà Ñåâåðíîì Óñòþðòå, ïëàòî Øàãûðàé è ïðèëåãàþùèõ íèçìåííûõ ðàâ- íèíàõ, à òàêæå â Ïðèàðàëüå. Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé â Àðàëî-Êàñ- ïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå àâòîðàìè âñòðå÷åíî 128 ìîãèëüíèêîâ ñòàðøå 2-õ ëåò íà 55 òåððè- òîðèÿõ, âûÿâëåí 51 ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê (30 – íà ïëîùàäêàõ, â òîì ÷èñëå 28 – â ÷èíêî- Ðèñ. 16. Ãíåçäîâûå Á.Ì. Ãóáèí (1999) â 60-êèëîìåòðîâîé çîíå âîé çîíå), íà âñåõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îá- ó÷àñòêè ìîãèëüíèêîâ âäîëü ïðåæíåé êðîìêè âîñòî÷íîãî ïîáå- íàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà îðëîâ (56 ãí¸çä, ñ ó÷¸òîì (Aquila heliaca). ðåæüÿ Àðàëüñêîãî ìîðÿ îáíàðóæèë ãí¸ç- ñòàðûõ, çàíèìàâøèõñÿ ðàíåå) (ðèñ. 16). Òà- Fig. 16. Breeding äà òð¸õ ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ. Ý.È. Ãàâðèëîâûì êèì îáðàçîì, ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà ïîä- territories of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila (Ãàâðèëîâ, 1999; Gavrilov, Gavrilov, 2005) òâåðæäåíî â 92,73% ñëó÷àåâ ïðè âñòðå÷àõ heliaca). òåððèòîðèÿ çàïàäíåå Àðàëüñêîãî ìîðÿ íå ñ ïòèöàìè (n=55). Âñòðå÷è ñ îäèíî÷íûìè âêëþ÷åíà â àðåàë âèäà â Êàçàõñòàíå, õîòÿ ïòèöàìè íà 4-õ òî÷êàõ ìîæíî ñìåëî îò- îïðåäåë¸ííî ñ 70-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ìî- íîñèòü íà ñ÷¸ò íåãíåçäÿùèõñÿ, òàê êàê íà- ãèëüíèê óæå ãíåçäèëñÿ ïî âñåìó Ñåâåðíî- áëþäàëèñü ïòèöû â âîçðàñòå äî 6 ëåò.  40 ìó Óñòþðòó è Ïðèàðàëüþ. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ïàðàõ óäàëîñü ðàññìîòðåòü îáîèõ ïòèö. ÷òî îòñóòñòâóåò èíôîðìàöèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè Âîçðàñòíîé ñîñòàâ ïàð ãîâîðèò î íåâûñî- Ðèñ. 17. Êîððåëÿöèÿ âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ìîãèëüíèêà â Òóðêìåíèè íà Êàïëàíêûðå è êîé ñìåðòíîñòè ïòèö – â 37 ïàðàõ (92,5%) ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ ñ ×åëþíãêûðå (Àíòèïîâ, Øóá¸íêèí, 1984; îáå ïòèöû áûëè âçðîñëûìè, â 3-õ ïàðàõ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ ìàðø- Øóá¸íêèí, Àíòèïîâ, 1990), ýòîò âèä çäåñü (7,5%) – ìîëîäûìè (3–5 ëåò) (â 2-õ ïàðàõ ðóòîâ â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ îïðåäåë¸ííî ãíåçäèòñÿ, òàê êàê ãíåçäî áûëî ìîëîäûìè áûëè ñàìöû è â îäíîé – ñàìêà). ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ (áåç ó÷¸òà ðîâíûõ ïî- îáíàðóæåíî 12 àïðåëÿ 2006 ã. íà êàçàõñêîé Ìàêñèìóì ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëü- ëóïóñòûíü è ïåñêîâ). òåððèòîðèè íà ÷èíêå Êàïëàíêûðà íàä ñîðîì íèêîâ âûÿâëåí â ðàéîíå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ Fig. 17. Correlation Êàçàõëûøîð. Íà Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîì ïëà- ãëèíÿíûõ ÷èíêîâ, ïðè ïîëíîì îòñóòñòâèè between known òî è þæíîé ïîëîâèíå Óñòþðòà ìîãèëüíèê â ðàéîíå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ìåëîâûõ ÷èí- breeding territories ãíåçäèòñÿ êðàéíå ñïîðàäè÷íî – â íàñòîÿùåå êîâ (ðèñ. 17). Ñâÿçàíî ýòî, â ïåðâóþ î÷å- of the Imperial Eagle âðåìÿ çäåñü èçâåñòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 4-õ ïàð ðåäü, ñ îñòðîé êîíêóðåíöèåé ñ áåðêóòîì and lengths of routes across breeding habitats (Ëåâèí, Êàðÿêèí, 2005; Ãóáèí, 2004), íî â çà ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè (ïîäðîáíåå ñì. ãëàâó (without flat semi- òî æå âðåìÿ â íà÷àëå ìàÿ 1989 ã. íà äàííîé Îáñóæäåíèå). deserts and sands). òåððèòîðèè ìîãèëüíèê ïîïàäàëñÿ íà ãëàçà Ó÷¸ò ìîãèëüíèêîâ ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ê ÷èíêî- âîé çîíå òÿãîòååò 56,86% îò âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Îñòàëüíûå íàñåëÿþò ïî- ëóïóñòûííûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà, â îñíîâíîì â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðå- ãèîíà. Ðàñ÷¸ò ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà äëÿ ðåãèîíà ìû îñóùåñòâëÿåì ðàçäåëüíî äëÿ ÷èíêîâ è îñòàëüíîé òåððèòîðèè. Íà ÷èíêàõ ñ ãëèíÿíûìè è ðàêóøå÷íè- êîâûìè îáðûâàìè ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ìîãèëüíèêîâ âàðüèðóåò îò 0,7 äî 10,46 ïàð/100 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì ïî ðå- ãèîíó 3,34 ïàð/100 êì îáðûâîâ. Ìàêñè- ìàëüíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâîâ Øàãûðàÿ, Ñåâåð- íîãî Óñòþðòà è Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèàðàëüÿ – 5,57–10,46 ïàð/100 êì îáðûâîâ (òàáë. 5). Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 123

Òàáë. 5. ×èñëåííîñòü è ïëîòíîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) íà îáðûâàõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðà- öèè íà ðèñ. 2. Table 5. Number and density of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) on cliff-faces on the plots. Numbers of plots are similar to ones in the fig. 2.

Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/100 êì Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü Ãíåçäîâûå îáðûâîâ) îáðûâîâ (êì) ó÷àñòêè Density Ïëîùàäêè Length of cliffs Ãîä Breeding (pairs/100 km ×èíêè / Cliffs Plots (km) Year territories cliffs) Ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Àêòàó 4 71.9 2003 0 0 Chalk cliffs of the Aktau range 5 34.7 2003 0 0 Þæíûé Àêòàó è îâðàã Àùûáàñ 20 29.3 2004 0 0 Southern Aktau and Aschibas ravine Ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Àêòàó 2, 23 93.2 2004 0 0 Chalk cliffs of the Aktau range 1, 24 289.7 2004 0 0 Ï-îâ Ìàíãûøëàê 518.8 2003–2004 0 0 Mangyshlak Peninsula Þæíûé (ìåëîâîé) ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 6 55.6 2003 0 0 Southern (chalk) cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 7 80.5 2003 0 0 Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 8, 22 142.8 2004 1 0.70 Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 10 34.5 2003 1 2.90 Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 11 24.6 2003 2 8.12 9, 21 120.4 2004 4 3.32 31 64.9 2006 3 4.63 32 9.2 2006 0 0 33 42.7 2006 4 9.38 34 20.3 2006 1 4.92 Ïëàòî Óñòþðò / Usturt Plateau 595.3 2003–2006 16 2.69 Êîëåíêåëè è Æåëüòàó 25 95.8 2004 3 3.13 Kolenceli and Zheltau Cliffs ×èíê ïëàòî Øàãûðàé 27 53.9 2004 3 5.57 Cliff-faces of the Shagyray Plateau 35 51.5 2006 3 5.82 Ïëàòî Øàãûðàé / Shagyray Plateau 105.4 2004–2006 6 5.69 Âïàäèíà Êàðàãèå / Karagie Depression 13 67.1 2004 0 0 Êàñïèéñêèé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî 14 69.4 2004 0 0 Caspian seaside cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasan- skoe Plateau Âïàäèíà Êàóíäû / Kaundy Depression 15 34.9 2004 0 0 Ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî 16 113.2 2004 0 0 ïëàòî (óñòóïû Êóëàíäû) 17 31.2 2004 0 0 Northern-eastern cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayas- anskoe Plateau (Kulandy cliffs) Âïàäèíà Æàçãóðëû / Zhazgurly Depression 18 14.4 2004 0 0 Âïàäèíà Áàñãóðëû / Basgurly Depression 19 24.9 2004 0 0 Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî 355.1 2004 0 0 Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau Àðàëüñêèé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 12 30.3 2003 0 0 Aral cliff-face of the Usturt Plateau Îáðûâû ï-îâà Êàðàòóï 26 19.3 2004 0 0 Cliff-faces of the Karatup Peninsula Îáðûâû âïàäèí Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèàðàëüÿ 28 10.7 2005 0 0 Cliff-faces of the Northern Aral Sea Region 29 9.6 2005 0 0 Îáðûâû ï-îâà Øóáàðòàðàó 30 28.7 2005 3 10.46 Cliff-faces of the Shubartarau Peninsula Ïðèàðàëüå / Aral Sea Region 98.6 2003–2005 3 3.04 Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí 1768.9 (839.5*) 2003–2006 28 1.58 (3.34*) Aral-Caspian Region

* – áåç ó÷¸òà Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî, Þæíîãî Óñòþðòà è Ìàíãûøëàêà / without Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau, South- ern Usturt Plateau and Mangyshlak Peninsula 124 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 6. ×èñëåííîñòü è ïëîòíîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà ó÷¸òíûõ ìàðøðóòàõ. Íóìåðàöèÿ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 2. Table 6. Number and density of the Imperial Eagle on transects. Numbers of transects are similar to ones in the fig. 2.

Øèðèíà Ïëîòíîñòü Ïëîòíîñòü ó÷¸òíîé (ïàð/100 Ãíåçäîâûå (ïàð/100 êì) ïîëîñû (êì) êì2) ó÷àñòêè Density Width Density Ðåãèîí Ìàðøðóòû Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü (êì) Ãîä Breeding (pairs/100 of count (pairs/100 Region Transects Length (km) Year territories km) transect (km) km2) Ñåâåðíîå 1 93.49 2004 0 0 0 Ïðèàðàëüå 2 174.89 2006 4 2.29 2.1 1.09 Northern Aral 3 142.35 2006 5 3.51 2 1.76 Sea Region 4 139.61 2006 2 1.43 1.8 0.80 5 107.64 2003 0 0 0 6 205.27 2005 0 0 0 Ñåâåðíîå Ïðèàðàëüå 863.24 11 1.27 1.97 0.65 Northern Aral Sea Region Ñåâåðíûé 7 371.74 2006 2 0.54 2.0 0.27 Ïðèêàñïèé 8 279.91 2004 5 1.79 1.9 0.94 Northern Caspian Sea Region Ñåâåðíûé Ïðèêàñïèé 651.65 7 1.07 1.95 0.55 Northern Caspian Sea Region Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí 1514.89 18 1.19 1.96 0.61 Aral-Caspian Region

Âûñîêàÿ ïëîòíîñòü íà ëîêàëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ æ¸ííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, äî 1,76 ïàð/100 êì2 íàïðÿìóþ ñâÿçàíà ñ âûñîêîé ñòåïåíüþ – â Ïðèàðàëüå (òàáë. 6). ãíåçäîïðèãîäíîñòè òåððèòîðèè (áîëüøîå Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ïàðàìè êîëè÷åñòâî ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äåðåâüåâ, ìîãèëüíèêîâ â ÷èíêîâîé çîíå âàðüèðó- ðàñòóùèõ ïîä äîñòàòî÷íî êðóòûì, íî ëè- åò â äîñòàòî÷íî øèðîêèõ ïðåäåëàõ, îò ø¸ííûì îòâåñíûõ ñêàë, ÷èíêîì) è îòñóò- 2,9 äî 26,84 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì ïî ñòâèåì áåðêóòà. ÷èíêàì (n=18) 8,16±6,76 êì.  ïîëóïó- Ïëîòíîñòü ïî ó÷¸òàì íà ëèíåéíûõ ñòûíå âäîëü çàïàäíîãî êðàÿ ïåñêîâ Áîëü- ìàðøðóòàõ ñîñòàâëÿåò â ñðåäíåì 0,61 øèå Áàðñóêè, ãäå ìîãèëüíèê ãíåçäèòñÿ ïàð/100 êì2 (0,55 ïàð/100 êì2 – â Ñå- ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ, ðàñ- âåðíîì Ïðèêàñïèè, íà çàïàä äî Ýìáû, ñòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäÿìè âàðüèðóåò îò âêëþ÷èòåëüíî, è 0,65 ïàð/100 êì2 – â 1,76 äî 25,54 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèàðàëüå), âàðüèðóÿ îò ïîë- (n=8) 8,91±7,51 êì.  öåëîì ïî Àðàëî- íîãî îòñóòñòâèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà íà ïðîòÿ- Êàñïèéñêîìó ðåãèîíó äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ïàðàìè ìîãèëüíèêîâ ñîñòàâ- ëÿþò â ñðåäíåì (n=26) 8,39±6,86 êì

(Ex=2,25, ìåäèàíà=5,25 êì; ìîäà – í/ä) (òàáë. 7). Ðîâíî 50% äèñòàíöèé ëåæèò â äèàïàçîíå 3–6 êì. Óâåëè÷åíèå äèñòàí- öèé ìåæäó ñîñåäÿìè áîëåå 10 êì (ðèñ. 18) ñâÿçàíî ñ îòñóòñòâèåì ãíåçäîïðè- ãîäíûõ äåðåâüåâ â ÷èíêîâîé çîíå ëèáî c îñòðîé êîíêóðåíöèåé ñ áåðêóòîì. Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ñðåäíèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ïëîòíîñòè (3,34±0,5 ïàð/100 êì îáðûâîâ) íà âñþ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ â ñåâåð- íîé ÷àñòè Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà

Ðèñ. 18. Ãèñòîãðàììà äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè. Fig. 18. Histogram of nearest-neighbor distances. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 125

Òàáë. 7. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñîñåäíèõ ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ. Table 7. Nearest-neighbor distances.

Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè Ìåñòîîáèòàíèå Ïëîùàäêè (êì) M±SD (lim) Habitat Plots n Nearest-neighbor distance (km) M±SD (lim) Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 8, 22 1 22.07 Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 9, 21 3 13.44±11.87 (4.26–26.84) Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 31 2 4.50±1.17 (3.67–5.33) 33 3 5.66±4.41 (3.02–10.75) 11 1 4.18 Êîëåíêåëè è Æåëüòàó 25 2 8.01±4.02 (5.16–10.85) Cliff-faces of Kolenkely and Zheltau ×èíê ïëàòî Øàãûðàé 27 2 3.35±0.63 (2.90–3.79) Cliff-faces of the Shagyray Plateau 35 2 8.43±5.03 (4.87–11.99) Îáðûâû ï-îâà Øóáàðòàðàó 30 2 7.35±5.25 (3.63–11.06) Cliff-faces of the Shubartarau Peninsula ×èíêè Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà 18 8.16±6.76 (2.90–26.84) Cliff-faces of the Aral-Caspian Region Çàïàäíàÿ ïåðèôåðèÿ ïåñêîâ Áîëüøèå Áàðñóêè 8 8.91±7.51 (1.76–25.54) Western edge of the Bolshie Barsuki Sands Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí 26 8.39±6.86 (1.76–26.84) Aral-Caspian Region

Òàáë. 8. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà, ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ íà îáðûâàõ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå (íà òåððèòîðèè Êàçàõñòàíà). Table 8. Estimated numbers of pairs of the Imperial Eagle breeding on cliff-faces in the Aral-Caspian region (only the territory of Kazakhstan).

Ìîãèëüíèê / Imperial Eagle Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/100 êì Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ) ×èñëåííîñòü (ïàðû) Íàçâàíèå ïëàòî Ãðóïïà ÷èíêîâ îáðûâîâ (êì) Density (pairs/100 km Estimated number Plateau Types of cliffs Length of cliffs (km) cliffs) (pairs) Óñòþðò Ñåâåðíûé 1275.19 2.96 38 Usturt Plateau Northern cliff-faces Çàïàäíûé 713.91 21 Western cliff-faces Ìåëîâîé / Chalk cliffs 2509.42 0 0 Àðàëüñêèé 96.53 0 Aral cliff-faces Ïëàòî Óñòþðò / Usturt Plateau 4595.05 59 Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî 1465.90 0 0 Kinderly-Kayasanskoe Plateau Êîëåíêåëè è Æåëüòàó 132.59 3.13 4 Cliff-faces of Kolenkely and Zheltau Ïëàòî Øàãûðàé / Shagyray Plateau 377.15 5.69 21 Ìàíãûøëàê / Mangyshlak peninsula 663.46 0 0 Ïðèàðàëüå (áåç Óñòþðòà) / Aral Sea Region 830.87 3.04 25 (without Aral cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau) Âñåãî â ðåãèîíå íà ÷èíêàõ 8065.02 110 Total on cliff-faces

(3329,71 êì) ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëîæèòü Çà ïðåäåëàìè ÷èíêîâîé çîíû ÷èñëåí- ãíåçäîâàíèå â ÷èíêîâîé çîíå, êàê ìèíè- íîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ìîãèëüíèêîâ îïðåäå- ìóì, 96–126, â ñðåäíåì 111 ïàð ìîãèëü- ëèòü ãîðàçäî ñëîæíåå â ñâÿçè ñ èõ íåðàâ- íèêîâ. Àíàëîãè÷íûå ïîêàçàòåëè (98–122, íîìåðíûì ãíåçäîâàíèåì. Ïðåäïîëîæåíèå â ñðåäíåì 110 ïàð) äà¸ò ðàçäåëüíûé ïåðå- î òîì, ÷òî ìîãèëüíèê ðàâíîìåðíî îñâàè- ñ÷¸ò äëÿ ðàçíûõ òèïîâ ÷èíêîâ (òàáë. 8). âàåò ËÝÏ â ðåãèîíå, íå ïîäòâåðäèëîñü, 126 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà ëîõàõ íà êðîìêå ïå- ñêîâ è ñðåäè ãëèíèñòîé ïîëóïóñòûíè (ââåðõó), íà ëîõàõ è ñàêñàóëàõ íà ÷èíêàõ Ñåâåðíîãî Óñòþðòà (â öåíòðå) è íà ëîõå è òàìàðèñêå íà Óñòþðòå è â Ïðèàðàëüå (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Imperial Eagle on silverberries along the edge of sands and in a clay semi-desert (upper), on silverberries and sazauls on cliff-faces of the Northern Usturt (center) and on a silverberry and tamarisk in the Usturt and Aral Sea region (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 127

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â Ïðèàðà- ëüå è íà Êèíäåðëè- Êàÿñàíñêîì ïëàòî. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Nests of the Imperial Eagle on electric poles in the Aral Sea region and Kinderli-Kayasan Plateau. Photos by I. Karyakin and A. Pazhenkov. 128 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 9. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà, ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ â ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ ñåâåðà Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà (íà òåððèòîðèè Êàçàõñòàíà). Table 9. Estimated numbers of pairs of the Imperial Eagle breeding in semi-deserts on the north part of the Aral-Caspian region (only the territory of Kazakhstan).

Ïëîòíîñòü Ïëîùàäü (ïàð/100 êì2) ×èñëåííîñòü (ïàðû) Ðåãèîí Ïëîùàäü ðåãèîíà (êì2) ìåñòîîáèòàíèé (êì2) Density Estimated number Region Area of region (km2) Area of habitats (km2) (pairs/100 km2) (pairs) Ñåâåðíîå Ïðèàðàëüå 73088.69 28111.03 0.65 182 Northern Aral Sea Region Ñåâåðíûé Ïðèêàñïèé 60125.79 25052.41 0.55 138 Northern Caspian Sea Region Âñåãî â ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ 133214.48 53163.45 0.61 320 ñåâåðà ðåãèîíà Total in semi-deserts on the northern part of the region

òàê æå, êàê è íå ïîäòâåðäèëàñü ãèïîòåçà î ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ, îïóøêè ñàêñàóëîâûõ ðàâíîìåðíîì ðàñïðåäåëåíèè ìîãèëüíè- ëåñîâ, â 4–5 ðàç áîëüøå, ÷åì ÷èíêîâ. Ïðè êà â ñàêñàóëüíèêàõ è îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûõ ýòîì, åñëè â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ îðëîâ â ÷èíêîâîé ñèñòåìàõ áàññåéíà Ýìáû. Òåì íå ìåíåå, çîíå ìàðøðóò ïðîëåãàë íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ìîãèëüíèê íàéäåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ïðàê- ïî ÷èíêó èëè ïîä íèì, òî â ïîëóïóñòûíå òè÷åñêè íà âñåõ ìàðøðóòàõ (73,17%) ñ ìàðøðóò â 40% ñëó÷àåâ íå èìåë òàêîé ÷àñòîòîé 1,19 ïàð/100 êì (îò 0 äî 3,51 æå íàïðàâëåííîñòè âäîëü ãíåçäîïðèãîä- êì/100 êì). Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ïðîòÿ- íûõ äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà ëèíåéíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ æ¸ííîñòü ìàðøðóòîâ ïî ðîâíûì ïîëóïó- ëàíäøàôòà èëè èíôðàñòðóêòóðû. Ïåðå- ñòûíÿì ïðåâûñèëà òàêîâóþ âäîëü ÷èíêîâ ñ÷¸ò ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïî- â çîíå îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëü- ëîæèòü ãíåçäîâàíèå â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè íèêà â 1,8 ðàç, à êîëè÷åñòâî âûÿâëåííûõ Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà 228–412, â çäåñü ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ ñðåäíåì 320 ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ, èç êîòî- îêàçàëîñü ìåíüøå â 1,8 ðàç, ÷åì íà ÷èí- ðûõ 125–239 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 182 ïàðû, êàõ, ìû âñ¸ æå ïðåäïîëàãàåì, ÷òî â ðîâ- ãíåçäèòñÿ â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèàðàëüå (ïëî- íûõ ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ ðåãèîíà ãíåçäèòñÿ â 3 ùàäü ìåñòîîáèòàíèé çà âû÷åòîì ñîðîâ ðàçà áîëüøå ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ÷åì íà ÷èíêàõ. è âîäî¸ìîâ – 28111,03 êì2) è 103–173 Ñâÿçàíî ýòî ñ òåì, ÷òî ëèíåéíàÿ ïðîòÿ- ïàðû, â ñðåäíåì 138 ïàð – â Ñåâåðíîì æ¸ííîñòü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â Ïðèêàñïèè (25052,41 êì2) (òàáë. 9). ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ, òàêèõ, êàê ËÝÏ, ñàè è ðóñ- Âåðîÿòíî, äî äåñÿòêà ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ â ëà ïåðåñûõàþùèõ âîäîòîêîâ ñ äðåâåñíîé þæíîé ÷àñòè ïëàòî Óñòþðò è äî 5–6 ïàð –

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà, óñòðîåííûå íà äåðåâüÿõ. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Nests of the Imperial Eagle on the trees. Photos by A. Pazhenkov. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 129

Çäåñü ìîãèëüíèê íà÷àë ýêñïàíñèþ â ïîëó- ïóñòûíþ ñ êðàÿ ïåñêîâ è çàñåëèë ó÷àñòêè äåéñòâóþùåé è äåìîíòèðîâàííîé ËÝÏ, âûòåñíèâ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ. Îáèëèå ãíåç- äÿùèõñÿ ìîãèëüíèêîâ çà 4 ãîäà íà îñìî- òðåííîé ËÝÏ âûðîñëî ñ 2,01 äî 6,03 ïàð/100 êì ËÝÏ (Êàðÿêèí, 2006). Ó÷è- òûâàÿ ýòî, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î, êàê ìèíè- ìóì, 3-êðàòíîì óâåëè÷åíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà â ïîëóïóñòûíå âäîëü ïåñêîâ Áîëüøèå Áàðñóêè. Àíàëîãè÷íûå ïðîöåñ- ñû ïðîòåêàþò è â áàññåéíå Ýìáû íà çà- Ðèñ. 19. Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû ìîãèëüíèêà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. ïàäíîì ìàêðîñêëîíå Ìóãîäæàð, ÷òî ïîä- Fig. 19. Nesting habitats of the Imperial Eagle in the Aral-Caspian region. ðàçóìåâàåò íàëè÷èå äîñòàòî÷íî øèðîêîé çîíû â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå, ãäå äèíàìè- íà Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîì ïëàòî. êà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà íîñèò ÿâíûé Ó÷èòûâàÿ âñ¸ âûøåñêàçàííîå, ìîæíî ïîëîæèòåëüíûé õàðàêòåð. îöåíèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà íà ãíåç- äîâàíèè â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå â Ðàçìíîæåíèå ïðåäåëàõ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèö Êà- Îñíîâíûìè ãíåçäîâûìè áèîòîïàìè ìî- çàõñòàíà â 340–550, â ñðåäíåì 445 ïàð. ãèëüíèêà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ×èñëåííîñòü âñåé àðàëî-êàñïèéñêîé ïî- ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûå òèïû ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ïóëÿöèè ìîãèëüíèêà, ñ ó÷¸òîì ïðèëåãàþ- ñ äðåâåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ, ïðåèìóùå- ùèõ òåððèòîðèé Óçáåêèñòàíà è Òóðêìåíè- ñòâåííî â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà: ÷èíêè ñòàíà, íå ñóùåñòâåííî âûøå ýòîé îöåíêè è Óñòþðòà, Øàãûðàÿ è Ïðèàðàëüÿ – 56,86%, ìîæåò ïðèáëèæàòüñÿ ê 360–580 ïàðàì. ñàè è âðåìåííûå âîäîòîêè, ðóñëà ðåê Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà â – 5,88%, êðîìêè ïåñêîâ – 23,53%.  ïî- ðåãèîíå îïðåäåë¸ííî ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ. Ê ñëåäíåå âðåìÿ âèä ñòàë îñâàèâàòü äëÿ ãíåç- ñîæàëåíèþ, íåò âîçìîæíîñòè îïðåäå- äîâàíèÿ ËÝÏ, à òàêæå îòäåëüíûå äåðåâüÿ ëèòü èíòåíñèâíîñòü ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè íà ìåñòå ðàçðóøåííûõ ôåðì, êîëîäöåâ, ìîãèëüíèêà çà ïîñëåäíèå 100 ëåò èç-çà ðàññåëÿÿñü ïî íèì â ñîâåðøåííî áåçëåñ- îòñóòñòâèÿ èíôîðìàöèè î âèäå â ðåãèîíå íûå ïîëóïóñòûíè (ðèñ. 19). çà ïåðèîä äî 60-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ è îò- Èç 56 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê ìîãèëüíè- ñóòñòâèÿ ìîíèòîðèíãîâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé êà (50 àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä è 6 ñòàðûõ) 37 äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè. Èìååòñÿ èíôîð- (66,07%) ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà äåðåâüÿõ èëè ìàöèÿ î ðîñòå ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà çàïàäíåå êóñòàðíèêàõ, 17 (30,36%) – íà ìåòàëëè- ïåñêîâ Áîëüøèå Áàðñóêè â 2003–2006 ãã. ÷åñêèõ è áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ âûñîêîâîëüò-

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà, óñòðîåííûå íà ñêàëàõ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Imperial Eagle on the cliffs. Photos by I. Karyakin. 130 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 20. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà, ðàíæè- ðîâàííûõ ïî òèïó ñóáñòðàòà, â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. Fig. 20. Distribution of the Imperial Eagle nests, ranging accordingly to types of nest location in the Aral-Caspian region.

âîì âî âðåìÿ ïîæàðà.  ìîìåíò ïîñåùå- íèÿ ó÷àñòêà ïòèöû òàñêàëè íàâîç äëÿ âû- ñòèëêè ëîòêà. Íî ïîçæå ýòà òåððèòîðèÿ íå ïîñåùàëàñü è îñòàëîñü íåèçâåñòíî, ðàç- ìíîæàëèñü ëè îðëû â íåé. Îáà óñïåøíûõ ãíåçäà íà ñêàëàõ, êîòîðûå ïðåäñòàâëåíû â âûáîðêå, áûëè óñòðîåíû äîñòàòî÷íî âèäîñïåöèôè÷íî – íà âåðøè- íàõ ïàëüöåîáðàçíûõ ñêàë-îñòàíöåâ, äîìè- íèðóþùèõ íàä îáùèì óðîâíåì, êàê ïðàâè- ëî, ñðåäíåãî ÿðóñà ÷èíêà. Ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ÷èíêàõ ìîãèëüíèê ïðåäïî÷èòàåò óñòðàèâàòü ãí¸çäà íà äå- ðåâüÿõ, ðàñòóùèõ ïîä ñòåíîé, íåæåëè íà ñòåíå, äà è ïîñëåäíåå âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ðåæå. Íà âåðøèíàõ ÷èíêîâ, êàê ïðàâèëî, ðàñòóò íåâûñîêèå ñàêñàóëû è åñëè åñòü âûáîð, ìîãèëüíèê ïðåäïî÷èòàåò áîëåå âûñîêèå ëîõ èëè èâû, ðàñòóùèå â íèæíåé ÷àñòè ÷èíêà ïîä ñêàëàìè. Èç ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà äåðåâüÿõ (n=37), ÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò ïîñòðîéêè, óñòðîåííûå íà ëîõå – íàè- áîëåå ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ âûñîêèõ äåðåâüÿõ ÷èíêîâîé çîíû (62,16% îò îáùåãî êîëè- ÷åñòâà ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà äåðåâüÿõ è 41,07% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà îñìîòðåí- íûõ ãí¸çä). Âòîðûì ïî êîëè÷åñòâó óñòðî- åííûõ ãí¸çä ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñàêñàóë – ñàìûé ìàññîâûé äðåâåñíî-êóñòàðíèêîâûé âèä ÷èíêîâ, ïåñêîâ è ãëèíèñòûõ ïîëóïóñòûíü íûõ ËÝÏ è ëèøü 2 (3,57%) – íà ñêàëàõ ðåãèîíà. Íà ñàêñàóëàõ óñòðîåíî 18,92% (ðèñ. 20, 21). Òàêæå îäíî ãíåçäî, êîòîðîå ãí¸çä (12,5% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà îñìî- ìû íå ðàññìàòðèâàåì â äàííîé âûáîðêå, òðåííûõ ãí¸çä). Íåñìîòðÿ íà ÿâíóþ íå- áûëî ïîñòðîåíî ìîãèëüíèêàìè íà ñêàëå ïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòü ñàêñàóëà äëÿ ìîãèëü- ïðÿìî íàä òåì ìåñòîì, ãäå ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íèêà èç-çà åãî íåáîëüøîé âûñîòû – äî ñòàðîå ãíåçäî, ñãîðåâøåå âìåñòå ñ äåðå- 2–4-õ ì, íà áîëüøèíñòâå òåððèòîðèé îí

Ðèñ. 21. Ñóáñòðàòû, èñïîëüçóåìûå ìîãèëü- íèêàìè äëÿ óñòðîé- ñòâà ãí¸çä, â Àðàëî- Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. Fig. 21. Pie chart showing types of the Imperial Eagle nest location in the Aral- Caspian region. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 131

Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà, ïîñòðîåííîå íà óñòóïå ÷èíêà íàä ïðåæíèì ãíåçäîì íà ëîõå, ñãîðåâøåì âî âðåìÿ ïîæàðà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nest of the Imperial Eagle placed on a ledge of the cliff over the previous nest built on a silverberry and burnt during a fire. Photos by I. Karyakin.

ÿâëÿåòñÿ åäèíñòâåííûì âîçìîæíûì ñóá- ñòðàòîì äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà îðëàìè ãí¸çä íàä çåìë¸é. Íàñòîëüêî æå øèðîêî, êàê ñàêñà- óë, â ðåãèîíå ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í òàìàðèñê, êîòîðûé ÿâëÿåòñÿ óæå êëàññè÷åñêèì êó- ñòàðíèêîì – äî 1 ì âûñîòîé. Èìåííî èç- çà ñâîåé íèçêîðîñëîñòè îí íå ïîëüçóåòñÿ ïîïóëÿðíîñòüþ ó ìîãèëüíèêà – èçâåñòíî âñåãî ëèøü 2 ãíåçäà (5,41% îò îáùåãî êî- ëè÷åñòâà ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà äåðåâüÿõ è 3,57% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà îñìîòðåí- íûõ ãí¸çä), êîòîðûå áûëè óñòðîåíû íà êóñòàõ, ðàñòóùèõ íà äîñòàòî÷íî êðóòûõ ñêëîíàõ ÷èíêà. Èç 17 ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ, ëèøü 2 (11,76%) áûëè óñòðîåíû íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ îïîðàõ – íà Êèíäåðëè- Êàÿñàíñêîì ïëàòî è íà Óñòþðòå. Ãíåçäî íà Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîì ïëàòî áûëî óñòðîå- íî íà êîíöå òðàâåðñû ñ èçîëÿòîðíîé ïîä- âåñêîé, íà Óñòþðòå – íà ïëîùàäêå â âåðõ- íåé ÷àñòè îïîðû. Âñå ãí¸çäà íà áåòîííûõ âûáîðêè ãí¸çä íà äåðåâüÿõ (n=37) íà âåð- îïîðàõ ËÝÏ (88,24%) ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà øèíàõ áûëî óñòðîåíî 27,03%, â ïðåäâåð- ãîðèçîíòàëüíûõ òðàâåðñàõ óãëîâûõ îïîð, øèííûõ ðàçâèëêàõ – 29,73%, â ðàçâèëêàõ íà êîòîðûõ òðàâåðñà óñèëåííàÿ è áîëåå â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà (êàê ïðàâèëî, âî øèðîêàÿ. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ãí¸çä (9) áûëà âòîðîé ñâåðõó ðàçâèëêå îñíîâíîãî ñòâîëà óñòðîåíà íà êîíöàõ òðàâåðñ, ìåíüøàÿ (6) ëèáî â ðàçâèëêå îäíîé èç ìîùíûõ áîêî- – â îñíîâàíèè òðàâåðñ. âûõ âåòâåé) – 40,54% (ðèñ. 22).  ðàçâèëêå Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà ÿâíî òÿãîòåþò ê ñà- â ñåðåäèíå ñòâîëà áûëî îáíàðóæåíî åäèí- ìîé âåðøèíå äåðåâà, íàñêîëüêî ýòî ïî- ñòâåííîå ãíåçäî, óñòðîåííîå íà êàðàãà÷å çâîëÿåò êðîíà, îäíàêî íå âñåãäà îðëû íà- (âÿçå ìåëêîëèñòíîì). õîäÿò òàêèå äåðåâüÿ, îñîáåííî â óñëîâèÿõ Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà èõ îñòðîãî äåôèöèòà, êîòîðûé íàáëþäàåò- äîñòàòî÷íî ñèëüíî âàðüèðóåò â çàâèñèìîñòè ñÿ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. Èç íàøåé îò ñóáñòðàòà, îäíàêî êîëåáëåòñÿ íå â î÷åíü áîëüøèõ ïðåäåëàõ – îò 1 äî 15 ì. Äàæå ãí¸çäà, óñòðîåííûå íà ñêàëüíûõ îñòàíöàõ, ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íåâûñîêî – â 12 ì îò ïîä- íîæèÿ îñòàíöåâ. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä íà äåðåâüÿõ (áåç ó÷¸òà ãí¸çä íà òà- ìàðèñêàõ), âàðüèðóÿ îò 1,8 äî 15 ì, ñî- ñòàâëÿåò â ñðåäíåì (n=35) 4,79±3,07 ì

(Ex=3,49, ìåäèàíà=4; ìîäà=4 ì). Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêè åæåãîäíî íàäñòðàè- âàþò, è åãî ðàçìåðû çàâèñÿò èñêëþ÷èòåëü- íî îò òîãî, íàñêîëüêî ïðî÷íûìè ÿâëÿþò- ñÿ âåòêè ó äåðåâà.  áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ãíåçäî ñëóæèò âñåãî íåñêîëüêî ëåò, ïîñëå ÷åãî ðàçâèëêà îáëàìûâàåòñÿ è îðëû ñòðîÿò íîâîå ãíåçäî, êàê ïðàâèëî, íà ýòîì æå äå- Ðèñ. 22. Èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü ìîãèëüíèêàìè ðàçíûõ ÷àñòåé è êîíñòðóêöèé êðîí ïðè ðåâå. Íàìè çà ïåðèîä ñ 2003 ïî 2006 ãã., óñòðîéñòâå ãí¸çä íà äåðåâüÿõ. èç êîíòðîëèðîâàâøèõñÿ íà ñåâåðíîì ÷èí- Fig. 22. Preferences of tree-nesting Imperial Eagles at the nest placing. êå Óñòþðòà 8 ãí¸çä, îòìå÷åíî ðàçðóøåíèå 132 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæå- íèÿ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà â ÷èíêîâîé çîíå: íà òîïîëå â áàéðà÷íîì ëåñêå ïîä ÷èíêîì (Çàïàäíûé Óñòþðò) – ââåðõó, íà èâå ñðåäè áðîøåííîãî ïîñåëåíèÿ íà öåíòðàëüíîì óñòóïå ÷èíêà (Æåëüòàó) – âíè- çó. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Different locations of the Imperial Eagle nests in the zone of cliff-faces: on a poplar in the forest below the cliff-faces (Western Usturt) – upper, on a willow in the abandoned village on the central ledge of cliff-faces (Zheltau). Photos by I. Karyakin.

4-õ, ïðè÷¸ì â 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ ïòèöû ïîñòðîè- Ïåðâûå êëàäêè ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîñëå 20 ëè íîâîå ãíåçäî íà ýòîì æå äåðåâå. ìàðòà. Ïîñëå 10 àïðåëÿ ìû íàáëþäàëè Âûñòèëêà ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà áëèçêà ê ëèøü äâå ïàðû, çàíèìàâøèåñÿ ñòðîèòåëü- âûñòèëêå ãí¸çä áåðêóòà – ýòî ñóõàÿ òðà- ñòâîì ãí¸çä, íî îñòàëîñü íå ÿñíî, îòëîæè- âà, êóñòû ïîëûíè è ñîëÿíîê, èçðåäêà ëèñü ëè îíè, òàê êàê èõ ãí¸çäà ïîçæå íå êóñêè øêóð è îòäåëüíûå àíòðîïîãåííûå ïðîâåðÿëèñü.  îäíîì ñëó÷àå ïàðà ñòðîèëà ìàòåðèàëû.  îòëè÷èå îò ãí¸çä áåðêó- ãíåçäî íà ñêàëå 14 ìàÿ, âçàìåí ñãîðåâøåãî òà, ïðàêòè÷åñêè âî âñåõ ãí¸çäàõ â âû- íà äåðåâå, íî òàêæå íå ÿñíî, îòëîæèëàñü ñòèëêå ïðèñóòñòâóåò íàâîç.  îòëè÷èå îò ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëà, àíòðîïîãåííûå ìàòåðèàëû íå îáðàçóþò ñïëîøíîé ôîí â âûñòèëêå, à ïðèñóòñòâóþò â âèäå îòäåëü- íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ. Èñêëþ÷åíèåì ÿâëÿåòñÿ åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî áëèç Îïîðíîãî, óñòðîåííîå íà îäèíî÷íîì äåðåâå îêî- ëî âåðáëþæåé ôåðìû, – âûñòèëêà â í¸ì ñîñòîÿëà öåëèêîì èç êóñêîâ øåðñòè âåð- áëþäîâ, õîòÿ å¸ íèæíèé ñëîé áûë ñäåëàí òàêæå èç ñóõîé òðàâû. Íà÷àëî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêîâ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà ñåðåäèíó ìàðòà. Âèäèìî, â ýòî âðå- ìÿ óæå âñå ïàðû ïðèëåòàþò â ðåãèîí, è íà÷èíàåòñÿ òîêîâàíèå è ïîäíîâëåíèå ãí¸çä. Âî âñ¸ì ðåãèîíå ñðîêè ðàçìíî- æåíèÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ñæàòû, â îòëè÷èå îò ñðîêîâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áåðêóòà è ñòåïíî- ãî îðëà.

Ïóõîâûå ïòåíöû ìîãèëüíèêà â ãí¸çäàõ íà ñåâåðíîì ÷èíêå Óñòþðòà. Ôîòî À. Êîâàëåíêî. Hatchlings of the Imperial Eagle in nests on the north- ern cliff-faces of Usturt. Photos by A. Kovalenko. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 133

ëè îíà. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ôàêòû ïîçäíåãî ïîä- áûëà íà÷àòüñÿ â ïîñëåäíèõ ÷èñëàõ ôåâ- íîâëåíèÿ ãí¸çä è ïîâòîðíîãî ñòðîèòåëü- ðàëÿ, ÷òî ñîâåðøåííî íåðåàëüíî äëÿ ìî- ñòâà ãí¸çä âçàìåí óíè÷òîæåííûõ, ìîæíî ãèëüíèêà.  äàííîì ñëó÷àå ðå÷ü ìîæåò ïðåäïîëàãàòü âîçìîæíîñòü ïîçäíèõ è ïî- èäòè òîëüêî îá îøèáêå (ñêîðåå âñåãî, âòîðíûõ êëàäîê âïëîòü äî 20 ìàÿ, îäíàêî àâòîðîì âíåñåíà ïóòàíèöà â äàòû è ðå÷ü äîïîäëèííî ýòî íå óñòàíîâëåíî. Òàêèì èä¸ò îá 11 ìàÿ – èìåííî â ýòè ñðîêè â îáðàçîì, îòêëàäêà ÿèö ìîãèëüíèêàìè â íîðìå âûëóïëÿþòñÿ ïòåíöû ìîãèëüíèêà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ïðîèñõîäèò Ïðèàðàëüå). ñ 21 ìàðòà ïî 10 àïðåëÿ, â ìàññå – 25 Èç 55 àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä â 2003–2007 ãã. ìàðòà – 5 àïðåëÿ. Ïòåíöû âûëóïëÿþòñÿ (ñ ó÷¸òîì ïîâòîðíûõ ïîñåùåíèé íåêîòî- 5–25 ìàÿ, â ìàññå – 10–20 ìàÿ, à âñòà- ðûõ ãí¸çä íà ñëåäóþùèé ãîä) â 2-õ (3,64%) þò íà êðûëî 7–28 èþëÿ, â ìàññå – 12–23 äîñòîâåðíî ïîãèáëè êëàäêè, 15 (22,27%) èþëÿ.  çàâèñèìîñòè îò õîäà âåñíû ñðîêè áûëî ïîäíîâëåíî è àáîíèðîâàëîñü ïòèöà- ìàññîâîé îòêëàäêè ÿèö ìîãóò ñäâèãàòüñÿ ìè, íî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íà ìîìåíò íà íåäåëþ, íà áîëåå ðàííèå èëè áîëåå îáñëåäîâàíèÿ â ãíåçäå íå óñòàíîâëåíî (3 ïîçäíèå, îäíàêî ôëóêòóàöèé, çíà÷èòåëü- ãíåçäà ñòðîèëèñü ïòèöàìè â ìîìåíò èõ ïî- íî ïðåâûøàþùèõ íåäåëüíûé ïåðèîä ó ñåùåíèÿ) è 38 ãí¸çä (69,09%) áûëè ñ æè- îäíèõ è òåõ æå ïàð, íàìè íå îòìå÷åíî. âûìè êëàäêàìè è âûâîäêàìè. Îñìîòðåíî ñ Ìîãèëüíèêè îáû÷íî äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêî öåëüþ ïîäñ÷¸òà êîëè÷åñòâà ÿèö è ïòåíöîâ ñèíõðîíèçèðóþò ñâî¸ ðàçìíîæåíèå ñ áûëî 38 ãí¸çä, â òîì ÷èñëå 21 – ñ æèâûìè íà÷àëîì àêòèâíîñòè æ¸ëòûõ ñóñëèêîâ, è êëàäêàìè è âûâîäêàìè. êîãäà ó ñóñëèêîâ ìîëîä¸æü â ìàññå âû-  8 îñìîòðåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ ñ êëàäêàìè (6 õîäèò èç íîð, ó ìîãèëüíèêîâ ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ ãí¸çä ñ æèâûìè êëàäêàìè, 2 – ñ ïîãèáøè- ïòåíöû. ìè) îáíàðóæåíî 1–3, â ñðåäíåì 2,25±0,71 Ýêñòðåìàëüíî ðàííèé ñðîê ðàçìíîæå- ÿéöà. Êëàäêà èç 4-õ ÿèö áûëà îáíàðóæåíà íèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà ïðèâîäÿò Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëü- íà Ñåâåðíîì Óñòþðòå Ì.Â. Ïåñòîâûì è ñêèé ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (1987) äëÿ Êûçûëêóìîâ, Ô.À. Ñàðàåâûì (2009). Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòè äàí- ãäå 30 ìàðòà 1982 ã. â Áóêàíòàó áûëà îáíà- íûå, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî êëàäêà ðóæåíà êëàäêà èç 3-õ ñèëüíî íàñèæåííûõ ìîãèëüíèêà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèî- ÿèö. Ñîâåðøåííî íåðåàëüíûå ñðîêè ïðè- íå ñîñòîèò èç 1–4 ÿèö, â ñðåäíåì (n=9) âîäèò À.Ï. Êóçÿêèí (2004) äëÿ Ïðèàðàëüÿ 2,44±0,88 ÿèö. Êëàäêè èç 2-õ è 3-õ ÿèö îò- – çäåñü 11 àïðåëÿ 1947 ã. áëèç ñò. Àêå- ìå÷åíû ïðàêòè÷åñêè â ðàâíîì êîëè÷åñòâå ñïå îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî ñ îäíèì ÿéöîì, ãí¸çä (ðèñ. 23). èç êîòîðîãî âûëóïëÿëñÿ ïòåíåö. Ó÷èòûâàÿ  15 ãí¸çäàõ ñ âûâîäêàìè (âñå óñïåøíûå) ïåðèîä íàñèæèâàíèÿ êëàäêè, îíà äîëæíà îáíàðóæåíî 1–3, â ñðåäíåì 2,27±0,59 ïòåíöîâ. Äîìèíèðîâàëè âûâîäêè èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ – 60,0%, âûâîäêè èç 3-õ ïòåíöîâ ñîñòàâëÿëè 33,3% (ðèñ. 23). Îá óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîãèëü- íèêà ìû ìîæåì ñóäèòü ëèøü êîñâåííî, ïî ñîîòíîøåíèþ óñïåøíûõ è ïóñòóþùèõ ãí¸çä íà ýòàïå íàñèæèâàíèÿ êëàäêè è âû- ëóïëåíèÿ, òàê êàê â áîëåå ïîçäíèå ñðî- êè èññëåäîâàíèÿ íå ïðîâîäèëèñü. Äîëÿ ïóñòóþùèõ ãí¸çä, èñêëþ÷àÿ ñòðîÿùèåñÿ, è ãí¸çä ñ ïîãèáøèìè êëàäêàìè ñîñòàâèëà 25,45%. Êàê ìèíèìóì äëÿ ïîëîâèíû ãí¸çä ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î íåðàçìíîæåíèè ïòèö â ïåðèîä äåïðåññèè êîðìîâ, 2 ãíåçäà ñ êëàäêàìè áûëè áðîøåíû ïî ïðè÷èíå áåñ- ïîêîéñòâà îðëîâ ïàñòóõàìè (îáà ãíåçäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà àðòåçèàíàõ, êóäà ïàñòó- õè ñ áëèæàéøåãî ëåòíèêà ðåãóëÿðíî ãîíÿ- ëè âåðáëþäîâ â ãîä íàáëþäåíèé). Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî â ïåðèîä äåïðåññèé êîð- ìîâ ìíîæåñòâî âûâîäêîâ ìîæåò íå äî- æèâàòü äî ñë¸òà, îäíàêî êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ Ðèñ. 23. Ðàçìåð êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ ìîãèëüíèêà. ïîêàçàòåëåé ïî äàííîé ïðîáëåìå äî ñèõ Fig. 23. Clutch and brood sizes of the Imperial Eagle. ïîð íå ïîëó÷åíî. 134 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Êëàäêè è âûâîäêè ìî- ãèëüíèêà â Ïðèàðàëüå è íà Óñòþðòå. 18 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. (ââåðõó ñëåâà) – 28 ìàÿ 2007 ã. (âíèçó ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Clutches and broods of the Imperial Eagle in the Aral Sea region and Usturt. 18 April 2005 (upper left) – 28 May 2007 (bottom right). Photos by I. Karyakin and A. Pazhenkov. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 135

Ïèòàíèå 12 ãí¸çä áûëè çàôèêñèðîâàíû îñòàíêè  òàáëèöå 10 ïîêàçàíû ðåçóëüòàòû àíà- æåðòâ, êîòîðûå íå îòîáðàæåíû â òàáëè- ëèçà îñòàíêîâ æåðòâ è ïîãàäîê íà 18 ãí¸ç- öå 10. Ðàçäåëüíûé àíàëèç îñòàíêîâ æåðòâ äàõ ìîãèëüíèêà, íà êîòîðûõ ïèòàíèå áûëî (n=369) â ãí¸çäàõ ìîãèëüíèêà è ïîãàäîê èçó÷åíî íàèáîëåå äîñêîíàëüíî. Òàêæå äëÿ (n=65) íå äà¸ò ïðèíöèïèàëüíûõ îòëè÷èé

Òàáë. 10. Ïèòàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. Ìåñòà ëîêàëèçàöèè ãí¸çä: 1, 3–5, 7, 10–12, 14 – Ñåâåðíûé Óñòþðò, 2, 6 – Êîëåíêåëè, Æåëüòàó, 8, 9 – ïåñêè Áîëüøèå Áàðñóêè, 13 – Ýìáà, 15 – Çàïàäíûé Óñòþðò, 16 – Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî, 18 – Ïðèàðàëüå. Table 10. Diet of the Imperial Eagle in the Aral-Caspian region. Nest locations: 1, 3–5, 7, 10–12, 14, – Northern Usturt, 2, 6 – Kolenkeli, Zheltau, 8, 9 – Bolshie Barsuki sands, 13 – Emba river, 15 – Western Usturt, 16 – Kinderli-Kayasan plateau, 18 – Aral sea region.

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) / Nests of the Imperial Eagle Âñåãî Ñîäåðæèìîå ãíåçäà îáúåêòîâ Äîëÿ, % Contents of the nest 123456789101112131415161718Total ind. Portion, % Ðàçìåð âûâîäêà 333332222222221?00 2.0 Brood size Ïàëëàñîâ ïîëîç 26 7 5 12 1 2 13 1 3 1 2 2 2 77 17.99 (Elaphe sauromates) Óçîð÷àòûé ïîëîç 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 2.10 (Elaphe dione) Âîäÿíîé óæ (Natrix tessellata) 3 2 5 1.17 Ùèòîìîðäíèê (Gloydius halys) 2 1 1 4 0.93 Àãàìà ñòåïíàÿ 2 1 1 4 0.93 (Trapelus sanguinolentus) Çìåè (áëèæå íå îïðåäåëåíî) 3451 411 251 12 52 37 8.64 Snakes Ñðåäíåàçèàòñêàÿ ÷åðåïàõà 1 1 0.23 (Testudo (Agrionemys) horsfieldii) ¨æ óøàñòûé 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 9 2.10 (Hemiechinus auritus) Ëèñèöà (Vulpes vulpes) 1 1 2 0.47 Çàÿö-òîëàé (Lepus tolai) 2 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 23 5.37 Ñóñëèê æ¸ëòûé 16 15 10 7 23 8 17 11 5 3 9 5 15 4 6 1 17 8 180 42.06 (Spermophilus fulvus) Ïåñ÷àíêà áîëüøàÿ 2 4 1 2 5 14 3.27 (Rhombomys opimus) Ñòåïíîé õîðü 1 1 2 0.47 (Mustela eversmanni) Ôëàìèíãî 1 1 0.23 (Phoenicopterus roseus) Áàêëàí (Phalacrocorax sp.) 1 1 2 0.47 Öàïëÿ áîëüøàÿ áåëàÿ 1 1 2 0.47 (Egretta alba) Õîõîòóíüÿ (Larus cachinnans) 2 1 2 1 5 11 2.57 ×àéêè (áëèæå íå îïðåäåëåíî) 1 3 3 3 10 2.34 Gulls Ñòðåïåò (Otis tetrax) 1 1 1 3 0.70 Êåêëèê (Alectoris chukar) 1 1 2 4 0.93 Ñåðàÿ êóðîïàòêà 1 3 1 5 1.17 (Perdix perdix) Êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus) 1 1 2 0.47 Ñîâà óøàñòàÿ (Asio otus) 3 1 1 5 1.17 Ñîâà áîëîòíàÿ 1 1 0.23 (Asio flammeus) Âîðîí (Corvus corax) 1 1 0.23 Ñîðîêà (Pica pica) 1 1 1 1 4 0.93 Âðàíîâûå (Corvus sp.) 2 1 1 1 1 6 1.40 Ðîçîâûé ñêâîðåö 2 2 0.47 (Sturnus roseus) Æàâîðîíîê (Alaudidae sp.) 2 2 0.47 ïòåíåö / juvenile Âñåãî îáúåêòîâ / Total ind. 54 33 23 29 30 23 37 19 10 17 24 13 17 15 9 15 33 27 428 100.00 136 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

×åðåïà æåðòâ â ñòàðîì ãíåçäå ìîãèëüíèêà: æ¸ëòûé ñóñëèê (Spermophilus fulvus), çàÿö-òîëàé (Lepus tolai), áàêëàí (Phalacrocorax sp.). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Ðèñ. 24. Ïèòàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ïî äàííûì, ñîáðàí- Remains of prey in the old nest of the Imperial Eagle: íûì íà 30 ãí¸çäàõ. Yellow Souslik (Spermophilus fulvus), Tolai Hare (Le- Fig. 24. Diet of the Imperial Eagle in the Aral-Caspian region according to data pus tolai), Cormorant (Phalacrocorax sp.). obtained from 30 nests. Photo by I. Karyakin.

ñïåêòðà ïèòàíèÿ ýòîãî âèäà â ðåãèîíå, ïî- Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) ýòîìó ìû ñóììèðóåì äàííûå ïî æåðòâàì Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü è ïîãàäêàì íà âñåõ 30 îñìîòðåííûõ ãí¸ç- Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951) ïðîâîäèë þæ- äàõ, îáñóæäàÿ ïèòàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà. íóþ ãðàíèöó ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ñòåïíîãî Âî âñåõ ãí¸çäàõ, êîòîðûå áûëè îñìîòðå- îðëà ÷åðåç íèçîâüÿ Óðàëà ê Àðàëüñêîìó íû ñ öåëüþ ñáîðà ïèòàíèÿ (n=30), ñðåäè ìîðþ, îòìå÷àÿ, ÷òî «êàêèå-òî ñòåïíûå âûÿâëåííûõ îáúåêòîâ (n=503) àáñîëþòíî îðëû â íåáîëüøîì ÷èñëå ãíåçäÿòñÿ ó äîìèíèðîâàëè äâà âèäà – æ¸ëòûé ñóñëèê Àðàëüñêîãî ìîðÿ, â Êûçûë-Êóìàõ è íèæ- (40,16%) è ïàëëàñîâ ïîëîç (17,89%). Âñå íåì òå÷åíèè Ñûð-Äàðüè, íî ýêçåìïëÿðîâ çìåè â ñóììå, âêëþ÷àÿ íåîïðåäåë¸ííûõ îòòóäà â èçó÷åííûõ êîëëåêöèÿõ íåò».  äî âèäà, ñîñòàâëÿþò 31,21% ðàöèîíà ìî- òî æå âðåìÿ Í.À. Çàðóäíûé (1916) ïèñàë ãèëüíèêà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå îá îòíîñèòåëüíî ðåãóëÿðíîì ãíåçäîâà- (ðèñ. 24). Âåðîÿòíî, îñíîâíàÿ ðîëü çìåé íèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà ïî çàïàäíîìó áåðåãó ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà ïåðèîä âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ Àðàëüñêîãî ìîðÿ, íî îïèñàíèÿ íàõîäîê ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöîâ â âîçðàñòå äî 2-õ íå- ãí¸çä íå ïðèâîäèë, ÷òî, âèäèìî, è ïîñëó- äåëü, ïîêà ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîëîäûõ æ¸ëòûõ æèëî ïðè÷èíîé íåïðèíÿòèÿ åãî ìíåíèÿ. ñóñëèêîâ íå ñòîëü âûñîêà.  ïåðâîé ïî- Âñëåä çà Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâûì, Ì.Í. Êîðå- ëîâèíå ìàÿ íà ìíîãèõ ãí¸çäàõ çìåè àáñî- ëîâ (1962) òàêæå íå âêëþ÷èë â ãíåçäîâîé ëþòíî äîìèíèðîâàëè, èíîãäà ôîðìèðóÿ öåëûå êëóáêè (ïðè ïóõîâèêàõ â âîçðàñ- òå íåñêîëüêèõ äíåé). Îäíàêî ãîä îò ãîäà ñèòóàöèÿ ìîæåò ìåíÿòüñÿ, è ïðè ðàííåì ìàññîâîì âûõîäå èç íîð ìîëîäíÿêà ñóñ- ëèêîâ çìåè îòõîäÿò íà âòîðîé ïëàí, ÷òî íàáëþäàëîñü â 2004 ã. Ñêëîííîñòü ê ãåð- ïåòîôàãèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ îòëè÷èòåëüíîé îñî- áåííîñòüþ àðàëî-êàñïèéñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè ìîãèëüíèêà. Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå äîñòàòî÷íî íèçêàÿ äîëÿ â ðàöèîíå áîëüøîé ïåñ÷àíêè è çàéöà-òîëàÿ. Åñëè ïåñ÷àíêà âñòðå÷àåò- ñÿ â ïèòàíèè ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â þæíîé è öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòÿõ ðåãèîíà, òî çàÿö ïðè- ñóòñòâóåò ïðàêòè÷åñêè âåçäå, íî â î÷åíü ìàëîì êîëè÷åñòâå.  îòëè÷èå îò áåðêóòà ìîãèëüíèê ïðàê- òè÷åñêè íå åñò ÷åðåïàõ – èõ îñòàíêè â Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis). ãí¸çäàõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ èñêëþ÷åíèåì è ïðèíàä- Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. ëåæàò, êàê ïðàâèëî, íåáîëüøèì ìîëîäûì Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis). îñîáÿì. Photo by A. Pazhenkov. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 137

÷àñòè ðåãèîíà êðàéíå ñïîðàäè÷íî, â öåí- òðàëüíîé (Áóçà÷è, Çàïàäíûé, Öåíòðàëüíûé è Âîñòî÷íûé Óñòþðò) – ðåäîê, à íà÷èíàÿ ñ Ñåâåðíîãî Óñòþðòà ñòàíîâèòñÿ îáû÷íûì è íà ðàâíèíàõ Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèêàñïèÿ è áàññåéíà Ýìáû, ïëàòî Øàãûðàé, òàêæå è â Ïðèàðàëüå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñàìûì îáû÷íûì èç îðëîâ. Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé â Àðàëî- Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå àâòîðàìè âñòðå÷åíî 452 ñòåïíûõ îðëà ñòàðøå 2-õ ëåò íà 163-õ òåððèòîðèÿõ (â òîì ÷èñëå 240 – â ñêîïëå- íèÿõ), âûÿâëåíî 133 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà, â òîì ÷èñëå 31 – â ÷èíêîâîé çîíå (33 – íà ïëîùàäêàõ, â òîì ÷èñëå 26 – â ÷èíêîâîé çîíå), íà 123-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáíà- ðóæåíû ãí¸çäà îðëîâ (139 ãí¸çä, ñ ó÷¸- òîì ñòàðûõ, çàíèìàâøèõñÿ ðàíåå) (ðèñ. 25). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ãíåçäîâàíèå ñòåïíî- Ðèñ. 25. Ãíåçäîâûå àðåàë âèäà âåñü þã Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ãî îðëà ïîäòâåðæäåíî â 81,6% ñëó÷àåâ ó÷àñòêè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ðåãèîíà è Êûçûëêóìû, õîòÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ âñòðå÷ ñ ïòèöàìè (n=163). Âñòðå÷è ñ îäè- (Aquila nipalensis). î ãíåçäîâàíèè âèäà ñ ýòèõ òåððèòîðèé íî÷íûìè ïòèöàìè íà 12 òî÷êàõ ìîæíî Fig. 25. Breeding óæå èìåëàñü.  ÷àñòíîñòè, æèëîå ãíåç- ñìåëî îòíîñèòü íà ñ÷¸ò íåãíåçäÿùèõñÿ, territories of the äî ñòåïíîãî îðëà áûëî íàéäåíî 11 èþëÿ òàê êàê íàáëþäàëèñü ïòèöû â âîçðàñòå äî Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis). 1948 ã. â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ êîëîäöà ×èéêó- 4-õ ëåò.  18 òî÷êàõ íàáëþäàëèñü ñêîïëå- äóê â óçáåêñêîé ÷àñòè Óñòþðòà (Êîñòèí, íèÿ îò 3 äî 46 íåðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ïòèö. 1956).  2003 ã. ãí¸çäà äâóõ ïàð ñòåïíûõ Ìàêñèìàëüíîå ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè ñêîïëå- îðëîâ íàéäåíû Á.Ì. Ãóáèíûì (2004) íà íèå èç 46 îñîáåé íàáëþäàëîñü íà ðàçëè- ïîëóîñòðîâå Áóçà÷è. Àâòîð ðàñöåíèâàë âå ìåæäó ÷èíêîì ïëàòî Óñòþðò è ãîðàìè ñåé ôàêò êàê ðàññåëåíèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà Æåëüòàó 20 ìàÿ 2004 ã. (Ëåâèí, Êàðÿêèí, ê þãó ïî ïðè÷èíå îáèëüíûõ äîæäåé â 2005). íà÷àë ÕÕI ñòîëåòèÿ, îäíàêî âðÿä ëè ýòî  53-õ ïàðàõ óäàëîñü ðàññìîòðåòü ïðåäïîëîæåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ âåðíûì. Ó÷è- îáîèõ ïòèö. Âîçðàñòíîé ñîñòàâ ïàð ãî- òûâàÿ ôàêòû äîáû÷è ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïòèö âîðèò î äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêîé ñìåðòíîñòè íà Çàïàäíîì Óñòþðòå áëèç Ìàíàòû Â.Ñ. ïòèö, õîòÿ îíà è íèæå îòíîñèòåëüíî äðó- Çàëåòàåâûì (1968) (ñì. ãëàâó «Ñòàòóñ ãèõ òåððèòîðèé.  32-õ ïàðàõ (60,38%) âèäîâ»), ýòîò âèä èçäàâíà ãíåçäèëñÿ â îáå ïòèöû áûëè âçðîñëûìè, â 21 ïàðå Ðèñ. 26. Âîçðàñòíîé Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå, îäíàêî ÷èñ- (39,62%) – ìîëîäûìè (3–5 ëåò) (ðèñ. 26). ñîñòàâ ðàçìíîæàþ- ëåííîñòü åãî áûëà íåâûñîêà. Èç 77 ñàìîê â ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ïàðàõ, ùåéñÿ ÷àñòè ïîïóëÿöèè  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå âîçðàñò êîòîðûõ áûë îïðåäåë¸í, âêëþ- ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Àðàëî- ÷àÿ ñàìîê èç 24-õ ïàð, â êîòîðûõ íå Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Àðàëî- Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå áëèçêî ê ðàñïðî- óäàëîñü ðàçãëÿäåòü ñàìöîâ, âîçðàñò 26 Fig. 26. Age structure of the breeding part ñòðàíåíèþ ìîãèëüíèêà – âèä ãíåçäèòñÿ ïî ïòèö (33,77%) îêàçàëñÿ ñòàðøå 5 ëåò. Òà- of the Steppe Eagle âñåé òåððèòîðèè ðåãèîíà, íà þã äî Òóðê- êèì îáðàçîì, áîëåå ÷åì 1/3 ïàð ãíåçäî- population in the Aral- ìåíèè âêëþ÷èòåëüíî, îäíàêî â þæíîé âîé ïîïóëÿöèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Àðàëî- Caspian region. Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ñôîðìèðîâàíà çà ñ÷¸ò õîòÿ áû îäíîãî ìîëîäîãî ïàðòí¸ðà â ïàðå. Íà ôîíå ïîïóëÿöèè ìîãèëüíèêà, à òåì áîëåå áåðêóòà, â êîòîðîé âñå íà- áëþäàâøèåñÿ ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ ïàðû ñîñòîÿëè èç ïòèö ñòàðøå 5 ëåò, ñèòóàöèÿ âûãëÿäèò óãðîæàþùåé. Ó÷¸ò ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ê ÷èí- êîâîé çîíå òÿãîòååò 23,31% îò âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòî, ðàñ÷¸ò ÷èñëåííîñòè ñòåïíîãî îðëà äëÿ ðåãèîíà ìû îñóùåñòâëÿåì ðàçäåëüíî äëÿ ÷èíêîâ è îñòàëüíîé òåððèòîðèè. Íà ÷èíêàõ ñ ãëèíÿíûìè è ðàêóøå÷íè- 138 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 11. ×èñëåííîñòü è ïëîòíîñòü ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) íà îáðûâàõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 2. Table 11. Number and density of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) on cliff-faces on the plots. Numbers of plots are similar to ones in the fig. 2.

Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/100 êì Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü Ãíåçäîâûå îáðûâîâ) îáðûâîâ (êì) ó÷àñòêè Density ×èíêè Ïëîùàäêè Length of cliffs Ãîä Breeding (pairs/100 Cliffs Plots (km) Year territories km cliffs) Ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Àêòàó 4 71.9 2003 0 0 Chalky cliffs of the Aktau range 5 34.7 2003 0 0 Þæíûé Àêòàó è îâðàã Àùûáàñ 20 29.3 2004 0 0 Southern Aktau and Aschibas ravine Ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Àêòàó 2, 23 93.2 2004 0 0 Chalky cliffs of the Aktau range 1, 24 289.7 2004 0 0 Ï-îâ Ìàíãûøëàê/ Mangyshlak Peninsula 518.8 2003–2004 0 0 Þæíûé (ìåëîâîé) ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 6 55.6 2003 0 0 Southern (chalky) cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 7 80.5 2003 0 0 Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 8, 22 142.8 2004 1 0.70 Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 10 34.5 2003 0 0 Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 11 24.6 2003 0 0 9, 21 120.4 2004 0 0 31 64.9 2006 2 3.08 32 9.2 2006 1 10.86 33 42.7 2006 3 7.03 34 20.3 2006 0 0 Ïëàòî Óñòþðò / Usturt Plateau 595.3 2003–2006 7 1.18 Êîëåíêåëè è Æåëüòàó 25 95.8 2004 3 3.13 Kolenceli and Zheltau Cliffs ×èíê ïëàòî Øàãûðàé 27 53.9 2004 1 1.86 Cliff-faces of the Shagyray Plateau 35 51.5 2006 8 15.53 Ïëàòî Øàãûðàé / Shagyray Plateau 105.4 2004–2006 9 8.54 Âïàäèíà Êàðàãèå / Karagie Depression 13 67.1 2004 0 0 Êàñïèéñêèé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî 14 69.4 2004 0 0 Caspian seaside cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasan Plateau Âïàäèíà Êàóíäû / Kaundy Depression 15 34.9 2004 0 0 Ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî 16 113.2 2004 0 0 ïëàòî (óñòóïû Êóëàíäû) 17 31.2 2004 0 0 Northern-eastern cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayas- an Plateau (Kulandy cliffs) Âïàäèíà Æàçãóðëû / Zhazgurly Depression 18 14.4 2004 0 0 Âïàäèíà Áàñãóðëû / Basgurly Depression 19 24.9 2004 0 0 Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî 355.1 2004 0 0 Kinderli-Kayasan Plateau Àðàëüñêèé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 12 30.3 2003 0 0 Aral cliff-face of the Usturt Plateau Îáðûâû ï-îâà Êàðàòóï 26 19.3 2004 0 0 Cliff-faces of the Karatup Peninsula Îáðûâû âïàäèí Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèàðàëüÿ 28 10.7 2005 3 28.00 Cliff-faces of the Northern Aral Sea Region 29 9.6 2005 4 41.64 Îáðûâû ï-îâà Øóáàðòàðàó 30 28.7 2005 0 0 Cliff-faces of the Shubartarau Peninsula Ïðèàðàëüå / Aral Sea Region 98.6 2003–2005 7 7.10 Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí 1768.9 (839.5*) 2003–2006 26 1.47 (3.10*) Aral-Caspian Region

* – áåç ó÷¸òà Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî, Þæíîãî Óñòþðòà è Ìàíãûøëàêà / without Kinderli-Kayasan Plateau, Southern Usturt Plateau and Mangyshlak Peninsula. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 139

Òàáë. 12. ×èñëåííîñòü è ïëîòíîñòü ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà ó÷¸òíûõ ìàðøðóòàõ. Íóìåðàöèÿ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 2. Table 12. Number and density of the Steppe Eagle on transects. Numbers of transects are similar to ones in the fig. 2.

Øèðèíà Ïëîòíîñòü ó÷¸òíîé Ãíåçäîâûå (ïàð/100 êì) ïîëîñû (êì) Ïëîòíîñòü Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ó÷àñòêè Density Width (ïàð/100 êì2) Ðåãèîí Ìàðøðóòû (êì) Ãîä Breeding (pairs/100 of count Density Region Transects Length (km) Year territories km) transect (km) (pairs/100 km2) Ñåâåðíîå Ïðèàðàëüå 1 93.49 2004 1 1.07 0.6 1.78 Northern Aral Sea 2 174.89 2006 10 5.72 0.8 7.15 Region 3 142.35 2006 3 2.11 2 1.05 4 139.61 2006 16 11.46 0.7 16.37 5 107.64 2003 8 7.43 1.1 6.76 6 205.27 2005 14 6.82 0.6 11.37 Ñåâåðíîå Ïðèàðàëüå 863.24 52 6.02 0.97 6.10 Northern Aral Sea Region Ñåâåðíûé 7 371.74 2006 9 2.42 0.9 2.69 Ïðèêàñïèé 8 279.91 2004 18 6.43 1.2 5.36 Northern Caspian Sea Region Ñåâåðíûé Ïðèêàñïèé 651.65 27 4.14 1.05 4.20 Northern Caspian Sea Region Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí 1514.89 79 5.21 0.99 5.28 Aral-Caspian Region

êîâûìè îáðûâàìè ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ êîâ èìåííî äëÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà – ïîëîãèå ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ âàðüèðóåò îò 0,7 äî 41,64 ãëèíÿíûå ñêëîíû ñ ïîëíûì îòñóòñòâèåì ïàð/100 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì ïî ðåãè- äðåâåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè è ñêàëüíûõ îá- îíó 3,1 ïàð/100 êì îáðûâîâ. Ìàêñèìàëü- íàæåíèé (äðóãèå îðëû, ââèäó îòñóòñòâèÿ íûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ ñóáñòðàòîâ äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä, çäåñü îò- ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâîâ Øàãûðàÿ è Ñåâåðíîãî ñóòñòâóþò). Ïðèàðàëüÿ – 15,53–41,64 ïàð/100 êì îá- Çà ïðåäåëàìè ÷èíêîâîé çîíû íà ïëàòî, ðûâîâ (òàáë. 11). Âûñîêàÿ ïëîòíîñòü íà â ïðåäåëàõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê 10, 22, 25, ëîêàëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ñâÿçàíà íàïðÿìóþ ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà âà- ñ íàèáîëüøåé ïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòüþ ÷èí- ðüèðîâàëà îò 0,16 äî 0,76 ïàð/100 êì2, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 0,32 ïàðû/100 êì2. Ñòåïíûå îðëû ëþáÿò Åäèíñòâåííûé ó÷¸ò â ñàêñàóëüíèêàõ áûë èñïîëüçîâàòü â êà÷å- ñòâå ïðèñàä îïîðû ïðîâåä¸í íà ñåâåðå Óñòþðòà â 2006 ã. è 2 ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è ïîêàçàë ïëîòíîñòü 3,07 ïàð/100 êì . è ñâÿçè.  ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ âíå ïëàòî ñòåïíîé îð¸ë Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. íàéäåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà âñåõ ó÷¸òíûõ Steppe Eagles like to ìàðøðóòàõ ñ ÷àñòîòîé 5,21 ïàð/100 êì use electric and telegraf (îò 0 äî 3,51 ïàð/100 êì). Ïëîòíîñòü ïî poles as perching sites. Photo by A. Pazhenkov. ó÷¸òàì íà ëèíåéíûõ ìàðøðóòàõ ñîñòàâ- ëÿåò â ñðåäíåì 5,28 ïàð/100 êì2 (4,2 ïàð/100 êì2 – â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèêàñïèè, íà çàïàä äî Ýìáû âêëþ÷èòåëüíî, è 6,1 ïàð/100 êì2 – â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèàðàëüå), âàðüèðóÿ îò 1,78 (â ïåñêàõ Ïðèàðàëüÿ) äî 16,37 ïàð/100 êì2 (â ãëèíèñòûõ ïîëó- ïóñòûíÿõ Ïðèàðàëüÿ) (òàáë. 12). Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ïàðàìè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ âàðüèðóåò â äîñòàòî÷íî øè- ðîêèõ ïðåäåëàõ, îò 0,26 äî 25,36 êì, ñî- ñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì ïî Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîìó

ðåãèîíó (n=97) 6,01±5,01 êì (Ex=2,95, 140 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 13. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñîñåäíèõ ïàð ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ. ìåäèàíà=5,16 êì; ìîäà – í/ä) (òàáë. 13). Table 13. Nearest-neighbor distances. Äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ çàêîíîìåðíî ñîêðàùàþòñÿ Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñ þãà íà ñåâåð è ìàêñèìàëüíû íà çàïàäíîì áëèæàéøèìè è ñåâåðíîì ÷èíêàõ Óñòþðòà, îïòèìàëüíû ñîñåäÿìè (êì) – íà Øàãûðàå, è ýêñòðåìàëüíî ìàëûå – â M±SD (lim) Ïðèàðàëüå íà ÷èíêàõ, óäàë¸ííûõ îò Àðàëü- Ìåñòîîáèòàíèå Nearest-neighbor dis- ñêîãî ìîðÿ. Ïîñëåäíåå ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî Habitat n tance (km) M±SD (lim) ÷èíêè âîçâûøàþòñÿ óñòóïàìè ñðåäè àáñî- Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 1 25.36 ëþòíî ðîâíûõ çàñîëåííûõ ðàâíèí è èìåþò Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau ìàëóþ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü, ÿâëÿÿñü, ïî ñóòè, Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò 4 14.69±7.82 åäèíñòâåííûìè ìåñòàìè, óäîáíûìè äëÿ Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau (4.29–22.29) óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä è íå çàëèâàåìûìè òàëû- Êîëåíêåëè è Æåëüòàó 3 14.15±7.39 ìè âîäàìè. Ïîýòîìó ñòåïíîé îð¸ë çäåñü Cliff-faces of Kolenkely and Zheltau (5.62–18.70) âûíóæäåí þòèòüñÿ íà ÷èíêàõ, ãíåçäÿñü â ×èíê ïëàòî Øàãûðàé 11 4.69±2.55 (1.59–9.58) î÷åíü áëèçêîì ñîñåäñòâå äðóã îò äðóãà. Cliff-faces of the Shagyray Plateau Ðîâíî ïîëîâèíà äèñòàíöèé (50,52%) ëå- Îáðûâû Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèàðàëüÿ 5 0.72±0.65 (0.26–1.86) æèò â äèàïàçîíå 2–7 êì (ðèñ. 27). Ñòàáèëü- Cliff-faces of the Aral Sea Region íîå óâåëè÷åíèå äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó ñîñåäÿìè ×èíêè Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà 24 7.58±7.62 (0.26–25.36) Cliff-faces of the Aral-Caspian Region áîëåå 7 êì ñâÿçàíî, â îñíîâíîì, ñ êîíêó- ðåíöèåé ñòåïíîãî îðëà ñ äðóãèìè îðëàìè, Çàïàäíûé Óñòþðò 2 5.79±1.31 (4.86–6.71) Western Usturt Plateau êîòîðûì îí óñòóïàåò, è êðàéíå ðåäêî – ñ îò- ñóòñòâèåì ìåñò äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è ëèìèòîì Ñåâåðíûé Óñòþðò 4 13.96±3.77 Northern Usturt Plateau (10.96–19.48) ïèùè (îáøèðíûå çàëèâàåìûå ñîëîí÷àêè â íèçîâüÿõ Ýìáû). Ñòàáèëüíîå óìåíüøåíèå Ïëàòî Øàãûðàé 4 8.42±2.17 (6.32–11.30) Shagyray Plateau äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó ñîñåäÿìè â äèàïàçîíå îò Ïóñòûíè è ïîëóïóñòûíè ïëàòî 10 10.11±4.3 (4.86–19.48) 1 äî 2 êì ñâÿçàíî ñ óïëîòíåíèåì ãðóïïèðî- Deserts and semi-deserts of plateaus âîê â ìåñòàõ, áëàãîïðèÿòíûõ ïî êîðìîâûì Ñàêñàóëüíèêè Ñåâåðíîãî Óñòþðòà 7 3.32±1.54 (1.79–6.21) è ãíåçäîâûì óñëîâèÿì. Íî ñîêðàùåíèå äèñ- Saxaul forests of the Northern Usturt òàíöèé ìåíåå 1 êì âûçâàíî, â îñíîâíîì, Plateau ëèìèòîì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ìåñò è ëîêàëü- Ïîëóïóñòûíè Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèêàñïèÿ 21 4.37±2.22 (0.75–7.92) íûì óïëîòíåíèåì ãðóïïèðîâîê ñ ôîðìè- Semi-deserts of the Caspian Sea ðîâàíèåì íàñòîÿùèõ ãíåçäîâûõ êëàñòåðîâ Region èç íåñêîëüêèõ (äî äåñÿòêà) ïàð. Ïîëóïóñòûíè Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèàðàëüÿ 35 5.29±3.64 (0.58–13.37) Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ñðåäíèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé Semi-deserts of the Aral Sea Region ïëîòíîñòè (3,1±0,5 ïàð/100 êì îáðûâîâ) Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí 97 6.01±5.01 (0.26–25.36) íà âñþ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ â ñåâåð- Aral-Caspian Region íîé ÷àñòè Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà (3329,71 êì) ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëîæèòü ãíåçäîâàíèå â ÷èíêîâîé çîíå êàê ìèíè- ìóì 87–120, â ñðåäíåì 103 ïàðû ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ. Ãîðàçäî áîëåå âûñîêèå ïîêàçàòåëè (122–172, â ñðåäíåì 147 ïàð) äà¸ò ðàç- äåëüíûé ïåðåñ÷¸ò äëÿ ðàçíûõ òèïîâ ÷èí- êîâ, ðåçóëüòàò êîòîðîãî, âèäèìî, áîëåå áëèçêèé ê ðåàëüíîñòè, òàê êàê èìååò ìåíü- øóþ ïîãðåøíîñòü (òàáë. 14).  ïóñòûííûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ ïëàòî íà ïëîùàäè 75265 êì2, ïðè ñðåäíåé ïëîòíîñòè 0,32±0,1 ïàðû/100 êì2, ãíåçäèòñÿ 151–301 ïàðà ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, â ñðåäíåì 226 ïàð. Åù¸ îêîëî 80 ïàð ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ñàêñàóëüíèêàõ (2600 êì2) Ñåâåðíîãî Óñòþðòà è Øàãûðàÿ (îäíàêî ó÷¸ò ïðîâåä¸í âñåãî ëèøü íà îäíîé ïëîùàäêå, ïîýòîìó äàííûå ìîãóò áûòü íå- äîñòîâåðíûìè è îòðàæàòü ñèòóàöèþ ëèøü äëÿ êðàéíåãî ñåâåðî-âîñòîêà Óñòþðòà). Ðèñ. 27. Ãèñòîãðàììà äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè. Îñíîâíîé ðåñóðñ âèäà â ðåãèîíå ñî- Fig. 27. Histogram of nearest-neighbor distances. ñðåäîòî÷åí, íåñîìíåííî, â ïîëóïóñòû- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 141

Òàáë. 14. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ñòåïíîãî îðëà, ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ íà îáðûâàõ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå (íà òåððèòîðèè Êàçàõñòàíà). Table 14. Estimated numbers of pairs of the Steppe Eagle breeding on cliff-faces in the Aral-Caspian region (only the territory of Kazakhstan).

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë / Steppe Eagle Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/100 Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü êì îáðûâîâ) ×èñëåííîñòü (ïàðû) Íàçâàíèå ïëàòî Ãðóïïà ÷èíêîâ îáðûâîâ (êì) Density (pairs/100 Estimated number Plateau Types of cliffs Length of cliffs (km) km cliffs) (pairs) Óñòþðò Ñåâåðíûé 1275.19 1.30 17 Usturt Plateau Northern cliff-faces Çàïàäíûé 713.91 9 Western cliff-faces Ìåëîâîé 2509.42 0 0 Chalk cliffs Àðàëüñêèé 96.53 0 Aral cliff-faces Ïëàòî Óñòþðò / Usturt Plateau 4595.05 26 Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî 1465.90 0 0 Kinderly-Kayasan Plateau Êîëåíêåëè è Æåëüòàó 132.59 3.13 4 Cliff-faces of Kolenkely and Zheltau Ïëàòî Øàãûðàé / Shagyrai Plateau 377.15 8.54 32 Ìàíãûøëàê / Mangyshlak peninsula 663.46 0 0 Ïðèàðàëüå (áåç Óñòþðòà) 830.87 10.25 85 Aral Sea Region (without Aral cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau) Âñåãî â ðåãèîíå íà ÷èíêàõ 8065.02 147 Total on cliff-faces

íÿõ ñåâåðà ðåãèîíà çà ïðåäåëàìè ïëàòî. ñðåäíåì 1051 ïàðà – â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèêà- Ïåðåñ÷¸ò ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ ñ ëèíåéíûõ ñïèè (25052,41 êì2) (òàáë. 15). ìàðøðóòîâ íà ïëîùàäü ïîëóïóñòûíü ïî- Âåðîÿòíî, îêîëî äåñÿòêà ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ çâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëîæèòü ãíåçäîâàíèå â íà ïîëóîñòðîâå Áóçà÷è, äî äåñÿòêà ïàð – ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðå- íà Ìàíãûøëàêå è Þæíîì Óñòþðòå è äî 5 ãèîíà, çà ïðåäåëàìè ïëàòî, 2428–3104, â ïàð – íà Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîì ïëàòî. ñðåäíåì 2766 ïàð ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, èç êîòî- Ó÷èòûâàÿ âñ¸ âûøåñêàçàííîå, ìîæíî ðûõ 1455–1975 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 1715 ïàð, îöåíèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà ãíåç- ãíåçäèòñÿ â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèàðàëüå (ïëîùàäü äîâàíèè â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå â ìåñòîîáèòàíèé çà âû÷åòîì ñîðîâ è âîäî- ïðåäåëàõ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèö Êàçàõ- ¸ìîâ – 28111,03 êì2) è 973–1129 ïàð, â ñòàíà â 2806–3682, â ñðåäíåì 3244 ïàðû.

Òàáë. 15. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ñòåïíîãî îðëà, ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ â ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ ñåâåðà Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà (íà òåððèòîðèè Êàçàõñòàíà). Table 15. Estimated numbers of pairs of the Steppe Eagle breeding in semi-deserts on the north part of the Aral-Caspian region (only the territory of Kazakhstan).

Ïëîùàäü ðåãèîíà (êì2) Ïëîùàäü ×èñëåííîñòü (ïàðû) Ðåãèîí Area of region ìåñòîîáèòàíèé (êì2) Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/100 êì2) Estimated number Region (km2) Area of habitats (km2) Density (pairs/100 km2) (pairs) Ñåâåðíîå Ïðèàðàëüå 73088.69 28111.03 6.23 1715 Northern Aral Sea Region Ñåâåðíûé Ïðèêàñïèé 60125.79 25052.41 3.95 1051 Northern Caspian Sea Region Âñåãî â ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ 133214.48 53163.45 5.28 2766 ñåâåðà ðåãèîíà Total in semi-deserts on the northern part of the region 142 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

×èñëåííîñòü âñåé àðàëî-êàñïèéñêîé ïîïó- äåñÿòèëåòèÿ íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà. ëÿöèè ìîãèëüíèêà, ñ ó÷¸òîì ïðèëåãàþùèõ Õîòÿ íà ñåâåðå è íàáëþäàåòñÿ íåêîòîðîå òåððèòîðèé Óçáåêèñòàíà, íå ñóùåñòâåííî ïàäåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà âäîëü ïåñêîâ âûøå ýòîé îöåíêè è ìîæåò ïðèáëèæàòüñÿ ê çà ñ÷¸ò âûòåñíåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêàìè ñ ËÝÏ, 2936–3866, â ñðåäíåì 3400 ïàðàì. ãîâîðèòü î ñîêðàùåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïðå- Íàäî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè æäåâðåìåííî. Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë èìååò âîç- ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèî- ìîæíîñòü ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà çåìëå, à îáøèðíûå íå óæå áûëà ïðåäïðèíÿòà â ðàìêàõ ðàáî- ïðîñòðàíñòâà ïîëóïóñòûíè â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ òû ïî îöåíêå ÷èñëåííîñòè âñåé çàïàäíî- ËÝÏ, íà êîòîðûå ïðîèñõîäèò âñåëåíèå êàçàõñòàíñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà (Êàðÿêèí, ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ñ öåëüþ ïîèñêà ãí¸çä ñòåï- Íîâèêîâà, 2006), îäíàêî íà òîò ïåðèîä íûõ îðëîâ íå îáñëåäîâàëèñü. Òåì íå ìå- áûë ïðîèçâåä¸í äîñòàòî÷íî ãðóáûé ðàñ÷¸ò íåå, íåãàòèâíûå ñèìïòîìû â ïîïóëÿöèè, â ñ ó÷¸òíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ è ïëîùàäîê íà ïðè- âèäå ïîâûøåííîãî îòõîäà âçðîñëûõ ïòèö, ðîäíûå çîíû, ïîýòîìó îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè óæå ñòàëè ïðîÿâëÿòüñÿ. Îïðåäåë¸ííî âû- èìåëà äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêóþ ïîãðåøíîñòü. ñîêàÿ äîëÿ ìîëîäûõ ïòèö â ðàçìíîæàþ- Òàêèì ìåòîäîì ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíîãî ùåéñÿ ïîïóëÿöèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà (ñì. ðèñ. îðëà â çîíå ñðåäíèõ ïóñòûíü (òåððèòîðèÿ 26) âûçâàíà ïîâûøåííîé ãèáåëüþ ïòèö. ìåæäó Êàñïèéñêèì è Àðàëüñêèì ìîðÿìè, Ïðè÷¸ì, îñíîâíàÿ ãèáåëü, âåðîÿòíî, ïðî- âêëþ÷àþùàÿ ïîëóïóñòûíè ìåæäó Óñòþð- èñõîäèò â ïåðèîä ìèãðàöèè è íà çèìîâêàõ, òîì è Ýìáîé) îïðåäåëåíà â 250–2404, â ò.ê. íà òåððèòîðèè ðåãèîíà ñî ñëàáî ðàç- ñðåäíåì 1066 ïàð. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè âèòîé èíôðàñòðóêòóðîé è íèçêîé ïëîò- äëÿ Ïðèàðàëüÿ ñîñòàâëÿëà ëèøü íåçíà÷è- íîñòüþ íàñåëåíèÿ ìèíèìóì ôàêòîðîâ, òåëüíóþ ÷àñòü îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â íåãàòèâíî âëèÿþùèõ íà ñòåïíîãî îðëà.  çîíå ñåâåðíûõ ïóñòûíü (Êàðÿêèí, Íîâè- ðåãèîíå ãèáåëü ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ âîçìîæíà êîâà, 2006).  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ äëÿ çîíû ëèøü íà 3-õ òåððèòîðèÿõ, ãäå âåä¸òñÿ íå- ñðåäíèõ ïóñòûíü ñäåëàí ïåðåðàñ÷¸ò, â ðå- ôòåäîáû÷à, êîòîðîé ñîïóòñòâóåò ðàçâèòèå çóëüòàòå êîòîðîãî ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíîãî ñåòè ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ, – ýòî ïîëóîñòðîâ îðëà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îöåíåíà áîëåå òî÷íî Áóçà÷è, Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî è Ñå- – â 1151–1407, â ñðåäíåì 1279 ïàð. Ñî- âåðíîå Ïðèàðàëüå. Ïðè÷¸ì, ôàêòè÷åñêàÿ âðåìåííàÿ ñðåäíÿÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ãèáåëü ïîñ÷èòàíà òîëüêî äëÿ Ïðèàðàëüÿ â âèäà âûøå ïðåæíåé ñðåäíåé íà 16,65%, âåñåííèé ïåðèîä è îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 375–437 ïðè äåñÿòèêðàòíîì óìåíüøåíèè ïîãðåø- îñîáåé â ãîä (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Äàæå íîñòè – ñ ±816–1338 ïàð äî ±128 ïàð. åñëè ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî óðîâåíü ãèáåëè Ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíîãî ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ìåñòíîé ïîïóëÿöèè íà ïî- îðëà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå îöåíè- ëóîñòðîâå Áóçà÷è è Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîì âàåòñÿ â 10–14 òûñ. îñîáåé. ïëàòî àíàëîãè÷åí òàêîâîìó â Ñåâåðíîì ×èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíîãî îðëà â ðåãèîíå, Ïðèàðàëüå, òî â ðåãèîíå íà ËÝÏ ãèáíåò íå âèäèìî, îñòà¸òñÿ ñòàáèëüíîé ïîñëåäíèå áîëåå 10% îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè ðåãèî- íàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ. Ïðè ýòîì íàäî ó÷èòûâàòü, ÷òî êàêàÿ-òî îïðåäå- ë¸ííàÿ äîëÿ èç ãèáíóùèõ ïòèö ïðèõîäèò- ñÿ íà ìèãðàíòîâ, ïðîõîäÿùèõ òðàíçèòîì Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí. Òåì íå ìåíåå, íà ôîíå êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêîãî ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ñòåïíîãî îðëà â ñòåïíîé çîíå, ïðîòÿíóâøåéñÿ âñåãî ëèøü â 300–400 êì ê ñåâåðó îò Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà,

Ñòåïíûå îðëû, ïîãèáøèå îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðî- òîêîì íà ËÝÏ ñðåäíåãî è âûñîêîãî íàïðÿæåíèÿ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. Åñëè â ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå ïòèöà çàìûêàåò öåïü, ñèäÿ íà çàçåìë¸ííîé òðàâåðñå è çàäåâàÿ êðûëüÿìè ïðîâîäà, òî âî âòîðîì ñëó÷àå çàìûêàíèå ïðîèñõîäèò ïî ñòðóå ïîì¸òà.  îáîèõ ñëó÷àÿõ îïîðû íå èìåþò ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ, ÷òî äëÿ Êàçàõñòàíà ÿâëÿåòñÿ íîðìîé. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Steppe Eagles died through electrocution in the Aral-Caspian region. In both cases electric poles are without bird protective devices, that are common for Kazakhstan. Photos by I. Karyakin and A. Pazhenkov. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 143

ñèòóàöèÿ ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ íå- áëàãîïîëó÷íàÿ è ñäåðæèâà- åòñÿ ëèøü áëàãîäàðÿ âûñîêîé ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ìåñòíîé ïî- ïóëÿöèè. Îäíàêî, îñâîåíèå Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèî- íà ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ, ïëîòíîñòü ãóáèòåëüíûõ äëÿ îðëîâ ËÝÏ 6–10 ê ñòðåìèòåëüíî ðàñò¸ò, è â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîæíî Ðèñ. 28. Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. îæèäàòü äàëüíåéøåãî îìîëî- æåíèÿ ïîïóëÿöèè, êîòîðîå â Fig. 28. Nesting habitats of the Steppe Eagle in the Aral-Caspian region. èòîãå, åñëè íå ïðåäïðèíèìàòü êàêèõ-ëèáî ìåð, ïðèâåä¸ò ê ñîêðàùåíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè ñòåïíîãî îðëà. (ò.å., íåñêîëüêèì áîëåå ïîëîâèíû èç âû- ÿâëåííûõ) íàñåëÿþò ïîëóïóñòûííûå ïðî- Ðàçìíîæåíèå ñòðàíñòâà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ñåâåðíîé Ê ÷èíêîâîé çîíå òÿãîòååò 23,31% îò ÷àñòè Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Ïåñêîâ âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð, à 17,29% ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ÿâíî èçáåãàåò, à â ïîñëåäíåå ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà ïëàòî (â îñíîâíîì – Ñåâåð- âðåìÿ è àêòèâíî âûòåñíÿåòñÿ ñ èõ êðîìêè íûé Óñòþðò è Øàãûðàé), â óäàëåíèè îò ìîãèëüíèêîì. Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2006 ã. ïî ÷èíêîâ (ðèñ. 28). Îñòàëüíûå 59,4% ïàð ïåðèôåðèè ïåñêîâ óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâà- íèå ëèøü 3-õ ïàð (2,26%). Èç 139 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê ñòåïíîãî îðëà (120 àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä è 19 ñòàðûõ) ìû ðàññìàòðèâàåì ðàñïîëîæåíèå íà ñóáñòðà- òàõ äëÿ 129, òàê êàê 10 ïîñòðîåê ðàñïîëà- ãàëèñü íà òîì æå ñóáñòðàòå â íåñêîëüêèõ ìåòðàõ îò àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä, íàïðèìåð, íà äðóãîì êðàþ ìîãèëüíîãî ñêëåïà, ëèáî íà òîé æå ïîëêå óñòóïà ÷èíêà, ëèáî íà ïðî- òèâîïîëîæíîì êîíöå òðàâåðñà íà îïîðå ËÝÏ.  âûáîðêå äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêî ïðî- ñëåæèâàåòñÿ äîìèíèðîâàíèå ãí¸çä, óñòðî- åííûõ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ ëèáî íà çåìëå â ïîäíîæèè îïîð ËÝÏ – 37,98% (ðèñ. 29, 30). Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî ìíîãèå ó÷¸ò- íûå ìàðøðóòû ïðîõîäèëè ïî äîðîãàì, âäîëü êîòîðûõ òÿíóòñÿ ËÝÏ. Òåì íå ìåíåå, äàæå íà ýòèõ ìàðøðóòàõ ðåãèñòðèðîâà- ëèñü ãí¸çäà, óñòðîåííûå íà çåìëå è êóñòàõ Ðèñ. 29. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëà, ðàíæèðîâàííûõ ïî òèïó ñóáñòðà- â óäàëåíèè îò ËÝÏ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íå- òà, â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. ñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî â íàøåé âûáîðêå äîëÿ Fig. 29. Distribution of the Steppe Eagle nests, ranging accordingly to types of ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà êóñòàõ (24,81%), íà nest location, in the Aral-Caspian region. ðîâíîé çåìëå è çåìëÿíûõ áóãðàõ (6,98%) ìàëà, òàêèå ãí¸çäà â öåëîì äîìèíèðóþò â àðåàëå âèäà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèî- íå. Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë îïðåäåë¸ííî òÿãîòååò óñòðàèâàòü ñâîè ãí¸çäà íà ðàçëè÷íûõ êó- ñòàðíèêàõ è íåáîëüøèõ äåðåâöàõ, òàêèõ êàê ñàêñàóë, òàìàðèñê, êàðàãàíà è ñïèðåÿ, îäíàêî â óñëîâèÿõ ïóñòûííûõ è ïîëóïó- ñòûííûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ ðåãèîíà äðåâåñíî- êóñòàðíèêîâàÿ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü ðåäêà è

Ðèñ. 30. Ñóáñòðàòû, èñïîëüçóåìûå ñòåïíûìè îðëàìè äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä, â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. Fig. 30. Pie chart showing types of the Steppe Eagle nest location in the Aral-Caspian region. 144 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ñîòó ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ èìåþò ãí¸çäà, óñòðî- åííûå íà âåðøèíàõ èëè óñòóïàõ â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè îáðûâîâ ÷èíêîâ (îò 1,5 äî 30 ì, â ñðåäíåì ïî 20 ãí¸çäàì – 11,93±8,04 ì), à òàêæå ãí¸çäà íà áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ âûñî- êîâîëüòíûõ ËÝÏ. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà äåðåâüÿõ, âàðüèðóåò îò 3 äî 4,5 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=3) 3,83±0,76 ì. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà êóñòàðíèêàõ, âàðüèðóåò îò 10 ñì äî 2 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=32) 0,44±0,46 ì. Äëÿ íåêîòîðûõ ãí¸çä êóñò êàðàãàíû èëè ñïèðåè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷èñòî ñèì- âîëè÷åñêèì ñóáñòðàòîì è ïðè óñòðîéñòâå íà åãî âåðøèíå ãíåçäà, äàæå ñâåæåãî, îíî ïðîñåäàåò â òå÷åíèå ñåçîíà äî ñàìîé çåì- ëè è ëåæèò, ïî ñóòè, íà çåìëå, îêðóæ¸ííîå âåòâÿìè êóñòà, ðàñòóùèìè èç-ïîä ãíåçäà Ãíåçäî, çàíèìàâøååñÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíà êðàéíå äèñïåðñíî.  (ëåæèò êàê áû â ÷àøå). ïîïåðåìåííî ìî- óñëîâèÿõ ðåãèîíà ëèøü 3 ãíåçäà ñòåïíûõ Ðàçìåðû ãí¸çä ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ î÷åíü ãèëüíèêîì è ñòåïíûì îðëîâ (2,33%) áûëè óñòðîåíû íà ïîëíî- ñèëüíî ôëóêòóèðóþò â çàâèñèìîñòè îò èí- îðëîì. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. öåííûõ äåðåâüÿõ – íà ëîõå è âÿçå. Âåñü- äèâèäóàëüíûõ ïîäõîäîâ ïàðû ê ñòðîèòåëü- ìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî â íåäàâíåì ïðîøëîì ñòâó ãíåçäà. Íåêîòîðûå äàæå ìíîãîëåòíèå The nest occupied by the Imperial and Steppe òàêîé ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áûë áîëåå ãí¸çäà, óñòðîåííûå íà çåìëå, èìåþò î÷åíü Eagles in turn. ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í, îäíàêî â ïîñëåäíåå âðå- íåáîëüøèå ðàçìåðû, à åñòü è òàêèå, êîòî- Photo by A. Pazhenkov. ìÿ ñòåïíîé îð¸ë âûòåñíÿåòñÿ èç òàêèõ ðûå ñîñòîÿò èç íåñêîëüêèõ âåòî÷åê, íà- ïîñòðîåê ìîãèëüíèêîì. Âîçìîæíî, ÷òî áðîñàííûõ âîêðóã ëîòêà. Äðóãèå ãí¸çäà, â â ïåðèôåðèéíûõ ðàéîíàõ ïåñêîâ, ãäå è òîì ÷èñëå è óñòðîåííûå íà çåìëå, èìåþò ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, è ìîãèëüíèê ïðåäïî÷èòàþò âûñîòó äî 1,5 è äèàìåòð äî 2 ì. Îäíàêî, ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ëîõå, ïîñòîÿííàÿ áîðüáà çà ìàêñèìàëüíûå ðàçìåðû õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ ãíåçäîâûå äåðåâüÿ ìåæäó ýòèìè âèäàìè ïîñòðîåê, óñòðîåííûõ íà ÷èíêàõ è ðàñ- íîñèò ðåãóëÿðíûé õàðàêòåð è òåíäåíöèÿ êèäèñòûõ ñàêñàóëàõ.  öåëîì ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ âûòåñíåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêàìè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, âïå÷àòëåíèå, ÷òî äëÿ ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â íàáëþäàåìàÿ íàìè â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, ñðåäíèõ ïóñòûíÿõ, ìàññèâíûå ãí¸çäà áî- ëèøü àðòåôàêò íàáëþäåíèé çà ñ÷¸ò êðàéíå ëåå õàðàêòåðíû, ÷åì äëÿ ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ìàëîãî âðåìåííîãî ñðåçà èññëåäîâàíèé. â ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ è îïóñòûíåííûõ ñòåïÿõ. Èç ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà îáðûâàõ (n=20), Âîçìîæíî, ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ ÷àñòûìè ïàëàìè ÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò ïîñòðîéêè, óñòðîåííûå íà òåððèòîðèè ïîñëåäíèõ è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, íà âåðøèíàõ ëèáî â âåðõíåé òðåòè îáðû- ðåãóëÿðíûì ñãîðàíèåì ìíîãîëåòíèõ ãíåç- âîâ – ïî 40%, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî (ðèñ. 31). äîâûõ ïîñòðîåê. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî Âûñòèëêà ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëà îòëè÷àåòñÿ îðëà äîñòàòî÷íî ñèëüíî âàðüèðóåò â çàâè- îò äðóãèõ îðëîâ îáèëèåì àíòðîïîãåííûõ ñèìîñòè îò ñóáñòðàòà. Ìàêñèìàëüíóþ âû- ìàòåðèàëîâ – áóìàãè, òðÿïîê, ïîëèýòèëå- íà, à òàêæå êóñêîâ øåðñòè è íàâîçà. Îäíà- êî, âî ìíîãèõ ðàéîíàõ Óñòþðòà íàéòè àí- òðîïîãåííûå ìàòåðèàëû êðàéíå ñëîæíî.  òàêèõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ âûñòèëêà ãí¸çä ñî- ñòîèò èç âåòî÷åê êóñòàðíè÷êîâ, ñòåáëåé òðàâ è ïó÷êîâ ñîëÿíîê è ïîëûíåé. Îáðà- ùàåò âíèìàíèå òî, ÷òî âûñòèëêà â ãí¸çäàõ ñòåïíîãî îðëà áîëåå ãðóáàÿ è äàæå ïðè âûñòèëàíèè ãíåçäà ñóõîé òðàâîé, îðëû íå ôîðìèðóþò èç íå¸ òîëñòóþ ïîäóøêó, ïî- äîáíî òîé, êîòîðóþ äåëàþò ìîãèëüíèêè è, îñîáåííî, áåðêóòû. Íà÷àëî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ â Ðèñ. 31. Èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü ñòåïíûìè îðëàìè ðàçíûõ ÷àñòåé îáðûâîâ ïðè óñòðîé- Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ïðèõîäèòñÿ ñòâå ãí¸çä. íà êîíåö ìàðòà – íà÷àëî àïðåëÿ. Ïåð- Fig. 31. Differences in the Steppe Eagle nest location in cliffs. âûå ïàðû íà÷èíàþò òîê è ïðèñòóïàþò ê Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 145

ïîäíîâëåíèþ ãí¸çä â 20-õ ÷èñëàõ ìàðòà, êîãäà èä¸ò èíòåíñèâíûé ïðîë¸ò ñòåï- íûõ îðëîâ èç áîëåå ñåâåðíûõ ïîïóëÿ- öèé. Íàèáîëåå ðàííÿÿ êëàäêà â íèçîâüÿõ Ýìáû â ãíåçäå, óñòðîåííîì íà çåìëå, áûëà íà÷àòà â 2006 ã. 23 ìàðòà. Ñ 1 ïî 10 àïðåëÿ ïðîèñõîäèò ìàññîâàÿ îòêëàäêà ÿèö ñòåïíûìè îðëàìè â þæíîé è öåíòðàëü- íîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà è ñ 5 ïî 15 àïðåëÿ – íà êðàéíåì ñåâåðå ðåãèîíà.  òî æå âðåìÿ, ïîçäíèå è/èëè ïîâòîðíûå êëàäêè ìîãóò íà- áëþäàòüñÿ âïëîòü äî ñåðåäèíû èþíÿ. Íàè- áîëåå ïîçäíÿÿ êëàäêà èç 2-õ ñâåæèõ ÿèö îáíàðóæåíà 15 ìàÿ 2006 ã. â Ïðèàðàëüå, ÷òî ïîäðàçóìåâàåò âûëóïëåíèå èç íå¸ íå ðàíüøå 15 èþíÿ, à ñêîðåå âñåãî – áëèæå ê 20 èþíÿ. Ïòåíöû èç íàèáîëåå ðàííèõ êëàäîê âûëó- ïëÿþòñÿ 1 ìàÿ. Ìàññîâîå âûëóïëåíèå ïòåí- öîâ íà þãå è â öåíòðå ðåãèîíà ïðîèñõîäèò 10–20 ìàÿ, íà ñåâåðå – 15–25 ìàÿ. Ïîäú¸ì ïòåíöîâ íà êðûëî íàáëþäàåòñÿ â òå÷åíèå èþëÿ, â ìàññå íà þãå – 10–20 èþëÿ, íà ñå- âåðå – 15–25 èþëÿ. Ïòåíöû èç ïîçäíèõ èëè ïîâòîðíûõ êëàäîê âñòàþò íà êðûëî â òå÷å- íèå ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíû àâãóñòà. Èç 131 àêòèâíîãî ãíåçäà â 2003–2007 ãã. (ñ ó÷¸òîì ïîâòîðíûõ ïîñåùåíèé íåêîòî- ðûõ ãí¸çä íà ñëåäóþùèé ãîä) â 2-õ (1,53%) äîñòîâåðíî ïîãèáëè êëàäêè, 34 (25,95%) Ñàìêè ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà ãí¸çäàõ íà ÷èíêå ïëàòî Øàãûðàé (ââåðõó) è íà çåìëå áûëî ïîäíîâëåíî è àáîíèðîâàëîñü ïòè- ïîä îïîðîé ËÝÏ â íèçîâüÿõ Ýìáû (âíèçó). Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. öàìè, íî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íà Female Steppe Eagles in the nests on cliff-faces of the Shagyray Plateau (upper) ìîìåíò îáñëåäîâàíèÿ â ãíåçäå íå óñòà- and on the ground in the base of electric pole in the Lower Emba River (bottom). íîâëåíî: 11 ãí¸çä (8,4%) ñòðîèëèñü ïòè- Photos by A. Pazhenkov. öàìè â ìîìåíò èõ ïîñåùåíèÿ è 21 ãíåçäî (16,03%) ïóñòîâàëî ïî ðàçíûì ïðè÷èíàì, â òîì ÷èñëå (5 ãí¸çä) â ðåçóëüòàòå ãèáåëè ïàðòí¸ðîâ èç ïàðû íà ËÝÏ. Óñïåøíûìè â ìîìåíò ïîñåùåíèÿ îêàçàëèñü 97 ãí¸çä (74,05%). Îñìîòðåíî ñ öåëüþ ïîäñ÷¸òà êîëè÷åñòâà ÿèö è ïòåíöîâ áûëî 65 ãí¸çä, â òîì ÷èñëå 31 ãíåçäî ñ æèâûìè êëàäêàìè è âûâîäêàìè. Íà 57 ãí¸çäàõ ñàìêè íàñè- æèâàëè êëàäêè ëèáî ãðåëè ïòåíöîâ, è èõ íå áåñïîêîèëè ðàäè ïðîâåðêè ñîäåðæè- ìîãî èõ ãí¸çä.  19-òè îñìîòðåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ ñ êëàä- êàìè (17 ãí¸çä ñ æèâûìè êëàäêàìè, 2 – ñ ïîãèáøèìè) îáíàðóæåíî 1–3, â ñðåäíåì 2,05±0,78 ÿéöà. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ÷àñòü îñìîòðåííûõ êëàäîê áûëè ñâåæèìè, ïîýòîìó ìîãóò áûòü íåïîëíûìè. Àíàëèç òîëüêî íàñèæåííûõ êëàäîê ïîçâîëÿåò ãî- âîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî ñðåäíÿÿ êëàäêà ñîñòàâëÿ- åò (n=13) 2,38±0,65 ÿéöà (ðèñ. 32).

Ðèñ. 32. Ðàçìåð êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ ñòåïíîãî îðëà. Fig. 32. Clutch and brood sizes of the Steppe Eagle. 146 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðàçëè÷íûå âàðèàí- òû óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ñòåïíûìè îðëàìè íà óñòóïàõ ÷èíêîâ ïëàòî, íà çåìëå íà ñêëîíàõ óâàëîâ è ïîä îïîðàìè ËÝÏ, íà òðèãîïóíêòàõ (Óñòþðò), äåðåâüÿõ (Ýìáà) è êóñòàõ (Ïðèàðàëüå). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Different locations of the Steppe Eagle nests on ledges of cliff-faces, on the ground, slopes of hills on the base of electric poles, on geo- detic triangles (Usturt), trees (Emba) and bush- es (Aral Sea region). Photos by I. Karyakin and A. Pazhenkov. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 147

Ðàçëè÷íûå âàðèàí- òû óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ñòåïíûìè îðëàìè â ðîâíîé ñòåïè íà çåìëå, íà êóñòàõ è îäèíî÷íûõ äåðåâüÿõ (Ïðèàðàëüå), íà ñêëîíàõ ïîëîãèõ ÷èíêîâ è â ñàêñàóëü- íèêàõ (Óñòþðò). Âíèçó ìíîãîëåòíåå (ñëåâà) è ñâåæåå (ñïðàâà) ãí¸çäà ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà çåìëå ïîä îïîðàìè ËÝÏ (Ïðèàðàëüå). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Different locations of the Steppe Eagle nests on the ground, bushes and separate trees in a flat steppe (Aral Sea re- gion), on gentle slopes of cliff-faces and in saxaul forests (Usturt). Upper – perennial (left) and new (right) nests of the Steppe Eagle on the ground in the base of electric poles (Aral Sea region). Photos by I. Karyakin. 148 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Êëàäêè ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Clutches of the Steppe Eagle in the Aral- Caspian region. Photos by I. Karyakin and A. Pazhenkov. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 149

Âûâîäêè ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Broods of the Steppe Eagle in the Aral- Caspian region. Photos by I. Karyakin and A. Pazhenkov. 150 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãí¸çäà ñòåïíîãî îðëà ñ êëàäêàìè íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â íèçîâüÿõ Ýìáû. 02.04.2004. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Steppe Eagles with clutches on the electric poles in the lower Emba river. 02/04/2004. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Êëàäîê èç 4-õ ÿèö â ïðåäåëàõ ðåãèîíà þùèõ ãí¸çä, èñêëþ÷àÿ ñòðîÿùèåñÿ, è ãí¸çä íàì îáíàðóæèòü íå óäàëîñü, îäíàêî òàêî- ñ ïîãèáøèìè êëàäêàìè ñîñòàâèëà 16,03%. âûå èìåþò ìåñòî, òàê êàê âñòðå÷åíû âû- Êàê ìèíèìóì äëÿ ïîëîâèíû ãí¸çä ìîæíî âîäêè èç 4-õ ïòåíöîâ.  íåïîñðåäñòâåí- ãîâîðèòü î íåðàçìíîæåíèè ïòèö â ïåðèîä íîé áëèçîñòè îò ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûõ ãðàíèö äåïðåññèè êîðìîâ. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà 2 ãíåçäà ïåðèîä äåïðåññèé êîðìîâ ìíîæåñòâî âû- ñòåïíîãî îðëà ñ êëàäêàìè èç 4-õ ÿèö áûëè âîäêîâ ìîæåò íå äîæèâàòü äî ñë¸òà, îäíà- îáíàðóæåíû ó ñ. Àêøèãàíàê íà þãå Êóñòà- êî êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ïî äàííîé íàéñêîé îáëàñòè â 1999–2002 ãã. (Áîéêî, ïðîáëåìå äî ñèõ ïîð íå ïîëó÷åíî. Ñûñîåâ, 2003), îäíàêî èõ äîëþ îò îáùå- ãî êîëè÷åñòâà îñìîòðåííûõ êëàäîê àâòîðû Ïèòàíèå íå ïðèâîäÿò. Ïèòàíèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà â ðåãèîíå èçó÷å-  14 ãí¸çäàõ ñ âûâîäêàìè (âñå óñïåøíûå) íî ñóùåñòâåííî ñëàáåå, ÷åì äðóãèõ îðëîâ. îáíàðóæåíî 1–4, â ñðåäíåì 2,36±0,84 Ñâÿçàíî ýòî, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ñ òåì, ÷òî Ðèñ. 33. Ïèòàíèå ïòåíöîâ. Äîìèíèðîâàëè âûâîäêè èç 2-õ íà ãí¸çäàõ ñòåïíîãî îðëà íå ôîðìèðó- ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Àðàëî- ïòåíöîâ – 42,86%, âûâîäêè èç 3-õ ïòåíöîâ åòñÿ áîëüøèõ çàïàñîâ ïèùè â ïåðèîä âû- Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ñîñòàâëÿëè 35,71% (ðèñ. 32). êàðìëèâàíèÿ íåäåëüíûõ ïóõîâè÷êîâ, ÷òî ïî äàííûì, ñîáðàííûì Îá óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñòåïíî- õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ áåðêóòà è, â îñîáåííîñòè, íà 97 ãí¸çäàõ. ãî îðëà ìû ìîæåì ñóäèòü ëèøü êîñâåííî, äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà. Fig. 33. Diet of the ïî ñîîòíîøåíèþ óñïåøíûõ è ïóñòóþùèõ Èç 112 îñòàíêîâ æåðòâ, ñîáðàííûõ íà Steppe Eagle in the Aral-Caspian region ãí¸çä íà ýòàïå íàñèæèâàíèÿ êëàäêè è âû- 97 ãí¸çäàõ ñòåïíîãî îðëà, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü according to data ëóïëåíèÿ, òàê êàê â áîëåå ïîçäíèå ñðîêè ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà æ¸ëòîãî (29,46%) è ìàëî- obtained from 97 nests. èññëåäîâàíèÿ íå ïðîâîäèëèñü. Äîëÿ ïóñòó- ãî ñóñëèêîâ (Spermophilus pygmaeus) (33,04%).  öåëîì ìëåêîïèòàþùèå àá- ñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóþò, ñîñòàâëÿÿ 84,82% ðàöèîíà, â îñíîâíîì ýòî ðîþùèå ãðûçó- íû – 74,11% (ðèñ. 33). Èç ñóñëèêîâ â ðà- öèîíå ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â íè- çîâüÿõ Ýìáû, íà Óñòþðòå è â Ïðèàðàëüå, àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóåò æ¸ëòûé, íà ïëàòî Øàãûðàé è â ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ ñåâåðî-çàïàäà ðåãèîíà – ìàëûé. Íàäî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî îñíîâíûå î÷àãè ïëîòíîñòè ñòåïíîãî îðëà ôîðìèðóþòñÿ òàì, ãäå èìåþòñÿ êðóïíûå ïîñåëåíèÿ èìåííî ìàëîãî ñóñëèêà. Èç ïòèö, äîáûâàåìûõ ñòåïíûì îðëîì, íåò Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 151

âàíèÿ âñåõ òð¸õ âèäîâ áåðêóò îïðåäåëÿåò ðàçìåùåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà è ñòåïíîãî îðëà â ïðîñòðàíñòâå. Âûáèðàÿ òåððèòîðèè ñ ìàê- ñèìàëüíî ïåðåñå÷¸ííûì ðåëüåôîì â ÷èí- êîâîé çîíå áåðêóò äîâîëüíî ïëîòíî çàñå- ëÿåò âñå ó÷àñòêè ñ îòâåñíûìè ñêàëàìè, ïðè ýòîì, êàê áîëåå ñèëüíûé è àãðåññèâíûé èç îðëîâ, íå äà¸ò äðóãèì âèäàì ïðîäóêòèâíî çäåñü ãíåçäèòüñÿ. Àíàëèç âñòðå÷àåìîñòè áåðêóòà è ìîãèëüíèêà ïîêàçàë çíà÷èìóþ êîððåëÿöèþ êîëè÷åñòâà âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåç- äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áåðêóòîâ ñî ñòåïåíüþ îá- ñëåäîâàííîñòè ÷èíêîâ (r=0,92, p<0,08), ïðè îòñóòñòâèè òàêîé êîððåëÿöèè äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà (r=0,40, p<0,74), ïðè ýòîì âûÿâëåíà çíà÷èìàÿ îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ êîð- ðåëÿöèÿ ìåæäó ïëîòíîñòüþ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ è áåðêóòîâ íà îáñëå- äîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ðàçíûõ òèïîâ ÷èíêîâ Ðèñ. 34. Ïîïóëÿöè- âîîáùå êàêîé-ëèáî ãðóïïû äîìèíàíòîâ. (r=-0,95, p<0,21) (ðèñ. 35). Òàêèì îáðà- îííûå ÿäðà â àðåàëàõ Âèäèìî, îí ëîâèò âñ¸, ÷òî ïîïàäàåòñÿ – çîì, ìîãèëüíèê èìååò âîçìîæíîñòü ïðî- áåðêóòà, ìîãèëüíèêà è îò ïðîë¸òíûõ ïåðåïåëÿòíèêîâ (Accipiter äóêòèâíî ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ó÷àñòêàõ ÷èíêîâ ñ ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Àðàëî- îòñóòñòâèåì îòâåñíûõ ñêàë, ãäå ïëîòíîñòü Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. nisus) äî ïòåíöîâ æàâîðîíêîâ. Âåðîÿòíî, ÷àñòü îðëîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ áëèç ïòèöåîïàñ- áåðêóòà ìèíèìàëüíà, íî, â òî æå âðåìÿ, Fig. 34. Population ñ íàëè÷èåì îò÷¸òëèâîãî ðåëüåôà, òàê êàê cores within breeding íûõ ËÝÏ â Ïðèàðàëüå, ïîäáèðàåò ïîãèá- ranges of the Golden, øèõ ïîä íèìè ïòèö, òàê êàê â ãíåçäå îäíîé íà ïîëîãèõ ÷èíêàõ îòñóòñòâóþò ïðèãîäíûå Imperial and Steppe ïàðû áûëè îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè êîðøóíà äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà äåðåâüÿ. Îò- Eagles in the Aral- ñóòñòâèå íà ÷èíêå äðåâåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíî- Caspian region. (Milvus migrans) è êóðãàííèêà (Buteo rufi- nus), ÿâíî ïîãèáøèõ íà ËÝÏ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ñòè îòêðûâàåò âîçìîæíîñòè äëÿ çàñåëåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. ÷èíêà ñòåïíûì îðëîì. Èìåííî ïî ïðè- ÷èíå êîíêóðåíöèè ñ áåðêóòîì ìîãèëüíèê Ðèñ. 35. Ðàçíèöà â ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ Îáñóæäåíèå îòñóòñòâóåò íà ìåëîâûõ ÷èíêàõ, ïðåäïî÷è- áåðêóòà è ìîãèëüíèêà  Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ãíåçäî- òàÿ ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ìåëîâûõ ïëàòî âäàëè îò íà ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ÷èí- âûå ãðóïïèðîâêè 3-õ âèäîâ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ÷èíêîâîé çîíû, è èç-çà ëèìèòà ìåñò, ïðè- êîâ Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ãîäíûõ äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä, êðàéíå ðåäîê ðåãèîíà. îðëîâ – áåðêóòà, ìîãèëüíèêà è ñòåïíîãî, äîâîëüíî ÷¸òêî äåëÿò òåððèòîðèþ. «Ïî- â ãëèíèñòûõ ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ ñåâåðà ðåãèîíà Fig. 35. Differences in çà ïðåäåëàìè ÷èíêîâ è êðîìêè ïåñêîâ, áî- the breeding densities ïóëÿöèîííûå ÿäðà» ýòèõ âèäîâ ïåðåñåêà- of the Golden and þòñÿ â ïðîñòðàíñòâå ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ãàòûõ äåðåâüÿìè. Íà òåððèòîðèè ðîâíûõ Imperial Eagles on ñåâåðî-çàïàäå Óñòþðòà (ðèñ. 34). ãëèíèñòûõ ïóñòûíü íà ñåâåðå ðåãèîíà èç different types of  ñëîæèâøåìñÿ ñîîáùåñòâå èç 3-õ ãíåç- îðëîâ àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóåò ñòåïíîé. cliff-faces in the Aral- Âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â ðå- Caspian region. äÿùèõñÿ îðëîâ â çîíå ñîâìåñòíîãî ãíåçäî- ãèîíå áåðêóòà, ìîãèëüíèêà è ñòåïíîãî îðëà ñïîñîáñòâóåò õîðîøàÿ êîðìîâàÿ áàçà, õîòÿ äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà òåððèòîðèÿ íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îïòèìàëüíîé â ïëàíå ãíåçäîïðèãîäíîñòè. Îñíîâíûå óãðîçû âñåì òð¸ì âèäàì îðëîâ èñõîäÿò îò îñâîåíèÿ Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà è, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, îò íåôòåäî- áû÷è, ñëåäñòâèåì êîòîðîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàçâè- òèå èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ËÝÏ, â îñîáåííîñòè ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ.

Áëàãîäàðíîñòè Àâòîðû áëàãîäàðÿò Àíäðåÿ Ñåì¸íîâà, Ðîìàíà Ëàïøèíà, Òèìîôåÿ Áàðàáàøèíà, Ëþäìèëó Íîâèêîâó, Äìèòðèÿ Êîðæåâà, Èëüþ Ñìåëÿíñêîãî, Òàòüÿíó Òðîôèìîâó è Äìèòðèÿ Øîâêóíà, ó÷àñòâîâàâøèõ â ýêñïå- äèöèÿõ. Îòäåëüíàÿ áëàãîäàðíîñòü Åâãåíèþ 152 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ïîòàïîâó è Ñåðãåþ Ñêëÿðåíêî, êîòîðûå Ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Ïðèàðàëüå, Êà- ñâîèìè ðåêîìåíäàöèÿìè ïîìîãëè ïîëó- çàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. ÷èòü ôèíàíñèðîâàíèå íà ìàñøòàáíîå îá- 2005. ¹2. C. 31–32. ñëåäîâàíèå Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êîâàëåíêî À.Â., Êîðæåâ Ä.À., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. Êðóïíûå ïåðíà- òûå õèùíèêè Ìóãîäæàð, Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå Ëèòåðàòóðà õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2007. ¹8. C. 53–65. Àíòèïîâ Ñ.Ì., Øóá¸íêèí Â.Ï. Î íåêîòîðûõ Êîðåëîâ Ì.Í. Îòðÿä Õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû ðåäêèõ è íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâå- Êàçàõñòàíà. Ò. 2. Àëìà-Àòà, 1962. Ñ. 488–707. íèÿ âèäàõ ïòèö â Êàïëàí-Êûðñêîì çàïîâåäíè- Êîñòèí Â.Ï. Çàìåòêè ïî îðíèòîôàóíå ëåâî- êå. – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà çàïîâåäíûõ îáúåêòîâ. áåðåæüÿ íèçîâüåâ Àìóäàðüè è Óñòþðòà. – Òðó- Àëìà-Àòà, 1984. Ñ. 46–47. äû èíñòèòóòà çîîëîãèè è ïàðàçèòîëîãèè. Âûï. 8. Áîéêî Ã.Â., Ñûñîåâ Â.À. Ê ãíåçäîâîé áèîëî- Òàøêåíò, 1956. Ñ. 81–127. ãèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõ- Êóçÿêèí À.Ï. 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RaptorsoftheUkokPlateau,Russia ПЕРНАТЫЕ ХИЩНИКИ ПЛАТО УКОК, РОССИЯ VazhovS.V.(AltaiStateUniversity,Barnaul,Russia) KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) NikolenkoE.G.,BarashkovaA.N.,SmelanskyI.E.,TomilenkoA.A. (SiberianEnvironmentalCenter,Novosibirsk,Russia) BekmansurovR.H.(NP“NizhnyayaKama”,Elabuga,Russia) Важов С.В. (Алтайский государственный университет, Барнаул, Россия) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н.Новгород, Россия) Николенко Э.Г., Барашкова А.Н., Смелянский И.Э., Томиленко А.А. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия) Бекмансуров Р.Х. (Национальный парк «Нижняя Кама», Елабуга, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ðåçþìå Ñåðãåé Âàæîâ Ïðèâåäåíû äàííûå ïî ãíåçäîâàíèþ è âñòðå÷àì ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ñîâ íà ïëàòî Óêîê, ñîáðàííûå â õîäå ýêñïå- 659306, Ðîññèÿ, äèöèé â èþëå 2006 è èþëå 2009 ãã., à òàêæå ïðîâåä¸í àíàëèç äîñòóïíûõ ëèòåðàòóðíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ. Àâòîðàìè Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, îòìå÷åíî 16 âèäîâ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è 4 âèäà ñîâ: ÷åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus), òåòåðåâÿòíèê ã. Áèéñê, (Accipiter gentilis), ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus), ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius), êàíþê (Buteo óë. Ñîâåòñêàÿ, 66–32 buteo), îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus), ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis), áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos), áîðî- òåë.: +7 963 534 81 07 äà÷ (Gypaetus barbatus), ÷¸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus), êóìàé (Gyps himalayensis), ïîëåâîé ëóíü (Circus [email protected] cyaneus), áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug), ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus), äåðáíèê (Falco columbarius), îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïó- ñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus), ôèëèí (Bubo bubo), óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus), áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà (Asio flammeus) è äîìî- Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí âûé ñû÷ (Athene noctua). Ñåìü âèäîâ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ, îòìå÷àâøèõñÿ ðàíåå íà Óêîêå äðóãèìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿ- Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ ìè: ñêîïà (Pandion haliaetus), îðëàí-äîëãîõâîñò (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla), êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus), ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca), ñòåïíîé ëóíü (Circus macrourus) è ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco èññëåäîâàíèé naumanni), àâòîðàìè íå âñòðå÷åíû. Äëÿ íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ îïèñàíû îñîáåííîñòè ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè. 603000, Ðîññèÿ, Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïëàòî Óêîê, ôàóíà è íàñåëåíèå ïòèö, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, õèùíûå ïòèöû, Falconiformes, Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, Strigiformes. óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 05.04.2011 ã. Ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè 22.04.2011 ã. òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 [email protected] Abstract The article presents data on birds of prey and owls encountered on the Ukok Plateau during expeditions in July Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî 2006 and July 2009, as well as analyzing available literature. The authors recorded 16 species of birds of prey and ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé 4 owl species: Black-Eared Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus), Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), Sparrowhawk (Accipiter ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» nisus), Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius), Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus), 630090, Ðîññèÿ, Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus), Cinereous Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 Vulture (Aegypius monachus), Himalayan Griffon Vulture (Gyps himalayensis), Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus), Saker òåë: +7 383 363 00 59 Falcon (Falco cherrug), Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), Merlin (Falco columbarius), Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), [email protected] Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo), Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus), Short-Eared Owl (Asio flammeus) and Little Owl (Athene noctua). Àííà Áàðàøêîâà Seven species of birds of prey were encountered earlier by other researchers on Ukok, but have not been sur- [email protected] veyed by the authors: Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), Pallas’s Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus), Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), Pallid Harrier (Circus Èëüÿ Ñìåëÿíñêèé macrourus) and Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni). Specific breeding biology features for some species are also [email protected] described. Keywords: Ukok Plateau, bird distribution, raptors, birds of prey, Falconiformes, Strigiformes. Àíäðåé Òîìèëåíêî Received: 05/04/2011. Accepted: 22/04/2011. [email protected]

Ðèíóð Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ââåäåíèå Introduction Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê Ïëàòî Óêîê çàíèìàåò êðàéíåå þæíîå The Ukok Plateau lies in the southern out- «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà» ïîëîæåíèå íà ñîâðåìåííîé òåððèòîðèè lying area of the modern territory of the Re- 423600, Ðîññèÿ, Ðåñïóáëèêà Òàòàðñòàí, Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé, íàõîäÿñü íà ñòûêå public of Altai, being in the junction of state ã. Åëàáóãà, ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ãðàíèö Êàçàõñòàíà, Êè- borders of Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia ïð. Íåôòÿíèêîâ, 175 òàÿ, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè. Ñ ñåâåðà îíî and Russia. From the north it is bordered by òåë.: +7 85557 4 33 56 îãðàíè÷åíî Óêîêñêèì õðåáòîì ñ âûñî- the Ukok Ridge, with heights being 3,157– [email protected] òàìè 3157–3244 ì.  öåíòðàëüíîé ÷à- 3,244 m. The Bertek Depression, which the ñòè ðàñïîëîæåíà Áåðòåêñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà, lowest point being at more than 2,100 m, äíèùå êîòîðîé íàõîäèòñÿ íà âûñîòå áî- lies in the central part the plateau. In the ëåå 2100 ì, è íà þãå Óêîê çàìûêàåòñÿ south the Ukok adjoins to the northern ñåâåðíûì ìàêðîñêëîíîì õðåáòà Þæíûé slope of the Southern Altai Ridge, Tabyn- Àëòàé, ìàññèâîì Òàáûí-Áîãäî-Îëà è çà- Bogdo-Ola Mountains and the western part 154 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Contact: ïàäíîé ÷àñòüþ õðåáòà Ñàéëþãåì ñ àáñî- of the Saylugem Ridge, with highest points Sergey Vazhov ëþòíûìè îòìåòêàìè îò 2700 äî 4117 ì. being at 2,700–4,117 m. Generally, the Sovetskaya str., 66–32, Biysk, Altai Krai,  öåëîì, Óêîê ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåëèêòîì âûñî- Ukok Plateau is a relic landscape, being a Russia, 659306 êî ïðèïîäíÿòîé õîëìèñòî-çàïàäèííîé high-mountainous plain with hills-and-de- tel.: +7 963 534 81 07 è ãðÿäîâî-çàïàäèííîé ïîâåðõíîñòè âû- pression and ridge-and-depression surface [email protected] ðàâíèâàíèÿ ñ ïðåîáëàäàþùèìè àáñî- and heights reaching 2,200–2,500 m above Igor Karyakin ëþòíûìè âûñîòàìè â 2200–2500 ì, íàä see level, above which 500–600 m moun- Center of Field Studies êîòîðîé âîçâûøàþòñÿ ãîðíûå õðåáòû (â tain peaks tower. The Tabyn-Bogdo-Ula is Korolenko str., 17a–17, ñðåäíåì íà 500–600 ì). Òàáûí-Áîãäî- a great modern mountain-glacial center. Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia, 603000 Îëà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ìîùíûé ñîâðå- The largest glaciers not only Altai, but also tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 ìåííûé ãîðíî-ëåäíèêîâûé öåíòð. Çäåñü the entire Siberia is located here. The high- [email protected] ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ êðóïíåéøèå ëåäíèêè íå est absolute point of mountains surround- òîëüêî Àëòàÿ, íî è âñåé Ñèáèðè. Ìàêñè- ing the plateau is Najramdal (Kijtyn) Moun- Elvira Nikolenko NGO Siberian ìàëüíàÿ àáñîëþòíàÿ îòìåòêà ãîðíîãî îá- tain reaching 4,374 m, which is the second Environmental Center ðàìëåíèÿ ïëîñêîãîðüÿ – ãîðà Íàéðàìäàë highest peak after the Belukha Mountain in P.O. Box 547, (Êèéòûí), äîñòèãàþùàÿ 4374 ì, êîòîðàÿ Siberia (Rudoy et al., 2000). Novosibirsk, ÿâëÿåòñÿ âòîðîé ïîñëå Áåëóõè ïî âûñîòå The peculiarity of the modern nature of Russia, 630090 tel.: +7 383 363 00 59 âåðøèíîé ãîð Ñèáèðè (Ðóäîé è äð., 2000). Ukok is demonstrated in its all components. [email protected] Ñâîåîáðàçèå ñîâðåìåííîé ïðèðîäû Features of the Ukok nature allow consid- Óêîêà âûðàæàåòñÿ âî âñåõ å¸ êîìïîíåí- ering it as a high-mountainous landscape Anna Barashkova òàõ. Îñîáåííîñòè ïðèðîäû Óêîêà ïîçâî- zone that can be divided into two high-al- [email protected] ëÿþò îòíåñòè åãî ê âûñîêîãîðíîìó ëàíä- titude landscape belts: tundra and glacial- Ilya Smelansky øàôòíîìó ÿðóñó, êîòîðûé ìîæåò áûòü nival (Rudoy et al., 2000). [email protected] ðàçäåëåí íà äâà âûñîòíûõ ëàíäøàôòíûõ Under the program of the Russian Bird ïîÿñà: òóíäðîâûé è ãëÿöèàëüíî-íèâàëüíûé Conservation Union “Important Bird Areas Andrey Tomilenko [email protected] (Ðóäîé è äð., 2000). of Russia” the southern part of Ukok is de-  ðàìêàõ ïðîãðàììû Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö clared as IBA “Ukok Plateau” as breeding Rinur Bekmansurov Ðîññèè «Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåð- grounds of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heli- National Park “Nizhnyaya Kama” ðèòîðèè Ðîññèè» þæíàÿ ÷àñòü Óêîêà îáú- aca), Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) and Lesser Neftyanikov str., 175, ÿâëåíà êëþ÷åâîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé òåððè- Kestrel (Falco naumanni) (Mitrofanov et al., Elabuga, òîðèåé ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ «Ïëàòî 2006). The IBA coincides completely with a Republic of Tatarstan, Óêîê» êàê ìåñòî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà regional protected area – the zone of silence Russia, 423600 tel.: +7 85557 4 33 56 (Aquila heliaca), áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) è “Ukok” (Specially Protected Natural Areas…, [email protected] ñòåïíîé ïóñòåëüãè (Falco naumanni) (Ìè- 2001), which included in the UNESCO’s list òðîôàíîâ è äð., 2006). ÊÎÒÐ ïîëíîñòüþ of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage ñîâïàäàåò ñ ðåãèîíàëüíîé ÎÎÏÒ – çîíîé Sites as a part of the “Golden Mountains of ïîêîÿ «Óêîê» (Îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûå ïðè- Altai”. On the basis of the zone of silence ðîäíûå òåððèòîðèè…, 2001), êîòîðàÿ the Regional Natural Park “Zone of silence âêëþ÷åíà â ñïèñîê Âñåìèðíîãî ïðèðîä- Ukok” has been established later. íîãî è êóëüòóðíîãî íàñëåäèÿ ÞÍÅÑÊÎ â ñîñòàâå îáúåêòà «Çîëîòûå ãîðû Àëòàÿ». Methods Íà áàçå çîíû ïîêîÿ ïîçäíåå áûë ñîçäàí Two field teams of the Center of Field Stud- ïðèðîäíûé ïàðê ðåãèîíàëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ ies and the Siberian Environmental Center «Çîíà ïîêîÿ Óêîê». were surveying the high-mountainous Bertek Depression (Kalguty, Argamdzhy, Ak-Alakha Ìåòîäèêà River valleys) and valleys of the rivers Zhum- Ñ 9 ïî 18 èþëÿ 2009 ã. äâóìÿ ýêñïå- aly, Dzhazator, upper reaches of the Argut äèöèîííûìè ãðóïïàìè Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ River and the Samakha Steppe (northern and èññëåäîâàíèé è Ñèáèðñêîãî ýêîëîãè÷å- eastern borders of Ukok) with the purpose ñêîãî öåíòðà ïîñåùàëàñü âûñîêîãîðíàÿ to search to breeding groups of birds of prey Áåðòåêñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà (äîëèíû ðåê Êàë- and owls since 9 to 18 July 2009 (fig. 1). ãóòû, Àðãàìäæè, Àê-Àëàõà), à òàêæå äî- Field teams moved by vehicles UAZ. In the ëèíû ðåê Æóìàëû, Äæàçàòîð, âåðõíåå course of the surveys, every 200–400 m the òå÷åíèå Àðãóòà è ñòåïü Ñàìàõà (ñåâåð- group would stop and inspect the probable íàÿ è âîñòî÷íàÿ ãðàíèöû Óêîêà) (ðèñ. breeding habitats of raptors with binoculars 1), ñ öåëüþ âûÿâëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóï- as well as during pedestrian routes in search ïèðîâîê ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ñîâ. Ýêñ- for nests or perching eagles (Karyakin, 2004). ïåäèöèîííûå ãðóïïû ïåðåäâèãàëèñü íà Inspection of depressions and river valleys àâòîìîáèëÿõ ÓÀÇ. Ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå äëÿ were carried out by observing them for 30 Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 155

min–1.5 hours from dominating hilltops. Be- sides, short surveys in the Zhumaly river val- ley along the southern border of Ukok were conducted during the pedestrian routes on July, 21–27, 2006. We used of 12–60× bin- oculars in our surveys. Records of bird and nest locations were fixed with a Garmin GPS units and the coordinates were logged into a data base of ArcView GIS 3.2a. The counts of birds of prey were conduct- ed with use of transect-point method on an unlimited field of view. The radial distances to the all observed birds and their nests were registered. The width of the count transect for each species is calculated as the double average radial distance (Karyakin, 2004). For Dzhazator and Kalguty River valleys, where the borders of surveyed area were clear, the data of counts were calculated as data on study plots, to compare with data of counts on transects. Characterizing the nests we use terms “liv- ing nest” – as an active nest, being success- ful at the moment of its inspection, “empty nest” – an active nest occupied by birds, but unsuccessful for any reasons, “old nest” – old nest which is not visited by birds. Records of the pairs of birds, males on perennial perches or single birds showing alarmed behavior in relation to human or other raptors are recog- nized as breeding territories. For of some rare species of birds of prey the breeding population has been estimated in the region of surveys. For the estimation of numbers the breeding habitats being typ- ical for each species were outlined during the GIS-analysis. Then the density values, which had been calculated during counts on transects, were extrapolated on those habi- tats. Benchmarks for identification of habi- tats were the points of nests discovered.

Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) was previ- ously observed on the Ukok Plateau by Su- shkin (1938) and Irisov (2009). We did not encounter the species.

Black-Eared Kite (Milvus migrans lin- eatus) Two Black-Eared Kite nests were found on larch trees in the middle reach of the Zhum- aly River along the eastern outskirts of Ukok Ëàíäøàôòû ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé îêðàèíû Óêîêà. Ñâåðõó âíèç: Âåðõîâüÿ Êàëãó- on July 25, 2006; 6–10 birds were regularly òû, îñòàíöû â ãîðíîé òóíäðå íà âîäîðàçäåëå Æóìûëû è Óñàÿ, âèä íà ñåâåðíóþ observed in the river’s upper reaches over îêðàèíó Óêîêà èç äîëèíû Äæàçàòîðà. 09–15.07.2009. the period of July 21–27. Adults were often Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà è È. Êàðÿêèíà. observed on Ukok between July 9 and 18, Landscapes of the Northern-East edge of the Ukok Plateau. Top to bottom: Upper 2009. An occupied kites’ nest was discov- reaches of the Kalguty River, outcrops in the mountain tundra on the watershed of the Zhumaly and Usay Rivers, view of the northern edge of the Ukok Plateau from ered on a cliff in the Kalguty River valley on the Dzhazator River valley. 09–15/07/2009. Photos by S. Vazhov and I. Karyakin. July 13, 2009. It contained a clutch of two 156 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

eggs. Another occupied nest was found on a spruce tree on Ukok’s northern border on the Dzhazator River floodplain on July 17, 2009. Unfortunately, the nest’s contents were not verified.

Pallas’s Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus leucory- phus) was considered a common and some- times numerous species of southeastern Al- tai in the early 20th century (Sushkin, 1938). In recent decades, Pallas’s Fish Eagle has not been detected on the Ukok. We have not ob- served the Pallas’s Fish Eagle either.

White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) was observed by Sushkin (1938) and E. Iris- ov (2009) on the Ukok Plateau. Our teams did not encounter the species. It seems that the species does not nest on Ukok, and va- grants are rarely only observed there.

Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) was re- corded in the Dzhazator River valley at the mouth of the Akbul River on July 16, 2009. An electrocuted bird was found under an electric pole near the village of Dzhazator on July 17. The Goshawk seems to be quite common in the forests around Dzhazator, but a targeted species census has not been carried out.

Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) A Sparrowhawk nest was found on a spruce tree in the forest along the Dzhaza- tor River on July 17, 2009. In addition to the nest, some fledglings were observed, having left the nest 4–5 days earlier. On the same day two Sparrowhawks were noted in the woods near Dzhazator. Like the Gos- hawk, the species seems to be quite com- mon in Dzhazator’s forests.

Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) We found 13 breeding territories of Upland Buzzards (fig. 2), and 11 nests in 10 areas were discovered July 9–18, 2009. We found 8 breeding territories over a 30-km stretch along the Kalguty River valley. The average distance between nests was 3.25±1.98 km (n=7; range 0.95–6.16 km). The breeding density in the valley was 5.8 pairs/100 km2. However, along a 12-km route through the central part of the basin from Gusinoye Lake to Ak-Alakha, Upland Buzzard nests were not recorded. In the forested middle and Áåðòåêñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà. Ñâåðõó âíèç: âèä íà Òàâàí-Áîãäî-Óëà, óñòüå ð. Àðãàìäæè, äîëèíà ð. Àê-Àëàõà. 11–13.07.2009. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. lower reaches of the Dzhazator and Argut Rivers, the Upland Buzzard was not encoun- Bertek Depression. Top to bottom: landscape near the Tavan-Bogdo-Ula Mountain, mouth of the Argamgzhy River, Ak-Alacha River valley. 11–13/07/2009. tered. It seems that it does not breed in for- Photos by S. Vazhov. ested parts of the lower reaches of the Ak- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 157

ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ áèîòîïû îñìàòðèâà- ëèñü â îïòèêó íà îñòàíîâêàõ, ÷åðåç êàæ- äûå 200–400 ì, à òàêæå ðàäèàëüíûõ ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòàõ, ñ öåëüþ îáíàðóæåíèÿ ãí¸çä èëè ïòèö, ñèäÿùèõ íà ïðèñàäàõ (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Íàáëþäåíèå çà êîòëîâèíàìè è äî- ëèíàìè îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü ñ äîìèíèðóþùèõ âîçâûøåííîñòåé â òå÷åíèå 30 ìèíóò – 1,5 ÷àñîâ. Êðîìå òîãî, 21–27 èþëÿ 2006 ã. â äîëèíå ð. Æóìàëû, íà âîñòî÷íîé ãðàíèöå ïëîñêîãîðüÿ Óêîê, ïðîâåäåíû êðàòêîâðå- ìåííûå íàáëþäåíèÿ íà ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòàõ. Ïðè îñìîòðå ìåñòíîñòè èñïîëüçîâàëèñü áèíîêëè 8–12×. Âñå ìåñòà îáíàðóæåíèÿ Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius). ïòèö è èõ ãí¸çä ôèêñèðîâàëèñü ñ ïîìî- 12.07.2009. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. ùüþ ñïóòíèêîâûõ íàâèãàòîðîâ Garmin Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius). è âíîñèëèñü â áàçó äàííûõ ArcView GIS 12/07/2009. Photo by E. Nikolenko. 3.2a. Îñíîâíîå âíèìàíèå óäåëÿëîñü âû- ÿâëåíèþ è ïîèñêó ãí¸çä êðóïíûõ ïåðíà- Alakha. Considering this, we can assume at òûõ õèùíèêîâ, íî ôèêñèðîâàëèñü âñòðå- least 50–70 pairs of Upland Buzzard breed ÷è âñåõ õèùíûõ ïòèö. on the Ukok Plateau. Ó÷¸ò õèùíûõ ïòèö â¸ëñÿ ìàðøðóòíî- Successful breeding was noted in five òî÷å÷íûì ìåòîäîì íà íåîãðàíè÷åííîé breeding territories (55.6% of their number ïîëîñå. Äî âñåõ íàáëþäàâøèõñÿ ïòèö è with checked nests, n=9). At one territory èõ ãí¸çä ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü ðàäèàëüíûå the nest was inhabited, but its contents äèñòàíöèè. Ó÷¸òíàÿ ïîëîñà ðàññ÷èòûâà- were not checked due to lack of time. In ëàñü èñõîäÿ èç óäâîåííîé ñðåäíåé ðà- four areas the nests were empty (at one of äèàëüíîé äèñòàíöèè äëÿ êàæäîãî âèäà them the brood proved to be dead). (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Äëÿ äîëèí Äæàçàòîðà In 2009, low nest occupancy rates and è Êàëãóòû, ïî êîòîðûì èìåëèñü ÷¸òêèå low productivity of successful pairs can be ãðàíèöû âèçóàëüíî îáîçðåâàåìîé ïëî- linked to a decrease in the population of ùàäè, ó÷¸òíûå äàííûå ïåðåñ÷èòàíû êàê Daurian Pika Ochotona daurica, recorded ïëîùàäî÷íûå, äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ ñ äàííûìè on the Ukok that same year. ó÷¸òîâ íà ìàðøðóòàõ. Ïðè õàðàêòåðèñòèêå ãí¸çä èñïîëüçîâà- Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) íû òåðìèíû «æèëîå ãíåçäî» – àêòèâíîå Sushkin (1938) and Irisov (2009) deemed ãíåçäî, óñïåøíîå íà ìîìåíò åãî îáñëåäî- this species as vagrant or migrant for south- âàíèÿ, «ïóñòîå ãíåçäî» – àêòèâíîå ãíåçäî, eastern Altai. Numerous records of Long- ïîñåùàåìîå ïòèöàìè, íî áåç ïðèçíàêîâ Legged Buzzards by Bogomolov and Ig- óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ èëè ñ äîñòî- natenko (2008a) on Ukok in July 2007 seem âåðíî ïîãèáøèì ïîòîìñòâîì íà ñòàäèè to refer to another species – the Upland Buz- êëàäêè èëè âûâîäêà, «ñòàðîå ãíåçäî» – zard. We have not observed Long-Legged ñòàðàÿ íå ïîñåùàþùàÿñÿ ïòèöàìè ãíåç- Buzzard on Ukok in Altai and encountered äîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà. Ê ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì the bird only once – on the Chuya Steppe ïðèðàâíåíû âñòðå÷è âçðîñëûõ ïòèö â near Kosh-Agach (Karyakin et al., 2009a). ïàðàõ, ñàìöîâ íà ìíîãîëåòíèõ ïðèñàäàõ èëè îäèíî÷íûõ ïòèö, ïðîÿâëÿþùèõ áåñ- Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) vulpinus ïîêîéñòâî ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ÷åëîâåêó èëè was recorded in a larch forest of the Dzhaza- äðóãèì õèùíèêàì. tor River valley at the northern edge of the Äëÿ ðÿäà ðåäêèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö ñäå- Ukok on July 16, 2009. There is a video of ëàíà îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â the Common Buzzard japonicus, which was ðàéîíå èññëåäîâàíèé. Äëÿ îöåíêè ÷èñëåí- recorded in the Argut River valley (Usanov, íîñòè â õîäå ÃÈÑ-àíàëèçà îïðåäåëåíû ìå- pers. comm.). Common Buzzard breeding ñòîîáèòàíèÿ, òèïè÷íûå äëÿ êàæäîãî âèäà, was not identified, but it is assumed to occur íà êîòîðûå è îñóùåñòâëåíà ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ in the woods along the Dzhazator River and ïîêàçàòåëåé ïëîòíîñòè, ïîëó÷åííûõ íà along the lower reaches of the Ak-Alakha. ìàðøðóòàõ. Ðåïåðíûìè òî÷êàìè äëÿ èäåí- òèôèêàöèè ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ÿâëÿëèñü òî÷êè Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) íàõîäîê ãí¸çä. We discovered 8 breeding territories of 158 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðåçóëüòàòû Ñêîïà (Pandion haliaetus) Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) íàõîäèë ñêîïó íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå, íî íà Óêîêå íå âñòðåòèë, ïðåäïîëîæèâ, ÷òî å¸ îòñóòñòâèå çäåñü ñâÿçàíî ñ âûñîòîé ìåñò- íîñòè. Îäíàêî, ïîçäíåå ñêîïà áûëà íàéäå- íà íà ãíåçäîâüå â ðàéîíå ñðåäíåãî òå÷åíèÿ ð. Æóìàëû (âîñòî÷íàÿ îêðàèíà Óêîêà) è â íèçîâüÿõ Êàëãóòû (öåíòðàëüíàÿ åãî ÷àñòü) Ý.À. Èðèñîâûì (2009). Êðîìå òîãî, â ñå- ðåäèíå àâãóñòà ýòèì àâòîðîì íàáëþäàëèñü îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû ó îç. Ìóçäû-Áóëàê è íà ðåêàõ Àê-Àëàõå, Êàëãóòû è Æóìàëû. ×åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus). 19.07.2009. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Íàìè ñêîïà íà Óêîêå íå îáíàðóæåíà. Black-Eared Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus). 19/07/2009. Photo by E. Nikolenko. ×åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus)  êîíöå XIX – íà÷àëå XX âåêà êîðøóí Booted Eagle in a 75 km by 800 m transect âñòðå÷àëñÿ íà ðåêàõ Àê-Êîë, Êàëãóòû è â along the Dzhazator River valley (fig. 3), öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Óêîêà (Ñóøêèí, 1938). or a density of 13.33 pairs/100 km2. Con- Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ýêñïåäèöèé 1962–1968 ãã. sidering this data, an estimated 37 pairs Ý.À. Èðèñîâ (2009) ïðèâîäèò êîðøóíà â of Booted Eagles are projected to breed in êà÷åñòâå øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííîãî ãíåç- the forests of the Dzhazator River and in the äÿùåãîñÿ âèäà â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå. lower reaches of the Ak-Alakha – an area of Ä.Â. Áîãîìîëîâ è Á.Í. Èãíàòåíêî (2008) â 276 km2. A Booted Eagle nest was found èþëå 2007 ã. âûÿâèëè íà Óêîêå ñåìü òåð- on a larch in the Dzhazator Valley below ðèòîðèàëüíûõ ïàð êîðøóíîâ è ñäåëàëè the mouth of the Shipty-Kol River on July âûâîä, ÷òî «îòñóòñòâèå êàêîé-ëèáî ïîñòî- 16, 2009. A dark morph bird was encoun- ÿííîé õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè â ñèëó tered near the nests, but unfortunately the òðóäíîäîñòóïíîñòè ïëàòî îáóñëàâëèâàåò, nest was not checked, due to its location on íà íàø âçãëÿä, è î÷åâèäíóþ ìàëî÷èñëåí- the opposite river bank. An empty nest of íîñòü ÷¸ðíîãî êîðøóíà, êîòîðûé â äðóãèõ Booted Eagles was found on July 17. It was ðàéîíàõ Àëòàÿ ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í ÷ðåçâû÷àé- located on a larch in the Dzhazator flood- íî øèðîêî…». plain 3 km from its mouth. Íàìè 25 èþëÿ 2006 ã. íà âîñòî÷íîé îêðà- èíå Óêîêà íàéäåíî äâà ïóñòóþùèõ ãíåçäà Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) êîðøóíà íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ, â ñðåäíåì òå÷å- Among large raptors of the Ukok, the Steppe Eagle is the most common and inhab- its all treeless areas, where it nests in valleys and ridgelines, as well as in the upper edge of the forest. We encountered 67 Steppe Eagles and discovered 29 breeding territories over the period of July 9–18, 2009 (fig. 4). The shortest distance between neigh- bors ranges from 1.09 to 8.06 km, av-

eraging (n=25) 3.15±1.82 km (Ex=1.11, median=2.71 km) (fig. 5). The density is 14.16 breeding pairs/100 km2. Differenc- es in density values in the Bertek Depres- sion, small river valleys, watersheds, and upper reaches of forested river valleys are not clear, so the calculated density can be extrapolated to 2,150 km² for all nest- ing habitats on the Ukok Plateau. A total of 268–342 pairs, or an average of 305 pairs of Steppe Eagles, are projected to Ðèñ. 1. Îáñëåäîâàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ. breed there. According to preliminary es- Fig. 1. Surveyed territory. timates, about 40% of Altai’s Steppe Ea- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 159

íèè ð. Æóìàëû, à â å¸ âåðõîâüÿõ ñ 21 ïî 27 èþëÿ ïîñòîÿííî íàáëþäàëèñü 6–10 ïòèö.  ïåðèîä ñ 9 ïî 18 èþëÿ 2009 ã. âçðîñëûå ïòèöû îòìå÷åíû â äîëèíàõ ðåê Æóìàëû, Êàëãóòû, Àþóò, Äæàçàòîð, â âåðõîâüÿõ Àðãóòà è íà îçåðå Çåðëþêîëü-Íóð. Æè- ëîå ãíåçäî êîðøóíà íà ïðèðå÷íîé ñêàëå ð. Êàëãóòû, ìåæäó ïîãðàíçàñòàâîé «Àð- ãàìäæè» è îç. Ãóñèíûì, íàéäåíî 13 èþëÿ 2009 ã. Îíî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â 150 ì îò æèëîãî ãíåçäà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius) è ñîäåðæàëî êëàäêó èç äâóõ ñëàáîíàñèæåííûõ ÿèö. Æèëîå ãíåçäî êîðøóíà íà åëè íàéäåíî 17 èþëÿ 2009 ã. íà Ãíåçäî ÷åðíîóõîãî êîðøóíà. Ðåêà Êàëãóòû. 13.07.2009. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ñåâåðíîé ãðàíèöå Óêîêà, â ïîéìå ð. Äæà- Nest of the Black-Eared Kite. Kalguty River. çàòîð ó îäíîèì¸ííîãî ñåëà. Åãî ñîäåðæè- 13/07/2009. Photo by I. Karyakin. ìîå íå ïðîâåðåíî.

Îðëàí-äîëãîõâîñò (Haliaeetus leuco- gle population breeds on the plateau. It ryphus) is probably the species’ largest breeding  íà÷àëå XX â. îðëàí-äîëãîõâîñò áûë group in Russia. îáû÷íîé è ìåñòàìè ìíîãî÷èñëåííîé ïòè- We found 34 nests in 21 breeding territo- öåé Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ. Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí ries, 24 of them on cliffs, one on the ground (1938) ïðèâîäèò ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå âñòðå÷è on a hillside, and 9 on larches. All nests built âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå àâãóñòà 1914 ã. íà Óêî- on larches were recorded in the Dzhazator êå, â òîì ÷èñëå äåðæàâøèõñÿ âìåñòå ìîëî- River valley. äûõ, îäíàêî, âîïðîñ î ãíåçäîâàíèè îñòàëñÿ Successful breeding was recorded at íå âûÿñíåííûì. Ý.À. Èðèñîâ (2009) â ïå- 6 nesting sites (31.6% of the sites with ðèîä ñ 1962 ïî 1968 ãã. â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì checked nests, n=19). Nests were empty at Àëòàå âñòðåòèë îðëàíà-äîëãîõâîñòà ëèøü 13 sites; a lost clutch containing two eggs òðè ðàçà (âñå òðè âñòðå÷è òàêæå â àâãóñòå), was in one of them. â òîì ÷èñëå ó îç. Òàðõàòèíñêîãî, â íåïî- Poor reproductive success seems to be ñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò Óêîêà, è ñäåëàë the result of pair formation in the observa- âûâîä, ÷òî ýòà ïòèöà íà Àëòàå íå ãíåçäèòñÿ, tion year for at least 30% of all nests. Despite î÷åíü ðåäêî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ òîëüêî õîëîñòûå an almost total absence of economic activ- áðîäÿ÷èå îñîáè.  ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ ity on the Ukok Plateau, the Steppe Eagle is äîñòîâåðíûå ðåãèñòðàöèè äîëãîõâîñòà íà not doing as well as it could be. This is also Óêîêå îòñóòñòâóþò. Íàìè îðëàí-äîëãîõâîñò true across Altai as a whole. The main rea- íà Óêîêå íå îáíàðóæåí. son for this is likely the high death rate of adult birds during migration and or in their Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) winter habitat. Birds older than 5 years were Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) íàáëþäàë òð¸õ observed only in 23.88% of all the cases. îðëàíîâ-áåëîõâîñòîâ (ïàðó âçðîñëûõ è ïî- With such a high level of “rejuvenation” for ëóâçðîñëîãî) 29 àâãóñòà 1914 ã. íàä Êàðà- breeding groups, it is difficult to predict how Àëàõèíñêèì îçåðîì è îäèíî÷íûõ ïòèö â many young birds it will take to compensate òîì æå ãîäó 26 àâãóñòà â óñòüå Êàëãóòû è 27 for the loss of population. It is likely that the àâãóñòà íà îçåðå Êàëüäæèí-Êóëü. Ý.À. Èðè- population is not experiencing a clear nega- ñîâ (2009) íàáëþäàë îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà tive trend due to high reproduction levels 19 àâãóñòà íà îçåðå â âåðõîâüÿõ Êàëãóòû. and readily available and abundant food, as Íàìè ýòîò âèä íå îáíàðóæåí. Î÷åâèäíî, well as low mortality in nesting habitat. îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò íà Óêîêå íå ãíåçäèòñÿ, è Any development on the Ukok Plateau î÷åíü ðåäêî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ëèøü áðîäÿ÷èå could disturb the delicate balance between ïòèöû. mortality and reproduction that is now ob- served in the breeding Steppe Eagle group Òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis) on Ukok.  Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå âïåðâûå îòìå- ÷åí Ý.À. Èðèñîâûì (2009) â 60-õ ãîäàõ Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) XX â. Íàìè ýòîò ÿñòðåá âñòðå÷åí 16 èþëÿ Despite the fact that the Ukok Plateau 2009 ã. â äîëèíå ð. Äæàçàòîð, â ðàéîíå was determined to be an IBA for the Impe- 160 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

óñòüÿ ð. Àêáóë, à 17 èþëÿ ó ñ. Äæàçàòîð rial Eagle (Mitrofanov et al., 2006), accord- ïîä îïîðîé ïòèöåîïàñíîé ËÝÏ íàéäåí ing to Sushkin (1938) and Irisov (2009), òðóï òåòåðåâÿòíèêà, ïîãèáøåãî îò ïîðàæå- we have not found the species in larch íèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî â forests on the outskirts of the Ukok (in the ëåñàõ Äæàçàòîðà òåòåðåâÿòíèê äîñòàòî÷íî Dzhazator or Tarkhata Rive valleys), nor in îáû÷åí, îäíàêî ñïåöèàëüíûõ ó÷¸òîâ ýòîãî the treeless Bertek Depression. Larch for- âèäà çäåñü íå ïðîâîäèëîñü. ests are located at altitudes over 1,500 m – higher than the altitude range where the Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus) Imperial Eagle usually prefers to nest (Kar- Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) âñòðå÷àë ïåðåïå- yakin et al., 2009c). Therefore, previous ëÿòíèêîâ â àâãóñòå 1914 ã. íà ð. Æóìàëû, data regarding Ukok nesting species (Te, ó óñòüÿ Êàëãóòû è ó îçåðà Çåðëþêîëü-Íóð Ignatenko, 2006, Mitrofanov et al., 2006; (âîñòî÷íàÿ ãðàíèöà Óêîêà). Ý.À. Èðèñîâûì Bogomolov, Ignatenko, 2008) should be (2009) íà Óêîêå íå îáíàðóæåí. considered incorrect. Íàìè 17 èþëÿ 2009 ã. íàéäåíî ãíåçäî ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà ó ñåâåðíîé ãðàíèöû Óêîêà Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) íà åëè, â ïîéìåííîì ëåñó ïî ð. Äæàçàòîð, We were able to discover 12 Golden Ea- â 15 êì âûøå îäíîèì¸ííîãî ñåëà. Ó ãíåç- gle breeding territories between July 9–18, äà íàáëþäàëèñü ñë¸òêè, ïîêèíóâøèå åãî 2009 (fig. 6) and 12 nests in 10 territories, 4–5 äíåé íàçàä.  òîò æå äåíü äâà ïåðå- all of them on cliffs. ïåëÿòíèêà îòìå÷åíû â ïîéìåííîì ëåñó ó The average closest neighbor was ñ. Äæàçàòîð. Êàê è òåòåðåâÿòíèê, âåðîÿòíî 8.71±3.6 km away (n=9; range 4.0–12.98

äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷åí â ëåñàõ ïî Äæàçàòîðó. km; Ex=-1.70, median=10.08 km). The density is 5.86 breeding pairs/100 km2 of Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemi- breeding habitat (1.05 pair/100 km2 of a lasius) total area). Estimating the breeding habitat Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) è Ý.À. Èðèñîâ area for the Golden Eagle at 860 km2 (the (2009) ñ÷èòàëè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà total area is 5,112 km2), we project that îáû÷íîé ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ ïòèöåé Óêîêà, ïðè- about 50 pairs breed on Ukok, or 36.26% ÷¸ì îòìå÷àëè åãî çäåñü ÷àùå, ÷åì â äðó- of southeastern Altai’s total population ãèõ ÷àñòÿõ Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ. Ä.Å. Òå (Karyakin et al., 2010a). è Á.Í. Èãíàòåíêî (2006) â àâãóñòå 2005 ã. Successful breeding was observed in only òàêæå íàøëè ýòîãî õèùíèêà îáû÷íûì íà three breeding territories (30.0% of their Óêîêå è ïðåäïîëîæèëè ãíåçäîâàíèå çäåñü number of found nests, n=10). Nests were íå ìåíåå 8 ïàð. Îäíàêî â èþëå 2007 ã. empty at seven territories. Ä.Â. Áîãîìîëîâ è Á.Í. Èãíàòåíêî (2008à) îáíàðóæèëè ëèøü îäíî ãíåçäî ìîõíîíîãî- Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) ãî êóðãàííèêà, êîòîðîå ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà At least 5 breeding territories for Lam- mergeyer are currently known on and around Ukok (Karyakin et al., 2009; Gre- benshchikov, 2010). The nearest neighbor is about 7 to 10 km away. Unfortunately the teams were not able to survey Cholok-Chad Mountain and the Southern Altai Ridge, areas containing deep gorges suitable for Lammergeier nesting. Considering this, the number of Lammer- geier on the Ukok is estimated at no fewer than 17 pairs.

Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus) In 2009, we encountered 5 birds in the upper reaches of the Kalguty River on July 11 on the Ukok, as well as 4 birds at Lake Tarkhatinskoye at the north-eastern edge of Ukok on July 9, and 5 birds in the lower reaches of the Usay River (Karyakin et al., Ðèñ. 2. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius). 2009). Apparently the observed birds were Fig. 2. Breeding territories of the Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius). non-breeding. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 161

Ãí¸çäà ìîõíîíî- Himalayan Griffon Vulture (Gyps hima- ãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ ñ layensis) ïòåíöàìè íà ñêàëàõ Áåðòåêñêîé êîòëîâèíû. A young Himalayan Griffon Vulture was 11–12.07.2009. sighted with Cinereous Vultures at Ukok’s Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. northeastern edge along the lower reaches Upland Buzzard nest of the Usay River on July 9, 2009 (Karyakin with chicks on cliffs. et al., 2009). Bertek Depression. 11–12/07/2009. Photos by S. Vazhov. Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus) was re- corded in the Usay River valley northeast of Ukok on July 21, 2006. A female that we tentatively identified as a Hen Harrier (it was impossible to get a good look) was ob- served crossing the Kalguty Valley between the Argamdzhi frontier post and Lake Gusi- noye.

Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus) was recorded by Sushkin (1938) on the plateau. We have not encountered this species on the Ukok.

Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) In 2009, we were able to find 8 breeding territories (fig. 8). Nests were discovered at 4 of them, and all of them were on cliffs. The average distance to the nearest neigh- bor was 7.49±4.38 km (n=5; range 2.81–

12.85 km; Ex=-2.49; median=6.51 km). Saker Falcon density is 3.91 breeding pair/100 km² âåðõíåé ïëîùàäêå âûøêè ïîëóðàçðóøåí- of breeding habitat (0.58 pair/100 km2 of a íîé ïîëîñû ïðåïÿòñòâèé. Íà ìîìåíò îá- total area). Assuming that the Saker Falcon’s íàðóæåíèÿ (7 èþëÿ) â ãíåçäå íàõîäèëîñü breeding habitats area is 860 km² (the total ÷åòûðå ïòåíöà â ïåðâîì ãîäîâîì íàðÿäå area is 5,112 km2), we project that about 30 (Áîãîìîëîâ, Èãíàòåíêî, 2008á). Íåäîóìå- pairs breed on the Ukok, totaling about 10% íèå âûçûâàåò òî, ÷òî ýòè àâòîðû ñ÷èòàþò of the population in southeastern Altai (Kar- îäíèì èç íàèáîëåå ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ôî- yakin et al., 2010). íîâûõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ïëàòî íå Successful breeding was noted at two ìîõíîíîãîãî, à îáûêíîâåííîãî êóðãàí- breeding territories. One of the nests at the íèêà (Buteo rufinus), è îòìå÷àþò ìíîãî- Ukok’s northeastern edge was not checked ÷èñëåííûå âñòðå÷è ïîñëåäíåãî. Ó÷èòûâàÿ due to time constraints. òðóäíîñòè èäåíòèôèêàöèè óêàçàííûõ âè- äîâ â ïîëåâûõ óñëîâèÿõ (Êàðÿêèí, 2008), Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) â äàííîì ñëó÷àå, ñêîðåå âñåãî, çà îáûêíî- Typical Peregrine Falcon perches were ob- âåííûõ êóðãàííèêîâ îøèáî÷íî ïðèíèìà- served on a riverine cliff along the Dzhaza- ëèñü ìîõíîíîãèå. tor River on July 16, 2009. In the Bertek De- Íàìè 9–18 èþëÿ 2009 ã. âûÿâëåíî 13 pression the falcon was not observed. ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàí- The Ukok territory lies outside the Per- íèêîâ (ðèñ. 2): òðè, íà ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé egrine Falcon’s optimal altitude range and it îêðàèíå Óêîêà, â ðàéîíå îçåðà Çåðëþêîëü- can be assumed that only 2–4 pairs breed in Íóð, îäèí – â âåðõîâüÿõ Êàëãóòû, ñåìü – â the lower reaches of the Dzhazator, Ak-Ala- Áåðòåêñêîé êîòëîâèíå, â ñðåäíåì òå÷å- kha and Argut Rivers (the latter is beyond íèè Êàëãóòû è äâà – â äîëèíå Äæàçàòîðà the Ukok). ó ñåâåðíîé ãðàíèöû Óêîêà. Íà 10 ó÷àñò- êàõ îáíàðóæåíû 11 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê, Merlin (Falco columbarius) 9 èç êîòîðûõ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà ñêàëàõ We found two nests in the Dzhazator è áûëè òèïè÷íûìè äëÿ Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî River valley at the northern edge of Ukok Àëòàÿ. Îäíî èç ãí¸çä áûëî óñòðîåíî íà on July 15–16, 2009. Both nests were origi- âåðõíåé ïëîùàäêå ìåòàëëîêîíñòðóêöèè nally built by Carrion Crows (Corvus corone) 162 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ðàçðóøåííîé ïîëîñû ïðåïÿòñòâèé áëèç on larches, and contained two and three ïîãðàíçàñòàâû «Àðãàìäæè», îíî ðàíåå nestlings respectively. îïèñàíî Ä.Â. Áîãîìîëîâûì è Á.Í. Èãíà- The Altai Merlin (F. c. lymani) nests on òåíêî (2008á). Åù¸ îäíî èç ãí¸çä, çàíÿòûõ Ukok, and its population is mostly con- ìîõíîíîãèìè êóðãàííèêàìè, îêàçàëîñü centrated in southeastern Altai and south- ñòàðîé ïîñòðîéêîé ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila western Tyva. Merlin nesting habitats in nipalensis) óñòðîåííîé â ïðåäâåðøèííîé southeastern Altai, including the Ukok, ðàçâèëêå ëèñòâåííèöû. are almost exclusively larch forests at the Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê â áåçëåñíîé ÷à- upper edge of the forest, where the spe- ñòè Óêîêà îïðåäåë¸ííî òÿãîòååò ê äîëèíàì cies’ density is 30.83±1.1 pairs/100 km2 ðåê ñ íåáîëüøèìè ñêàëàìè, õîòÿ ãíåçäèò- (Karyakin, Nikolenko, 2009). For larch for- ñÿ è âíå äîëèí, íà ïëàòî è â êîòëîâèíå, ests on Ukok (537 km2), Merlin nesting is åñëè íàõîäèò ïîäõîäÿùèå ñóáñòðàòû äëÿ estimated at 160–171 pairs, an average óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä. Åãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïî 166 pairs, or 10.48% of the species’ pop- òåððèòîðèè ñóùåñòâåííî çàâèñèò îò íàëè- ulation in southeastern Altai (Karyakin, ÷èÿ ñóáñòðàòîâ, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà Nikolenko, 2009). ãí¸çä, ïîýòîìó äàëåêî îò ðàâíîìåðíîãî. Íà 30-êì ó÷àñòêå äîëèíû ð. Êàëãóòû âû- Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) ÿâëåíî 8 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, äèñòàíöèÿ Neither Sushkin (1938) in the early 20th ìåæäó êîòîðûìè ñîñòàâèëà 0,95–6,16 êì, century, nor Irisov (2009) in 1960s found â ñðåäíåì (n=7) 3,25±1,98 êì. Ïëîòíîñòü the species on Ukok, but, Te and Ignatenko íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ïî ó÷¸òó â äîëèíå ñîñòà- (2006), encountered “no fewer than 12 âèëà 5,8 ïàð/100 êì2. Ïðè ýòîì, íà 12-êè- pairs” of Lesser Kestrels on Ukok in August ëîìåòðîâîì ìàðøðóòå ÷åðåç öåíòðàëü- 2005. Bogomolov and Ignatenko (2008a) íóþ ÷àñòü êîòëîâèíû, îò îç. Ãóñèíîå äî noted 9 territorial pairs in July 2007. Mitro- Àê-Àëàõè, ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîõíîíîãîãî êóð- fanov et al. (2006) suggested 5–25 pairs ãàííèêà íå óñòàíîâëåíî. Ó÷èòûâàÿ âûøå- of Lesser Kestrel breeding within the IBA. ïðèâåä¸ííûå äàííûå, äëÿ 112 êì ðå÷íûõ We believe these records are mistakes in äîëèí (672 êì2 îáøåé ïëîùàäè ïåðåñå÷¸í- identifying Kestrel species, because there íûõ ñêëîíîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ) ïåðèôåðèè Áåð- is essentially no food for the Lesser Kestrel, òåêñêîé êîòëîâèíû ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü and Ukok’s climate conditions, are, to put it mildly, far from optimal for the species. We Ãíåçäî ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà âûøêå. have not encountered the Lesser Kestrel on Áåðòåêñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà. Ukok. The nearest known breeding grounds 12.07.2009. of Lesser Kestrels are in the Chuya Steppe Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî è and the Katun River valley. Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà. Nest of the Upland Buzzard on a tower. Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) Bertek Depression. Kestrels were often observed on the Ukok 12/07/2009. in July 2009. A nest, built originally by Car- Photos by E. Nikolenko rion Crows, was found on a larch in the Zhu- and R. Bekmansurov. maly River valley on July 25, 2006. The nest contained three nestlings and a nonviable egg. Another Kestrel nest was found near- by in a rocky niche (its contents were not verified due to time constraints) on July 9, 2009. The Kestrel seems to be a fairly com- mon breeding raptor species on Ukok, but comprehensive data on the species have not been collected.

Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) We have not searched purposefully for Eagle Owl nests and found only a cliff perch for the species in the Dzhazator Valley at the northern edge of Ukok on July 16, 2009.

Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) We found two nests built originally by Car- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 163

Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê. Áåðòåêñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà. 13.07.2009. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Upland Buzzard. Bertek Depression. 13/07/2009. Photo by I. Karyakin.

ãíåçäîâàíèå îêîëî 30–40 ïàð ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ. Îïðåäåë¸ííî êàêîå-òî êîëè- ÷åñòâî ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ íà âîäîðàçäåëüíîé ÷àñòè ïëàòî è â óùå- ëüÿõ Þæíîãî Àëòàÿ, îáðàìëÿþùåãî ñ þãà Áåðòåêñêóþ êîòëîâèíó. Íà Äæàçàòîðå âèä âñòðå÷åí òîëüêî â âåðõîâüÿõ, íà 4-õ ó÷àñò- rion Crows, but occupied by owls in Dzha- êàõ, óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 7,5, 10,6 zator River valley at the mouth of the Tara è 13,2 êì, ïðè÷¸ì, íåò íèêàêîé ãàðàíòèè, River on July 15, 2009. The nests were built ÷òî ýòî ñîñåäíèå ó÷àñòêè. Ó÷èòûâàÿ äîñòà- on larches. At the time of survey the chicks òî÷íî áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ñêàë-îñòàíöåâ had fledged and left the nests. íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ ïðèòîêîâ Äæàçàòîðà, çäåñü ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå íå Short-Eared Owl (Asio flammeus) ìåíåå 15 ïàð ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ. The remains of a Short-Eared Owl eaten  îáëåñåííîé ÷àñòè ñðåäíåãî è íèæíåãî by a Golden Eagle were found on July 11, òå÷åíèÿ Äæàçàòîðà, êàê, ñîáñòâåííî, è íà 2009 in its nest in the Bertek Depression Àðãóòå, ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê íàìè íå between the Argamdzhi frontier post and íàéäåí. Âåðîÿòíî, íå ãíåçäèòñÿ îí è â îá- Lake Gusinoye. ëåñåííîé ÷àñòè íèçîâüåâ Àê-Àëàõè. Ó÷è- òûâàÿ ýòî, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî íà Little Owl (Athene noctua) ïëàòî Óêîê ãíåçäèòñÿ, êàê ìèíèìóì, 50–70 We have conducted targeted searches for ïàð ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ. Little Owl nests. Broods of the species were Óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå îòìå÷åíî íà recorded at two locations in the Bertek ïÿòè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (55,6% îò èõ ÷èñ- Depression on July 11–12, 2009. In addi- ëà ñ ïðîâåðåííûìè ãí¸çäàìè, n=9), íà äâóõ tion, the remains of an owl were found in a èç íèõ â ãí¸çäàõ íàõîäèëèñü îïåðÿþùèåñÿ Steppe Eagle nest. ïòåíöû, åù¸ íà äâóõ – ãîòîâûå ê âûëåòó ïòåíöû åù¸ ñèäåëè â ãí¸çäàõ è íà îäíîì Conclusion âûëåòåâøèå ìîëîäûå äåðæàëèñü ó ãíåçäà. The Ukok is a territory that is essential to ×åòûðå âûâîäêà ñîñòîÿëè èç äâóõ ïòåíöîâ the Steppe Eagle and Lammergeier, as well è îäèí èç òð¸õ, â ñðåäíåì 2,2±0,2 ïòåíöà as very large breeding groups of Upland Buz- íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî (n=5). Íà îäíîì ó÷àñò- zard, Golden Eagle, Saker Falcon and Altai êå ãíåçäî áûëî æèëûì, íî åãî ñîäåðæè- Merlin. The Steppe Eagle, Upland Buzzard, ìîå íå ïðîâåðåíî èç-çà ëèìèòà âðåìåíè. Golden Eagle, Saker Falcon, Black-Eared Kite, Íà ÷åòûð¸õ ó÷àñòêàõ ãí¸çäà ïóñòîâàëè (íà Lammergeier, Kestrel, and probably, Little îäíîì èç íèõ äîñòîâåðíî ïîãèá âûâîäîê). Owl should be considered common raptor Äîâîëüíî íåáîëüøîé ïðîöåíò çàíÿòûõ species on the Ukok. Tree-nesting Goshawk, â 2009 ã. ãí¸çä è íèçêàÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü Sparrowhawk, Common Buzzard, Booted óñïåøíûõ ïàð, âåðîÿòíî, ñâÿçàíû ñ äå- Eagle, Merlin and Long-Eared Owl inhabit ïðåññèåé ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè forests along the river valleys on the northern (Ochotona daurica), íàáëþäàâøåéñÿ íà and eastern edges of Ukok. The statuses of Óêîêå â òîì ãîäó. the Hen Harrier and Pallid Harrier and Eagle Owl and Short-Eared Owl are not clear, but Êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus) they all seem to breed on the plateau. It may Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) 23 è 24 àâãóñòà also be supposed that the Peregrine Falcon 1914 ã. äîáûë íà Óêîêå áëèç óñòüÿ Êàëãóòû and Osprey sporadically nest on the outskirts äâóõ ìîëîäûõ êóðãàííèêîâ, ñë¸òêîâ ýòîãî of the Ukok. Pallas’s Fish Eagle, White-Tailed ãîäà, êîòîðûõ ñ÷èòàë çàë¸òíûìè âî âðå- Eagle, Cinereous Vulture and Himalayan Grif- ìÿ êî÷¸âîê èëè ïðîë¸òíûìè. Ý.À. Èðèñîâ fon Vulture are recognized as vagrant or mi- (2009) òàêæå ñ÷èòàë ýòîò âèä ïðîë¸òíûì gratory species on Ukok. Information about äëÿ Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ.  60-õ ãã. XX â. Imperial Eagle, Long-Legged Buzzard, and îí äîáûë êóðãàííèêà 10 àâãóñòà â ðàéîíå possibly Lesser Kestrel breeding is evidently ñðåäíåãî òå÷åíèÿ ð. Àê-Êîë è åù¸ îäíîãî wrong and may be attributed to misidentifi- 22 àâãóñòà ó îç. Òàðõàòèíñêîãî, âáëèçè âîñ- cation of birds in the field. 164 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

òî÷íîé îêðàèíû Óêîêà. Ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå âñòðå÷è êóðãàííèêîâ Ä.Â. Áîãîìîëîâûì è Á.Í. Èãíàòåíêî íà Óêîêå â èþëå 2007 ã., êàê óæå ñêàçàíî âûøå, ñêîðåå âñåãî ñëå- äóåò îòíåñòè ê äðóãîìó âèäó – ìîõíîíîãî- ìó êóðãàííèêó. Íàìè êóðãàííèê íà Óêîêå íå îáíàðóæåí è íà Àëòàå âñòðå÷åí ëèøü åäèíñòâåííûé ðàç – â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè ó ñ. Êîø-Àãà÷ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009à).

Êàíþê (Buteo buteo) Ýòîò õèùíèê âïåðâûå îáíàðóæåí â Þãî- Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå â 60-õ ãã. XX â. Ý.À. Èðè- ñîâûì (2009) íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ëèñòâåí- Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus). 20.06.2009. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. íè÷íûõ ëåñàõ ïî äîëèíàì ðåê. Íàìè êàíþê (ôîðìû vulpinus) âñòðå÷åí Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus). 20/06/2009. Photo by I. Karyakin. 16 èþëÿ 2009 ã. ó ñåâåðíîé îêðàèíû Óêî- êà, â ëèñòâåííè÷íîì ëåñó äîëèíû Äæàçàòî- ðà, â ðàéîíå óñòüÿ ð. Àêáóë. Èìååòñÿ âè- êàðëèêà íà ëèñòâåííèöå, íà ãðåáíå íàä äåîìàòåðèàë ñ êàíþêîì ôîðìû japonicus ïîéìîé Äæàçàòîðà, íèæå óñòüÿ ð. Øèïòû- èç äîëèíû ð. Àðãóò (È. Óñàíîâ, ëè÷íîå Êîë, ó ãíåçäà íàáëþäàëàñü ïòèöà ò¸ìíîé ñîîáùåíèå). Ãíåçäîâàíèå êàíþêà íå óñòà- ìîðôû, íî ïðîâåðèòü åãî ñîäåðæèìîå íå íîâëåíî, íî îíî âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî â ëåñàõ óäàëîñü, òàê êàê îíî íàõîäèëîñü íà ïðî- ïî Äæàçàòîðó è â íèçîâüÿõ Àê-Àëàõè. òèâîïîëîæíîì áåðåãó ðåêè. Äðóãîå ãíåç- äî îðëà-êàðëèêà, ïóñòîâàâøåå íà ìîìåíò Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) îáíàðóæåíèÿ, íàéäåíî 17 èþëÿ. Îíî ðàñ- Íè Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíûì (1938) â íà÷àëå XX â., íè ïîëàãàëîñü íà ëèñòâåííèöå â ïîéìå Äæà- Ý.À. Èðèñîâûì (2009) â 60-õ ãã. îð¸ë-êàðëèê çàòîðà, â òð¸õ êèëîìåòðàõ îò åãî ñëèÿíèÿ â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå íå îáíàðóæåí. ñ Àê-Àëàõîé.  òîò æå äåíü ïòèöà ñâåòëîé Íàìè ýòè õèùíèêè íàáëþäàëèñü â ëè- ìîðôû íàáëþäàëàñü íàä ñòåïüþ Ñàìàõà. ñòâåííè÷íûõ è åëîâî-ëèñòâåííè÷íûõ ëåñàõ Ýòè äàííûå ïîäòâåðæäàþò, ÷òî â íàñòîÿ- ó ñåâåðíîé îêðàèíû Óêîêà (ðèñ. 3). Òðè ùåå âðåìÿ íà Àëòàå, êàê è â äðóãèõ ÷àñòÿõ ïòèöû ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû âñòðå÷åíû 15 èþëÿ àðåàëà â Ðîññèè (Êàðÿêèí, 2007), ïðîèñ- 2009 ã. â ðàçíûõ ìåñòàõ äîëèíû ð. Äæà- õîäèò óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè è ðàññå- çàòîð, â ðàéîíå óñòüåâ ðåê Àþóò è Òàðà. ëåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà. Îí îáíàðóæåí íà Ïòèöà ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû âñòðå÷åíà 16 èþëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèè òàì, ãäå ðàíåå äàæå íå ðåãè- â ëèñòâåííè÷íîì ëåñó íèæå óñòüÿ ð. Àê- ñòðèðîâàëñÿ â êà÷åñòâå çàë¸òíîãî âèäà. áóë.  òîò æå äåíü íàéäåíî ãíåçäî îðëà- Íà 75-êèëîìåòðîâîì ó÷àñòêå äîëèíû Äæàçàòîðà, ïðè øèðèíå ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñû 800 ì ó÷òåíû êàðëèêè íà 8 ó÷àñòêàõ, ÷òî ñî- îòâåòñòâóåò ïëîòíîñòè 13,33 ïàðû/100 êì2. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòè äàííûå, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå â ïðèðóñëîâûõ ëåñàõ Äæàçàòî- ðà è íèçîâüÿõ Àê-Àëàõè íà ïëîùàäè 276 êì2 îêîëî 37 ïàð îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ.

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) â íà÷àëå XX â. è Ý.À. Èðèñîâ (2009) â 60-õ ãã. íàõîäèëè ñòåïíîãî îðëà îáûêíîâåííûì íà Óêîêå, à ïîñëåäíèé àâòîð âñòðå÷àë åãî òàì äàæå ÷àùå, ÷åì ãäå-ëèáî â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå. Ä.Å. Òå è Á.Í. Èãíàòåíêî (2006) â àâãóñòå 2005 ã. âñòðåòèëè íà Óêîêå «íå ìå- íåå 4-õ ïàð» ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ. ×åòûðå òåð- ðèòîðèàëüíûõ ïàðû îòìåòèëè çäåñü â èþëå 2007 ã. è Ä.Â. Áîãîìîëîâ ñ Á.Í. Èãíàòåíêî Ðèñ. 3. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraaetus pennatus). (2008à). Î.Á. Ìèòðîôàíîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè, Fig. 3. Breeding territories of the Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus). (2006) ïðè èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ÊÎÒÐ, ïðåä- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 165

ïîëîæèëè ãíåçäîâàíèå â å¸ ïðåäåëàõ 4–12 ïàð ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ. Ñ 9 ïî 18 èþëÿ 2009 ã. íàìè âñòðå÷åíî 67 ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ è âûÿâëåíî 29 ãíåçäî- âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (ðèñ. 4): 9 íà âîñòî÷íîé è ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé îêðàèíàõ Óêîêà, ìåæäó îç. Òàðõàòèíñêèì è âåðõîâüÿìè ð. Æóìà- ëû, îäèí â âåðõîâüÿõ Êàëãóòû, 8 â âîñòî÷- íîé ÷àñòè Áåðòåêñêîé êîòëîâèíû, îäèí â äîëèíå Àõ-Àëàõè è 10 â äîëèíå Äæàçàòî- ðà, ó ñåâåðíîé îêðàèíû Óêîêà. Èç êðóïíûõ õèùíèêîâ Óêîêà ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñàìûì îáû÷íûì – îí íà- ñåëÿåò àáñîëþòíî âñå áåçëåñíûå òåððèòî- Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis). 13.07.2009. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. ðèè, ãäå ãíåçäèòñÿ êàê â äîëèíàõ, òàê è íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ, à òàêæå âåðõíþþ ãðàíèöó Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis). 13/07/2009. Photo by E. Nikolenko. ëåñà â âåðõîâüÿõ ðå÷íûõ äîëèí è íà ïëàòî. Ïðè øèðèíå ïîëîñû äîëèííûõ ëèñòâåí- íè÷íèêîâ áîëåå 1,5 êì ñòåïíîé îð¸ë èñ÷å- Ïëîòíîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ñîñòàâëÿåò çàåò íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â äîëèíàõ, ïðîäîëæàÿ 14,16 ïàð/100 êì2. Ðàçíèöû â ïîêàçàòå- ãíåçäèòüñÿ ëèøü ó ñàìîãî âåðõíåãî ïðåäå- ëÿõ ïëîòíîñòè â Áåðòåêñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ëà ëåñà íà ñàìîì ïëàòî. íåáîëüøèõ äîëèíàõ ìàëûõ ðå÷åê, íà âî- Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ñîñåäÿìè âàðüèðóåò äîðàçäåëàõ è â âåðõîâüÿõ îáëåñåííûõ îò 1,09 äî 8,06 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì ðå÷íûõ äîëèí íå çàìå÷åíî, ïîýòîìó ïî-

(n=25) 3,15±1,82 êì (Ex=1,11, ìåäèà- ëó÷åííûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè ìîæíî íà=2,71 êì) (ðèñ. 5). Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïàð ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàòü íà âñþ ãíåçäîïðèãîä- ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (72%) ãíåçäèòñÿ íà ðàññòî- íóþ ïëîùàäü ïëàòî Óêîê, êîòîðàÿ ñîñòàâ- ÿíèè îò 1 äî 4 êì äðóã îò äðóãà. Óâåëè÷å- ëÿåò 2150 êì2. Íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè ïðåä- íèå äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó ñîñåäÿìè îïðåäå- ïîëàãàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå 268–342 ïàð, â ëÿåò òàêîé ôàêòîð, êàê îòñóòñòâèå ìåñò, ñðåäíåì 305 ïàð ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ. Ïî ïðåä- ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – â ñëó÷àå ñ âàðèòåëüíûì îöåíêàì íà ïëàòî ãíåçäèòñÿ ïëàòî ýòî, ñêîðåå âñåãî, îòñóòñòâèå ìåñò îêîëî 40% ïîïóëÿöèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Àë- îáèòàíèÿ îñíîâíûõ âèäîâ-æåðòâ, êîòîðû- òàå è ýòî, âèäèìî, ñàìàÿ êðóïíàÿ ãíåçäî- ìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ äàóðñêàÿ ïèùóõà è äëèííîõ- âàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà ýòîãî âèäà â Ðîññèè. âîñòûé ñóñëèê (Spermophilus undulatus). Íà 21 ó÷àñòêå îáíàðóæåíû 34 ãíåçäî- Ò.å., ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ÿâíî èçáåãàåò âëàæíûõ âûõ ïîñòðîéêè (íå ñ÷èòàÿ çàíÿòûõ ìîõíî- ó÷àñòêîâ òóíäðû è ìåðçëîòíûõ îç¸ð, òàê íîãèìè êóðãàííèêàìè), 24 èç êîòîðûõ ðàñ- êàê íà òàêèõ ó÷àñòêàõ îòñóòñòâóåò ïèùà. ïîëàãàëèñü íà ñêàëàõ è áûëè òèïè÷íûìè äëÿ Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ, îäíà – â îñíî- âàíèè êóñòà êàðàãàíû íà ñêëîíå ãîðû è 9 – íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ. Âñå ãí¸çäà íà ëèñòâåí- íèöàõ íàéäåíû â äîëèíå Äæàçàòîðà. ×åòû- ðå èç íèõ áûëè óñòðîåíû â âåðøèííûõ ìó- òîâêàõ, òðè – â ïðåäâåðøèííûõ ðàçâèëêàõ, îäíî – íà âåðøèíå ñëîìà ñòâîëà è îäíî – â îñíîâàíèè áîêîâûõ âåòâåé â âåðõíåé òðå- òè ñòâîëà. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä íà äåðåâüÿõ – îò 5,5 äî 16 ì. Íà äâóõ ó÷àñò- êàõ ïîáëèçîñòè îò ãí¸çä íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ íàéäåíû àëüòåðíàòèâíûå ãí¸çäà íà ñêàëàõ, ïðèíàäëåæàâøèå ýòèì æå ïàðàì. Äàííûé ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ áëèçîê ê ñòåðåîòèïó ìîãèëüíèêà è âèäèìî ïîëó÷èë øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ó ãðóïïèðîâ- êè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ â âåðõîâüÿõ Äæàçàòîðà èìåííî èç-çà îòñóòñòâèÿ çäåñü ìîãèëüíèêà. Èíòåðåñíî òî, ÷òî ïîñòðîéêè íà ëèñòâåí- Ðèñ. 4. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis). íèöàõ íàéäåíû íà âñåõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ Fig. 4. Breeding territories of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis). ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, îáíàðóæåííûõ íàìè â îá- 166 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Íà äâóõ ó÷àñòêàõ ãí¸çäà áûëè æèëûìè, íî èõ ñîäåðæèìîå íå óäàëîñü ïðîâåðèòü èç- çà ëèìèòà âðåìåíè. Íà 13 ó÷àñòêàõ ãí¸çäà ïóñòîâàëè, â îäíîì èç íèõ äîñòîâåðíî ïî- ãèáëà êëàäêà èç äâóõ ÿèö. Âåðîÿòíî, íà áîëüøèíñòâå ó÷àñòêîâ ñ ïóñòóþùèìè ãí¸çäàìè îðëû â ýòîì ãîäó äàæå íå ïðèñòóïèëè ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ èç- çà ïëîõèõ êîðìîâûõ óñëîâèé, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ äåïðåññèåé ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ïè- ùóõè. Ïóñòîâàëè èìåííî òå ãí¸çäà, êîòî- ðûå áûëè óñòðîåíû ïî ïåðèôåðèè äîëèí ñ êðóïíûìè êîëîíèÿìè äàóðñêîé ïèùó- õè.  òî æå âðåìÿ ãí¸çäà íà âîäîðàçäåëü- íûõ ïëàòî è ó âåðõíåãî ïðåäåëà ëåñà, ãäå â áîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå âñòðå÷àåòñÿ äëèí- íîõâîñòûé ñóñëèê, áûëè æèëûìè. Îäíà- êî âîçìîæíî, ÷òî îòñóòñòâèå óñïåøíîãî Ðèñ. 5. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñîñåäíèõ ïàð ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ. ðàçìíîæåíèÿ êàê ìèíèìóì íà 30% ãí¸çä Ðèñ. 5. Distances between pairs of mating Steppe Eagle pairs. ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòîì ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïàð â ãîä íàáëþäåíèé. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ïðàêòè- ëåñ¸ííîé ÷àñòè äîëèíû Äæàçàòîðà. Àíàëî- ÷åñêè ïîëíîå îòñóòñòâèå õîçÿéñòâåííîé ãè÷íûå ãí¸çäà ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ íà äåðåâüÿõ äåÿòåëüíîñòè íà ïëàòî Óêîê, ñèòóàöèÿ ñî íàéäåíû òàêæå íà Àëòàå, â Óñòü-Êàíñêîé ñòåïíûì îðëîì çäåñü íå òàê áëàãîïîëó÷- êîòëîâèíå è â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Ïåñ÷àíîé (Âà- íà, êàê ìîãëà áû áûòü, êàê, ñîáñòâåííî, è æîâ è äð., 2010), íî òàì íà áîëüøèíñòâå âî âñ¸ì Àëòàå. Ïðè÷èíà êðîåòñÿ â âûñî- îáíàðóæåííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîñòðîéêè áûëè êîì óðîâíå ãèáåëè âçðîñëûõ ïòèö, âåðî- óñòðîåíû íà ñêàëàõ. ÿòíî, íà ïóòÿõ ïðîë¸òà è çèìîâêàõ. Èç 26 Óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå îòìå÷åíî íà 6 ïàð, â êîòîðûõ óäàëîñü ðàññìîòðåòü õîòÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (31,6% îò ÷èñëà ó÷àñò- áû îäíîãî ïàðòí¸ðà, â 19 ïàðàõ ïòèöû êîâ ñ ïðîâåðåííûìè ãí¸çäàìè, n=19). Âî áûëè â âîçðàñòå äî 5 ëåò (ñ ðàçíîé âûðà- âñåõ óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çäàõ íà ìîìåíò îáíàðó- æåííîñòüþ þâåíèëüíîé ïîëîñû íà íèæ- æåíèÿ íàõîäèëèñü îïåðÿþùèåñÿ ïòåíöû: â íåé ÷àñòè êðûëà), ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 73,08% òð¸õ – ïî äâà, â äâóõ ïî îäíîìó è â îäíîì îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà íàáëþäàâøèõñÿ ïàð. – òðè, â ñðåäíåì ïî 1,83±0,3 ïòåíöà (n=6). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî

Ãí¸çäà ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ â Áåðòåêñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà çåìëå è íà ñêàëå (ââåðõó) è íà ñåâåðî- âîñòî÷íîé îêðàèíå Óêîêà íà ñêàëàõ (âíè- çó). 11, 12, 18.07.2009. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. Steppe Eagle nests on the ground and on cliffs in the Bertek Depres- sion (upper) and on cliffs in the Northern- East Ukok (bottom). 11, 12, 18/07/2009. Photos by S. Vazhov. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 167

Ãí¸çäà ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ. Äîëèíà ð. Äæàçàòîð. 15–16.07.2009. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà è Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà. Steppe Eagle nests on larches. Dzhazator River valley. 15–16/07/2009. Photos by S. Vazhov and R. Bekmansurov. 168 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ëèøü 26,92% ïàð ñîñòîèò èç ñòàðûõ ïòèö, Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) ïðè÷¸ì, ýòî äåéñòâèòåëüíî òîëüêî ïðåä- Ïî ìíåíèþ Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà (1938), ýòîò ïîëîæåíèå, òàê êàê è ñðåäè ýòèõ 6 ïàð îð¸ë íå ãíåçäèòñÿ â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àë- â 2-õ ïàðàõ ñàìöîâ íå óäàëîñü äåòàëüíî òàå è âñòðå÷àåòñÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ðåäêî ðàññìîòðåòü. Ñ ó÷¸òîì âñåõ íàáëþäàâ- ëèøü êàê áðîäÿ÷èé. Çà ñåìü ëåò ïîëåâûõ øèõñÿ ïòèö, âêëþ÷àÿ íåðàçìíîæàþùèõ- èññëåäîâàíèé (ñ 1962 ïî 1968 ãã.) íå íàé- ñÿ, ïòèöû ñòàðøå 5 ëåò íàáëþäàëèñü ëèøü äåí îí â ýòîé ëàíäøàôòíîé ïðîâèíöèè è â 23,88% ñëó÷àåâ, ïðè÷¸ì ïðàêòè÷åñêè Ý.À. Èðèñîâûì (2009). Ïîçäíåå ìîãèëüíèê âñå (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì 2-õ îñîáåé) – íà âñ¸ æå áûë íàéäåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Þãî- ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ñ æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè. Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009á), Ïðè òàêîì âûñîêîì óðîâíå «îìîëîæå- íî ëèøü êàê èñêëþ÷åíèå è íà ìåíüøèõ, ÷åì íèÿ» ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ ãðóïïèðîâêè òðóäíî íà Óêîêå, âûñîòàõ (â Êóðàéñêîé è ×óéñêîé ïðîãíîçèðîâàòü, íàñêîëüêî õâàòèò ðå- êîòëîâèíàõ). ñóðñà ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, ÷òîáû âîñïîëíÿòü Íå ñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ÊÎÒÐ «Ïëàòî Óêîê» ïîòåðè ïîïóëÿöèè. Âåðîÿòíî, ïîïóëÿöèÿ âûäåëåíà èìåííî êàê ìåñòî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äî ñèõ ïîð íå èñïûòûâàåò ÿâíîãî íåãà- ìîãèëüíèêà (Ìèòðîôàíîâ è äð., 2006), òèâíîãî òðåíäà òîëüêî èç-çà âûñîêîãî íàìè îí íå îáíàðóæåí íè â ëèñòâåí- óðîâíÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ çà ñ÷¸ò îáèëüíî- íè÷íèêàõ ïî îêðàèíàì Óêîêà (â äîëèíàõ ãî è äîñòóïíîãî êîðìîâîãî ðåñóðñà, à Äæàçàòîðà è Òàðõàòû), íè, òåì áîëåå, â òàêæå ïî ïðè÷èíå îòñóòñòâèÿ ñìåðòíî- áåçëåñíîé Áåðòåêñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Ëè- ñòè â ïðåäåëàõ ãíåçäîâûõ ìåñòîîáèòà- ñòâåííè÷íûå ëåñà çäåñü ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà íèé. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ëþáîå îñâîåíèå âûñîòàõ áîëåå 1500 ì – çà ïðåäåëàìè âû- òåððèòîðèè Óêîêà ìîæåò ïîäîðâàòü òîò ñîòíîãî äèàïàçîíà, â êîòîðîì ãíåçäîâàíèå øàòêèé áàëàíñ ìåæäó óðîâíåì ñìåðòíî- ìîãèëüíèêà íîñèò íîðìàëüíûõ õàðàêòåð ñòè è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà, êîòîðûé ñåé÷àñ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009â). Ïîýòîìó ïðåæíèå íàáëþäàåòñÿ â ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêå óêàçàíèÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèå ýòîãî îðëà íà ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà Óêîêå. Óêîêå (Òå, Èãíàòåíêî, 2006; Ìèòðîôàíîâ Îñíîâíûìè îáúåêòàìè ïèòàíèÿ ñòåïíûõ è äð., 2006; Áîãîìîëîâ, Èãíàòåíêî, 2008) îðëîâ íà Óêîêå è â äîëèíå Äæàçàòîðà â ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü îøèáî÷íûìè. 2009 ã., ñóäÿ ïî îñòàíêàì æåðòâ íà ãí¸ç- äàõ, ÿâëÿëèñü äëèííîõâîñòûå ñóñëèêè. Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos) Êðîìå òîãî, â ãí¸çäàõ íàéäåíû îñòàíêè Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) ïðèâîäèò áåðêóòà ìîëîäîãî ñóðêà (Marmota baibacina), êî- êàê îáû÷íóþ ãíåçäÿùóþñÿ ïòèöó Þãî- ïûòî ÿãí¸íêà, îñòàíêè îãàðÿ (Tadorma Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ, âêëþ÷àÿ Óêîê. ×àñòî ferruginea), áåëîé êóðîïàòêè (Lagopus îí íàáëþäàëñÿ íà Óêîêå è Ý.À. Èðèñîâûì sp.), äîìîâîãî ñû÷à (Athene noctua), ìåë- (2009) â 60-õ ãã. XX â., îñîáåííî â äîëèíàõ êèõ âîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö, ÷¸ðíîé âîðîíû ðåê Àê-Êîë è Êàëãóòû. Ä.Å. Òå è Á.Í. Èã- (Corvus corone). íàòåíêî (2006) â àâãóñòå 2005 ã. âñòðåòè- ëè íà Óêîêå «íå ìåíåå 2-õ ïàð» áåðêóòîâ. Î.Á. Ìèòðîôàíîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2006) ïðè èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ÊÎÒÐ ïðåäïîëîæèëè ãíåç- äîâàíèå â å¸ ïðåäåëàõ 2–4 ïàð. Ä.Â. Áî- ãîìîëîâ è Á.Í. Èãíàòåíêî (2008à) â èþëå 2007 ã. îòìåòèëè 5 òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ïàð. Ñ 9 ïî 18 èþëÿ 2009 ã. íàì óäàëîñü âûÿ- âèòü 12 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áåðêóòîâ (ðèñ. 6): 6 íà âîñòî÷íîé è ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé îêðàèíàõ Óêîêà, ìåæäó îç. Òàðõàòèíñêèì è âåðõîâüÿìè ð. Æóìàëû, òðè â âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè Áåðòåêñêîé êîòëîâèíû è òðè â äîëèíå Äæàçàòîðà, ó ñåâåðíîé îêðàèíû Óêîêà. Íà 10 ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíî 12 ãí¸çä, âñå îíè ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà ñêàëàõ. Òåîðåòè÷åñêè âîçìîæíî ãíåçäîâàíèå áåðêóòà íà äåðå- âüÿõ â îáëåñ¸ííîé ÷àñòè äîëèíû ð. Äæàçà- òîð, îäíàêî íàì òàêèå ãí¸çäà íå èçâåñòíû è äàæå â ýòîé ÷àñòè äîëèíû áåðêóò íàéäåí Ðèñ. 6. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos). íà ãíåçäîâàíèè òîëüêî íà ñêàëàõ. Òàêèì Fig. 6. Breeding territories of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). îáðàçîì, áåðêóò íà Óêîêå òåñíî ñâÿçàí Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 169

Ãí¸çäà áåðêóòîâ (Aquila chrysaetos) íà ñêàëàõ. Ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íàÿ îêðàèíà Óêîêà. 9–14.07.2009. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà è Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà. Golden Eagle nests (Aquila chrysaetos) on cliffs. Northeast border of the Ukok Plateau. 9–14/07/2009. Photos by S. Vazhov and R. Bekmansurov.

ñî ñêàëüíûìè îáíàæåíèÿìè è ïî áîëüøåé Óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå îòìå÷åíî òîëü- ÷àñòè ëèìèòèðîâàí â ñâî¸ì ðàñïðîñòðà- êî íà òð¸õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (30,0% îò èõ íåíèè èìåííî íàëè÷èåì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ÷èñëà ñ ïðîâåðåííûìè ãí¸çäàìè, n=10). Âî ñêàë, òàê êàê, â îòëè÷èå îò ñòåïíîãî îðëà, âñåõ óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çäàõ íà ìîìåíò ïðîâåð- îí íå ãíåçäèòñÿ íà îòêðûòûõ è äîñòóïíûõ êè áûëî ïî îäíîìó ïîëíîñòüþ îïåð¸ííîìó ñêàëüíûõ âûõîäàõ ñêëîíîâ ãîð. ïòåíöó, â îäíîì èç íèõ (â äîëèíå ð. Æóìàëû) Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ñîñåäÿìè âàðüèðóåò îò íàéäåí òðóï âòîðîãî ïòåíöà. Íà ñåìè ó÷àñò- 4,0 äî 12,98 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=9) êàõ ãí¸çäà ïóñòîâàëè, áûëè ëè ïîïûòêè ðàç-

8,71±3,6 êì (Ex=-1,70, ìåäèàíà=10,08 êì). ìíîæåíèÿ â íèõ, óñòàíîâèòü íå óäàëîñü.  ñêàëüíûõ ìàññèâàõ äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó ñî- Îáúåêòàìè ïèòàíèÿ áåðêóòîâ, ñóäÿ ïî ñåäÿìè âàðüèðóþò â äèàïàçîíå îò 4,0 äî îñòàíêàì æåðòâ íà ãí¸çäàõ, ÿâëÿëèñü äëèí- 4,5 êì, â äîëèíàõ, áåäíûõ ñêàëàìè (íàïðè- íîõâîñòûå ñóñëèêè, áåëûå êóðîïàòêè è ìåð, â Áåðòåêñêîé êîòëîâèíå) – îò 8,5 äî ñóðêè. Ñðåäè îñòàòêîâ ïèùè òàêæå íàéäå- 13 êì. Ïëîòíîñòü áåðêóòà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íû îñòàíêè áîëîòíîé ñîâû (Asio flammeus) ñîñòàâëÿåò 5,86 ïàð/100 êì2 ãíåçäîïðè- è óäîäà (Upupa epops). ãîäíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé (1,05 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè). Ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè Áîðîäà÷ (Gypaetus barbatus) íà îáùåé ïëîùàäè áëèçêè ê òåì, êîòîðûå Î ðåãóëÿðíûõ âñòðå÷àõ áîðîäà÷à íà òåð- áûëè ðàññ÷èòàíû ðàíåå äëÿ áåðêóòà íà ðèòîðèè ÊÎÒÐ «Ïëàòî Óêîê» óïîìèíàåò Î.Á. Óêîêå ïî äàííûì ïëîùàäî÷íûõ ó÷¸òîâ â Ìèòðîôàíîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2006). Íàøà èí- äîëèíàõ Êàëãóòû è Äæàçàòîðà (ñì. Êàðÿêèí ôîðìàöèÿ î áîðîäà÷å íà Óêîêå ðàíåå óæå è äð., 2010à). Ïðè ïëîùàäè òåððèòîðèé, áûëà îïóáëèêîâàíà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009 ã.). ïîòåíöèàëüíî ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ Æèëîå ãíåçäî íàéäåíî 10 èþëÿ 2009 ã. áëèç áåðêóòà, â 860 êì2 (5112 êì2 îáùåé ïëî- ïåðåâàëà Ò¸ïëûé êëþ÷. Îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû ùàäè), íà Óêîêå ìîæåò ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ îêî- íàáëþäàëèñü 25 èþëÿ 2006 ã. â 10 êì ñåâåð- ëî 50 ïàð (50 ïàð ïî äàííûì ìàðøðóòíûõ íåå ýòîãî ïåðåâàëà è 12 èþëÿ 2009 ã. â ïðà- ó÷¸òîâ, 54 ïàðû ïî äàííûì ïëîùàäî÷íûõ âîáåðåæüå ñðåäíåãî òå÷åíèÿ Êàëãóòû, ÷òî ó÷¸òîâ), ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 36,26% îò ÷èñëåí- ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëîæèòü ãíåçäîâàíèå åù¸ íîñòè âèäà â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå (Êàðÿ- äâóõ ïàð áîðîäà÷åé: îäíîé â ìåæäóðå÷üå êèí è äð., 2010à). Æóìàëû è Ñàäàêáàÿ è äðóãîé â âåðõîâüÿõ 170 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ïðåäåëàõ 7–10 êì. Ìàññèâ ãîðû ×îëîê-×àä è õð. Þæíûé Àëòàé èçðåçàíû ãëóáîêèìè óùåëüÿìè, ïðèãîäíûìè äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîðîäà÷à, êîòîðûå ñîâåðøåííî íå îáñëåäîâàíû. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ðåãóëÿðíûå âñòðå÷è áîðîäà÷åé â ðàéîíå âñåõ êðóïíûõ ñêàë, êîòîðûå ïî- ñåùàëèñü îðíèòîëîãàìè, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëà- ãàòü äîâîëüíî øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ýòîãî âèäà â ðàéîíå Óêîêà, à îïåðèðóÿ äèñòàíöèÿìè ìåæäó ñîñåäÿìè è ïëîùàäüþ ñêàëüíûõ ìàññèâîâ ìîæíî îöåíèòü ÷èñëåí- íîñòü áîðîäà÷à íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà Óêîêå â êîëè÷åñòâå íå ìåíåå 17 ïàð.

׸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus) Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) âñòðå÷àë ãðèôà íà Óêîêå â àâãóñòå 1914 ã. Î ðåãóëÿðíûõ Ðèñ. 7. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áîðîäà÷à (Gypaetus barbatus). âñòðå÷àõ 3–7 îñîáåé íà òåððèòîðèè ÊÎÒÐ Fig. 7. Breeding territories of the Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus). «Ïëàòî Óêîê» ñîîáùàåò Î.Á. Ìèòðîôàíîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2006). ð. Àê-Êîë (Àêêîëü), ãäå èìåþòñÿ ãíåçäîïðè-  2009 ã. íàìè îòìå÷åíî 11 èþëÿ íà ãîäíûå äëÿ íåãî ñêàëû. Åù¸ îäèí ãíåçäîâîé Óêîêå 5 îñîáåé â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Êàëãóòû, ó÷àñòîê âûÿâëåí â 2009 ã. â ðàéîíå ãîðû Àð- 9 èþëÿ ó åãî ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé îêðàèíû ãàìäæè, ãäå 11 èþëÿ íàìè îáíàðóæåíû õà- 4 îñîáè ó îç. Òàðõàòèíñêîå è 5 îñîáåé â ðàêòåðíûå ïðèñàäû áîðîäà÷åé, à â ïåðèîä íèçîâüÿõ ð. Óñàé (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009ã). ñ 12 ïî 18 èþëÿ À.Î. Ãðåáåíùèêîâ (2010) Ïî-âèäèìîìó, âñ¸ ýòî áûëè íå ðàçìíîæà- íåîäíîêðàòíî íàáëþäàë ïàðó ïòèö. Ýòîò æå þùèåñÿ ïòèöû. àâòîð 25 èþëÿ 2009 ã. íàáëþäàë ïàðó áîðî- äà÷åé â óùåëüå Êàðà-×àä, à 30 èþëÿ â òîì Êóìàé (Gyps himalayensis) æå ìåñòå – ïàðó è ìîëîäóþ ïòèöó, ÷òî ïî- Ìîëîäîé êóìàé âñòðå÷åí 9 èþëÿ 2009 ã. çâîëÿåò ãîâîðèòü åù¸ îá îäíîì ãíåçäîâîì ó ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé îêðàèíû Óêîêà, â íè- ó÷àñòêå (Ãðåáåíùèêîâ, 2010). çîâüÿõ ð. Óñàé, âìåñòå ñ ãðèôàìè (Êàðÿêèí Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íà è äð., 2009ã). Óêîêå è ïî åãî îêðàèíàì èçâåñòíî, êàê ìèíèìóì, 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîðî- Ïîëåâîé ëóíü (Circus cyaneus) äà÷åé. Ðàññòîÿíèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè èç- Ïî ìíåíèþ Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà (1938), âñòðå- âåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ âàðüèðóþò â ÷àâøåãî ïîëåâûõ ëóíåé â àâãóñòå 1914 ã.

Ãíåçäîâàÿ ñêàëà áîðîäà÷à (Gypaetus barbatus) â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Æóìàëû (ñëåâà) è áîðîäà÷ íàä âîäîðàçäåëîì ðåê Êàëãóòû è Àêêîëü (ñïðàâà). 10, 12.07.2009. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà è Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Nesting cliff of the Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) in the upper reaches of the Zhumaly River (left) and Lammergeier in the watershed of the Kalguty and Akkol Rivers (right). 10, 12/07/2009. Photos by S. Vazhov and E. Nikolenko. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 171

íà ð. Æóìàëû (ìîëîäûõ) è íà ð. Àê-Êîë, ýòîò õèùíèê îïðåäåë¸ííî ãíåçäèòñÿ â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå, â òîì ÷èñëå íà Óêîêå. Êàê âïîëíå îáû÷íóþ ãíåçäÿùóþ- ñÿ è øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííóþ ïòèöó Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ ïðèâîäèò ïîëåâîãî ëóíÿ Ý.À. Èðèñîâ (2009), òàêæå âñòðå÷àâ- øèé åãî íà ð. Æóìàëû. Îäèíî÷íûé ñàìåö âñòðå÷åí â èþëå 2007 ã. â ðàéîíå îç. Ãóñè- íîå (Áîãîìîëîâ, Èãíàòåíêî, 2008à). Íàìè ñàìåö ïîëåâîãî ëóíÿ îòìå÷åí 21 èþëÿ 2006 ã. â äîëèíå ð. Óñàé ó ñåâåðî- âîñòî÷íîé îêðàèíû Óêîêà. Ñàìêà ëóíÿ, Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug). 12.06.2009. êîòîðîãî ìû ñêëîííû ñ÷èòàòü ïîëåâûì Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. (õîðîøî ðàññìîòðåòü íå óäàëîñü), íàáëþ- Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). 12/06/2009. äàëàñü íàä äîëèíîé Êàëãóòû ìåæäó ïîãðàí- Photo by I. Karyakin. çàñòàâîé «Àðãàìäæè» è îç. Ãóñèíûì. Á.Í. Èãíàòåíêî (2008à), òîãäà æå èìè îá- Ñòåïíîé ëóíü (Circus macrourus) íàðóæåíî ãíåçäî ñ äâóìÿ ïòåíöàìè. Ïðè Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) 21 àâãóñòà 1914 ã. èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ÊÎÒÐ Î.Á. Ìèòðîôàíîâ ñ äîáûë íà Óêîêå ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ, êîòîðîãî ñîàâòîðàìè (2006) ïðåäïîëîæèëè ãíåçäî- ñ÷èòàë ïðîë¸òíûì.  àâãóñòå 2005 ã. ïàðó âàíèå â å¸ ïðåäåëàõ îò 3 äî 5 ïàð. ñòåïíûõ ëóíåé âñòðåòèëè çäåñü Ä.Å. Òå è  2009 ã. íàì óäàëîñü âûÿâèòü 8 ãíåç- Á.Í. Èãíàòåíêî (2006). Î.Á. Ìèòðîôàíîâ äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (ðèñ. 8): òðè íà ñåâåðî- ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2006), ïðè èíâåíòàðèçà- âîñòî÷íîé îêðàèíå Óêîêà, ìåæäó íèçî- öèè ÊÎÒÐ, ïðåäïîëîæèëè ãíåçäîâàíèå â âüÿìè ð. Óñàé è âåðõîâüÿìè ð. Æóìàëû, å¸ ïðåäåëàõ îò 1 äî 5 ïàð ñòåïíûõ ëóíåé. îäèí áëèç ïåðåâàëà Ò¸ïëûé êëþ÷ (ãíåçäî â Íàìè ýòîò ëóíü íà Óêîêå íå âñòðå÷åí. ñòàðîé ïîñòðîéêå áîðîäà÷à), òðè â âîñòî÷- íîé ÷àñòè Áåðòåêñêîé êîòëîâèíû è îäèí â Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) äîëèíå Äæàçàòîðà, ó ñåâåðíîé îêðàèíû Ïî ìíåíèþ Ý.À. Èðèñîâà (2009) íà Óêî- Óêîêà. Íà ÷åòûð¸õ ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû êå ýòîò ñîêîë áîëåå ìíîãî÷èñëåí, ÷åì â ãí¸çäà, âñå îíè ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà ñêàëàõ. äðóãèõ ìåñòàõ Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ.   ñâÿçè ñ òðîôè÷åñêîé ñïåöèàëèçàöè- àâãóñòå 2005 ã. Ä.Å. Òå è Á.Í. Èãíàòåíêî åé áàëîáàí, êàê è ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê, (2006) âñòðåòèëè çäåñü òðè ïàðû áàëîáà- òåñíî ñâÿçàí ñ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿìè äàóðñêîé íîâ. Òðè òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ïàðû îòìåòèëè ïèùóõè è äëèííîõâîñòîãî ñóñëèêà, îäíàêî çäåñü â èþëå 2007 ã. è Ä.Â. Áîãîìîëîâ ñ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ åìó, êàê áåðêóòó, íóæíû îòâåñíûå ñêàëû, ïðè÷¸ì ñ ïîñòðîéêàìè äðóãèõ ÿñòðåáèíûõ. Ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå ðàñ- ïðîñòðàíåíèå îïòèìàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòà- íèé áàëîáàíà íà Óêîêå áîëåå óçêîå, ÷åì ó ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà è áåðêóòà, õîòÿ â âûñîòíîì äèàïàçîíå îí ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ âïëîòü äî ñàìûõ ëüäîâ. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ñîñåäÿìè âàðüèðóåò îò 2,81 äî 12,85 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=5)

7,49±4.38 êì (Ex=-2,49, ìåäèàíà=6,51 êì). Ïëîòíîñòü áàëîáàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ñîñòàâëÿåò 3,91 ïàð/100 êì2 ãíåçäîïðè- ãîäíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé (0,58 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè). Ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè íà îáùåé ïëîùàäè áëèçêè ê òåì, êîòîðûå áûëè ðàññ÷èòàíû ðàíåå äëÿ áàëîáàíà íà Óêîêå ïî äàííûì ïëîùàäî÷íûõ ó÷¸òîâ â äîëèíàõ Êàëãóòû è Äæàçàòîðà (ñì. Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2010á). Ïðè ïëîùàäè òåððèòîðèé, Ðèñ. 8. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) è ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus). ïîòåíöèàëüíî ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâà- íèÿ áàëîáàíà, â 860 êì2 (5112 êì2 îáùåé Fig. 8. Breeding territories of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) and Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). ïëîùàäè), íà Óêîêå ìîæåò ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ 172 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãíåçäîâàÿ ñêàëà îêîëî 30 ïàð (34 ïàðû ïî äàííûì ìàðø- Äæàçàòîðà, Àê-Àëàõè è íà Àðãóòå (ïîñëåä- áàëîáàíà íà ôîíå ëåä- ðóòíûõ ó÷¸òîâ, 30 ïàð ïî äàííûì ïëîùà- íèé íàõîäèòñÿ çà ïðåäåëàìè Óêîêà). íèêîâ Òàâàí-Áîãäî-Óëà. 12.07.2009. äî÷íûõ ó÷¸òîâ), ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 10% Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. îò ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àë- Äåðáíèê (Falco columbarius) Nesting cliff of the Saker òàå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2010). Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) îòìå÷àë äåðáíèêîâ Falcon with the Tavan- Óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå îòìå÷åíî íà 16–24 àâãóñòà 1914 ã. â ðàçíûõ ìåñòàõ Bogdo-Ula Mountain äâóõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ: ó ïåðåâàëà èç Óêîêà. Ý.À. Èðèñîâ (2009) óêàçûâàåò íà glaciers in the rear. äîëèíû Óñàÿ â äîëèíó Æóìàëû 14 èþëÿ îáèòàíèå ýòîãî ñîêîëà â ëèñòâåííè÷íè- 12/07/2009. Photos by S. Vazhov. âñòðå÷åí ïëîõî ëåòàþùèé ñë¸òîê ó ãíåç- êàõ äîëèíû ð. Æóìàëû. Äâå îñîáè îòìå- äà, à â ãíåçäå â ñòàðîé ïîñòðîéêå âîðî- ÷åíû íà Óêîêå â àâãóñòå 2005 ã. Ä.Å. Òå è íà (Corvus corax), íà îñòàíöå â ðàéîíå Á.Í. Èãíàòåíêî (2006). ïîãðàíçàñòàâû «Àðãàìäæè», èç êîòîðîãî Íàìè íàéäåíî äâà ãíåçäà äåðáíèêîâ 15 ñë¸òêè òîæå óæå âûëåòåëè, 12 èþëÿ íàé- è 16 èþëÿ 2009 ã. â äîëèíå Äæàçàòîðà, ó äåíû ñëåäû óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Íà ñåâåðíîé îêðàèíû Óêîêà. Îáà ãíåçäà áûëè ó÷àñòêå áëèç ïåðåâàëà «Ò¸ïëûé êëþ÷» ñòà- â ïîñòðîéêàõ ÷¸ðíîé âîðîíû íà ëèñòâåí- ðàÿ ïîñòðîéêà áîðîäà÷à, çàíèìàâøàÿñÿ íèöàõ, â íèõ íàõîäèëèñü, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, áàëîáàíîì, ïóñòîâàëà, áûëà ëè ïîïûòêà äâà è òðè ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöà (òîëüêî íà÷àâøèõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â íåé â ýòîì ñåçîíå, óñòàíî- îïåðÿòüñÿ). Êðîìå òîãî, äåðáíèêè îòìå÷å- âèòü íå óäàëîñü. Îäíî èç ãí¸çä íà ñåâåðî- íû 21 èþëÿ 2006 ã. â äîëèíå ð. Óñàé, 25 âîñòî÷íîé îêðàèíå Óêîêà íå ïðîâåðåíî èþëÿ 2006 ã. â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ãîðû Êðàñ- èç-çà ëèìèòà âðåìåíè. íîé (äîëèíà ð. Æóìàëû), 14 èþëÿ 2009 ã. ó îç. Çåðëþêîëü-Íóð è â âåðõîâüÿõ Æóìà- Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) ëû, 16 èþëÿ 2009 ã. â äîëèíå Äæàçàòîðà. Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) âñòðå÷àë ñàïñàíà 28 Íà òåððèòîðèè Óêîêà ãíåçäèòñÿ àëòàé- àâãóñòà 1914 ã. â èñòîêàõ Êàðà-Àëàõè. Òðè ñêèé äåðáíèê (F. c. lymani), ïîïóëÿöèÿ êî- îñîáè îòìå÷åíû íà Óêîêå â àâãóñòå 2005 ã. òîðîãî ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî Ä.Å. Òå è Á.Í. Èãíàòåíêî (2006). Îäèíî÷- â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå è Þãî-Çàïàäíîé íàÿ âñòðå÷à ïòèöû â ðàéîíå îçåðà Ãóñèíîãî Òûâå. Ìåñòàìè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äåðáíèêà â çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíà â èþëå 2007 ã. (Áîãîìî- Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå, è íà Óêîêå â òîì ëîâ, Èãíàòåíêî, 2008à). Ïðè èíâåíòàðèçà- ÷èñëå, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñêëþ÷è- öèè ÊÎÒÐ Î.Á. Ìèòðîôàíîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè òåëüíî ëèñòâåííè÷íèêè ó âåðõíåãî ïðåäå- (2006) ïðåäïîëîæèëè ãíåçäîâàíèå â å¸ ëà ëåñà, â êîòîðûõ ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâëÿåò ïðåäåëàõ îò 2 äî 5 ïàð ñàïñàíîâ. 30,83±1,1 ïàð/100 êì2 (Êàðÿêèí, Íèêî- Âåðîÿòíûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê âûÿâëåí ëåíêî, 2009). Äëÿ ïëîùàäè ëèñòâåííè÷- íàìè 16 èþëÿ 2009 ã. ó ñåâåðíîé îêðàèíû íèêîâ íà Óêîêå (537 êì2), áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü Óêîêà: õàðàêòåðíûå ïðèñàäû íàéäåíû íà èç êîòîðûõ ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â äîëèíå Äæà- ïðèðå÷íîé ñêàëå Äæàçàòîðà.  Áåðòåê- çàòîðà è íèçîâüÿõ åãî ïðèòîêîâ, ÷èñëåí- ñêîé êîòëîâèíå ýòîò ñîêîë íå âñòðå÷åí. íîñòü äåðáíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ìîæåò Òåððèòîðèÿ Óêîêà ëåæèò çà ïðåäåëàìè áûòü îöåíåíà â 160–171 ïàðó, â ñðåäíåì îïòèìàëüíîãî âûñîòíîãî äèàïàçîíà ñàï- 166 ïàð, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 10,48% îò ñàíà, è åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå â êîëè÷åñòâå 2–4 ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå ïàð ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ëèøü â íèçîâüÿõ (Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2009). Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 173

Ñàìêà (ââåðõó ñëåâà) è ñàìåö (â öåíòðå ñëåâà) àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà (Falco columbarius lymani), ñàìêà îêîëî ãíåçäà, óñòðîåííîãî â ïîñòðîéêå âîðîíû (Corvus corone) íà ëèñòâåííèöå (ââåðõó ñïðàâà), ïòåíöû äåðá- íèêà (âíèçó). Äîëèíà ð. Äæàçàòîð. 15.07.2009. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà, Ý. Íèêîëåí- êî è Ñ. Âàæîâà. Female (upper left) and male (center left) Altai Merlin (Falco columbar- ius lymani), female near a nest originally built by Carrion Crow (Corvus corone) on a larch (upper right) and Altai Merlin nestlings (bot- tom). Dzhazator river valley. 15/07/2009. Photos by I. Karyakin, E. Nikolenko and S. Vazhov.

Ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco naumanni) Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tin- Íè Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíûì (1938) â íà÷àëå XX nunculus) â, íè Ý.À. Èðèñîâûì (2009) â 60-õ ãã. íà Íà Óêîêå è åãî îêðàèíàõ îáûêíîâåííóþ Óêîêå íå íàéäåíà, îäíàêî Ä.Å. Òå è Á.Í. ïóñòåëüãó âñòðå÷àë Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) â Èãíàòåíêî (2006) â àâãóñòå 2005 ã. âñòðå- àâãóñòå 1914 ã. Ïî äàííûì Ý.À. Èðèñîâà òèëè íà Óêîêå «íå ìåíåå 12 ïàð» ñòåïíûõ (2009), ÷àùå âñåãî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â ðàéî- ïóñòåëüã. Ä.Â. Áîãîìîëîâ è Á.Í. Èãíàòåí- íå âåðõíåãî òå÷åíèÿ ðåê Óñàé è Æóìà- êî (2008à) â èþëå 2007 ã. îòìåòèëè äåâÿòü ëû. ×åòûðå ïàðû îòìå÷åíû íà Óêîêå â òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ïàð è óñòàíîâèëè ìåñòà àâãóñòå 2005 ã. Ä.Å. Òå è Á.Í. Èãíàòåíêî ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ òð¸õ ãí¸çä. Î.Á. Ìèòðî- (2006). ôàíîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2006), ïðè èíâåíòà-  ðàéîíå ïåðåâàëà Ò¸ïëûé êëþ÷ 21–27 ðèçàöèè ÊÎÒÐ, ïðåäïîëîæèëè ãíåçäîâà- èþëÿ 2006 ã. íàáëþäàëàñü ïàðà ñ âûâîä- íèå â å¸ ïðåäåëàõ îò 5 äî 25 ïàð ñòåïíûõ êîì.  15 êì ñåâåðíåå, â íåáîëüøîì ó÷àñò- ïóñòåëüã. Âåðîÿòíî, â äàííîì ñëó÷àå èìå- êå ëèñòâåííè÷íîãî ëåñà, 25 èþëÿ 2006 ã. åò ìåñòî îøèáêà â îïðåäåëåíèè âèäîâîé íàéäåíî ãíåçäî íà ëèñòâåííèöå íà âûñîòå ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè ïóñòåëüã, òàê êàê íà Óêî- 6 ì â ñòàðîé ïîñòðîéêå ÷¸ðíîé âîðîíû. êå ïîëíîñòüþ îòñóòñòâóåò êîðìîâàÿ áàçà  ãíåçäå íàõîäèëèñü òðè ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöà äëÿ ñòåïíîé ïóñòåëüãè è êëèìàòè÷åñêèå (ó ñòàðøåãî íà÷àëè îòðàñòàòü ìàõîâûå è óñëîâèÿ, ìÿãêî ãîâîðÿ, íå ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ðóëåâûå) è ÿéöî-áîëòóí. Ïðèìåðíî òàì îïòèìóìó îáèòàíèÿ âèäà. Íàìè íà Óêîêå æå 9 èþëÿ 2009 ã. íàéäåíî ãíåçäî îáûê- ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà íå îáíàðóæåíà. Áëè- íîâåííîé ïóñòåëüãè â íèøå ñêàëû (åãî ñî- æàéøèå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñòåïíîé ïó- äåðæèìîå íå ïðîâåðåíî èç-çà íåäîñòàòêà ñòåëüãè èçâåñòíû â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè è â äî- âðåìåíè), êðîìå òîãî, â èþëå 2009 ã. ïó- ëèíå Êàòóíè. ñòåëüãè îòìå÷àëèñü ó îç. Çåðëþêîëü-Íóð, â 174 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Âûâîäîê îáûêíîâåí- íîé ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus), ð. Æóìà- ëû, 25.07.2006 ã. Ôîòî Ð. Áàõòèíà. Kestrel brood (Falco tinnunculus) in the nest. Zhumaly River, 25/07/2006. Photo by R. Bachtin.

âåðõîâüÿõ Êàëãóòû, â Áåðòåêñêîé êîòëîâè- Ñë¸òîê äîìîâîãî ñû÷à (Athene noctua). Áåðòåêñêàÿ íå ó ïîãðàíçàñòàâû «Àðãàìäæè» è â äîëèíå êîòëîâèíà. 12.07.2009. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Äæàçàòîðà. Little Owl fledgling (Athene noctua). Bertek Âåðîÿòíî, ïóñòåëüãà ÿâëÿåòñÿ äîñòàòî÷- Depression. 12/07/2009. Photo by I. Karyakin. íî îáû÷íîé ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ õèùíîé ïòèöåé êàê áåçëåñíûõ òåððèòîðèé Óêîêà, òàê è Äîìîâûé ñû÷ (Athene noctua) ëèñòâåííè÷íèêîâ â ðå÷íûõ äîëèíàõ Äæàçà- Íè Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíûì (1938) â íà÷àëå XX â., òîðà è åãî ïðèòîêîâ, íî ïîëíîöåííûõ ó÷¸ò- íè Ý.À. Èðèñîâûì (2009) â 60-õ ãã. íà Óêî- íûõ äàííûõ ïî ýòîìó âèäó íå ñîáðàíî. êå íå íàéäåí, õîòÿ ïîñëåäíèé àâòîð ïðåä- ïîëàãàë òàì åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå. Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) Ñïåöèàëüíî ïîèñê ãí¸çä äîìîâîãî ñû÷à  1914 ã. Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) íàõîäèë íàìè íå ïðîâîäèëñÿ. Òðè ñë¸òêà, âèäèìî ôèëèíà 18 àâãóñòà íà ð. Æóìàëû è 21 àâ- íåäàâíî ïîêèíóâøèõ ãíåçäî, íàáëþäàëèñü ãóñòà ó óñòüÿ Êàëãóòû. Ý.À. Èðèñîâ (2009) 11 èþëÿ 2009 ã. íà êóðóìå ó ãíåçäà ìîõ- âñòðåòèë ýòó ñîâó âáëèçè Óêîêà 25 ñåíòÿ- íîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà â âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè áðÿ ó îç. Òàðõàòèíñêîãî. Íàìè ïîèñê ãí¸çä Áåðòåêñêîé êîòëîâèíû. Âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà è ôèëèíà ñïåöèàëüíî íå ïðîâîäèëñÿ è íàé- íåñêîëüêî õîðîøî ëåòàþùèõ ñë¸òêîâ íà- äåíà òîëüêî ïðèñàäà 16 èþëÿ 2009 ã. íà áëþäàëèñü 12 èþëÿ ó ãíåçäà ñòåïíîãî îðëà ïðèðå÷íîé ñêàëå Äæàçàòîðà, ó ñåâåðíîé â ðàéîíå ïîãðàíçàñòàâû «Àðãàìäæè», êàê îêðàèíû Óêîêà. óæå áûëî ñêàçàíî, â ãíåçäå îðëà íàéäåíû îñòàíêè ñû÷à. Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus) Äëÿ Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ óøàñòàÿ Çàêëþ÷åíèå ñîâà âïåðâûå ïðèâîäèòñÿ Ý.À. Èðèñîâûì Êàê ñëåäóåò èç èññëåäîâàíèé, ïðåä- (2009), êîòîðûé íàø¸ë å¸ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè, ñòàâëåííûõ â íàñòîÿùåé ñòàòüå, íà Óêîêå â òîì ÷èñëå è â îñòðîâíûõ ëèñòâåííè÷íûõ îáèòàþò ìíîãèå ðåäêèå âèäû, âêëþ÷¸ííûå ëåñàõ ïî îêðàèíàì Óêîêà (â äîëèíàõ Æó- êàê â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ (ÊÊ ÐÔ), òàê è â ìàëû è Äæàçàòîðà). Íàìè 15 èþëÿ 2009 ã. â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé (ÊÊ ÐÀ). äîëèíå Äæàçàòîðà, â ðàéîíå óñòüÿ ð. Òàðà, Òàê, õàðàêòåðíûìè øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðà- íàéäåíû äâå ïîñòðîéêè ÷¸ðíûõ âîðîí íà í¸ííûìè õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè Óêîêà ñëåäó- ëèñòâåííèöàõ, êîòîðûå íåäàâíî ïîêèíóëè åò ñ÷èòàòü ñòåïíîãî îðëà (ÊÊ ÐÔ, ÊÊ ÐÀ), ñë¸òêè óøàñòûõ ñîâ. ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (ÊÊ ÐÀ), áåðêóòà (ÊÊ ÐÔ, ÊÊ ÐÀ), áàëîáàíà (ÊÊ ÐÔ, ÊÊ ÐÀ), Áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà (Asio flammeus) ÷¸ðíîãî êîðøóíà, áîðîäà÷à (ÊÊ ÐÔ, ÊÊ Ýòà ñîâà íàéäåíà íà Óêîêå Ï.Ï. Ñóø- ÐÀ), îáûêíîâåííóþ ïóñòåëüãó è, âåðîÿò- êèíûì (1938) 19 èþëÿ 1914 ã. íà ð. Àê- íî, äîìîâîãî ñû÷à. Äðåâåñíî ãíåçäÿùèå- Êîë è 27 àâãóñòà ó ïåðåâàëà ×èíäàãàòû. ñÿ òåòåðåâÿòíèê, ïåðåïåëÿòíèê, êàíþê, Íàìè îñòàíêè áîëîòíîé ñîâû, ñúåäåííîé îð¸ë-êàðëèê (ÊÊ ÐÀ), äåðáíèê è óøàñòàÿ áåðêóòîì, íàéäåíû 11 èþëÿ 2009 ã. â åãî ñîâà â ñâî¸ì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè ñâÿçàíû ñ ãíåçäå â Áåðòåêñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ìåæäó ëèñòâåííè÷íûìè è åëîâî-ëèñòâåííè÷íûìè ïîãðàíçàñòàâîé «Àðãàìäæè» è îç. Ãóñè- ëåñàìè ïî äîëèíàì ðåê íà ñåâåðíîé è âîñ- íûì. òî÷íîé îêðàèíàõ Óêîêà. Ñòàòóñ ïîëåâîãî Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 175

è ñòåïíîãî ëóíåé (ÊÊ ÐÔ, ÊÊ ÐÀ), ôèëèíà ãîäó, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, (ÊÊ ÐÔ, ÊÊ ÐÀ) è áîëîòíîé ñîâû íå âûÿñ- 2010. ¹ 20. Ñ. 54–67. íåí, íî îíè, âåðîÿòíî, ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà ïëà- Ãðåáåíùèêîâ À.Î. Íàáëþäåíèÿ áîðîäà÷à â òî. Ïî îêðàèíàì Óêîêà âîçìîæíî òàêæå îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ÷åòûð¸õ ëåäîâûõ ðàéîíîâ íà Àë- òàå, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, ñïîðàäè÷íîå ãíåçäîâàíèå ñàïñàíà (ÊÊ ÐÔ, 2010. ¹18. Ñ. 176–179. ÊÊ ÐÀ) è ñêîïû (ÊÊ ÐÔ, ÊÊ ÐÀ). Îðëàíû Èðèñîâ Ý.À. Ïòèöû Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ. (áåëîõâîñò è äîëãîõâîñò) (ÊÊ ÐÔ, ÊÊ ÐÀ), Áàðíàóë, 2009. 180 ñ. ÷¸ðíûé ãðèô (ÊÊ ÐÔ, ÊÊ ÐÀ) è êóìàé (ÊÊ Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè- ÐÔ, ÊÊ ÐÀ) íà Óêîêå íå ãíåçäÿòñÿ è âñòðå- ÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîî- ÷àþòñÿ ëèøü çàë¸òíûå îñîáè, à èíôîðìà- áðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, öèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè ìîãèëüíèêà (ÊÊ ÐÔ, ÊÊ 2004. 351 ñ. ÐÀ), îáûêíîâåííîãî êóðãàííèêà (ÊÊ ÐÔ), Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Îð¸ë-êàðëèê â Ïîâîëæüå, íà à âîçìîæíî è ñòåïíîé ïóñòåëüãè (ÊÊ ÐÔ, Óðàëå è â Ñèáèðè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíè- êè è èõ îõðàíà, 2007. ¹9. Ñ. 27–62. ÊÊ ÐÀ), ÿâíî îøèáî÷íà è ñâÿçàíà ñ íåïðà- Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ó÷èìñÿ ðàçëè÷àòü êóðãàííèêîâ. âèëüíîé èäåíòèôèêàöèåé ïòèö â ïîëåâûõ – Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð. 2008. http:// óñëîâèÿõ. www.sibecocenter.ru/Buteo_ruf_hem1.htm Óêîê ÿâëÿåòñÿ òåððèòîðèåé, íà êîòîðîé Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Äåðáíèê â ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ ñóùåñòâåííàÿ ÷àñòü ïîïóëÿ- Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå öèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà è áîðîäà÷à, à òàêæå äî- õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2009. ¹17. Ñ. 98–120. ñòàòî÷íî êðóïíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áåê- ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, áåðêóòà, áàëî- ìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Ïåðâàÿ äîêóìåíòàëüíàÿ âñòðå÷à áàíà è àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà. Êàê êëþ÷åâàÿ êóðãàííèêà íà Àëòàå, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíè- êè è èõ îõðàíà, 2009à. ¹16. Ñ. 176–178. îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ìåæäóíà- Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. ðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ (ÊÎÒÐ) Óêîê ñîîòâåò- Ìîãèëüíèê â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è ñòâóåò êðèòåðèþ À3, ò.ê. òóò ïðåäñòàâëåíû èõ îõðàíà, 2009á. ¹15. Ñ. 66–79. âèäû, ñïåöèôè÷íûå äëÿ áèîìîâ åâðàçèé- Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., ñêèõ âûñîêîãîðèé è åâðàçèéñêèõ ñòåïåé, à Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Ìîãèëüíèê â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ: òàêæå êðèòåðèþ À1, êàê òåððèòîðèÿ, àêòó- ðåçóëüòàòû 2009 ãîäà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèù- àëüíàÿ äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíà. íèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2009â. ¹16. Ñ. 129–138. Íà ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü þæíàÿ ÷àñòü ïëà- Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., òî Óêîê îõðàíÿåòñÿ ìåæäóíàðîäíûì çà- Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Íîâûå äàííûå î ïàäàëüùè- êàõ Àëòàÿ, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ êîíîäàòåëüñòâîì – êàê îáúåêò Âñåìèðíî- îõðàíà, 2009ã. ¹16. Ñ. 173–176. ãî ïðèðîäíîãî è êóëüòóðíîãî íàñëåäèÿ Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Áàðàøêî- ÞÍÅÑÊÎ è êàê ÊÎÒÐ ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî âà À.Í., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Êîíîâàëîâ Ë.È., çíà÷åíèÿ, à òàêæå ðåãèîíàëüíûì çàêîíî- Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áåêìàíñó- äàòåëüñòâîì – ïðèðîäíûé ïàðê ðåãèîíàëü- ðîâ Ð.Õ. Áåðêóò â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, íîãî çíà÷åíèÿ. Îäíàêî íè òîò, íè äðóãîé Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, ñòàòóñ íå èìååò äîñòàòî÷íî ðàçðàáîòàí- 2010à. ¹18. Ñ. 82–152. íîé íîðìàòèâíîé áàçû â ðàìêàõ ôåäå- Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., ðàëüíîãî ðîññèéñêîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà Ìèòðîôàíîâ Î.Á. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ïî- ïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå (ñì. ñòàòüþ â ðàçäåëå «Ïðîáëåìà íîìå- â 2009–2010 ãîäàõ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ ðà», íàñòîÿùèé ñáîðíèê, ñòð. 16–23). îõðàíà, 2010á. ¹19. Ñ. 136–151. Ìèòðîôàíîâ Î.Á., Òå Ä.Å., Èãíàòåíêî Á.Í. Ëèòåðàòóðà Ïëàòî Óêîê (Àò-002). – Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷å- Áîãîìîëîâ Ä.Â., Èãíàòåíêî Á.Í. Íàáëþäåíèÿ ñêèå òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè. Ò. 2. Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòî- çà õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè ïëàòî Óêîê. – Èçó÷åíèå ëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷å- è îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Ìà- íèÿ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ì., 2006. Ñ. 242–243. òåðèàëû V ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî Îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûå ïðèðîäíûå òåððèòîðèè õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Èâàíîâî, Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî Ýêîðåãèîíà. Êåìåðîâî: Àçèÿ, 2008à. Ñ. 193–195. 2001. 176 ñ. Áîãîìîëîâ Ä.Â., Èãíàòåíêî Á.Í. Î íåîáû÷- Ðóäîé À.Í., Ëûñåíêîâà Ç.Â., Ðóäñêèé Â.Â., íîì ãíåçäîâàíèè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà. Øèøèí Ì.Þ. Óêîê (ïðîøëîå, íàñòîÿùåå, áóäó- – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîé ùåå). Áàðíàóë: Èçä-âî Àëò. óí-òà, 2000. 172 ñ. Åâðàçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû V Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîí- Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Àëòàÿ è ïðè- ôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðà- ëåæàùèõ ÷àñòåé Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè. çèè. Èâàíîâî, 2008á. Ñ. 75–76. Ì.–Ë., 1938. Ò. 1. 320 ñ. Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áàõòèí Ð.Ô., Ìàêàðîâ À.Â., Êà- Òå Ä.Å., Èãíàòåíêî Á.Í. Èíòåðåñíûå îðíè- ðÿêèí È.Â., Ìèòðîôàíîâ Î.Á. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìî- òîëîãè÷åñêèå íàõîäêè íà ïëàòî Óêîê, Ãîðíûé íèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê êðóïíûõ Àëòàé. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2006. ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé â 2010 ¹6. Ñ. 67. 176 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

DifferentiationinBreedingHabitatsoftheBirdsofPreyintheState BiosphereNatureReserve“Kerzhensky”,Russia ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИЯ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ НИШ ДНЕВНЫХ ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ В КЕРЖЕНСКОМ ЗАПОВЕДНИКЕ, РОССИЯ NovikovaL.M.(StateBiosphereNatureReserve“Kerzhenskiy”,N.Novgorod,Russia) Новикова Л.М. (Государственный природный биосферный заповедник «Керженский», Н.Новгород, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ðåçþìå Ëþäìèëà Íîâèêîâà  ñòàòüå ïðåäñòàâëåíû äàííûå ïî ãíåçäîâàíèþ äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Êåðæåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå, ðàñïîëî- Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé æåííîì â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðà â 2006–2010 ãã., ìàòåðèàëàì Ëåòî- ïðèðîäíûé ïèñè ïðèðîäû çàïîâåäíèêà çà 2006 ãã. è ñâåäåíèé èç áàçû äàííûõ çàïîâåäíèêà çà 2005–2006 ãã. Ïðîàíà- áèîñôåðíûé ëèçèðîâàíî ðàçìåùåíèå 48 ãíåçä íà 42 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ 6 âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö: ÿñòðåá-òåòåðåâÿòíèê çàïîâåäíèê (Accipiter gentilis), êàíþê (Buteo buteo), ÿñòðåá-ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus), îñîåä (Pernis apivorus), «Êåðæåíñêèé» ÷¸ðíûé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans), áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga). Ðàññìîòðåíî 60 ñëó÷àåâ çà 2005– 603001, Ðîññèÿ, 2010 ãã., êîãäà äàííûå ãí¸çäà ÿâëÿëèñü àêòèâíûìè. Îïèñàíû ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå íèøè äàííûõ âèäîâ: âûÿâëåíû Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, îòëè÷èÿ âèäîâ ïî áèîòîïè÷åñêîé è ëàíäøàôòíîé ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, ïî îòíîøå- óë. Ðîæäåñòâåíñêàÿ, íèþ ê ñîñåäñòâó ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð òîãî æå è äðóãèõ âèäîâ. Ñ öåëüþ âûÿâëåíèÿ ðàçëè÷èÿ íèø ïðîâåä¸í äèñ- 23–6 êðèìèíàíòíûé àíàëèç, â êîòîðûé âêëþ÷åíî 7 ïàðàìåòðîâ ëàíäøàôòíîé ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè ìåñòîîáèòàíèé è ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Êðîìå òîãî, ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíà óäàë¸ííîñòü àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä îò ðåê, òåë.: +7 83159 39 232 îò áëèæàéøèõ àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä òîãî æå è äðóãîãî âèäà. Èç 7 ðàññìîòðåííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ âåäóùåå çíà÷åíèå [email protected] äëÿ äèôôåðåíöèàöèè ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ íèø èìåþò ïëîùàäü îòêðûòûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ â ðàäèóñå 1 êì îò ãíåç- äà, âîçðàñò è âûñîòà äðåâîñòîÿ. Âñå âèäû, êðîìå ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà, îáíàðóæèâàþò òÿãîòåíèå ê ðåêàì ïðè óñòðîéñòâå ãí¸çä.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â óñëîâèÿõ Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà áîëüøèíñòâî âèäîâ õèùíûõ Contact: ïòèö âûíóæäåíû ãíåçäèòüñÿ â äîëèíàõ ðåê, ãäå, â îòëè÷èå îò âîäîðàçäåëîâ, ïîñëå êðóïíîãî ïîæàðà 1972 ã. Lyudmila Novikova ñîõðàíèëèñü ñðåäíå- è ñòàðîâîçðàñòíûå íàñàæäåíèÿ, è ñêîðîñòü ðîñòà äåðåâüåâ âûøå, ÷åì íà âîäîðàçäå- State Biosphere Nature ëàõ.  àíàëèçèðóåìîì ñîîáùåñòâå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ âíóòðèâèäîâàÿ êîíêóðåíöèÿ, ïî-âèäèìîìó, èãðàåò Reserve “Kerzhenskiy” áîëüøóþ ðîëü, ÷åì ìåæâèäîâàÿ, î ÷¸ì ãîâîðèò ñèëüíîå ïåðåêðûòèå íèø íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ, à òàêæå òîò Rozhdestvenskaya str., ôàêò, ÷òî ðàññòîÿíèÿ äî áëèæàéøèõ ãí¸çä ñâîåãî âèäà áîëüøå, ÷åì äî ÷óæîãî. Äèñêðèìèíàíòíûé àíàëèç 23–6, ïîêàçàë ñõîäñòâî ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ íèø òåòåðåâÿòíèêà, êàíþêà è îñîåäà; íèøà ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà ÷àñòè÷íî ïåðå- Nizhniy Novgorod, êðûâàåòñÿ ñ íèøàìè ýòèõ òð¸õ âèäîâ; íèøè ÷¸ðíîãî êîðøóíà è áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà îòäàëåíû äðóã îò äðóãà Russia, 603001 è îò íèø îñòàëüíûõ âèäîâ. tel.: +7 83159 39 232 Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ÿñòðåá-òåòåðåâÿòíèê, Accipiter gentilis, êàíþê, Buteo [email protected] buteo, ÿñòðåá-ïåðåïåëÿòíèê, Accipiter nisus, îñîåä, Pernis apivorus, ÷¸ðíûé êîðøóí, Milvus migrans, áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê, Aquila clanga, ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ íèøà, ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, áèîòè÷åñêàÿ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü, ëàíäøàôòíàÿ ïðèóðî÷åííîñòü, êîíêóðåíöèÿ, äèñêðèìèíàíòíûé àíàëèç. Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 04.04.2011 ã. Ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè 15.04.2011 ã.

Abstract The paper presents the data on the birds of prey breeding in the Kerzhensky State Nature Reserve, which is located in the N. Novgorod district; there are the results of the author’s surveyed carried out in 2006–2010, data of Chronicles of the Reserve Nature, 2006, and the data from the database of the Reserve for the period of 2005–2006. Distribution of 48 nests has been analyzed in 42 breeding territories of 6 raptor species: Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus), Black Kite (Milvus migrans), Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga). A total of 60 cases of breed- ing were registered in the monitored nests since 2005 to 2010. Ecological niches of those species have been described: habitat and landscape preferences, relationships with conspecifics and other species. To identify differences between niches the Discriminant Analysis is performed, which included 7 parameters of landscapes and breeding habitats and nesting trees of raptors. Besides, the distances between living nests and rivers and between nearest neighbours were analyzed. Among 7 parameters under consideration, an area of open land- scapes an area of open space within a radius of 1 km from the nest and the age of tree canopy are of prime importance for the differentiation of ecological niches. All species, except the Sparrowhawk, prefer to nest in the river valleys. Now under conditions of the Kerzhensky Reserve the most part of raptors are forced to nest in the river valleys, where unlike watersheds old and middle-aged forests have remained after the greatest fire in 1972, and the growth rate of trees is higher than on watersheds. In the analyzed community of raptors the intraspecific competition seems to be more significant than interspecific, that proved by the overlap of the breeding territories of some species, as well as the fact, that the inter-nest distances of conspecifics is more than the distances to nests of other species. Discriminant analysis has shown the similarity of ecological niches of Goshawks, Common Buzzards and Honey Buzzards, niches of Sparrowhawks overlaps with niches of these three species, niches of Black Kites, Greater Spotted Eagles are separated from each other and from niches of other species. Keywords: birds of Prey, raptors, Goshawk, Accipiter gentilis, Common Buzzard, Buteo buteo, Sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus, Honey Buzzard, Pernis apivorus, Black Kite, Milvus migrans, Greater Spotted Eagle, Aquila clanga, breeding habitat, ecological niche, habitat preferences, landscape preferences, competition, discrimi- nant analysis. Received: 04/04/2011. Accepted: 15/04/2011. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 177

Ââåäåíèå Introduction Âèäû ìîãóò ñîñóùåñòâîâàòü â ïðåäåëàõ The main aim of our research is to distin- ñîîáùåñòâà åñëè îíè, êàæäûé ïî-ñâîåìó, guish the general characters of breeding hab- çàâèñÿò îò íàëè÷èÿ ðåñóðñîâ è ïðèñóòñòâèÿ itats of different species of the birds of prey in äðóãèõ âèäîâ; òàêèå ðàçëè÷èÿ ïîçèöèé âè- the Kerzhensky State Nature Reserve. äîâ â ïðåäåëàõ îïðåäåë¸ííîãî ñîîáùåñòâà åñòü ðàçëè÷èÿ íèø (Óèòòåêåð, 1980). Region of Surveys Îñîáóþ àêòóàëüíîñòü èçó÷åíèå áèîðàç- The region of surveys is the territory of íîîáðàçèÿ èìååò â óñëîâèÿõ ìèíèìàëüíî- the State Nature Reserve “Kerzhensky”. ãî àíòðîïîãåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ – íà îñîáî The total area of the Reserve is 468.6 km2, îõðàíÿåìûõ ïðèðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ, â and 89.5% of it is covered by forests. The îñîáåííîñòè âûñøåãî ðàíãà (çàïîâåäíèêàõ list of forest communities of the Reserve è äð.), ãäå õîä ïðîöåññîâ, ïðîòåêàþùèõ â (Project of establishing..., 2000) is present- ïðèðîäå, íàèáîëåå áëèçîê ê åñòåñòâåííî- ed in the table 1. ìó. Ðåçóëüòàòû òàêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ìîãóò â äàëüíåéøåì èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ Methods of Surveys ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðèêëàäíûõ çàäà÷, íàïðèìåð, Searching to breeding territories of rap- ñîõðàíåíèÿ ýêîñèñòåì, îöåíêè èçìåíåíèé tors was carried out during the surveys: èõ ñâîéñòâ è ôóíêöèé â óñëîâèÿõ àíòðîïî- we recorded adult and young birds, nests, ãåííî íàðóøåííîãî ëàíäøàôòà. molted feathers, pellets, remains of prey Öåëüþ ðàáîòû ÿâëÿëîñü îïðåäåëåíèå using GPS-navigator (Karyakin, 2004). îñîáåííîñòåé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ íèø ðàçëè÷- The total length of pedestrian routes íûõ âèäîâ â ñîîáùåñòâå äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ was about 1614 km in 2006–2010, the ïòèö Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Çàäà÷è length of water routes was about 77 km – âûÿâëåíèå îòëè÷èé âèäîâ ïî áèîòîïè- in 2006–2007. ÷åñêîé è ëàíäøàôòíîé ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè The author has found 58 nests of raptors. ãíåçäîâûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, à òàêæå ïî îò- The monitoring of raptor nests were conduct- íîøåíèþ ê ñîñåäñòâó ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ed in May-July 2007–2010: 53 nests were òîãî æå è äðóãèõ âèäîâ. visited in 2007, 70 – in 2008, 67 – in 2009, and 68 – in 2010. Also the data from the da- Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ðàéîíà èññëåäîâàíèé tabase about 90 nests have been used. Ðàéîí ïðîâåäåíèÿ èññëåäîâàíèé – òåð- The distribution of 48 nests have been ðèòîðèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî analyzed in 42 breeding territories of 6 áèîñôåðíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Êåðæåíñêèé». raptor species: Goshawk (Accipiter gen- Çàïîâåäíèê ðàñïîëîæåí â ñåâåðíîé ïî- tilis), Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), ëîâèíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, â 54 êì Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), Honey ê ñåâåðî-âîñòîêó îò ã. Íèæíåãî Íîâãîðî- Buzzard (Pernis apivorus), Black Kite (Milvus migrans), Greater Spotted Eagle Ãíåçäî òåòåðåâÿòíèêà (Accipiter gentilis) íà (Aquila clanga). Only active nests were ñîñíå íà âîäîðàçäåëå. included in the analysis; a total of 60 Ôîòî Ë. Íîâèêîâîé. breeding events were considered for the Nest of the Goshawk period of 2005–2010. on a pine (Accipiter Characteristics of breeding habitats (age gentilis) on the and height of trees); the data on open watershed. Photo by L. Novikova. spaces were obtained from the materials of the Reserve forest management. Be- sides, open spaces outside the Reserve (for the breeding territories along the Re- serve borders) were verified with use of satellite images. The Discriminant Analysis is aimed to reveal the differences between ecologi- cal niches of raptor species; 7 parameters on landscape and habitats preferences, as well as nesting trees are subjected to analysis. Besides, additional 3 parameters, that have been not included in the model, are considered. Variation of distances between 178 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

äà; ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå êîîðäèíàòû öåíòðà – active nests and rivers was not included in 56,5º ñ.ø., 45,0º â.ä. Ïëîùàäü çàïîâåäíèêà the Discriminant analysis, because the dis- – 468,6 êì2. tribution was not normal for the most spe- Ïîëîæåíèå çàïîâåäíèêà ïî÷òè â ñàìîì cies. Also variation of nearest neighbour öåíòðå Âîëæñêî-Âåòëóæñêîé íèçìåííî- distances was not analyzed due to insuffi- ñòè ïðåäîïðåäåëÿåò èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ïî- cient data. ëåññêèé õàðàêòåð åãî ëàíäøàôòîâ (Âîë- The index of selectivity of Ivlev–Jacobs (J) êîâà è äð., 2006). is used to reveal the differences between Ïî äàííûì ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà 1998–99 ãã. habitat preferences of species (Romanov, ëåñîïîêðûòûå çåìëè çàíèìàþò àáñîëþòíî 2001). áîëüøóþ òåððèòîðèþ çàïîâåäíèêà (89,5% The data processing carried out with Sta- ïëîùàäè) (Ïðîåêò îðãàíèçàöèè..., 2000), èõ tistica 6.0 software package. âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ ïðåäñòàâëåí â òàáëèöå 1.  ñîñòàâå ïîêðûòûõ ëåñîì çåìåëü ïðå- Results and Discussion îáëàäàþò ñîñíÿêè (73,2%). Ëåñà â âîçðàñ- A total of 17 species of birds of prey are òå ìîëîäíÿêîâ çàíèìàþò 64% òåððèòî- registered in the territory of the Reserve, 12 ðèè çàïîâåäíèêà (Ïðîåêò îðãàíèçàöèè..., of them are breeding species. The Honey 2000). Ïðåîáëàäàíèå ìîëîäíÿêîâ ñâÿçàíî Buzzard, Black Kite, Goshawk, Sparrow- ñ ïðîøåäøèì â 1972 ã. ëåñíûì ïîæàðîì, hawk and Common Buzzard are recognized îäíèì èç êðóïíåéøèõ íà åâðîïåéñêîé as common breeding species; The Hobby òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè â XX âåêå, îõâàòèâøèì (Falco subbuteo) – as a uncommon species; äî 90% ïëîùàäè çàïîâåäíèêà (Àâåðèíà, the Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), Greater 2001).  ñîñòàâå ìîëîäíÿêîâ àáñîëþò- Spotted Eagle, Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus), íî ïðåîáëàäàþò ñîñíÿêè (89%). Ïëîùàäü Montagu’s Harrier (C. pygargus) and Marsh ïðèñïåâàþùèõ, ñïåëûõ è ïåðåñòîéíûõ íà- Harrier (C. aeruginosus), as well as the Mer- ñàæäåíèé ñîñòàâëÿåò âñåãî 3% ïîêðûòûõ lin (Falco columbarius) as rare breeding spe- ëåñîì çåìåëü.  ýòèõ âîçðàñòíûõ ãðóïïàõ cies; the Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus galli- ïðåîáëàäàþò òàêæå ñîñíîâûå íàñàæäåíèÿ cus) and Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) (58%) (Ïðîåêò îðãàíèçàöèè..., 2000). – as probable breeding species (The Nature Ãèäðîãðàôè÷åñêóþ ñåòü çàïîâåäíèêà îá- Chronicles …, 2007). ðàçóþò ðåêè, îç¸ðà è áîëîòà. Âñå 5 ìàëûõ Distribution of active nests in the territory ðåê ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðèòîêàìè ð. Êåðæåíåö (ïðå- of the Reserve in 2005–2010 is demon- îáëàäàþùàÿ øèðèíà ðóñëà – 30–40 ì), ïî strated in the fig. 1. The table 2 shows the êîòîðîé ïðîõîäèò çàïàäíàÿ ãðàíèöà çàïî- numbers of active nests of species under âåäíèêà. Äëèíà ïðèòîêîâ – 5–29 êì. Îç¸ðà consideration in 2005–2010. ïðåäñòàâëåíû â îñíîâíîì ñòàðèöàìè è ðàñ- Discriminant analysis has been performed ïîëàãàþòñÿ â ïîéìàõ ðåê.  çàïîâåäíèêå to reveal the statistically significant factors èçâåñòíî áîëåå 30 òîðôÿíûõ áîëîò îáùåé influencing on the habitat preferences of raptor species. The list of parameters includ- Òàáë. 1. Âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ ëåñîâ Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. ed in the analysis is presented in the table 3. Table 1. Species structure of forests of the Kerzhensky Reserve. A mumber of observations of every species is a sum of active nests registered during Äîëÿ ïëîùàäè 2005–2010 (table 2). The results of Discri- Ïðåîáëàäàþùàÿ Ïëîùàäü íàñàæäåíèé, % minant analysis are presented in tables 3, 4 2 ïîðîäà íàñàæäåíèé, êì Forests area per and fig. 2. 2 Dominating tree species Forests area, km total area, % The correct discrimination is recorded for Ñîñíà / Pine 306.7 73.2 about 69% of cases (table 5), thus its quality Åëü / Spruce 2.0 0.5 is rather high (Rebrova, 2002). Äóá / Oak 1.2 0.3 Fig. 2 shows that the areas, occupied Áåð¸çà / Birch 78.4 18.7 by the Goshawk, Common Buzzard and Îñèíà / Aspen 4.8 1.2 Honey Buzzard, are overlapped in the Èâà (íåñêîëüêî âèäîâ, multivariate model. Thus, we can state that ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ äðåâî- ecological niches of those species, evalu- âèäíûìè ôîðìàìè) ated according to 7 parameters, are heav- Willow (treelike species) 0.7 0.2 ily overlapped. Overlapping the niches Îëüõà ÷¸ðíàÿ / Alder 21.1 5.0 demonstrates the similarity in habitat pref- Ëèïà/ Linden 1.8 0.4 erences of those species and is proved by Êóñòàðíèêè / Bushes 2.0 0.5 known facts of the Common Buzzard and Èòîãî / Total 418.7 100.0 Goshawk breeding in the same nest in dif- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 179

ïëîùàäüþ 3816,3 ãà. Ïðåîáëàäàþò áîëîòà íåáîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà (äåñÿòêè ãà), íåñêîëü- êî áîëîò ñðåäíåé âåëè÷èíû (ìåíåå 1 òûñ. ãà) è òîëüêî Âèøåíñêîå è Ìàñëîâñêîå – êðóïíûå (áîëåå 1 òûñ. ãà) (Ïðîåêò îðãàíè- çàöèè..., 2000). Îòêðûòûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà â çàïîâåäíèêå ïðåäñòàâëåíû ïðîãàëèíàìè, îòêðûòûìè áîëîòàìè, íåñîìêíóâøèìèñÿ êóëüòóðà- ìè, ñåíîêîñàìè, ïóñòûðÿìè, ïàñòáèùàìè, ïàøíÿìè, âåòðîâàëüíèêàìè, ïåñêàìè è ãàðÿìè; èõ îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü, ïî äàííûì ëå- ñîóñòðîéñòâà 1998–99 ãã. – îêîëî 26 êì2 (îêîëî 6% ïëîùàäè òåððèòîðèè). Ãóñòîòà ñåòè èñïîëüçóåìûõ äîðîã – 2,8 êì íà 10 êì2.

Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèé Âûÿâëåíèå ìåñò îáèòàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü íà ìàðøðóòàõ ïóò¸ì ðåãè- ñòðàöèè âñòðå÷ âçðîñëûõ è ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, ïîèñêà ãí¸çä, ôèêñàöèé ìåñò íàõîäîê ëèííûõ ïåðüåâ, ïîãàäîê, ïîåäåé (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Îáùàÿ äëèíà ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòîâ â 2006–2010 ãã. ñîñòàâèëà îêîëî 1614 êì, âîäíûõ â 2006–2007 ãã. (ñïëàâ íà áàéäàð- êå ïî ð. Êåðæåíåö) – îêîëî 77 êì. Ïðè- âÿçêà ãí¸çä, ìåñò ðåãèñòðàöèè âñòðå÷ ïòèö è ñëåäîâ èõ æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè îñóùåñò- âëÿëàñü ñ ïîìîùüþ GPS-íàâèãàòîðà; òî÷- íîñòü îïðåäåëåíèÿ êîîðäèíàò – ±5–10 ì. Àâòîðîì îáíàðóæåíî 58 ãíåçä õèùíûõ ïòèö.  ìàå–èþëå 2007–2010 ãã. ïðî- âîäèëñÿ ìîíèòîðèíã çàñåë¸ííîñòè ãí¸çä õèùíûõ ïòèö: â 2007 ã. áûëî ïðîâåðåíî 53 ãíåçäà, â 2008 ã. – 70, â 2009 ã. – 67, â 2010 ã. – 68. Ïðè ïðîâåðêå ãí¸çä èñïîëü- Ãíåçäî òåòåðåâÿòíèêà íà îëüõå â ïîéìå. çîâàíà èíôîðìàöèÿ èç áàçû äàííûõ çàïî- Ôîòî Ë. Íîâèêîâîé. âåäíèêà î 90 ãíåçäàõ. Êðîìå òîãî, áûëè Nest of the Goshawk on an alder inside the flood âçÿòû ñâåäåíèÿ èç áàçû äàííûõ çàïîâåäíè- forest. Photos by L. Novikova. êà î 6 ñëó÷àÿõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â 2005 ã. è 5 ñëó÷àÿõ â 2006 ã. ferent years. The niche if the Sperrowhawk  ñòàòüå ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíî ðàçìåùåíèå is partly overlapped with niches of the 48 ãí¸çä, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ íà 42 ãíåçäîâûõ Goshawk, Common Buzzard and Honey ó÷àñòêàõ 6 âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö: ÿñòðåá- Buzzard. The Black Kite and Greater Spot- òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis), êàíþê ted Eagle occupy separate areas of the (Buteo buteo), ÿñòðåá-ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Ac- multivariate space, and their niches are lo- cipiter nisus), îñîåä (Pernis apivorus), ÷¸ð- cated far from each other and from niches íûé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans), áîëüøîé of other species. ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga).  àíàëèç áûëè Figure 3 shows the differences accord- âêëþ÷åíû òîëüêî ãí¸çäà, êîòîðûå ÿâëÿëèñü ing to every of 3 significant parameters of àêòèâíûìè; âñåãî ðàññìîòðåíî 60 ñëó÷àåâ ecological niche, that distinguish the raptor çà 2005–2010 ãã. species under consideration. Figure 4 dem- Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè áèîòîïîâ íà ãíåçäîâûõ onstrates 3D images of ecological niches of ó÷àñòêàõ (âîçðàñò è âûñîòà äðåâîñòîÿ), à òàê- three species (Goshawk, Common Buzzard, æå äàííûå ïî îòêðûòûì ïðîñòðàíñòâàì áûëè Sparrowhawk) relating to the three most ïîëó÷åíû èç ìàòåðèàëîâ ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà çà- significant factors. ïîâåäíèêà. Êðîìå òîãî, îòêðûòûå ïðîñòðàí- The distances between active nests and ñòâà çà ïðåäåëàìè ãðàíèö çàïîâåäíèêà (íà rivers are shown in table 6 and fig. 5. 180 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ âáëè- The charts of fig. 5 illustrate the Gos- çè åãî ãðàíèö), áûëè îöèôðîâàíû ïóò¸ì äå- hawk and Common Buzzard to be strongly øèôðèðîâàíèÿ êîñìîñíèìêîâ. attracted by the river valleys in their nest- Ìû ïîïûòàëèñü îïèñàòü ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ing preferences. The Sparrowhawk does íèøè êàæäîãî âèäà õèùíèêîâ â èõ ñîîáùå- not seem to be attracted by rivers, unlike ñòâå. Ïîä íèøåé ìû ïîíèìàåì ñïåöèàëè- the Goshawk and Common Buzzard. The çàöèþ ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê Honey Buzzard builds its nests close to ðàçëè÷íûì ïàðàìåòðàì îêðóæàþùåé ñðå- a river. The Black Kite prefers to nest not äû (Óèòòåêåð, 1980). Êîíå÷íî, ìû ðàññìà- more than 200 m far from the Kerzhenets òðèâàåì íå âñþ ýêîëîãè÷åñêóþ íèøó âèäîâ river bed. The nest of the Greater spotted êàê «ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé ñòàòóñ îðãàíèçìà â Eagle was found 60 m from the bed of a ñîîáùåñòâå» (Ýëòîí, 1927, öèò. ïî: Îäóì, small river. 1986), à â îñíîâíîì «ïðîñòðàíñòâåííóþ The nearest neighbour distances are íèøó» (Îäóì, 1986). shown in tables 7 è 8 and fig. 6–7. Ñ öåëüþ âûÿâëåíèÿ ðàçëè÷èÿ íèø ðàç- Different authors adhere to different íûõ âèäîâ áûë ïðîâåä¸í äèñêðèìèíàíòíûé opinions concerning the role of competi- àíàëèç, â êîòîðûé âêëþ÷åíî 7 ïàðàìåòðîâ tion in communities of raptors and its in- ëàíäøàôòíîé ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè ìåñòîîáè- fluence on nesting preferences. Kostrzewa òàíèé è ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ õèùíûõ ïòèö. (1989), having researched the communi- Äèñêðèìèíàíòíûé àíàëèç ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñòàòèñòè- ties of middle-sized raptors (Goshawk, ÷åñêèì ìåòîäîì, êîòîðûé ïîçâîëÿåò èçó÷àòü Common Buzzard and Honey Buzzard) in ðàçëè÷èÿ ìåæäó äâóìÿ è áîëåå ãðóïïàìè Germany, is of the opinion that overlap- îáúåêòîâ îäíîâðåìåííî ïî íåñêîëüêèì ïå- ping the niches, intra- and interspecific ðåìåííûì (Ôàêòîðíûé…, 1989). competition are significant the commu- Êðîìå òîãî, ðàññìîòðåíû åù¸ 3 ïàðà- nities of raptors. Katzner with co-authors ìåòðà, íå âîøåäøèå â ìîäåëü. Ïîñêîëüêó (Katzner et al., 2003) surveyed commu- ãëàâíîå óñëîâèå ïðèìåíåíèÿ äèñêðèìè- nities of eagles (Imperial Eagle Aquila íàíòíîãî àíàëèçà – íîðìàëüíîå ðàñïðå- heliaca, Golden Eagle, Steppe Eagle A. äåëåíèå äàííûõ, â ìîäåëü áûëè âêëþ÷å- nipalensis, White-Tailed Eagle Haliaee- íû òîëüêî ïàðàìåòðû, ðàñïðåäåëåíèå tus albicilla) in Northern Kazakhstan and çíà÷åíèé êîòîðûõ ÿâëÿëîñü íîðìàëüíûì concluded, that interspecific competition èëè íåñóùåñòâåííî îòëè÷àëîñü îò íåãî.  for nesting habitat could not be a factor äèñêðèìèíàíòíûé àíàëèç íå áûë âêëþ÷¸í strongly impacting on nesting preferences of eagles, and intraspecific competition was the most significant. Under conditions of the Kerzhensky Re- serve the considerable overlapping of eco- logical niches of three species (Goshawk, Common Buzzard and Honey Buzzard), as well as the fact, that the distances between nearest neigbours of conspecifics are more than between nests of different species, seem to prove that the interspecific com- petition is not so significant and not im- pacts on habitat preferences, and, hence, has not an essential influence in this com- munity of raptors. Considering the habitat preferences (fig. 8) the niches of the Goshawk and Common Buzzard seem to be similar. The niche of the Sparrowhawk is close to the niches of those species, but it is less attracted by the alder forests. The Honey Buzzard seems

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïîëîæåíèå íà òåððèòîðèè Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà ãí¸çä õèùíûõ ïòèö, ÿâëÿâøèõñÿ àêòèâ- íûìè â 2005–2010 ãã. Fig. 1. Location of raptor active nests in the Kerzhensky State Nature Reserve in 2005–2010. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 181

òàêîé ôàêòîð, êàê ðàññòîÿíèå îò ãí¸çä äî ðåê, ðàñïðåäåëåíèå çíà÷åíèé êîòîðîãî äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà âèäîâ íå ïîä÷èíÿëîñü çà- êîíó íîðìàëüíîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ.  ìîäåëü òàêæå íå âîøëè ðàññòîÿíèÿ îò àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä äî áëèæàéøèõ àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä òîãî æå è äðóãîãî âèäà, ïîñêîëüêó äàííûå ïî ýòèì ïàðàìåòðàì åñòü íå äëÿ âñåõ ñëó÷àåâ. Èç 60 ñëó÷àåâ òîëüêî äëÿ 18 èìåëàñü âîçìîæíîñòü îïðåäåëèòü áëèæàé- øåãî ñîñåäà ñâîåãî âèäà è äëÿ 25 ñëó÷à- åâ – áëèæàéøåãî ñîñåäà äðóãîãî âèäà.  îñòàëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ àêòèâíûå ãí¸çäà íàõî- äèëèñü íà çíà÷èòåëüíîì óäàëåíèè, ïîýòîìó íåëüçÿ áûëî óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè. Äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ ðàçëè÷èé âèäîâ ïî ïðåä- ïî÷èòàåìûì áèîòîïàì âû÷èñëÿëñÿ èíäåêñ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè Èâëåâà–Äæåêîáñà (J), îñíîâàííûé íà ñðàâíåíèè äîëè ðåñóðñà â ñïåêòðå èñïîëüçóåìûõ ðåñóðñîâ è äîëè ýòîãî æå ðåñóðñà â îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäå. Ãíåçäî êàíþêà (Buteo buteo) íà ñîñíå Çíà÷åíèå J=0 îçíà÷àåò îòñóòñòâèå èçáè- íà âîäîðàçäåëå. Ôîòî Ë. Íîâèêîâîé. ðàòåëüíîñòè, J=1 – ìàêñèìàëüíóþ ñòåïåíü Nest of the Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿ, J=-1 – ñòðîãîå èçáåãàíèå; on a pine on the watershed. Photo by L. Novikova. ïðîìåæóòî÷íûå çíà÷åíèÿ ñâèäåòåëüñòâó- þò î ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ñòåïåíè ïðåäïî÷òå- íèÿ/èçáåãàíèÿ (Ðîìàíîâ, 2001). to be close to the Greater Spotted Eagle – Ñòàòèñòè÷åñêàÿ îáðàáîòêà äàííûõ ïðîâå- both species prefer alder forest as a nest- äåíà â ïðîãðàììå Statistica 6.0. Ïàðàìåòðû ing habitat, however the data on the spe- ïîäâåðãàëèñü ïðîâåðêå íà íîðìàëüíîñòü ñ cies breeding are insufficient. Taking into ïîìîùüþ êðèòåðèÿ Øàïèðî–Óèëêñà. account of the small sample size the Black  àâãóñòå 2010 ã. ïî÷òè ïîëîâèíà òåððè- Kite seems to be the unique species, which òîðèè çàïîâåäíèêà áûëà ïðîéäåíà ïîæà- being indifferent to alder forests is attract- ðàìè. Ïðåäñòàâëåííûå ìàòåðèàëû îòíî- ed by oak forests. ñÿòñÿ ê ñîñòîÿíèþ ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ Now the structure of plant communi- äî ïîæàðîâ. ties in the Reserve is not optimal for the Goshawk, Common Buzzard and Honey Ðåçóëüòàòû è èõ îáñóæäåíèå Buzzard (Novikova, 2008, 2009, 2010). Íà òåððèòîðèè çàïîâåäíèêà çàðåãèñòðè- The species seems to suffer from a lack of ðîâàíî 17 âèäîâ äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö, old and middle-aged forests, and, hence, èç íèõ 12 – ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ. Îñîåä, ÷¸ðíûé are forced to nest in the river valleys, êîðøóí, ÿñòðåá-òåòåðåâÿòíèê, ÿñòðåá- where the growth rate of trees is higher ïåðåïåëÿòíèê è êàíþê – îáû÷íûå ãíåç- and old and middle-aged forests have äÿùèåñÿ âèäû; ÷åãëîê (Falco subbuteo) íå- remained after the greatest fire in 1972. ìíîãî÷èñëåíåí. Ðåäêèìè ãíåçäÿùèìèñÿ For the same reason the pine forests lo- âèäàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñêîïà (Pandion haliaetus), cated in interfluves and being too young, áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê, ëóíè ïîëåâîé (Circus are inhabited by the Sparrowhawk only, cyaneus), ëóãîâîé (C. pygargus) è áîëîò- which is indifferent to the age and height íûé (C. aeruginosus), à òàêæå äåðáíèê (Falco of nesting trees. columbarius). Âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå çìå- The concept of ecological niche includes åÿäà (Circaetus gallicus) è áåðêóòà (Aquila not only a specific part of the habitat where chrysaetos). Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus the species lives but the specific functions, albicilla), çèìíÿê (Buteo lagopus) è ïóñòåëüãà that it performes, for example its food rela- (Falco tinnunculus) – ðåäêèå ïðîë¸òíûå âèäû tions (Odum, 1986). It seems that differen- çàïîâåäíèêà (Ëåòîïèñü ïðèðîäû…, 2007). tiation of ecological niches in the commu- Ðàñïîëîæåíèå àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä íà òåððè- nity of raptors under consideration to be in òîðèè çàïîâåäíèêà â 2005–2010 ãã. ïîêà- food, because the diet of those species is çàíî íà ðèñóíêå 1. Êîëè÷åñòâî àêòèâíûõ different. 182 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 2. Êîëè÷åñòâî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ â 2005–2010 ãã. Table 2. Number of raptor active nests in 2005–2010.

Âèä / Species Êàíþê Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê Òåòåðåâÿòíèê Common Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê Îñîåä ׸ðíûé êîðøóí Greater Spotted Ãîä / Year Goshawk Buzzard Sparrowhawk Honey Buzzard Black Kite Eagle 2005 1 2 1 0 2 0 2006 4 1 3 0 0 0 2007 6 2 5 0 0 0 2008 6 0 0 1 1 1 2009 5 8 2 2 0 0 2010 3 3 1 0 0 0 Âñåãî / Total 25 16 12 3 3 1

ãí¸çä èçó÷àåìûõ âèäîâ â 2005–2010 ãã. êðèìèíàíòíîãî àíàëèçà ïðåäñòàâëåíû â ïîêàçàíî â òàáëèöå 2. òàáëèöàõ 3 è 4 è íà ðèñóíêå 2. Äèñêðèìèíàíòíûé àíàëèç ïðèìåí¸í Óðàâíåíèå äèñêðèìèíàíòíîé ôóíêöèè äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ ñòàòèñòè÷åñêè ðàçëè÷èìûõ (òàáë. 4) ôàêòè÷åñêè îïðåäåëÿåò ýêîëîãè- ôàêòîðîâ, âëèÿþùèõ íà âûáîð ìåñòîî- ÷åñêóþ íèøó âèäà (Ïóçà÷åíêî, 2001). áèòàíèé õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè â çàâèñèìîñòè  öåëîì äèñêðèìèíàíòíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ êîð- îò èõ âèäîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè. Ñïèñîê ðåêòíî êëàññèôèöèðóåò îêîëî 69% ñëó÷à- ïàðàìåòðîâ, âêëþ÷¸ííûõ â àíàëèç, ïðåä- åâ (òàáë. 5), ïîýòîìó ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî ñòàâëåí â òàáëèöå 3. Êîëè÷åñòâî íàáëþäå- êà÷åñòâî ðàñïîçíàâàíèÿ äîñòàòî÷íî âûñî- íèé ïî êàæäîìó âèäó – ñóììàðíîå ÷èñëî êîå, à ïîñòðîåííàÿ ëèíåéíàÿ äèñêðèìè- àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä, çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ â íàíòíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ – äîñòàòî÷íî ýôôåêòèâ- 2005–2010 ãã. (òàáë. 2). Ðåçóëüòàòû äèñ- íà (Ðåáðîâà, 2002).

Òàáë. 3. Ðåçóëüòàòû äèñêðèìèíàíòíîãî àíàëèçà äëÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ, âêëþ÷¸ííûõ â ìîäåëü (÷èñëî ïåðåìåííûõ â ìîäåëè – 7, ÷èñëî ãðóïï – 6; Wilks' Lambda: 0.1649655, approx. F (35,208) = 3.186496, p < 0.0000). Table 3. Results of the Discriminant analysis for the parameters included in the model (Number of variables in the model – 7, number of groups – 6; Wilks' Lambda: 0.1649655, approx. F (35,208) = 3.186496, p < 0.0000).

×àñòíàÿ Êðèòåðèé Óðîâåíü Ïàðàìåòð Ëÿìáäà Óèëêñà Ëÿìáäà Óèëêñà Ôèøåðà çíà÷èìîñòè Òîëåðàíòíîñòü 1-Òîëåðàíòíîñòü Parameter Wilks’ Lambda Partial Lambda F-remove p-level Tolerance 1-Tolerance Ðàññòîÿíèå äî áëè- æàéøåãî îòêðûòîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà Distance to the near- est open space 0.193419 0.852890 1.690345 0.154597 0.807454 0.192546 Ïëîùàäü îòêðûòûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ â ðàäèó- ñå 1 êì îò ãíåçäà Area of the open spaces in a radius of 1 km from the nest 0.220462 0.748271 3.296851 0.012071 0.823086 0.176914 Ðàññòîÿíèå äî èñïîëüçóåìîé äîðîãè Distance to a used road 0.191000 0.863692 1.546632 0.192883 0.824283 0.175717 Âîçðàñò äðåâîñòîÿ Forest age 0.207836 0.793730 2.546769 0.039827 0.473309 0.526691 Âûñîòà äðåâîñòîÿ Forest height 0.208125 0.792625 2.563972 0.038747 0.369161 0.630839 Âûñîòà ãíåçäîâîãî äåðåâà Height of nesting tree 0.201615 0.818220 2.177212 0.071825 0.661104 0.338896 Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäà / Height of the nest location 0.178130 0.926099 0.782028 0.567541 0.495741 0.504259 Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 183

Òàáë. 4. Êîýôôèöèåíòû êëàññèôèöèðóþùåé äèñêðèìèíàíòíîé ôóíêöèè äëÿ àíàëèçèðóåìûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ. Table 4. Factors of the categorizing discriminant function for the analyzed parameters.

Âèä / Species Áîëüøîé Êàíþê Îñîåä ׸ðíûé ïîäîðëèê Òåòåðåâÿòíèê Common Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê Honey êîðøóí Greater Spot- Ïàðàìåòð Goshawk Buzzard Sparrowhawk Buzzard Black Kite ted Eagle Parameter (p=0.40984) (p=0.26230) (p=0.19672) (p=0.04918) (p=0.04918) (p=0.03279) Ðàññòîÿíèå äî áëèæàéøåãî îòêðûòîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà Distance to the nearest open space 7.4032 3.2473 7.8313 3.7850 1.9303 2.7354 Ïëîùàäü îòêðûòûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ â ðàäèóñå 1 êì îò ãíåçäà / Area of the open spaces in a radius of 1 km from the nest 2.2222 -1.2922 4.5173 0.1857 -8.6679 13.1730 Ðàññòîÿíèå äî èñïîëüçóåìîé äîðîãè Distance to a used road 1.1561 0.5223 0.9717 2.1134 -0.4196 0.8855 Âîçðàñò äðåâîñòîÿ Forest age -0.0800 -0.0782 -0.0531 -0.0726 0.0511 -0.0684 Âûñîòà äðåâîñòîÿ Forest height 1.2962 1.2786 0.8095 1.4239 0.8452 1.8984 Âûñîòà ãíåçäîâîãî äåðåâà Height of nesting tree 1.6364 1.7376 1.4073 1.1530 2.3465 1.0175 Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäà / Height of the nest location 0.1345 -0.0340 -0.0609 0.0786 1.0221 0.1879 Êîíñòàíòà / Constant -25.2204 -23.0409 -16.1683 -22.2906 -49.3478 -35.5848

Ñâÿçè ìåæäó íèøàìè âèäîâ â ñîîáùåñòâå ïîëîæåíèå êëàññîâ (â äàííîì ñëó÷àå – âè- ìîæíî îïèñàòü êàê n-ìåðíîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî äîâ ïòèö) â ìíîãîìåðíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå íèøè, â êîòîðîì êàæäûé èç âèäîâ èìååò è ìîæåò áûòü èíòåðïðåòèðîâàí êàê «îòî- ñâîþ ñîáñòâåííóþ ïîçèöèþ èëè íèøó ñ áðàæåíèå âèäîâûõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ íèø â öåíòðîì, ïîëîæåíèå êîòîðîãî îòëè÷àåòñÿ ìíîãîìåðíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå» (Ïóçà÷åíêî, îò ïîëîæåíèÿ öåíòðîâ íèø äðóãèõ âèäîâ 2004). Ðèñóíîê 2 ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ïîäî- (Óèòòåêåð, 1980). Ãðàôèê ðàññåÿíèÿ êàíî- áëàñòè, çàíèìàåìûå â ìíîãîìåðíîé ìîäå- íè÷åñêèõ çíà÷åíèé (ðèñ. 2) ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ëè òåòåðåâÿòíèêîì, êàíþêîì è îñîåäîì,

Ñë¸òîê êàíþêà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî Ë. Íîâèêîâîé. Ðèñ. 2. Äèàãðàììà ðàññåÿíèÿ êàíîíè÷åñêèõ çíà÷åíèé. Fledgling of the Common Buzzard in the nest. Fig. 2. Scatter plot of the canonical values. Photo by L. Novikova. 184 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 3. Ðàçëè÷èÿ âèäîâ ïî ïëîùàäè îòêðûòûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ â ðàäèó- Ðèñ. 4. Òð¸õìåðíîå îòîáðàæåíèå ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ íèø òåòåðå- ñå 1 êì îò ãíåçäà – ââåðõó, ïî âîçðàñòó äðåâîñòîÿ íà ãíåçäîâîì âÿòíèêà (ââåðõó), êàíþêà (â öåíòðå) è ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà (âíèçó) ïî ó÷àñòêå – â öåíòðå, ïî âûñîòå äðåâîñòîÿ íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå – îòíîøåíèþ ê òð¸ì íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìûì ôàêòîðàì, òàêèì êàê âíèçó. Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis), âûñîòà äðåâîñòîÿ â ìåòðàõ, âîçðàñò äðåâîñòîÿ â ãîäàõ è ïëîùàäü 2 – êàíþê (Buteo buteo), 3 – ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus), 4 îðòêðûòûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ õèùíûõ ïòèö â – îñîåä (Pernis apivorus), 5 – ÷¸ðíûé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans), 6 – êâàäðàòíûõ êèëîìåòðàõ. áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga). Fig. 4. 3-D models of the Goshawk (upper), Common Buzzard Fig. 3. Difference of species on the area of the open spaces in radius (center) and Sparrowhawk (bottom) ecological niches in relation to of 1 km from a nest – upper, on the forest age in nesting sites – the three most significant factors: forest height (meters), forest age center, on the forest height in nesting sites – bottom. Labels: 1 – (years) and area of the open spaces in the breeding territories of Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), 2 – Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), raptors (sq. km). 3 – Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), 4 – Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus), 5 – Black Kite (Milvus migrans), 6 – Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga). Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 185

Òàáë. 5. Îöåíêà êà÷åñòâà êëàññèôèêàöèè (ìåòðèêà Åâêëèäà) ïî ÷àñòîòå îøèáî÷íîé äèñêðèìèíàöèè. Table 5. Assessment of quality of classification (Euclidean metric) on the frequency of incorrect discrimination.

Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê % êîððåêòíîé Êàíþê Îñîåä ׸ðíûé Greater äèñêðèìèíàöèè Òåòåðåâÿòíèê Common Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê Honey êîðøóí Spot- Âèä Correct Goshawk Buzzard Sparrowhawk Buzzard Black Kite ted Eagle Species discrimination, % (p=0.40984) (p=0.26230) (p=0.19672) (p=0.04918) (p=0.04918) (p=0.03279) Òåòåðåâÿòíèê Goshawk 88.0 22 2 1 0 0 0 Êàíþê Common Buzzard 50.0 6 8 1 1 0 0 Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê Sparrowhawk 58.3 2 3 7 0 0 0 Îñîåä Honey Buz- zard 33.3 1 1 0 1 0 0 ׸ðíûé êîðøóí Black Kite 66.7 0 1 0 0 2 0 Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê Greater Spot- ted Eagle 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Âñåãî / Total 68.9 31 15 9 2 2 1

Ïðèìå÷àíèå: â ñòðîêàõ – íàáëþäàåìûé êëàññ, â ñòîëáöàõ – ðàññ÷èòàííûé êëàññ. The notice: in strings – observed class, in columns – calculated class.

ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ ïåðåêðûâàþòñÿ. Ïîýòîìó ìè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êàíþêà è òåòåðåâÿòíèêà ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå â îäíîì è òîì æå ãíåçäå â ðàçíûå ãîäû. íèøè, îöåí¸ííûå íàìè ïî ñåìè ïàðàìå- Íèøà ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà ëèøü ÷àñòè÷íî ïåðå- òðàì, ñèëüíî ïåðåêðûâàþòñÿ ó äàííûõ âè- êðûâàåòñÿ ñ íèøàìè òåòåðåâÿòíèêà, êàíþ- äîâ. Ïåðåêðûòèå íèø ãîâîðèò î ñõîäñòâå êà è îñîåäà. ׸ðíûé êîðøóí è áîëüøîé òðåáîâàíèé ýòèõ âèäîâ ê ìåñòîîáèòàíè- ïîäîðëèê çàíèìàþò îòäåëüíûå ïîäîáëàñòè ÿì è ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ èçâåñòíûìè ôàêòà- ìíîãîìåðíîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà, èõ íèøè îò-

Ãíåçäî îñîåäà (Pernis apivorus) íà îëüõå (ñëåâà) è ïòåíåö áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga) â ãíåçäå íà îëüõå (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî Ë. Íîâèêîâîé è À. Êîíñòàíòèíîâà. Nest of the Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus) on an alder (left) and nestling of the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) in the nest on an alder (right). Photos by L. Novikova and A. Konstantinov. 186 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

äàëåíû îò òàêîâûõ îñòàëüíûõ âèäîâ è äðóã îò äðóãà. Èíòåðåñíî ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàòü, ïî êàêèì ïàðàìåòðàì èç ñåìè, âêëþ÷¸ííûõ â àíàëèç, äèôôåðåíöèðóþòñÿ íèøè ðàññìàòðèâàå- ìûõ âèäîâ. Èç òàáëèöû 3 âèäíî, ÷òî âåäó- ùåå çíà÷åíèå â ðàçäåëåíèè âèäîâ (ïî êðè- òåðèþ Ôèøåðà) èìååò òàêîé ïàðàìåòð, êàê ïëîùàäü îòêðûòûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ â ðàäèóñå 1 êì îò ãíåçäà. Íàèáîëåå èíôîðìàòèâíûìè ïàðàìåòðàìè äëÿ äèôôåðåíöèàöèè ÿâ- ëÿþòñÿ òàêæå âîçðàñò è âûñîòà äðåâîñòîÿ (òàáë. 3). Ðàññòîÿíèå äî èñïîëüçóåìîé äî- ðîãè, ïî-âèäèìîìó, íå îòëè÷àåòñÿ ó ðàçíûõ âèäîâ ïî ïðè÷èíå òîãî, ÷òî äîðîãè â çàïî- âåäíèêå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ðåäêî. Ðàññòîÿíèå äî áëèæàéøåãî îòêðûòîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà, ïî-âèäèìîìó, íå èãðàåò ðîëè â äèôôåðåí- öèàöèè ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ íèø èçó÷àåìûõ âè- äîâ. Ñëàáåå âñåãî äàííûå âèäû äèôôåðåí- öèðóþòñÿ ïî âûñîòå ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäà. Íà ðèñóíêå 3 ïðåäñòàâëåíû ðàçëè÷èÿ ïî êàæäîìó èç òð¸õ çíà÷èìûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé íèøè, äèôôåðåíöèðóþ- ùèõ ðàññìàòðèâàåìûå âèäû õèùíûõ ïòèö, íà ðèñóíêå 4 – òð¸õìåðíûå îòîáðàæåíèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ íèø òð¸õ âèäîâ (òåòåðåâÿò- íèê, êàíþê, ïåðåïåëÿòíèê) ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê òð¸ì íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìûì ôàêòîðàì. Çíà÷åíèÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ, íå âîøåäøèõ â ìîäåëü ïî ïðè÷èíå ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ äàí- íûõ, îòëè÷àþùåãîñÿ îò íîðìàëüíîãî (ðàñ- ñòîÿíèÿ îò àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä äî ðåê), ïîêàçà- íû â òàáëèöå 6 è íà ðèñóíêå 5. Äèàãðàììà íà ðèñóíêå 5 äåìîíñòðèðóåò ÿâíîå òÿãîòåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ òå- òåðåâÿòíèêà ê äîëèíàì ðåê. Àáñîëþòíîå áîëüøèíñòâî àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä (92%) ïî- ñòðîåíî íå äàëåå, ÷åì â 1 êì îò ðóñåë ðåê, äâå òðåòè (72%) – íå äàëüøå 500 ì, à 60% ãí¸çä – â ïðåäåëàõ 50 ì îò ðåê. Êàíþê ïðè âûáîðå ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â óñëîâèÿõ Êåð- æåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà, êàê è òåòåðåâÿòíèê, òÿãîòååò ê äîëèíàì ðåê (ðèñ. 5). Íå äàëåå 1 êì îò ðóñëà ðàñïîëàãàëîñü 81% àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä, ïî÷òè äâå òðåòè (63%) – â ïðåäåëàõ 500 ì, â 50 ì – 38% ãí¸çä. Âñå îáíàðóæåí- íûå àêòèâíûå ãí¸çäà ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà áûëè ðàñïîëîæåíû íå äàëåå 500 ì îò ðóñëà ðåê (ðèñ. 5). Ñóäÿ ïî ðàñïðåäåëåíèþ çíà÷åíèé ðàññòîÿíèé äî ðåê, êîòîðîå áîëåå áëèçêî ê íîðìàëüíîìó, ÷åì ó ïðåäûäóùèõ âèäîâ, ïåðåïåëÿòíèê íå îáíàðóæèâàåò òàêîãî òÿãîòåíèÿ ê ðåêàì, êàê òåòåðåâÿòíèê è êà- íþê. Ãí¸çäà îñîåäà ïîñòðîåíû íåïîñðåä- Ðèñ. 5. Ðàññòîÿíèÿ îò àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä äî ðåê ó òåòåðåâÿòíèêà (ââåðõó), êàíþêà (â ñòâåííî ó âîäû. ׸ðíûé êîðøóí ãíåçäèëñÿ öåíòðå) è ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà (âíèçó). íå äàëåå, ÷åì â 200 ì îò ðóñëà ð. Êåðæå- Fig. 5. Distances between rivers and active nests of the Goshawk (upper), íåö. Ãíåçäî áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ðàñïîëà- Common Buzzard (center) and Sparrowhawk (bottom). ãàëîñü â 60 ì îò ðóñëà ìàëîé ðåêè. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 187

Òàáë. 6. Ðàññòîÿíèÿ îò àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä äî ðåê. Ïàðàìåòðû, íå âêëþ÷¸ííûå â äèñêðèìè- Table 6. Distances between active nests and rivers. íàíòíûé àíàëèç èç-çà íåäîñòàòêà êîëè÷å- ñòâà èçìåðåíèé (ðàññòîÿíèÿ îò àêòèâíûõ Ðàññòîÿíèå, êì: ìåäèàíà 25-é / 75-é ãí¸çä äî áëèæàéøèõ ñîñåäåé ñâîåãî è äðó- (ìèíèìóì–ìàêñèìóì) ïðîöåíòèëü ãîãî âèäà), ïîêàçàíû â òàáëèöàõ 7 è 8 è íà th th Distance, km: 25 / 75 ðèñóíêàõ 6–7. Âèä / Species N median (lim) percentile Ðàçíûå àâòîðû ïðèäåðæèâàþòñÿ ðàç- Òåòåðåâÿòíèê ëè÷íûõ òî÷åê çðåíèÿ íà çíà÷åíèå êîí- Goshawk 25 0.025 (0.001–2.447) 0.006 / 0.571 êóðåíöèè â ñîîáùåñòâàõ õèùíûõ ïòèö è Êàíþê å¸ âëèÿíèå íà âûáîð ìåñòîîáèòàíèé. À. Common Buzzard 16 0.455 (0.001–2.482) 0.024 / 0.580 Êîñòðöåâà (Kostrzewa, 1989), èçó÷èâ ñî- Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê îáùåñòâà õèùíèêîâ ñðåäíèõ ðàçìåðîâ Sparrowhawk 12 0.242 (0.047–0.409) 0.112 / 0.328 (òåòåðåâÿòíèê, êàíþê è îñîåä) â Ãåðìàíèè, Îñîåä ïðèäåðæèâàåòñÿ ìíåíèÿ, ÷òî ïåðåêðûòèå Honey Buzzard 3 0.001 (0.001–0.005) – íèø è âíóòðè- è ìåæâèäîâàÿ êîíêóðåíöèÿ ׸ðíûé êîðøóí èãðàþò ñóùåñòâåííóþ ðîëü â ñîîáùåñòâàõ Black Kite 3 0.132 (0.057–0.189) – õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ò. Êàòöíåð ñ ñîàâòîðàìè Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Katzner et al., 2003) èññëåäîâàëè ñîîá- Greater Spotted Eagle 1 0.059 – ùåñòâà îðëîâ (ìîãèëüíèê Aquila heliaca, áåðêóò, ñòåïíîé îð¸ë A. nipalensis, îðëàí- Òàáë. 7. Óäàë¸ííîñòü àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä îò áëèæàéøåãî ñîñåäà òîãî æå âèäà. áåëîõâîñò) â Ñåâåðíîì Êàçàõñòàíå è ïðèø- ëè ê âûâîäó, ÷òî ìåæâèäîâàÿ êîíêóðåíöèÿ Table 7. Nearest neighbour distances. çà ãíåçäîâûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ íå ìîæåò 25-é / 75-é áûòü äîìèíèðóþùèì ôàêòîðîì â âûáîðå Ðàññòîÿíèå, êì: ìåäèàíà ïðîöåíòèëü ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, èñïîëüçóåìûõ äëÿ ãíåç- (ìèíèìóì–ìàêñèìóì) 25th / 75th äîâàíèÿ. Êîíêóðåíöèÿ îðëîâ áûëà, ïðå- Âèä / Species N Distance, km: median (lim) percentile æäå âñåãî, âíóòðèâèäîâîé (ðàññòîÿíèÿ äî Òåòåðåâÿòíèê áëèæàéøèõ ñîñåäåé ñâîåãî âèäà çàìåòíî Goshawk 8 4.731 (2.643–5.985) 3.723 / 5.738 áîëüøå, ÷åì äî òàêîâûõ äðóãîãî âèäà), ïî- Êàíþê ýòîìó áûë ñäåëàí âûâîä, ÷òî ìåæâèäîâûå Common Buzzard 6 3.785 (1.73–6.705) 3.137 / 4.776 âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ èãðàþò âòîðîñòåïåííóþ Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê ðîëü â ñîñóùåñòâîâàíèè âèäîâ äàííîãî ñî- Sparrowhawk 2 0.950 (0.794–1.106) – îáùåñòâà. Îñîåä Âîçìîæíî, âíóòðè- è ìåæâèäîâàÿ òåð- Honey Buzzard 1 8.388 – ðèòîðèàëüíîñòü çàâèñèò îò êîíêðåòíûõ ñî- ׸ðíûé êîðøóí îáùåñòâ õèùíûõ ïòèö è óñëîâèé ñóùåñòâî- Black Kite 1 6.691 – âàíèÿ. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, â ðàçíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ìîãóò íàáëþäàòüñÿ ðàçíûå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ çíà÷èìîñòè âíóòðè- è ìåæâèäîâîé êîíêó- Òàáë. 8. Óäàë¸ííîñòü àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä îò áëèæàéøåãî ñîñåäà äðóãîãî âèäà. ðåíöèè.  óñëîâèÿõ Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåä- íèêà ñèëüíîå ïåðåêðûòèå íèø òð¸õ âèäîâ Table 8. Distance between active nearest neighbors of different species. (òåòåðåâÿòíèê, êàíþê, îñîåä), à òàêæå òîò ôàêò, ÷òî ó âñåõ âèäîâ ðàññòîÿíèÿ äî áëè- Ðàññòîÿíèå, êì: æàéøèõ ãí¸çä ñâîåãî âèäà áîëüøå, ÷åì äî ìåäèàíà (ìèíèìóì– 25-é / 75-é ÷óæîãî, âåðîÿòíî, ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî ìåæ- ìàêñèìóì) ïðîöåíòèëü Distance, km: 25th / 75th âèäîâàÿ êîíêóðåíöèÿ íå îêàçûâàåò ñèëüíî- Âèä / Species N median (lim) percentile ãî âëèÿíèÿ íà âûáîð õèùíèêàìè ìåñòîîáè- Òåòåðåâÿòíèê òàíèé è â öåëîì íå èãðàåò ñóùåñòâåííóþ Goshawk 8 1.8685 (0.295–3.650) 0.864 / 3.226 ðîëü â äàííîì ñîîáùåñòâå õèùíûõ ïòèö.  Êàíþê àíàëèçèðóåìîì ñîîáùåñòâå âíóòðèâèäîâàÿ Common Buzzard 10 2.7925 (0.295–3.650) 0.877 / 3.171 êîíêóðåíöèÿ, ïî-âèäèìîìó, èãðàåò áîëü- Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê øóþ ðîëü, ÷åì ìåæâèäîâàÿ. Sparrowhawk 2 1.836 (0.942–2.730) – Àíàëèç èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè ïî îòíîøåíèþ Îñîåä ê òèïàì áèîòîïîâ ïðè âûáîðå õèùíèêàìè Honey Buzzard 2 2.793 (2.785–2.800) – ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïðîâîäèëñÿ ïóòåì ñðàâ- ׸ðíûé êîðøóí íåíèÿ äîëè ïëîùàäè áèîòîïà â çàïîâåäíèêå Black Kite 2 0.8135 (0.685–0.942) – è äîëè ÷èñëà àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä, ðàñïîëîæåí- Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê íûõ â äàííîì áèîòîïå. Ïðè ýòîì ó÷èòûâàë- Greater Spotted Eagle 1 1.539 – ñÿ êàæäûé ñëó÷àé çà ïåðèîä 2005–2010 ãã., 188 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 6. Óäàë¸ííîñòü àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä òåòåðåâÿòíèêà (ñëåâà) è êàíþêà (ñïðàâà) îò áëèæàéøåãî ñîñåäà ñâîåãî (ââåðõó) è äðóãîãî (âíèçó) âèäà. Fig. 6. Distances between nearest neighbors of the same (upper) and other species (bottom) for the Goshawk (left) and Common Buzzard (right).

Ðèñ. 7. Óäàë¸ííîñòü àêòèâíîãî ãíåçäà îò áëèæàéøåãî àêòèâíîãî ãíåçäà ñâîåãî è äðóãîãî âèäà. Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – òåòåðåâÿòíèê, 2 – êàíþê, 3 – ïåðåïå- ëÿòíèê, 4 – îñîåä, 5 – ÷¸ðíûé êîðøóí, 6 – áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê; (à) – óäàë¸ííîñòü àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä îò áëèæàéøåãî ñîñåäà òîãî æå âèäà, (b) – óäàë¸ííîñòü àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä îò áëèæàéøåãî ñîñåäà äðóãîãî âèäà. Ãíåçäî áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íà îëüõå. Fig. 7. Distances between nearest neighbors of the same and different species. Ôîòî Ë. Íîâèêîâîé. Labels: 1 – Goshawk, 2 – Common Buzzard, 3 – Sparrowhawk, 4 – Honey Buzzard, 5 – Black Kite, 6 – Greater Spotted Eagle; (à) – distance between nearest neighbours Nest of the Greater Spotted Eagle on an alder. of the same species, (b) – distance between nearest neighbours of different species. Photo by L. Novikova. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 189

â ñåáÿ íå òîëüêî ôèçè÷åñêîå ïðîñòðàí- ñòâî, çàíèìàåìîå îðãàíèçìîì, íî è ôóíê- öèîíàëüíóþ ðîëü îðãàíèçìà â ñîîáùåñòâå, íàïðèìåð, åãî òðîôè÷åñêîå ïîëîæåíèå (Îäóì, 1986). Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ðàñõîæäå- íèå íèø â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ñîîáùåñòâå õèùíûõ ïòèö ïðîèñõîäèò è ïî ïðåäïî÷è- òàåìûì ïèùåâûì ðåñóðñàì, ïîñêîëüêó èõ ðàöèîí ïèòàíèÿ ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ.

Âûâîäû Äèñêðèìèíàíòíûé àíàëèç, ïðîâåä¸ííûé ïî ïàðàìåòðàì ëàíäøàôòíîé è áèîòîïè- ÷åñêîé ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè ìåñòîîáèòàíèé è ïàðàìåòðàì ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ïîêàçàë ñõîäñòâî ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ íèø òåòåðåâÿòíèêà, êàíþ- êà è îñîåäà. Íèøà ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà ïî ýòèì Ðèñ. 8. Èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü õèùíûõ ïòèö ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ãíåçäîâûì áèîòîïàì (ïî ïàðàìåòðàì ëèøü ÷àñòè÷íî ïåðåêðûâàåòñÿ ÷èñëó àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä â ïåðèîä ñ 2005 ïî 2010 ãã.). ñ íèøàìè ýòèõ òð¸õ âèäîâ. ׸ðíûé êîð- Fig. 8. Habitat preferences of raptors (according to a number of active nests in øóí è áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê ñòîÿò îñîáíÿêîì 2005–2010). â ñìîäåëèðîâàííîì ìíîãîìåðíîì ïðî- ñòðàíñòâå ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ íèø. êîãäà ãíåçäî áûëî àêòèâíûì (60 ñëó÷àåâ). Íàèáîëüøåå çíà÷åíèå â äèôôåðåíöèà- Ðàçëè÷èå âèäîâ ïî ïðåäïî÷èòàåìûì áèîòî- öèè íèø èìåþò òàêèå ïàðàìåòðû, êàê ïëî- ïàì õàðàêòåðèçóåò èíäåêñ èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè ùàäü îòêðûòûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ â ðàäèóñå 1 êì Èâëåâà – Äæåêîáñà (ðèñ. 8). îò ãíåçäà, âîçðàñò è âûñîòà äðåâîñòîÿ íà  îòíîøåíèè áèîòè÷åñêîé èçáèðàòåëü- ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå. íîñòè (ðèñ. 8) íèøè òåòåðåâÿòíèêà è êà- Ïî áèîòè÷åñêîé èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè áëèç- íþêà òàêæå î÷åíü ñõîæè. Ê íèøàì ýòèõ êè íèøè òåòåðåâÿòíèêà, êàíþêà è ïåðåïå- âèäîâ áëèçêà íèøà ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà, íî îí ëÿòíèêà; ó îñîåäà è áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ïðîÿâëÿåò çíà÷èòåëüíî ìåíüøåå òÿãîòå- íèøè èäåíòè÷íû; ÷¸ðíûé êîðøóí çàíèìàåò íèå ê îëüøàíèêàì. Îñîåä áîëåå áëèçîê â ýòîì îòíîøåíèè ê áîëüøîìó ïîäîðëèêó – îáà âèäà ïðåäïî÷èòàþò îëüøàíèêè âñåì äðóãèì áèîòîïàì, îäíàêî äàííûå ïî èõ ãíåçäîâàíèþ åäèíè÷íû. ׸ðíûé êîðøóí, íàñêîëüêî ïîçâîëÿåò ñóäèòü íåáîëüøîé îáúåì âûáîðêè ïî íåìó, – åäèíñòâåííûé èç âñåõ âèäîâ, íå ïðîÿâëÿþùèé âûñîêîé èçáèðàòåëüíîñòè ê îëüøàíèêàì, íî ÿâíî òÿãîòåþùèé ê äóáðàâàì.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñòðóêòóðà ðàñòèòåëü- íûõ ñîîáùåñòâ çàïîâåäíèêà íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îïòèìàëüíîé äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ òåòåðåâÿòíèêà, êàíþêà è îñîåäà (Íîâèêîâà, 2008, 2009, 2010). Ïî âñåé âåðîÿòíîñòè, ýòè âèäû èñ- ïûòûâàþò íåäîñòàòîê ñðåäíå- è ñòàðîâîç- ðàñòíûõ íàñàæäåíèé è ïîýòîìó âûíóæäå- íû ãíåçäèòüñÿ â äîëèíàõ ðåê, ãäå ñêîðîñòü ðîñòà äåðåâüåâ âûøå, è ïîñëå êðóïíîãî ïîæàðà 1972 ã. ñîõðàíèëèñü ñðåäíå- è ñòàðîâîçðàñòíûå íàñàæäåíèÿ. Ïî ýòîé æå ïðè÷èíå ñîñíÿêè â ìåæäóðå÷üÿõ, íàõîäÿ- ùèåñÿ â îñíîâíîì â âîçðàñòå ìîëîäíÿêîâ, «îñâîåíû» ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïåðåïåëÿò- Ãíåçäî ÷¸ðíîãî êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans) íà äóáå. íèêîì, äëÿ êîòîðîãî íå òðåáóþòñÿ äåðåâüÿ Ôîòî Ë. Íîâèêîâîé. áîëüøîãî âîçðàñòà è âûñîòû. Nest of the Black Kite (Milvus migrans) on an oak. Ïîíÿòèå «ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ íèøà» âêëþ÷àåò Photo by L. Novikova. 190 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ïòåíöû ïåðåïåëÿòíè- êà (Accipiter nisus) â ãíåçäå (ñëåâà) è ãíåçäî ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà íà ñî- ñíå (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî À. Êîíñòàíòèíîâà è Ñ. Áàêêè. Nestlings of the Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) in the nest (left) and nest of the Sparrowhawk on a pine (right). Photos by A. Konstantinov and S. Bakka.

îáîñîáëåííóþ îò îñòàëüíûõ âèäîâ íèøó. «Êåðæåíñêèé»).  öåëîì íàèáîëåå ñõîæè ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. Ðàçìåùåíèå ìåñòîîáèòàíèé íèøè òåòåðåâÿòíèêà è êàíþêà; áëèçêè ê íèì ÿñòðåáà-òåòåðåâÿòíèêà â ðàñòèòåëüíîì ïîêðî- íèøè ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà è îñîåäà. Áîëüøîé ïî- âå Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. – Ïåðíàòûå õèù- íèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 96–107. äîðëèê ïî ïàðàìåòðàì íèøè áëèçîê ê îñîå- Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. ×èñëåííîñòü è ðàñïðåäå- äó. ׸ðíûé êîðøóí çàíèìàåò, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ëåíèå êàíþêà â Êåðæåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå. – îòäåëüíóþ îò äðóãèõ âèäîâ íèøó. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009. ¹16. Ó âñåõ âèäîâ ðàññòîÿíèÿ äî áëèæàéøèõ Ñ. 139–150. ãí¸çä ñâîåãî âèäà áîëüøå, ÷åì äî ÷óæî- Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. Èçáèðàòåëüíîñòü õèùíûõ ãî, ÷òî, íà íàø âçãëÿä, ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî ïòèö ïðè âûáîðå ãíåçäîâûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé â èçó÷åííîì ñîîáùåñòâå õèùíûõ ïòèö â Êåðæåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå. – Îðíèòîëîãèÿ â âíóòðèâèäîâàÿ òåððèòîðèàëüíîñòü èãðàåò Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû XIII Ìåæäóíà- áîëüøóþ ðîëü, ÷åì ìåæâèäîâàÿ. ðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè Ñå- âåðíîé Åâðàçèè (òåçèñû äîêëàäîâ). Îðåíáóðã, 2010. Ñ. 236. Ëèòåðàòóðà Îäóì Þ. Ýêîëîãèÿ. Ò. 2. Ì., 1986. 376 ñ. Àâåðèíà È.À. Ïîæàðû íà òåððèòîðèè Êåð- Ðåáðîâà Î.Þ. Ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ìåäè- æåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. – Ïðèðîäíûå óñëîâèÿ öèíñêèõ äàííûõ. Ïðèìåíåíèå ïàêåòà ïðèêëàä- Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà è íåêîòîðûå àñïåê- íûõ ïðîãðàìì STATISTICA. Ì., 2002. 312 ñ. òû îõðàíû ïðèðîäû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè: Ðîìàíîâ Ì.Ñ. Òîïè÷åñêèå ñâÿçè ëåñíûõ Òðóäû Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïîâåä- õèùíûõ ïòèö â ìîçàèêå ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ïî- íèêà «Êåðæåíñêèé». Ò. 1. Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2001. êðîâà. Äèññ. … êàíä. áèîë. íàóê. Ì.: ÌÏÃÓ. Ñ. 404–414. 2001. 225 ñ. Âîëêîâà Í.È., Ãðàäîáîåâ À.À., Æó÷êîâà Â.Ê., Ïðîåêò îðãàíèçàöèè è âåäåíèÿ çàïîâåäíî- Êîçëîâ Ä.Í., Êðóøèíà Þ.Â., Øåéêî Ñ.Í., Êî- ãî äåëà ÃÏÇ «Êåðæåíñêèé». Ò. 1. Êí. 1. ×. 1. ðàáë¸âà Î.Â., Óðáàíàâè÷óòå Ñ.Ï., Ïîïîâ Ñ.Þ. Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2000. 241 ñ. Ëàíäøàôòíàÿ êàðòà çàïîâåäíèêà «Êåðæåí- Ïóçà÷åíêî Þ.Ã. Ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû â ýêî- ñêèé». – Òðóäû Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî ëîãè÷åñêèõ è ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ: áèîñôåðíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Êåðæåíñêèé». Ò. 3. Ó÷åá. ïîñîáèå äëÿ ñòóä. âóçîâ. Ì., 2004. 416 ñ. Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2006. Ñ. 5–11. Óèòòåêåð Ð. Ñîîáùåñòâà è ýêîñèñòåìû. Ì., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè÷å- 1980. 328 ñ. ñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîîáðàç- Kostrzewa A. Nest Habitat Separation in íûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2004. 351 ñ. Three European Raptors: Accipiter gentilis, Ôàêòîðíûé, äèñêðèìèíàíòíûé è êëàñòåðíûé Buteo buteo and Pernis apivorus – A Multivari- àíàëèç / Ïåð. ñ àíãë. Äæ.Î. Êèì, ×.Ó. Ìüþëëåð, ate Analysis. – Raptors in the Modern World. Ó.Ð. Êëåêêà è äð.; ïîä ðåä. È.Ñ. Åíþêîâà. Ì., 1989. P. 553–559. 1989. 215 ñ. Katzner T.E., Bragin E.A., Knick S.T., Smith A.T. Ëåòîïèñü ïðèðîäû Êåðæåíñêîãî ãîñó- Coexistence in a multispecies assemblage of ea- äàðñòâåííîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. 2006. Êí. 13. gles in Central Asia. – The Condor. 2003. ¹105. Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2007. 218 ñ. (Ðóêîïèñü ÃÏÁÇ P. 538–551. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 191

BirdsofPreyoftheTaganrogYuzhnyAirport,Russia ХИЩНЫЕ ПТИЦЫ АЭРОПОРТА «ТАГАНРОГ-ЮЖНЫЙ», РОССИЯ BarabashinT.O.(PedagogicalInstituteoftheSouthernFederalUniversity,Rostov-na- Donu,Russia) KostynayaN.O.(SouthernFederalUniversity,Rostov-na-Donu,Russia) DyachenkoM.P.(PedagogicalInstituteoftheSouthernFederalUniversity,Rostov-na- Donu,Russia) Барабашин Т.О. (Педагогический институт Южного федерального университета, Ростов-на-Дону, Россия) Костяная Н.О. (Южный федеральный университет, Ростов-на-Дону, Россия) Дьяченко М.П. (Педагогический институт Южного федерального университета, Ростов-на-Дону, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ðåçþìå Òèìîôåé Áàðàáàøèí  ñòàòüå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ ìàòåðèàëû ïî ïëîòíîñòè è ñåçîííîé äèíàìèêå íàñåëåíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö àýðîïîðòà Ìèõàèë Äüÿ÷åíêî «Òàãàíðîã-Þæíûé», ñîáðàííûå ñ èþíÿ 2010 ã. ïî ÿíâàðü 2011 ã. Âñåãî çà ýòîò ïåðèîä áûëî îòìå÷åíî 17 Ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèé èíñòè- âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, èç êîòîðûõ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íà ìàðøðóòàõ â ïðåäåëàõ ë¸òíîãî ïîëÿ ó÷òåíî 447 îñîáåé òóò Þæíîãî ôåäåðàëü- 15 âèäîâ. Îòìå÷åíî ãíåçäîâàíèå îáûêíîâåííîé ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus) íà òåððèòîðèè àýðîäðîìà, â òîì íîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà ÷èñëå – â íèøå îäíîãî èç ñòàðûõ ñàìîë¸òîâ. Âûÿâëåíà ÷¸òêàÿ ñåçîííàÿ äèíàìèêà êàê âèäîâîãî ñîñòàâà, òàê è 344065, Ðîññèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòè ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ â ïðåäåëàõ ë¸òíîãî ïîëÿ. Íàèáîëüøåå âèäîâîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå, êàê è ïëîòíîñòü Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, íàñåëåíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö, îòìå÷åíû â ïåðèîä îñåííèõ ìèãðàöèé â ñåíòÿáðå ìåñÿöå, à íàèìåíüøèå ïîêàçàòåëè ïåð. Äíåïðîâñêèé, ïðèõîäÿòñÿ íà íîÿáðü. 118, ê. 204 Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå, àâèàöèÿ, àýðîäðîì, îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü ïî- ë¸òîâ. [email protected] Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 23.03.2011 ã. Ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè 27.03.2011 ã. Íàòàëèÿ Êîñòÿíàÿ Abstract Þæíûé ôåäåðàëüíûé This article presents the data on density and seasonal dynamics of number of raptors at the territory of the Tagan- óíèâåðñèòåò rog Yuzhny Airport, which were collected from June 2010 to January 2011. During this period, a total of 17 species 344007, Ðîññèÿ, of birds of prey were observed, 447 individuals of 15 species were counted on the transects within the airfield. The Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, breeding Common Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) were observed at the airport territory, among the sites, in the niche óë. Á. Ñàäîâàÿ, 105 of an old airplane. A clear seasonal dynamics was revealed both for the species composition and for the number of [email protected] the birds of prey within the airfield. Along with the density of population of raptors, the most species diversity was observed during the seasonal migrations in September, while the lowest figures were observed in November. Keywords: raptors, birds of prey aviation, airport, ornithological safety. Contact: Received: 23/03/2011. Accepted: 27/03/2011. Timofey Barabashin Mikhail Dyachenko Pedagogical Institute of the Southern Federal Ââåäåíèå Introduction University Õèùíûå ïòèöû ÿâëÿþòñÿ âàæíûì êîìïî- Birds of prey are an important compo- Dneprovskiy str., íåíòîì ñàìûõ ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ ýêîñèñòåì. nent of various ecosystems. The territory 118–204, Rostov-na-Donu, Òåððèòîðèÿ àýðîäðîìîâ, êîòîðàÿ òùàòåëü- of airdromes, which is carefully secured Russia, 344065 íî îõðàíÿåòñÿ è íà êîòîðîé õîçÿéñòâåííàÿ and where the economical activity is re- [email protected] äåÿòåëüíîñòü âåä¸òñÿ âåñüìà îãðàíè÷åííî, stricted, is a good and attractive sanctu- ñëóæèò äëÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ õîðîøèì è ary for raptors. Moreover, an increased Nataliya Kostynaya Southern Federal Uni- âåñüìà ïðèâëåêàòåëüíûì óáåæèùåì. Êðî- concentration of potential prey, especially versity ìå òîãî, ïîâûøåííàÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ïî- as compared with the adjacent territories, Bol. Sadovaya str., 105, òåíöèàëüíîé äîáû÷è, îñîáåííî ïî ñðàâ- attracts quite a few raptors. Frequently the Rostov-na-Donu, Russia, 344007 íåíèþ ñ ïðèëåãàþùèìè òåððèòîðèÿìè, aerodromes serve as breeding sites for a [email protected] ïðèòÿãèâàåò ê àýðîïîðòó äîâîëüíî ìíî- number of birds of prey; during the breed- ãî õèùíûõ ïòèö. Íåðåäêî äëÿ ðÿäà âèäîâ ing period, the density of population of ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ àýðîäðîìû ñëóæàò these species is likely to be higher than ìåñòîì ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, è ïëîòíîñòü ïîñåëå- at the adjacent territories (Grabovskiy, íèÿ ýòèõ âèäîâ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä çäåñü 2008). Eastern Azov Sea region, and in áûâàåò âûøå, ÷åì íà îêðóæàþùèõ òåððè- particular, the coastline of Taganrog bay òîðèÿõ (Ãðàáîâñêèé, 2008). of the Azov Sea is an important raptor mi- Âîñòî÷íîå Ïðèàçîâüå è, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ïî- gration site. In autumn, there can be thou- áåðåæüå Òàãàíðîãñêîãî çàëèâà Àçîâñêîãî sands of birds of prey per day flying by ìîðÿ, ñëóæèò âàæíûì ìåñòîì ìèãðàöèè (Belik, 2009). The Taganrog Yuzhny Air- 192 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

õèùíûõ ïòèö. Çäåñü îñåíüþ çà äåíü íåðåä- êî ïðîëåòàþò òûñÿ÷è ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ (Áå- ëèê, 2009). Àýðîïîðò «Òàãàíðîã-Þæíûé» ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íà ïóòÿõ ïðîë¸òà ìíîãèõ ìèãðàíòîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå è õèùíûõ ïòèö (ðèñ. 1). Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå äëÿ áåçîïàñíîñòè ïî- ë¸òîâ âîçäóøíûõ ñóäîâ ïðåäñòàâëÿþò äî- ñòàòî÷íî âûñîêóþ ïîòåíöèàëüíóþ óãðî- çó. Ìíîãèå õèùíèêè âî âðåìÿ îáû÷íûõ ïåðåìåùåíèé, íå êàñàþùèõñÿ îõîòíè÷üèõ áðîñêîâ è ïîë¸òîâ, ëåòàþò äîñòàòî÷íî ìåäëåííî, çà÷àñòóþ èñïîëüçóÿ âîñõîäÿ- ùåå ïîòîêè, è íå âîñïðèíèìàþò áûñòðî Çèìíÿê (Buteo lagopus). Ôîòî È. Áàáêèíà. ïðèáëèæàþùèéñÿ îáúåêò êàê âîçìîæíóþ Rough-Legged Buzzard (Buteo lagopus). îïàñíîñòü. Îñîáåííîñòè çðåíèÿ è âîñïðè- Photo by I. Babkin. ÿòèÿ îáúåêòîâ, êîòîðûå ëåòàþò â âîçäóõå, ó õèùíûõ ïòèö ìîãóò ñóùåñòâåííî îòëè÷àòü- port is located directly on the migration ñÿ îò òîãî, êàê îíè âîñïðèíèìàþò ïåðå- route of many migratory birds, including ìåùåíèå ïîòåíöèàëüíîé äîáû÷è (Martin, raptors (fig. 1). 2009; 2011; Martin, Shaw, 2010). Ñòîëêíî- Birds of prey pose an appreciably high âåíèå ñ êðóïíûìè õèùíèêàìè íà áîëüøîé potential threat to the safety of aircrafts. ñêîðîñòè ìîæåò îêàçàòüñÿ ëåòàëüíûì íå The features of eyesight and perception of òîëüêî äëÿ ïòèöû, íî è äëÿ âñåãî ýêèïàæà the object for flying raptors may differ con- âîçäóøíîãî ñóäíà. Äîâîëüíî ïîäðîáíûé siderably from the way they perceive the àíàëèç ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ travel of the potential prey (Martin, 2009; ñ ñàìîë¸òàìè è îáùèå ïðîáëåìû îðíèòî- 2011; Martin, Shaw, 2010). Therefore, they ëîãè÷åñêîãî îáåñïå÷åíèÿ áåçîïàñíîñòè cannot evaluate the danger coming from a ïîë¸òîâ äàíû â ðàáîòå Ì.À. Ãðàáîâñêîãî moving airplane. The collisions with large (2008). raptors may be lethal not only for the bird, but for the entire crew of an aircraft. An Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäèêà appreciably detailed analysis of collisions Ìàòåðèàë äàííîé ðàáîòû áûë ñîáðàí âî between raptors and airplanes, as well as âðåìÿ ýêîëîãî-îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîãî îáñëå- the general problems of ensuring ornitho- äîâàíèÿ àýðîïîðòà «Òàãàíðîã-Þæíûé». logical safety of flights are presented by Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïîëîæåíèå Ýêñêóðñèè ïðîõîäèëè â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå Grabovskiy (2008). àýðîïîðòà «Òàãàíðîã- Þæíûé». äíÿ. Ó÷¸òû ïðîâîäèëèñü è èíòåðïðåòèðî- âàëèñü â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ìåòîäè÷åñêèìè Materials and Methods Fig. 1. Location of the the Taganrog Yuzhny óêàçàíèÿìè, àäàïòèðîâàííûìè äëÿ èçó÷å- The material for this study was collected Airport. íèÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ (Ãàëóøèí, 1971; during the ecological and ornithological survey of the Taganrog Yuzhny Airport. The counts were carried out during the first half of the day according to the meth- ods developed for the census of birds of prey (Galushin, 1971; Karyakin, 2004). The transect was located exactly along the runa- way and taxiways. The length of it was 5 km in both directions. We counted all the birds that were observed; including those that were hunting, resting, or flying over the air- field. The population density was calculated only for the area of the airfield. Binoculars with power of up to 12x were used for vis- ual identification. The total of 39 trips was performed. The observations were carried out from June 2010 to February 2011. Dur- ing summer and autumn, on average there were 7 counts per month and 4 counts per month in winter. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 193

Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Ìàðøðóò ïðîõîäèë íå- Results ïîñðåäñòâåííî âäîëü âçë¸òíî-ïîñàäî÷íîé Only one raptor species – the Common ïîëîñû è ðóë¸æíûõ äîðîæåê. Ïðîòÿæ¸í- Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) was breeding di- íîñòü ìàðøðóòà â îáå ñòîðîíû ñîñòàâëÿëà rectly at the territory of the Taganrog Yuzh- 5 êì. Ó÷èòûâàëèñü âñå âñòðå÷åííûå ïòèöû, ny Airport. All other species use the airport êîòîðûå îõîòèëèñü, îòäûõàëè èëè ïðîëå- territory as the hunting habitat during the òàëè íàä ë¸òíûì ïîëåì. Ðàñ÷¸ò ïëîòíîñòè breeding period and as a site for hunting íàñåëåíèÿ ïðîèçâîäèëñÿ òîëüêî äëÿ ïëî- and resting during the seasonal movements ùàäè ë¸òíîãî ïîëÿ. Äëÿ âèçóàëüíîãî îïðå- and migrations. äåëåíèÿ èñïîëüçîâàëèñü áèíîêëè óâåëè÷å- A total of 447 individuals belonging to 15 íèåì äî 12 êðàò. Âñåãî áûëî ïðîâåäåíî species were counted on transects during 39 âûåçäîâ. Íàáëþäåíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü ñ the survey (table 1). The seasonal dynamics èþíÿ 2010 ã. ïî ôåâðàëü 2011 ã.  ëåòíå- of population density at the airfield is repre- îñåííåå âðåìÿ â ìåñÿö ïðîâîäèëîñü â sented in fig. 2. ñðåäíåì 7 ýêñêóðñèé, à â çèìíåå – 4. Discussion Ðåçóëüòàòû The raptor population at the Taganrog Íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íà òåððèòîðèè àýðî- Yuzhny Airport has the clearly expressed äðîìà «Òàãàíðîã-Þæíûé» ãíåçäèòñÿ òîëü- seasonal dynamics. During summer, the êî îäèí âèä õèùíûõ ïòèö – ýòî îáûêíî- number of large birds of prey that were ob- âåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus). Íà served on the airfield was appreciably con- ãíåçäîâàíèè ÷èñëåííîñòü ýòîãî âèäà ñî- stant and depended primarily on the pairs, ñòàâèëà 3 ïàðû äëÿ âñåé òåððèòîðèè àýðî- which bred directly at the airport territory or äðîìà. Ãíåçäÿòñÿ ïóñòåëüãè â ðàçëè÷íûõ near it. During this time, the Common Kes- ïîñòðîéêàõ è çäàíèÿõ, êðîìå òîãî, îäíà trel is a predominant species. In addition, ïàðà âûâîäèëà ïòåíöîâ â íèøå îäíîãî èç the regularly observed species include: the ñòàðûõ ñàìîë¸òîâ, ñòîÿùèõ ðÿäîì ñ ë¸ò- Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus), Eurasian íûì ïîëåì. Âñå îñòàëüíûå âèäû èñïîëü- Hobby (Falco subbuteo), and Red-Footed çóþò òåððèòîðèþ àýðîïîðòà â êà÷åñòâå Falcon (Falco vespertinus). As the seasonal îõîòíè÷üèõ óãîäèé âî âðåìÿ ïåðèîäà ðàç- migrations begin, peaking in September, ìíîæåíèÿ, à òàêæå â êà÷åñòâå òðàíçèòíîé the mass migratory species, such as the òåððèòîðèè äëÿ îõîòû è îòäûõà â ïåðèîä Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), Black ñåçîííûõ êî÷¸âîê è ìèãðàöèé. Kite (Milvus migrans), and Honey-Buzzard Âñåãî çà âðåìÿ íàáëþäåíèé íåïîñðåä- (Pernis apivorus), become predominant. ñòâåííî íà ìàðøðóòå áûëî ó÷òåíî 447 The least number of raptors was recorded îñîáåé 15 âèäîâ (òàáë. 1). Ñåçîííàÿ äèíà- in late autumn, in October and November, ìèêà ïëîòíîñòè íàñåëåíèÿ íà ëåòíîì ïîëå when the migrated species had already îòðàæåíà íà ðèñóíêå 2. passed by, while the wintering species have Ïîìèìî âèäîâ, ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ â òàáë. 1, not reached the wintering grounds yet. In îòìå÷åííûõ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íà ë¸òíîì winter, the number of birds of prey at ter- ïîëå, íà òåððèòîðèè àýðîäðîìà â çèìíå- ritory of the airport is constantly low and is âåñåííåå âðåìÿ òàêæå âñòðå÷àëèñü mainly presented by the Eurasian Sparrow- îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) è hawk (Accipiter nisus) and Rough-Legged ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus). Îäèíî÷íûå ïòè- Buzzard (Buteo lagopus). öû ýòèõ âèäîâ â îñåííå-çèìíèé ïåðèîä äîñòàòî÷íî ðåãóëÿðíî êî÷óþò ïî ïîáå- ðåæüþ Òàãàíðîãñêîãî çàëèâà, íî çàëåòà- þò íà òåððèòîðèþ àýðîäðîìà ñëó÷àéíî. Íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ðÿäîì ñ àýðîäðîìîì, â ðàäèóñå 1 êì, âåñíîé íà ëüäó ìû îòìå÷à- ëè ñêîïëåíèÿ äî 5 îðëàíîâ.

Îáñóæäåíèå Èñõîäÿ èç ïîëó÷åííûõ äàííûõ, ìîæíî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî íàñåëåíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö àýðî- äðîìà «Òàãàíðîã-Þæíûé» èìååò ÷¸òêî âû- Áîëîòíûé ëóíü (Circus aeruginosus). ðàæåííóþ ñåçîííóþ äèíàìèêó. Èçìåíå- Ôîòî È. Áàáêèíà. íèÿ âûðàæàþòñÿ â òîì, ÷òî â ëåòíåå âðåìÿ Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus). ÷èñëåííîñòü õèùíûõ ïòèö, âñòðå÷åííûõ Photo by I. Babkin. 194 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 1. Ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ë¸òíîì ïîëå «Òàãàíðîã-Þæíûé», îñîáåé/êì2. Table 1. Average density of the birds of prey in the Taganrog Yuzhny Airport, ind./km2.

Âèä Èþíü Èþëü Àâãóñò Ñåíòÿáðü Îêòÿáðü Íîÿáðü Çèìà Ìàêñèìóì Species June July August September October November Winter Max Ñêîïà (Pandion haliaetus) 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0.2 Îñîåä (Pernis apivorus) 0 0 3.9 0 0 0 0 3.9 ׸ðíûé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans) 0 0 0.2 19.5 0 0 0 19.5 Ïîëåâîé ëóíü (Circus cyaneus) 0 0.3 0 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.7 Ëóãîâîé ëóíü (Circus pygargus) 0 0 1.4 0.2 0 0 0 1.4 Áîëîòíûé ëóíü (Circus aeruginosus) 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.4 0 0 0 0.8 Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus) 0 0 0.8 1.2 0 0 0.4 1.2 Åâðîïåéñêèé òþâèê (Accipiter brevipes) 0 0 0 0.6 0 0 0 0.6 Çèìíÿê (Buteo lagopus) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.4 1.4 Êàíþê (Buteo buteo) 0 0 0 37.9 0 0 0 37.9 Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) 0 0 0 0.6 0 0 0 0.6 Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga) 0 0 0 0.4 0 0 0 0.4 ×åãëîê (Falco subbuteo) 0.4 0 0.6 0 0 0 0 0.6 Êîá÷èê (Falco vespertinus) 0.2 0 0.2 0.8 0 0 0 0.8 Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) 2.6 5.0 4.1 4.1 0.5 0 0.2 5.0 Èòîãî / Total 3.4 6.1 12.0 66.0 0.5 0 2.2 66.0

íà âçë¸òíîì ïîëå, äîñòàòî÷íî ñòàáèëüíà è àýðîäðîìà ñòàáèëèçèðóåòñÿ íà äîñòàòî÷- çàâèñèò, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, îò òåõ ïàð, êî- íî íèçêîì óðîâíå.  îñíîâíîì îíî ïðåä- òîðûå ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íà ñòàâëåíî ïåðåïåëÿòíèêîì (Accipiter nisus) òåððèòîðèè àýðîäðîìà èëè ïîáëèçîñòè îò è çèìíÿêîì (Buteo lagopus), êîòîðûå èñ- íåãî.  ýòî âðåìÿ â íàñåëåíèè äîìèíèðó- ïîëüçóþò àýðîäðîì â êà÷åñòâå îõîòíè÷üèõ åò îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà, à òàêæå ðåãó- óãîäèé è ìåñòà îòäûõà. ëÿðíî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ áîëîòíûé ëóíü (Circus aeruginosus), ÷åãëîê (Falco subbuteo) è êîá- Ëèòåðàòóðà ÷èê (Falco vespertinus). Ñ íà÷àëîì ñåçîííûõ Áåëèê Â.Ï. Ðîñòîâñêàÿ îáëàñòü (þãî-çàïàäíàÿ ìèãðàöèé, ïèê êîòîðûõ ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà ñåí- ÷àñòü). – Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòî- òÿáðü, äîìèíàíòàìè ñòàíîâÿòñÿ ìàññîâûå ðèè Ðîññèè. Ò. 3. Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðîë¸òíûå âèäû, òàêèå êàê êàíþê (Buteo òåððèòîðèè ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ â Êàâ- êàçñêîì ðåãèîíå. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîñ- buteo), êîðøóí (Milvus migrans), îñîåä ñèè, 2009. Ñ. 46–61. Ðèñ. 2. Ñåçîííàÿ (Pernis apivorus). Íàèáîëåå áåäíûì íàñåëå- Ãàëóøèí Â.Ì. ×èñëåííîñòü è òåððèòîðèàëü- äèíàìèêà íàñåëåíèÿ íèå õèùíûõ ïòèö ñòàíîâèòñÿ ïîçäíåé îñå- íîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö Åâðîïåéñêî- õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ë¸ò- íüþ, â îêòÿáðå–íîÿáðå, êîãäà ïðîèñõîäèò íîì ïîëå àýðîäðîìà ãî öåíòðà ÑÑÑÐ. – Òðóäû Îêñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. «Òàãàíðîã-Þæíûé». ïåðåñòðîéêà íàñåëåíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Âûï. 8. Ì., 1971. Ñ. 5–132. ëàíäøàôòàõ è ìèãðèðóþùèå âèäû óæå ïðî- Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è àâèà- Fig. 2. Seasonal öèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. dynamic of the birds of ëåòåëè, à êî÷óþùèå è çèìóþùèå ïòèöû åù¸ prey in the Taganrog íå äîáðàëèñü äî ñâîèõ çèìîâî÷íûõ ñòàöèé. ¹12. Ñ. 7–10. Yuzhny Airport. Çèìîé íàñåëåíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö â ðàéîíå Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (Ìåòîäè- ÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîî- áðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2004. 351 ñ. Martin G.R. What is binocular vision for? A birds’ eye view. – Journal of Vision. 2009. ¹9 (11). P. 1–19. Martin G.R. Understanding bird collisions with man-made objects: a sensory ecology approach. – Ibis. 2011. ¹153. P. 239–254. . Downloaded 20/03/2011. Martin G.R., Shaw J.M. Bird collisions with power lines: Failing to see the way ahead? – Bio- logical Conservation. 2010. ¹143. P. 2695–2702 doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.07.014 . Downloaded 20/03/2011. Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 195

ShortReports КРАТКИЕСООБЩЕНИЯ WinterRecordsoftheRaptorsintheRepublicofTyva,Russia ЗИМНИЕ ВСТРЕЧИ ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТЫВА, РОССИЯ BarashkovaA.N.,SmelanskyI.E.,TomilenkoA.A.(SiberianEnvironmentalCenter, Novosibirsk,Russia) Барашкова А.Н., Смелянский И.Э., Томиленко А.А. (Сибирский экологический центр, Новосибирск, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå ôåâðàëÿ – íà÷àëå There are results of some observations of Àííà Áàðàøêîâà ìàðòà 2011 ã. áûëè ñäåëàíû íåêîòîðûå raptors in the Tyva Republic in the latter half ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ïåðíàòûìè õèùíèêàìè of February and at the beginning of March, 630090, Ðîññèÿ, â êîòëîâèííî-ñòåïíûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ Ðå- 2011. Conducting the snow-tracking survey Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 ñïóáëèêè Òûâà. Ïòèöû ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü of the Pallas’s cat (Otocolobus manul) in òåë./ôàêñ: ïîïóòíî âî âðåìÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ ó÷¸òîâ the eastern parts of Tyva and Ubsunur de- +7 383 328 30 26 [email protected] ìàíóëà (Otocolobus manul) â âîñòî÷íûõ pressions and in the Turan-Uyuk depression ÷àñòÿõ Òóâèíñêîé è Óáñóíóðñêîé êîò- (Piy-Khem, Kyzyl, Tanda, Kaa-Khem, Erzin Èëüÿ Ñìåëÿíñêèé ëîâèí è â Òóðàíî-Óþêñêîé êîòëîâèíå and Tes-Khem regions of the Republic) the [email protected] (Ïèé-Õåìñêèé, Êûçûëñêèé, Òàíäèíñêèé, birds of prey were being recorded. Àíäðåé Òîìèëåíêî Êàà-Õåìñêèé, Ýðçèíñêèé è Òåñ-Õåìñêèé We surveyed steppe hills and ranges on [email protected] êîæóóíû Ðåñïóáëèêè Òûâà). the left bank of the Elegest river, the right  Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå áûëè îáñëåäîâà- banks of the Ulug-Khem and Kaa-Khem riv- íû ñòåïíûå ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêè è ãðÿäû ïî ers, fallow lands and hilly areas in the vicin- Contact: Anna Barashkova ëåâîìó áåðåãó ðåêè Ýëåãåñò (îêðåñòíîñòè ity of Cheder lake in the Tyva depression, as NGO Siberian ïîñ. Ýëåãåñò), ïðàâîáåðåæüå ðåê Óëóã- well as the territories surrounding the Erzin Environmental Center Õåì (îêðåñòíîñòè ïîñ. Ýýðáåê) è Êàà-Õåì village, outcrops on the left bank of the Tes- P.O. Box 547, (îêðåñòíîñòè ïîñ. Ñóã-Áàæè), çàëåæè è Khem river, the south slope of the Eastern Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090 ìåëêîñîïî÷íûå ìàññèâû â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Tannu-Ola mountains in the Ubsunur de- tel./fax: îç. ×åäåð (ïîñ. Öåëèííîå).  Óáñóíóðñêîé pression. +7 383 328 30 26 êîòëîâèíå áûëè îáñëåäîâàíû îêðåñòíîñòè The snow deep was about 15–30 cm. The [email protected] ïîñ. Ýðçèí (þãî-çàïàäíûå ñòåïíûå îòðîãè potential available prey was voles (Micro- Ilya Smelansky õð. Õîðóìíóã-Òàéãà), ïåñêè Öóãýýð-Ýëñ tus spp.), Pallas’ and Daurian Pikas (Ocho- [email protected] è Ýäåð-Ýëåçèí, îñòàíöîâûå ãðÿäû ëåâî- tona pallasii, O. dauurica), and Carrion Crow áåðåæüÿ ð. Òåñ-Õåì (îñòàíåö ßìààëûã), (Corvus corone). Andrey Tomilenko þæíûé ìàêðîñêëîí õðåáòà Âîñòî÷íûé Total there were recorded 3 species of [email protected] Òàííó-Îëà (îêðåñòíîñòè ïîñ. Õîëü-Îîæó). birds of prey and 1 species of owls (fig. 1). Âñòðå÷è ñ ïòèöàìè ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü íà àâòîìîáèëüíûõ ìàðøðóòàõ è âî âðåìÿ ïå- øåãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ òåððèòîðèè. Ãëóáèíà ñíåæíîãî ïîêðîâà íà ðîâíûõ ìåñòàõ ñîñòàâëÿëà 15–30 ñì. Èç ïîòåí- öèàëüíûõ êîðìîâûõ îáúåêòîâ áûëè îò- íîñèòåëüíî îáèëüíû è äîñòóïíû ïîë¸âêè (Microtus sp.), ìîíãîëüñêàÿ è äàóðñêàÿ ïèùóõè (Ochotona pallasii, O. dauurica) è ÷¸ðíàÿ âîðîíà (Corvus corone). Âñåãî îòìå÷åíî 3 âèäà äíåâíûõ õèùíè- êîâ è 1 âèä ñîâîîáðàçíûõ (ðèñ. 1). Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius). Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemi- Ôîòî Å. Êíèæíèêà. lasius). À.À. Áàðàíîâ (1991) îòìå÷àë, ÷òî Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius). çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ïîïóëÿöèè Òóâû îñòàåò- Photo by E. Knizhnik. 196 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius). This species was the most common rap- tor encountered everywhere. Single birds were observed in the south-eastern part of the Turan-Uyuk depression (19 Febru- ary and 4 March), near the edge of the Balgazyn pine forest (20 and 24 Febru- ary), near the outcrops on the left bank of the Tes-Khem river (22 and 23 February), on the south slope of the Eastern Tannu- Ola mountains (24 February), in the sur- roundings of Cheder lake (1 March), and on the right bank of the Kaa-Khem river (2 March). Four birds were recorded from the same point in the Elegest river valley near the Elegest village on 26 February. A pair of birds was observed near the nest to the west from Cheder lake (1 March). The nest on the electric pole on the left bank of the Elegest river was being repaired – the bird was bringing branches of shrubs into the nest (26 February). Another 4 Upland Buzzards were registered along a 20 km section of the power line (24 February and 3 March) in the vicinity of Cheder lake. Al- most all the birds observed in Tyva were of pale morph. Only dark bird was encoun- Ðèñ. 1. Âñòðå÷è ñÿ çèìîâàòü â þãî-çàïàäíîé Òóâå (â äîëèíàõ tered hunting in the hills on the right bank ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â ðåê Ñàãëû, Êàðãû, Ìîãåí-Áóðåí), ãäå èìå- of the Eerbek river (right bank of the Ulug- Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà. åòñÿ õîðîøàÿ êîðìîâàÿ áàçà è îòñóòñòâóåò Khem river, 27 February). Fig. 1. Records of ñíåæíûé ïîêðîâ. Íàìè ïòèöû ðåãèñòðèðî- raptors in the Republic âàëèñü â âîñòî÷íûõ ÷àñòÿõ ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí of Tyva. – ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê áûë íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àþùèìñÿ âèäîì. Îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû îòìå÷àëèñü íà þãî-çàïàäå Òóðàíî-Óþêñêîé êîòëîâèíû â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Áåãðåäû (19 ôåâ- ðàëÿ è 4 ìàðòà), íà îïóøêå Áàëãàçûíñêîãî áîðà (20 è 24 ôåâðàëÿ), âîçëå îñòàíöîâ â ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ-Õåìà – â ïåñêàõ Ýäåð- Ýëåçèí (22 ôåâðàëÿ) è íà îñòàíöå ßìààëûã (23 ôåâðàëÿ), íà øëåéôå Òàííó-Îëà â ðóñëå ð. Õàðàëûã-Õåì (24 ôåâðàëÿ), â îêðåñòíî- ñòÿõ îçåðà ×åäåð (1 ìàðòà), íà ãîðå Ïåòåê- Øàò â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Êàà-Õåìà (2 ìàðòà). ×åòûðå ïòèöû íàáëþäàëèñü ñ îäíîé òî÷êè â øèðîêîé ïîéìå Ýëåãåñòà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Ýëåãåñò 26 ôåâðàëÿ. ×àñòü ïòèö äåðæà- ëàñü íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ó ñâîèõ ãíåçä. Ïàðà ïòèö áûëà îòìå÷åíà âîçëå ãíåçäà, â îñòàò- êàõ ëåñîïîëîñû íà çàëåæàõ, ê çàïàäó îò îçåðà ×åäåð 1 ìàðòà. Îäíà ïòèöà ñèäåëà íà ãíåçäå – èñêóññòâåííîé ïëàòôîðìå, ïî- ñòðîåííîé â 2006 ã. ñîòðóäíèêàìè Ñèáýêî- öåíòðà (ñì. Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2011) íà òîïîëå â îñòàòêàõ ëåñîïîëîñû ê âîñòîêó îò

Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê. Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî. Upland Buzzard. Photos by I. Smelansky. Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 197

Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Two birds were observed sitting on the electric poles in the Turan-Uyuk depression. A dump was located nearby with Carrion Crows gather- ing. Sakers seemed to be fed there. Also birds were recorded near the outcrops (Tsa- gir and Yamaalyg) on the left bank of the Tes-Khem river on 22 and 23 February. A bird was encountered in the Kharalyg-Khem river valley in 20 km to the west of the Bert- Dag village on 24 February (Eastern Tannu- Ola trail). We didn’t see Sakers in the Tyva depression.

Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê îç. ×åäåð. Ãíåçäî íà ËÝÏ â ëåâîáåðåæüå Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius mona- çàíÿò ïîäíîâëåíè- Ýëåãåñòà ïîäíîâëÿëîñü – ïòèöà ïðèíîñèëà â chus) was observed sitting on a rock of åì ãíåçäà. Ýëåãåñò, 26.02.2011. ãíåçäî âåòî÷êè êàðàãàíû (26 ôåâðàëÿ). Íà the Yamaalyg outcrop in the evening of 23 Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé. 20-êèëîìåòðîâîì îòðåçêå ËÝÏ, íà äåðåâÿí- February. Upland Buzzard íûõ îïîðàõ âäîëü òðàññû Êûçûë-Öåëèííîå â is building the îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç. ×åäåð, áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðî- Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) was recorded in nest. Elegest river, âàíî 4 ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêà (24 ôåâðàëÿ the Tsugeer-Els sands on 22 February. The 26/02/2011. Photo by è 3 ìàðòà). Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå âñòðå÷åííûå bird was sitting on the ground among pea A. Barashkova. ïòèöû áûëè ñâåòëîé ìîðôû. Ëèøü îäíàæ- shrubs. äû íàì âñòðåòèëàñü ïòèöà òåìíîé ìîðôû, îõîòèâøàÿñÿ â ìåëêîñîïî÷íîì ìàññèâå ïî ïðàâîìó áåðåãó ð. Ýýðáåê â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Óëóã-Õåìà (27 ôåâðàëÿ).

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) çèìóåò â ñòåï- íûõ êîòëîâèíàõ Òûâû (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Íàìè äâå ïòèöû áûëè îòìå÷åíû íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ ìåæäó Òóðàíîì è Àðæàíîì â Òóðàíî- Óþêñêîé êîòëîâèíå 19 ôåâðàëÿ. Íåïîäà- ëåêó íàõîäèëàñü ñâàëêà áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ ïîñ. Òóðàí, ãäå ìàññîâî äåðæàëèñü âîðîíû. Âåðîÿòíî, áàëîáàíû îõîòèëèñü íà íèõ.  Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå 22 è 23 ôåâðàëÿ áàëîáàíû îòìå÷àëèñü â ïîë¸òå íàä çèìíè- ìè ïàñòáèùàìè, âîçëå îñòàíöîâûõ ìàññè- Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug). Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî. âîâ â ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ-Õåìà (îñòàíöû Öà- Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Photo by I. Smelansky. ãèð è ßìààëûã). Åù¸ îäíà ïòèöà âñòðå÷åíà 24 ôåâðàëÿ â ðóñëå ðåêè Õàðàëûã-Õåì, â Òàêæå ìû ïðèçíàòåëüíû ×.Ñ. Êûðãûñ (ÐÃÓ 20 êì ê çàïàäó îò ñ. Áåðò-Äàã (øëåéô Âîñ- «Äèðåêöèÿ ïî ÎÎÏÒ Ðåñïóáëèêè Òûâà») è òî÷íîãî Òàííó-Îëà).  Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâè- Â.È. Êàíçàþ (ÃÏÁÇ «Óáñóíóðñêàÿ êîòëî- íå áàëîáàíû íå îòìå÷àëèñü. âèíà»), áåç ïîìîùè êîòîðûõ íàøà ðàáîòà â Òóâå áûëà áû íåâîçìîæíà. ׸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus) ðà- íåå íàáëþäàëñÿ â Òóâå â ÿíâàðå 1982 ã. â Ëèòåðàòóðà: äîëèíå ð. Ýëüäû-Õåì (Áàðàíîâ, 1991). Íàìè Áàðàíîâ À.À. Ðåäêèå è ìàëîèçó÷åííûå ïòèöû îäíà îñîáü, ñèäÿùàÿ íà ñêàëå îñòàíöà ßìàà- Òóâû. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 1991. 320 ñ. ëûã, âñòðå÷åíà âå÷åðîì 23 ôåâðàëÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîåêòà ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ ìåñò ãíåçäîâà- Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) âñòðå÷åí â ïåñêàõ íèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2011. ¹21. Öóãýýð-Ýëñ 22 ôåâðàëÿ: ïòèöà ñèäåëà íà C. 14–83. çåìëå ñðåäè êóñòîâ êàðàãàíû. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Ïîòàïîâ Å.Ð., Ôîêñ Í. Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûå ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîåêòà Àâòîðû áëàãîäàðíû Å.Â. Êíèæíèêó, ïî èçó÷åíèþ ìèãðàöèè áàëîáàíà â Ðîññèè. – Å.Þ. Áàëàêèíîé è À. Åíçàêó, ìíîãî ñäå- Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005á. ¹2. ëàâøèì äëÿ óñïåøíîé ðàáîòû ýêñïåäèöèè. Ñ. 56–59. 198 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

NestingoftheOspreyontheElectricPoleintheVolgaDelta, AstrakhanDistrict,Russia ГНЕЗДОВАНИЕ СКОПЫ НА ОПОРЕ ЛЭП В ДЕЛЬТЕ ВОЛГИ, АСТРАХАНСКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ, РОССИЯ DinkevichM.A.(InstituteoftheAridZonesoftheSouthernScientificcentreofthe RussianAcademyofSciences,Rostov-na-Donu,Russia) Динкевич М.А. (Институт аридных зон Южного научного центра РАН, Ростов-на-Дону, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ñêîïà (Pandion haliaetus) çàíåñåíà â The Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) is listed Ìèõàèë Äèíêåâè÷ Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè in the Red Data Book of the Russian Fed- Èíñòèòóò àðèäíûõ çîí rd Þæíîãî íàó÷íîãî êàê ðåäêèé âèä – êàòåãîðèÿ 3 (Ãàíóñåâè÷, eration as a rare species of the 3 category öåíòðà ÐÀÍ 2001). Íà òåððèòîðèè Þæíîãî è Ñåâåðî- (Ganusevich, 2001). The Osprey is a migra- 344006, Ðîññèÿ, Êàâêàçñêîãî ôåäåðàëüíûõ îêðóãîâ Ðîññèè tory and breeding species on the territory Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, ñêîïà – ïðîë¸òíûé è ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä, îò- of the Southern and the Northern Caucasus ïð. ×åõîâà, 41 òåë.: +7 863 250 98 06 ìå÷åííûé âî âñåõ ñóáúåêòàõ ðåãèîíà. Íà Federal Districts and is registered in all re- [email protected] þãå Ðîññèè â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýòà õèùíàÿ gions of the area. The breeding population ïòèöà äîñòîâåðíî ðàçìíîæàåòñÿ òîëüêî of Ospreys in the region in 2003 was es- â Ðåñïóáëèêå Äàãåñòàí, Âîëãîãðàäñêîé è timated as 10–30 pairs (Belik, 2005). The Contact: Mikhail Dinkevich Àñòðàõàíñêîé îáëàñòÿõ, à ðàíåå ãíåçäè- largest breeding group was discovered in Institute of the Arid ëàñü òàêæå â Ðîñòîâñêîé îáëàñòè è Êðàñíî- the Volga delta – mostly in its sea part (Ru- Zones of the Southern äàðñêîì êðàå (Áåëèê è äð., 2006). Ãíåçäî- sanov, 1998, 2004). The number of Ospreys Scientific centre of the âàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñêîïû â ðåãèîíå îöåíåíà was 20 pairs at the beginning of the 1980s, Russian Academy of Sciences ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2003 ã. â 10–30 ïàð (Áå- 26 pairs – in 1987 (including the Western Chehova str., 41, ëèê, 2005). Ñàìàÿ ìíîãî÷èñëåííàÿ ãíåç- Ilmenno-Bugrovy Area), and 20 pairs – in Rostov-na-Donu, äîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà âèäà èçâåñòíà â äåëüòå 1995 (Rusanov, 1998, 2004). Russia, 344006 ð. Âîëãà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â å¸ ìîðñêîé An occupied nest of Ospreys was ob- tel.: +7 863 250 98 06 [email protected] ÷àñòè (Ðóñàíîâ, 1998, 2004).  íà÷àëå served during the shipboard surveys of birds 1980-õ ãîäîâ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñêîïû â äåëüòå in the Volga delta between the Oranzherei ñîñòàâëÿëà 20 ïàð, â 1987 ã. – 26 (âìåñòå ñ and Mumra villages (Astrakhan district, çàïàäíûì èëüìåííî-áóãðîâûì ðàéîíîì), â Ikryanîå region) on September, 9, 2007. 1995 ã. – 20 ïàð (Ðóñàíîâ, 1998, 2004). The nest was paced on the upper side crossbar of electric pole of the idle power line at a height of 20 m and located several ten meters apart the river bank. There were two fledglings in the nest. We managed to register the arrival to the nest of both par- ents brining food. During next survey having carried out in the end of August 2009 the birds were not registered at all due to the power line dis- mantling. Despite the fact that in Europe Ospreys often use electric poles and various towers in anthropogenic habitats for nesting and occupy artificial nests as well, in Russia such cases are quite rare (Ganusevich, 2001; Kar- yakin, 2008). Our find of the Osprey’s living nest placed on power lines is the second reliable case in the Volga region. The first

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàéîí íàõîäêè ãíåçäà ñêîïû (Pandion haliaetus) â äåëüòå Âîëãè. Fig. 1. Record of the nest of the Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) in the Volga river delta. Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 199

Ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè ñóäîâûõ ó÷¸òîâ ïòèö one was recorded on the Kerzhenets river ñ áîðòà òåïëîõîäà ÏÒÐ «Äåíåá» â äåëüòå in the Nizhniy Novgorod district in 2007 as Âîëãè íàìè 9 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2007 ã., ìåæäó well (Bakka et al., 2008; Karyakin, 2008). ñ¸ëàìè Îðàíæåðåè è Ìóìðà (Àñòðàõàí- Under arid climate conditions of the As- ñêàÿ îáëàñòü, Èêðÿíèíñêèé ðàéîí), áûëî trakhan district and deficiency of trees suit- îáíàðóæåíî æèëîå ãíåçäî ñêîïû (ðèñ. 1). able for nesting that are destroyed by fires, Îíî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà âûñîòå îêîëî 20 ì floods and strong winds and, hence, short îò çåìëè íà âåðõíåé áîêîâîé ïåðåêëàäè- (3–5 years) period of nest existence in the íå íåðàáîòàþùåé îïîðû ËÝÏ, îòñòîÿùåé Volga delta (Rusanov, 1998, 2004) using the îò áåðåãà ðåêè íà íåñêîëüêî äåñÿòêîâ ìå- artificial constructions for nesting can be an òðîâ (ðèñ. 2, À). important factor for the Osprey population Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, ïðîâåðèòü ãíåçäî â ñèëó conservation in the region. All the Osprey íåäîñòàòêà âðåìåíè è õàðàêòåðà ýêñïåäè- nests in the Volga delta should be found and öèè íå óäàëîñü. Îäíàêî, ñúåìêà ãíåçäîâîé protected in direct cooperation with electric ïîñòðîéêè ïðè ïîìîùè ìîùíîé òåõíèêè utility companies to prevent the destruction ïîçâîëèëà ðàçãëÿäåòü â ãíåçäå äâóõ ïî÷òè of raptor nests and bird electrocution. ãîòîâûõ ê âûëåòó ïòåíöîâ (ðèñ. 2, Á).  We assume that the number of such cases õîäå êðàòêîâðåìåííûõ íàáëþäåíèé íàì of “artificial” nesting of osprey in the Volga òàêæå óäàëîñü çàðåãèñòðèðîâàòü ïðèë¸ò delta as well as in other regions of Russia ê ãíåçäó îáîèõ ðîäèòåëåé ñ êîðìîì. Ïî- will increase in future, as it has already re- êîðìèâ ïòåíöîâ, âçðîñëûå ïòèöû óñåëèñü corded for other raptor species, which have íà íèæíèõ, áîëåå äëèííûõ, ïåðåêëàäèíàõ got into a habit to breed in disturbed habi- îïîðû ËÝÏ (ðèñ. 2, Â). Íå èñêëþ÷åíî, ÷òî tats and to nest on electric poles (Karyakin, ýòî áûëî íå ïåðâîå ðàçìíîæåíèå ñêîï íà 2008). ýòîé îïîðå, òàê êàê â öåíòðå âûøêè çàìåòíû îñòàòêè åù¸ îäíîé ãíåçäîâîé ïîñòðîéêè (ðèñ. 2, Ã).  êîíöå àâãóñòà 2009 ã., â õîäå àíàëîãè÷íûõ ó÷¸òîâ, ïîäòâåðäèòü ãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà íà îáíàðóæåííîì ðàíåå ìåñòå íàì íå óäàëîñü – îïî- ðà ËÝÏ îêàçàëàñü äåìîíòè- ðîâàíà, íå áûëî îòìå÷åíî è ñàìèõ õèùíèêîâ. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî â Åâ- ðîïå ñêîïà ÷àñòî ãíåçäèòñÿ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ è ðàçëè÷íûõ âûøêàõ â àíòðîïîãåííûõ ìå- ñòîîáèòàíèÿõ, à òàêæå îõîò- íî èñïîëüçóåò èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû, â Ðîñ- ñèè òàêèå ñëó÷àè êðàéíå ðåä- êè (Ãàíóñåâè÷, 2001; Êàðÿêèí, 2008). Íàøà íàõîäêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ âòîðûì äîñòîâåðíûì ñëó÷àåì íàõîæäåíèÿ æèëîãî ãíåçäà ñêîïû â Ïîâîëæüå íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ: ïåðâîå íàéäåíî òàêæå â 2007 ã. â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îá- ëàñòè íà ð. Êåðæåíåö (Áàêêà è äð., 2008; Êàðÿêèí, 2008).  äåëüòå Âîëãè è çàïàäíîì èëüìåííî-áóãðîâîì ðàéîíå Ðèñ. 2. Ãíåçäî ñêîïû íà îïîðå ËÝÏ (À – îáùèé âèä; Á – ãíåçäî ñ äâóìÿ ïòåíöàìè;  – âçðîñëûå ïòèöû; à – ñòàðàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîé- ãíåçäîâàíèå íà ËÝÏ è íà ìå- êà). Ôîòî Ð. Âåðáèöêîãî. òàëëè÷åñêèõ òðèàíãóëÿöèîí- Fig. 2. Nest of the Osprey on the electric pole (À – overall view; íûõ âûøêàõ áûëî óñòàíîâëå- Á – nest with 2 fledglings;  – adult birds; à – old nest). íî è äëÿ äðóãîé, äîñòàòî÷íî Photo by R. Verbitskiy. 200 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

îáû÷íîé çäåñü, êðóïíîé õèùíîé ïòèöû Ëèòåðàòóðà – îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ìîñêàëèê Ë.Í. (Ðóñàíîâ, Ðåóöêèé, 2004; Ïåñòîâ, 2005; Ïåðâûé ñëó÷àé ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñêîïû íà îïîðå íàøè äàííûå). ËÝÏ â Ïîâîëæüå, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè  àðèäíûõ óñëîâèÿõ Àñòðàõàíñêîé îáëà- è èõ îõðàíà, 2008. ¹11. Ñ. 76. ñòè, ïðè äåôèöèòå ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äåðå- Áåëèê Â.Ï. Êàäàñòð ãíåçäîâîé îðíèòîôàóíû Þæíîé Ðîññèè. – Ñòðåïåò, 2005. Ò. 3, âûï. 1–2. âüåâ, êîòîðûå ñòðàäàþò îò ïîæàðîâ, ïîëî- Ñ. 5–37. âîäèé è ñèëüíûõ âåòðîâ è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, Áåëèê Â.Ï., Êîìàðîâ Þ.Å., Ìóçàåâ Â.Ì., íåáîëüøîé (3–5 ëåò) ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè Ðóñàíîâ Ã.Ì., Ðåóöêèé Í.Ä., Òèëüáà Ï.À., Ïî- ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ãí¸çä â äåëüòå Âîëãè (Ðóñà- ëèâàíîâ Â.Ì., Äæàìèðçîåâ Ã.Ñ., Õîõëîâ À.Í., íîâ, 1998, 2004), ðàçìíîæåíèå íà àíòðî- ×åðíîáàé Â.Ô. Îðíèòîôàóíà Þæíîé Ðîñ- ïîãåííûõ îáúåêòàõ ìîæåò ñòàòü äëÿ ïîïó- ñèè: õàðàêòåð ïðåáûâàíèÿ âèäîâ è ðàñïðå- ëÿöèè ñêîïû â ðåãèîíå âàæíûì ôàêòîðîì äåëåíèå ïî ðåãèîíàì. – Ñòðåïåò, 2006. Ò. 4, â å¸ ñîõðàíåíèè. Ãí¸çäà âèäà íà ËÝÏ â âûï. 1. Ñ. 5–35. äåëüòå Âîëãè íåîáõîäèìî âûÿâëÿòü è áðàòü Ãàíóñåâè÷ Ñ.À. Ñêîïà Pandion haliaetus (Lin- ïîä àäðåñíóþ îõðàíó ñîâìåñòíî ñ ýíåð- naeus, 1758). – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôå- ãåòèêàìè, ÷òîáû ïîñòðîéêè õèùíèêîâ íå äåðàöèè (æèâîòíûå). Ì., 2001. Ñ. 421–423. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïðîáëåìà «Ïòèöû è ËÝÏ»: åñòü áûëè ðàçðóøåíû ïðè ïðîôèëàêòè÷åñêèõ è ïîëîæèòåëüíûé àñïåêò. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè ìåðîïðèÿòèÿõ íà ËÝÏ, à ñàìè ïòèöû íå è èõ îõðàíà, 2008. ¹12. Ñ. 11–27. ïîñòðàäàëè îò ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêà. Ïåñòîâ Ì.Â. Ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî êîëè÷åñòâî íà îïîðå âûñîêîâîëüòíîé ËÝÏ â Àñòðàõàíñêîé ïîïûòîê «òåõíîãåííîãî» ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñêî- îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ ïû êàê â äåëüòå Âîëãè, òàê è â äðóãèõ ðå- îõðàíà, 2005. ¹3. Ñ. 65–66. ãèîíàõ Ðîññèè, â áóäóùåì áóäåò âîçðàñ- Ðóñàíîâ Ã.Ì. Ñêîïà (Pandion haliaetus L.) â òàòü, êàê ýòî óæå ïðîèñõîäèò ñ äðóãèìè äåëüòå Âîëãè. – Áþëëåòåíü ÌÎÈÏ. Îòä. áèîë., õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè ïî ìåðå èõ êîýâîëþöèè 1998. Ò. 103 (6). Ñ. 42–44. â ïñåâäîïðèðîäíîé ñðåäå è àäàïòàöèè ïðè Ðóñàíîâ Ã.Ì. Ñêîïà Pandion haliaetus (Lin- naeus, 1758). – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Àñòðàõàíñêîé ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ËÝÏ (Êàðÿêèí, 2008). îáëàñòè / Ïîä îáù. ðåä. Þ.Ñ. ×óéêîâà. Àñòðà- Àâòîð áëàãîäàðåí ãëàâíîìó èíæåíåðó õàíü, 2004. Ñ. 247–249. Þæíîãî íàó÷íîãî öåíòðà ÐÀÍ Ð.Å. Âåð- Ðóñàíîâ Ã.Ì., Ðåóöêèé Í.Ä. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò áèöêîìó çà ñäåëàííûå ôîòîñíèìêè ãíåçäà Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758). – Êðàñíàÿ ñêîïû è Å.À. Äèíêåâè÷ – çà ïîäãîòîâêó ðè- êíèãà Àñòðàõàíñêîé îáëàñòè / Ïîä îáù. ðåä. ñóíêîâ ê ñòàòüå. Þ.Ñ. ×óéêîâà. Àñòðàõàíü, 2004. Ñ. 263–267.

PeregrineFalconContinuestoMoveintotheTuvaDepression throughtheYeniseyRiver,Russia САПСАН ПРОДОЛЖАЕТ ЭКСПАНСИЮ ПО ЕНИСЕЮ В ТУВИНСКУЮ КОТЛОВИНУ, РОССИЯ NikolenkoE.G.(SiberianEnvironmentalCenter,Novosibirsk,Russia) KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) PotapovE.R.(BrynAthynCollege,Pennsylvania,USA) UtekhinaI.G.(MagadanStateNatureReserve,Magadan,Russia) Николенко Э.Г. (Сибирский экологический центр, Новосибирск, Россия) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Потапов Е.Р. (Брин Афинский Колледж, Пенсильвания, США) Утехина И.Г. (Магаданский заповедник, Магадан, Россия)

 Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà, êàê è âåçäå â Àëòàå- The Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) pre- Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, ñàïñàí (Falco peregri- fers to nest on riverine cliffs in mountain for- nus) ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ñêàëàõ ests in the Republic of Tyva and throughout ïî áåðåãàì ðåê â ãîðíî-ëåñíîì ïîÿñå the Altai-Sayan region as well (Kartashov, (Êàðòàøîâ, 2002; 2003; Êàðÿêèí, Íèêî- 2002; 2003; Karyakin, Nikolenko, 2009). ëåíêî, 2009).  ñòåïíîé äîëèíå Åíèñåÿ äî Until recently only 4 breeding territories of Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 201

Êîíòàêò: íåäàâíåãî âðåìåíè áûëî èçâåñòíî ëèøü 4 Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ñàïñàíîâ, à â öåëîì äëÿ ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíè- 630090, Ðîññèÿ, âàëàñü â 5 ïàð â 2000 ã. (Êàðÿêèí, 2000), â Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 10–12 ïàð â – 2009 ã. (Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåí- òåë./ôàêñ: êî, 2009). +7 383 328 30 26 [email protected] Ýêñïàíñèÿ ñàïñàíà â Òóâèíñêóþ êîòëî- âèíó ïî äîëèíå Åíèñåÿ îáîçíà÷èëàñü â Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí 2008 ã., êîãäà ïàðà ñàïñàíîâ çàíÿëà ìíî- [email protected] ãîëåòíèé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê áàëîáàíîâ Åâãåíèé Ïîòàïîâ (Falco cherrug) ïîñëå èõ èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ íà EugenePotapov@ ñêàëàõ Áîëüøîãî Åíèñåÿ ïðèìåðíî â 30 gmail.com êì ê ñåâåðó îò Êûçûëà. Èðèíà Óòåõèíà  2010 ã., â õîäå ïîñåùåíèÿ äâóõ ñêàëü- irinautekhina@ íûõ ìàññèâîâ â äîëèíå Áîëüøîãî è Âåðõ- Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) ó ãíåçäà íà Âåðõíåì Åíè- gmail.com íåãî Åíèñåÿ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Êûçûëà, áûëî ñåå. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. âûÿâëåíî äâà íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) near the nest in the Verhniy Yenisey river valley. Contact: ñàïñàíîâ (ðèñ. 1). Îäèí ó÷àñòîê ñàïñàíîâ Photo by E. Nikolenko. Elvira Nikolenko ïîÿâèëñÿ äîñòîâåðíî íà ìåñòå ó÷àñòêà, ïî- NGO Siberian êèíóòîãî áàëîáàíàìè, íà êîòîðîì ñîêîëû Environmental Center ðàçìíîæàëèñü áîëåå 10 ëåò. Ñàïñàíû çà- Peregrines have been known in the steppe P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk, ñåëèëè ñêàëó íà 2-é ãîäà ïîñëå èñ÷åçíîâå- valley of the Yenisey river, and the species Russia, 630090 íèÿ ñàìöà áàëîáàíà (ñàìêà èñ÷åçëà ãîäîì number has been estimated as 5 pairs in the tel./fax: ðàíüøå). Âòîðîé ó÷àñòîê ñàïñàíîâ òàêæå, entire Tuva depression in 2000 (Karyakin, +7 383 328 30 26 âåðîÿòíî, áûë çàíÿò ðàíåå áàëîáàíàìè. 2000), and as 10–12 pairs – in 2009 (Kar- [email protected] Îáà ó÷àñòêà ïðèóðî÷åíû ê îòâåñíûì ïðè- yakin, Nikolenko, 2009). Igor Karyakin ðå÷íûì ñêàëàì, ïîêðûòûì ñòåïíîé ðàñ- The Peregrine moving into the Tuva de- [email protected] òèòåëüíîñòüþ, ïîä ñêàëàìè óçêîé ïîëî- pression through the Yenisey river valley was ñîé ðàçðåæåííî ðàñòóò òîïîëÿ. Íà îáåèõ recorded in 2008, when a pair of Peregrines Eugene Potapov EugenePotapov@ ñêàëàõ ãí¸çäà ñàïñàíîâ ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà had occupied a perennial breeding territory gmail.com ïîëêàõ â ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè ñêàë. Íà Âåðõíåì of Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) after their Åíèñåå ãíåçäî ñàïñàíà óñòðîåíî äîñòà- vanishing in the Bolshoy Yenisey river valley Irina Utekhina òî÷íî îòêðûòî, íà øèðîêîì çàäåðí¸ííîì about 30 km to the north of Kyzyl. irinautekhina@ gmail.com óñòóïå, õîòÿ îò íàáëþäåíèÿ ñâåðõó ñêà- We surveyed two cliff massifs in the ëû çàêðûòî ñòåíîé, îòðèöàòåëüíî íàâè- Bolshoy and Verhniy Yenisey rivers in the ñàþùåé íàä ãíåçäîì. Íà Áîëüøîì Åíèñåå vicinities of Kyzyl in 2010 and discovered 2 ãíåçäî óñòðîåíî â êðóïíîì âåðòèêàëüíîì new breeding territories of Peregrines (fig. ñêîëå ñêàëû è çàêðûòî ñòåíîé ñáîêó. Ðàñ- 1). The first territory was proved for the terri- ñòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñîñòàâëÿåò 30 êì, tory abandoned by Sakers, where falcons had ðàññòîÿíèå îò ãíåçäà äî Êûçûëà, â îäíîì bred during more than 10 years. The second also seemed to be occupied earlier by Sakers. Both territories were located at riverine cliffs, covered by steppe vegetation. The inter-nest distance was 30 km, distances between nests and Kyzyl were 15 km and 9 km. We did not carry out the target survey of cliffs in the Yenisey river valley past several years, and we assume the Peregrine Falcon to spread in the depression wider than it was projected earlier. After almost com- plete elimination of the Saker Falcon, which being the most powerful falcon, during past ten years, Peregrines start to inhabit the va- cant areas abandoned by Sakers.

Ðèñ. 1. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus) íà Åíèñåå. Fig. 1. Breeding territories of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in the Yenisey river valley. 202 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

Ãíåçäîâàÿ ñêàëà è ãíåç- äî ñàïñàíà íà Áîëüøîì Åíèñåå. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Nesting cliff and nest of the Peregrine Falcon in the Bolshoy Yenisey river valley. Photos by E. Nikolenko.

ñëó÷àå 15 êì, â äðóãîì – 9 êì. Áëèæàé- çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî 2 ïðèë¸òà ñàìöà ñ äî- øåå ê Êûçûëó ãíåçäî áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 18 áûòûìè ñèçûìè ãîëóáÿìè (Columba livia), èþíÿ, â í¸ì íàõîäèëèñü 2 îïåðÿþùèõñÿ êîòîðûõ ñîêîë ëîâèë ÿâíî â ÷åðòå ã. Êû- ïòåíöà.  äàëüíåì îò Êûçûëà ãíåçäå, êîòî- çûëà, è îäèí ïðèë¸ò ñ äðîçäîì (âåðîÿòíî, ðîå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 11 èþíÿ, íàõîäè- êðàñíîçîáûì Turdus ruficollis), äîáûòûì ëèñü íåáîëüøèå ïóõîâèêè. Ñàìêà èõ êîð- ñîêîëîì â ïîéìåííîì ëåñó Åíèñåÿ. Ñðå- ìèëà, ñïîêîéíî ïîäïóñòèâ íàáëþäàòåëåé äè ïåðüåâûõ îñòàíêîâ ïîä ïðèñàäîé ñàìêè íà ðàññòîÿíèå 50 ì. Ïðè ïîâòîðíîì ïî- áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ïå- ñåùåíèè ýòîãî ãíåçäà 15 èþíÿ ïóõîâèêîâ ðüÿ ñèçûõ è ñêàëèñòûõ ãîëóáåé (Columba îáíàðóæèòü íå óäàëîñü – îíè ìîãëè áûòü rupestris), äðîçäîâ (Turdus sp.), íåñêîëüêèõ óíè÷òîæåíû õèùíèêàìè ëèáî ïîãèáëè ïî ìåëêèõ âîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö, à òàêæå óòêè èíûì ïðè÷èíàì (íà ýòîé ñêàëå ïîìèìî (Anas sp.), êóêóøêè (Cuculus canorus), óäî- ñàïñàíà ãíåçäÿòñÿ âîðîí (Corvus corax) è äà (Upupa epops), êîçîäîÿ (Caprimulgus ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) â 60 è 200 ì îò ãíåçäà europaeus), óøàñòîé ñîâû (Asio otus) è ñî- ñàïñàíîâ, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ñêàëà àêòèâíî ðîêè (Pica pica). ïîñåùàåòñÿ ëþäüìè è óðîâåíü áåñïîêîé- Ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëüêî ëåò öåëåâîãî îáñëå- ñòâà ñàïñàíîâ íà íåé î÷åíü âûñîê). äîâàíèÿ ñêàëüíûõ ìàññèâîâ â äîëèíå Åíè- Ïðè íàáëþäåíèè çà ïàðîé ñàïñàíîâ íà ñåÿ íå ïðîâîäèëîñü, ïîýòîìó ìîæíî ïðåä- Âåðõíåì Åíèñåå óäàëîñü âûÿñíèòü ñïåêòð ïîëàãàòü áîëåå øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ïèòàíèÿ ýòîãî ñîêîëà. Âèçóàëüíî áûëî ñàïñàíà íà Åíèñåå â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, ÷åì ýòî ïðîãíîçèðîâà- Ñàïñàíû îêîëî ãíåçäà ëîñü ðàíåå. Ðàññåëåíèþ ñàïñàíà ñïîñîá- íà Âåðõíåì Åíèñåå. ñòâóåò ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîå óíè÷òîæåíèå Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. çäåñü áàëîáàíà çà ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå. Peregrine Falcons near Ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ íèøà, íåêîãäà çàíÿòàÿ áî- the nest in the Verhniy Yenisey river valley. ëåå ñèëüíûì ñîêîëîì, îñâîáîäèëàñü, è ñàï- Photos by I. Karyakin. ñàí ñòàë å¸ àêòèâíî îñâàèâàòü.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Êàðòàøîâ Í.Ä. Ñàïñàí. – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðå- ñïóáëèêè Òûâà: Æèâîòíûå. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 2002. Ñ. 91–92. Êàðòàøîâ Í.Ä. Ê ýêîëîãèè ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus Tunst.) â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà. – Ñîâðå- ìåííûå ïðîáëåìû îðíèòîëîãèè Ñèáèðè è Öåí- òðàëüíîé Àçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû II Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè. ×. 2. Óëàí- Óäý, 2003. Ñ. 128–133. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) è áà- ëîáàí (Falco cherrug) â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà. – Ñî- âðåìåííûå ïðîáëåìû îðíèòîëîãèè Ñèáèðè è Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû I Ìåæäóíàðîä- íîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè. Óëàí- Óäý, 2000. Ñ. 58–61. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ñàïñàí â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009. ¹16. C. 96–128. Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 203

TheMostNorthernRecordoftheTree-nestingSteppeEaglein Khakassia,Russia НАХОДКА САМОГО СЕВЕРНОГО В ХАКАСИИ ГНЕЗДА СТЕПНОГО ОРЛА, УСТРОЕННОГО НА ДЕРЕВЕ, РОССИЯ KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) LapshinR.D.(StatePedagogicalUniversity,N.Novgorod,Russia) NikolenkoE.G.(SiberianEnvironmentalCenter,Novosibirsk,Russia) ShtolD.A.(NovosibirskStateUniversity,Novosibirsk,Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Лапшин Р.Д. (Государственный педагогический университет, Н. Новгород, Россия) Николенко Э.Г. (Сибирский экологический центр, Новосибирск, Россия) Штоль Д.А. (Новосибирский государственный университет, Новосибирск, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) – ðåäêèé A living nest of the Steppe Eagle (Aq- Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû. uila nipalensis) has been found near the [email protected] Îí ãíåçäèòñÿ çäåñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà Bely Iyus river mouth on May, 21, 2010. Ðîìàí Ëàïøèí ñêàëàõ â ãîðíî-ñòåïíîì ëàíäøàôòå. Îá- The nest was built on a birch. Now it is the [email protected] ëåñ¸ííûõ òåððèòîðèé ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ÿâíî most northern nest of the Steppe Eagle èçáåãàåò. Òåì íå ìåíåå, îòäåëüíûå ïàðû known in the Altai-Sayan region. Now a Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî [email protected] ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ýêîòîííîé total of 46 breeding territories are known çîíå ñòåïè è ëåñîñòåïè, áåäíîé ñêàëàìè, in Khakassia, and eagles nest on trees in Äìèòðèé Øòîëü è óñòðàèâàþò ãí¸çäà íà íèçêîðîñëûõ äå- 10.87% of them (fig. 1). [email protected] ðåâüÿõ. Äî íåäàâíåãî âðåìåíè â Ìèíó- ñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå áûëî èçâåñòíî âñåãî Contact: 4 ãíåçäà ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, óñòðîåííûõ íà Igor Karyakin äåðåâüÿõ, è âñå îíè áûëè ëîêàëèçîâàíû â [email protected] þæíîé ÷àñòè Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû. Roman Lapshin  7 êì îò óñòüÿ ð. Áåëûé Èþñ 21 ìàÿ [email protected] 2010 ã. áûëî îáíàðóæåíî æèëîå ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî îðëà, óñòðîåííîå íà áåð¸çå. Ãíåç- Elvira Nikolenko [email protected] äî áûëî ïîñòðîåíî â íåáîëüøîé ðàçâèëêå â íèæíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû, ôàêòè÷åñêè â ñåðå- Dmitry Shtol äèíå ñòâîëà íèçêîðîñëîé áåð¸çû, ðîñøåé [email protected] íà êðàþ ãðóïïû èç 8 äåðåâüåâ íà ñòåïíîì ñêëîíå ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé ýêñïîçèöèè.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýòî ñàìîå ñåâåðíîå â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî îðëà, óñòðîåííîå íà äåðåâå è ñàìîå ñåâåð- íîå èç âñåõ èçâåñòíûõ â Õàêàñèè ãí¸çä. Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2010 ã. â Õàêàñèè èç- âåñòíî 46 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñòåïíûõ îð- Ðèñ. 1. Còåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) â Õàêàñèè. ëîâ, íà 10,87% èç êîòîðûõ îðëû ãíåçäÿòñÿ Fig. 1. Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) in the íà äåðåâüÿõ (ðèñ. 1). Republic of Khakassia. Ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) íà áåð¸çå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿ- êèíà è Ä. Øòîëÿ. Nest of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) on birch. Photos by I. Karyakin and D. Shtol. 204 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

InterestingRecordsofBirdsofPreyinNorthernMongolia ИНТЕРЕСНЫЕ ВСТРЕЧИ ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ В СЕВЕРНОЙ МОНГОЛИИ KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) NikolenkoE.G.(SiberianEnvironmentalCenter,Novosibirsk,Russia) PotapovE.R.(BrynAthynCollege,Pennsylvainia,USA) UtekhinaI.G.(MagadanStateNatureReserve,Magadan,Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Николенко Э.Г. (Сибирский экологический центр, Новосибирск, Россия) Потапов Е.Р. (Брин Афинский Колледж, Пенсильвания, США) Утехина И.Г. (Магаданский заповедник, Магадан, Россия)

Êîíòàêò:  ïîëåâîé ñåçîí 2010 ã. àâòîðàìè íà àâ- In 2010, we had a trip through Mongolia Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí òîìîáèëå ÓÀÇ-31519 ñ 22 ïî 23 èþíÿ áûë from the Tsagan-Tolgoy frontier post to Ulan- Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ïðîéäåí ìàðøðóò ïî Ìîíãîëèè îò çàñòàâû Bator on June, 22–23 and from Ulan-Bator to 603000, Ðîññèÿ, Öàãàí-Òîëãîé (êîíå÷íûé ïóíêò ôåäåðàëü- the Tashanta frontier post since June, 26 to Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, íîé òðàññû Ì54 «Åíèñåé» Êðàñíîÿðñê – July, 3. We traveled by vehicle UAZ-31519. óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 ãîñãðàíèöà) äî ã. Óëàí-Áàòîð è ñ 26 èþíÿ During our trip we managed to make some òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 [email protected] ïî 3 èþëÿ îò ã. Óëàí-Áàòîð, ñ çàåçäîì â interesting records of raptors. Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Õóñòàé-Íóðó», ÷å- Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî ðåç Óëàíãîì íà çàñòàâó Òàøàíòà (êîíå÷íûé Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus). A liv- ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ïóíêò ôåäåðàëüíîé òðàññû Ì52 «×óéñêèé ing nest and a fledgling with underdeveloped ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» 630090, Ðîññèÿ, òðàêò»).  õîäå ýòîãî àâòîïðîáåãà óäàëîñü rectrices and primaries near it were discov- Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 ñäåëàòü ðÿä íàáëþäåíèé, êîòîðûå ïðåä- ered in cliffs on the left bank of the Delgen- òåë./ôàêñ: ñòàâëÿþò îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé èíòåðåñ. Buren 50 km to the west of the Muren village +7 383 328 30 26 [email protected] of the Hovsgol aimag on June, 30. The fledg- Áîðîäà÷ (Gypaetus barbatus). Âñå ñà- ling seemed to leave the nest about a week. Åâãåíèé Ïîòàïîâ ìûå ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûå íàõîäêè áîðîäà÷à â The nest was located on the ledge of a multi- EugenePotapov@ Ìîíãîëèè â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä îãðàíè- level cliff. It seems to be the most north-east gmail.com ÷èâàþòñÿ ãîðíûìè ìàññèâàìè â çàïàäíîé known nest of the Lammergeier. Èðèíà Óòåõèíà ÷àñòè Öåíòðàëüíîãî àéìàêà â áàññåéíå ð. It should be noted that the Lammergeier Ìàãàäàíñêèé Òîëà (Stubbe et al., 2010). Ñåâåðíåå 48,20º was not only large raptor, which inhabited çàïîâåäíèê ñ.ø. íà òåððèòîðèè Ìîíãîëèè âñòðå÷ âèäà those cliffs. Also we found 4 nests of the 685000, Ðîññèÿ, Ìàãàäàí, â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä íå óñòàíîâëåíî.  òî Cinereous Vultures (Aegypius monachus) óë. Ïîðòîâàÿ, 8 æå âðåìÿ, áîðîäà÷ ãíåçäèòñÿ âïëîòü äî and a nest of the Golden Eagle (Aquila òåë.: +7 41322 236 11 50,75º ñ.ø. â Ðîññèè, íà ãðàíèöå Àëòàÿ è chrysaetos) at a distance of 200 m from the ôàêñ: +7 41322 200 71 Òóâû, íà âîñòîê äî êðàÿ Çàïàäíîãî Òàííó- nest of the Lammergeier. The nests were [email protected] located on rocks of a lower level, in 3 of which females were sitting with nestlings. The nest of the Golden Eagle was located on a cliff facing other cliffs, and as a result it was not visible from the river. The nest contained 2 nestlings, which were crying, when adults were flying over the nest.

Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) was encountered twice. A bird was ob- served at the edge of a larch forest in the Ikh-Tulbartsyn-Gol river valley on June, 28 (tributary of the Selengs river) 8.5 km from the Selenga river (23 km to the south-east of the Khutag village of the Bulgan aim-

Ðèñ. 1. Èíòåðåñíûå âñòðå÷è ðåäêèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Fig. 1. Interesting records of birds of prey. Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 205

Contact: Îëà âêëþ÷èòåëüíî (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009), ag). The second bird was observed at the Igor Karyakin à íåãíåçäÿùèåñÿ îñîáè íàáëþäàëèñü áëèç edge of a spruce forest in the flood-lands Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17, ãðàíèöû ñ Ìîíãîëèåé íà âîñòîê äî Âîñòî÷- of the Teisiyn-Gol river 50 km to the south Nizhniy Novgorod, íîãî Òàííó-Îëà (Áàáåíêî, Áàðàíîâ, 2008). of the Bayan-Ula village (border between Russia, 603000  ãîðàõ Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîé Òóâû áîðîäà÷ íå the Hovsgol and Zavkhan aimags). That tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 íàáëþäàëñÿ (Áàðàíîâ, 1991; Êàðÿêèí è bird is recorded 120 km south-eastward of [email protected] äð., 2009). Èìåþòñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ the known breeding territory of the Grater Elvira Nikolenko ýòîãî âèäà â òóâèíñêîé ÷àñòè Âîñòî÷íîãî Spotted Eagle, which is located in the flood- NGO Siberian Ñàÿíà â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Êèæè-Õåì (Çàáåëèí, lands of the Tes-Khem river near the Tsa- Environmental Center 1996), êîòîðûå ïîçæå ïîñòàâëåíû ïîä ñî- gan-Tologoy village in the Republic of Tyva P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk, ìíåíèå (Áàðàíîâ, Çàáåëèí, 2002). Òåì íå in similar habitat, and hence we can project Russia, 630090 ìåíåå, ðåãóëÿðíûå âñòðå÷è áîðîäà÷à â the species breeding. tel./fax: 2006–2008 ãã. çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû â Âîñòî÷- +7 383 328 30 26 íîì Ñàÿíå âîñòî÷íåå Òóâû – â Òóíêèíñêîì White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). [email protected] Íàöïàðêå (Áóðÿòèÿ), êîòîðûå ïðåäïîëàãà- Considering the sharp decrease in numbers Eugene Potapov þò ãíåçäîâàíèå, êàê ìèíèìóì, ïàðû ýòèõ of the White-Tailed Eagle in the Uvs-Nuur Bryn Athyn College ïòèö â ñêàëèñòîì óùåëüå íåäàëåêî îò óñòüÿ depression a bird encountered in the Tesiyn- Pennsylvainia PA, ð. Áåëûé Èðêóò (Durnev, Sonina, 2010). Ýòî Gol river valley on June, 22 is very interest- USA, 19009 EugenePotapov@ ñàìàÿ ñåâåðíàÿ òî÷êà âîçìîæíîãî ãíåç- ing. The old bird flied from a spruce- poplar gmail.com äîâàíèÿ âèäà, êîòîðàÿ ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïî- forest located along the river, and having ëîæèòü áîëåå øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå pursued by the Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna fer- Irina Utekhina áîðîäà÷à â Ñåâåðíîé Ìîíãîëèè. ruginea) retried to a rock massif. The bird was Magadan State Nature Reserve Íàìè æèëîå ãíåçäî áîðîäà÷à, áëèç êî- encountered in the habitat, which was similar Portovaya str., 8, òîðîãî äåðæàëñÿ ñë¸òîê ñ åù¸ íåäîðîñ- to that, where the species had bred 75 km of Magadan, øèìè ðóëåâûìè è ìàõîâûìè, ëåòàþùèé, that point in the Russian part of the Tesiyn-Gol Russia, 685000 âåðîÿòíî, óæå îêîëî íåäåëè, îáíàðóæåíî river near the Tsagan-Tolgoy frontier post. tel.: +7 41322 236 11 fax: +7 41322 200 71 [email protected]

Ãíåçäîâàÿ ñêàëà è ãíåç- äî áîðîäà÷à (Gypaetus barbatus) – ââåðõó, îáùèé âèä íà ãíåçäî- âóþ ñêàëó ñ êîëîíèåé ïàäàëüùèêîâ – âíèçó. 30.06.2010. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nesting cliff and nest of the Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) – upper, view on a nesting cliff with the colony of scavengers – bottom. 30/06/2010. Photos by I. Karyakun. 206 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

Ãíåçäî ãðèôà (Aegypius monachus). 30.06.2010. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nest of Cinereous Vultures (Aegypius monachus). 30/06/2010. Photos by I. Karyakun.

30 èþíÿ â ñêàëüíîì ìàññèâå ëåâîãî áåðå- ïîÿâëÿëàñü â ïðåäåëàõ âèäèìîñòè ãíåçäà. ãà ð. Äýëãýð-Ìóðåí, â 50 êì ê çàïàäó îò Çà 2 ÷àñà íàáëþäåíèé ýòî ïðîèñõîäèëî ñ. Ìóðýí Õóáñóãóëüñêîãî àéìàêà. Ãíåçäî òðèæäû, êîãäà áåðêóò (â îäíîì ñëó÷àå – ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà ïîëêå ìíîãîÿðóñíîãî ïàðà âçðîñëûõ ïòèö) îòãîíÿë ñë¸òêà áîðî- ñêàëüíîãî îáíàæåíèÿ, ðàçáèòîãî îñûïÿìè äà÷à, êîãäà òîò ïðèáëèæàëñÿ ìàêñèìàëüíî íà îòäåëüíûå ñêàëüíûå ãðóïïû ñ îòâåñíû- áëèçêî ê ãíåçäó îðëîâ. ìè ñêàëàìè, âîçâûøàþùåãîñÿ íàä óðåçîì âîäû íà íåñêîëüêî ñîòåí ìåòðîâ. Âåðîÿò- Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga). Âñå íî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýòî ñàìîå ñåâåðî- ñâåäåíèÿ î ïîäîðëèêå â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä âîñòî÷íîå ãíåçäî áîðîäà÷à, èçâåñòíîå â â Ìîíãîëèè îãðàíè÷åíû Þãî-Çàïàäíûì àðåàëå âèäà. Õåíòååì: 29 èþíÿ 1925 ã. áûëà äîáûòà ïòè- Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî â äàííîì ñêàëüíîì öà (Êîçëîâà, 1930) è âñòðå÷è ïòèö èìåëè ìàññèâå áîðîäà÷ áûë íå åäèíñòâåííûì ìåñòî â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä (Wichmann, ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ êðóïíûì õèùíèêîì.  ðàäèó- 2001 ïî: Stubbe et al., 2010). Ì. Øòóááå ñå 200 ì îò ãíåçäà áîðîäà÷à, íà ñêàëàõ áî- ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (Stubbe et al., 2010) ïðåä- ëåå íèçêîãî óðîâíÿ, ðàñïîëàãàëèñü 4 ãíåç- ïîëàãàåò ãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà â Ñåâåðíîé äà ãðèôîâ (Aegypius monachus), íà 3-õ Ìîíãîëèè íà òîì îñíîâàíèè, ÷òî ãíåçäî- èç êîòîðûõ ñàìêè áûëè ïðè ïòåíöàõ, à òàê- âàíèå ïîäîðëèêà èçâåñòíî â Òóâå è Áó- Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê æå æèëîå ãíåçäî áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysa- ðÿòèè, îäíàêî ôàêòè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ ñ ýòèõ (Aquila clanga) â etos). Âñå ãí¸çäà ãðèôîâ áûëè óñòðîåíû òåððèòîðèé íåò.  òî æå âðåìÿ, íà êðàéíåì ïîéìå Òýñèéí-Ãîëà. îäíîòèïíî – íà âåðøèíàõ ñêàëüíûõ ãðåá- þãå Òóâû ãíåçäîâàíèå 2-õ ïàð áîëüøîãî ïî- 01.07.2010. íåé, âîçâûøàþùèõñÿ íàä îñûïÿìè. Ãíåçäî äîðëèêà áûëî èçâåñòíî âïëîòü äî 2002 ã. â Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. áåðêóòà áûëî óñòðîåíî íà ñòåíå ñêàëû, ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ Òåñ-Õåìà â ðàéîíå ïå- Greater Spotted Eagle îáðàù¸ííîé îò ðåêè ê ñêàëüíîìó ìàññè- ñêîâ Öàãèð-Ýëñ (Êàðÿêèí, 2008) è ïðåäïî- (Aquila clanga) in the floodplain of the Tesiyn- âó, ïîýòîìó ñ ðåêè íå ïðîñìàòðèâàëîñü. ëàãàëîñü â ïîéìå ýòîé ðåêè íà òåððèòîðèè Gol river. 01/07/2010.  ãíåçäå íàõîäèëîñü 2 ïòåíöà, êîòîðûå Ìîíãîëèè (íà òåððèòîðèè Ìîíãîëèè Òåñ- Photos by I. Karyakin. ïîñòîÿííî êðè÷àëè, êîãäà âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà Õåì íàçûâàåòñÿ Òýñéèí-Ãîë). Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 207

 õîäå àâòîïðîáåãà ïîäîðëèêè áûëè îðëàí ãíåçäèëñÿ â 75 êì îò ýòîé òî÷êè âñòðå÷åíû äâàæäû: îäíà ïòèöà íàáëþ- â ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè ð. Òåñèéí-Ãîë, áëèç äàëàñü 28 èþíÿ íà êðàþ ëèñòâåííè÷íî- çàñòàâû Öàãàí-Òîëãîé. ãî ëåñà â äîëèíå ð. Èõ-Òóëáýðöéí-Ãîë  çàêëþ÷åíèè õî÷åòñÿ ïîáëàãîäàðèòü (ïðèòîê ð. Ñåëåíãà), â 8,5 êì îò ðóñëà îðãàíèçàòîðîâ 6-ãî ñèìïîçèóìà Àçèàò- Ñåëåíãè (23 êì ê þãî-âîñòîêó îò ñ. Õó- ñêîé ñåòè ïî èçó÷åíèþ è îõðàíå ïåðíà- òàã Áóëãàíñêîãî àéìàêà), âòîðàÿ ïòèöà òûõ õèùíèêîâ (ARRCN), âûäåëèâøèõ ãðàíò íàáëþäàëàñü 1 èþëÿ íà êðàþ åëüíèêà ðîññèéñêèì ó÷àñòíèêàì, çà ñ÷¸ò ñðåäñòâ â ïîéìå ð. Òýñèéí-Ãîë, â 50 êì ê þãî- êîòîðîãî è áûë îðãàíèçîâàí àâòîïðîáåã. âîñòîêó îò ñ. Áàÿí-Óëà (ãðàíèöà Õóáñó- ãóëüñêîãî è Äçàáõàíñêîãî àéìàêîâ). Ïî- Ëèòåðàòóðà ñëåäíÿÿ òî÷êà âñòðå÷è ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ â Áàáåíêî Â.Ã., Áàðàíîâ À.À. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå 120 êì ê þãî-âîñòîêó îò èçâåñòíîãî ìå- áîðîäà÷à â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. – Èçó÷å- ñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â íèå è îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: ïîéìå ð. Òåñ-Õåì áëèç ñ. Öàãàí-Òîëãîé â Ìàòåðèàëû V Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà, â àíàëîãè÷íîì áèîòî- ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Èâàíî- âî, 2008. Ñ. 174–178. ïå è çäåñü ñ áîëüøîé äîëåé âåðîÿòíîñòè Áàðàíîâ À.À. Ðåäêèå è ìàëîèçó÷åííûå ïòèöû ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå. Ê ñî- Òóâû. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 1991. 320 ñ. æàëåíèþ, ïîèñêè ãíåçäà çäåñü íå âåëèñü Áàðàíîâ À.À., Çàáåëèí Â.È. Áîðîäà÷ Gypa- èç-çà ëèìèòà âðåìåíè. etus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758. – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðåñïóáëèêè Òûâà: Æèâîòíûå. Íîâîñèáèðñê, Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò 2002. C. 85–86. (Haliaaetus albicilla), Çàáåëèí Â.È. Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû çèìíå- ïðåñëåäóåìûé îãàðåì ãî îáèòàíèÿ äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö è ñîâ â Òóâå. (Tadorna ferruginea), – Ãëîáàëüíûé ìîíèòîðèíã è Óáñó-Íóðñêàÿ êîò- â ïîéìå Òýñèéí-Ãîëà. 22.06.2010. ëîâèíà: Òðóäû IV Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñèìïîçèó- Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ìà. Ì., 1996. Ñ. 43–49. Êàðòàøîâ Í.Ä. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò Haliaee- White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaaetus albicilla) tus albicilla Linnaeus, 1758. – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà and Ruddy Shelduck Ðåñïóáëèêè Òûâà: Æèâîòíûå. Íîâîñèáèðñê, (Tadorna ferruginea) in 2002. C. 84–85. the floodplain of Tesiyn- Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê â Àëòàå- Gol river. 22/06/2010. Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà Photo by I. Karyakin. áîëüøîãî è ìàëîãî ïîäîðëèêîâ â Ñåâåðíîé Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) Åâðàçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû V Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîí- – ñïîðàäè÷íî ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ â ñåâåðíîé ôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðà- ÷àñòè Ìîíãîëèè êðóïíûé õèùíèê, íàñå- çèè, Èâàíîâî, 4–7 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 ã. Èâàíîâî, ëÿþùèé ïîáåðåæüÿ êðóïíûõ îç¸ð è îá- 2008. Ñ. 165–184. øèðíûå ïîéìû ðåê. Ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðå- Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîíîâàëîâ Ë.È., Ãðàáîâ- ìåíè èçâåñòíî ÷óòü áîëåå 1,5 äåñÿòêîâ ñêèé Ì.À., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ïàäàëüùèêè Àëòàå- òî÷åê ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà â Ìîíãîëèè Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ (Stubbe et al., 2010). Ïðè ýòîì, â Óáñó- îõðàíà. 2009. ¹15. C. 37–65. Ñàâ÷åíêî À.Ï., Åìåëüÿíîâ Â.È., Áàáàøêèí Ê.Í. íóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà ìîíãîëüñêîé òåð- Î íåêîòîðûõ ðåäêèõ è ìàëîèçó÷åííûõ ïåðåë¸ò- ðèòîðèè ãí¸çä îðëàíà íèêòî íå íàõîäèë, íûõ ïòèöàõ Òóâèíñêîé ÀÑÑÐ. – Ìèãðàöèè ïòèö â õîòÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå ýòîãî âèäà çäåñü áûëî Àçèè. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1986. Ñ. 94–108. èçäàâíà èçâåñòíî â òóâèíñêîé ÷àñòè êîò- Òóãàðèíîâ À.ß. Ìàòåðèàëû äëÿ îðíèòîôàóíû ëîâèíû – íà îç. Òîðå-Õîëü, â ïîéìå è Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè (õð. Òàííó-Îëà, äåëüòå Òåñ-Õåìà (Òóãàðèíîâ, 1916; Ñàâ- Óáñó-Íóð). – Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê. 1916. ÷åíêî è äð., 1986; Áàðàíîâ, 1991; Êàð- ¹2. Ñ. 77–90. òàøîâ, 2002), îäíàêî âñå ïàðû èñ÷åçëè Durnev Ju., Sonina M. Das Baikalo-Mongol- çäåñü â ïîñëåäíèå 8 ëåò.  ñâåòå ðåç- ische Ubergangsgebiet und seine Bedeutung fur êîãî ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà â die Dynamik der Avifauna der Baikalgrabenzone. Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå åãî âñòðå÷à 22 – Erforsch. Boil. Ress. Mongolei (Halle/Saale). èþíÿ â äîëèíå ð. Òýñèéí-Ãîë ïðåäñòàâ- 2010. 11. P. 221–236. Stubbe M., Stubbe A., N. Batsajchan, S. Gom- ëÿåò îãðîìíûé èíòåðåñ. Ñòàðàÿ ïòèöà bobaatar, Stenzel T., von Wehrden H., Sh. Bold- âûëåòåëà èç åëîâî-òîïîë¸âîãî ïîéìåí- baatar, B. Nyambayar, D. Sumjaa, R. Samjaa, íîãî ëåñà ðåêè è, ïðåñëåäóåìàÿ îãàðåì N. Ceveenmjadag, A. Bold. Grid mapping and (Tadorna ferruginea), óäàëèëàñü â ñòîðîíó breeding ecology of raptors in Mongolia. – Er- ñêàëüíîãî ìàññèâà. Âñòðå÷à ïðîèçîøëà â forsch. Boil. Ress. Mongolei (Halle/Saale). 2010. áèîòîïå, àíàëîãè÷íîì òîìó, â êîòîðîì 11. P. 23–175. 208 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

WateringoftheAdultGoldenEagleintheNaturalHabitat,Kazakhstan ВОДОПОЙ ВЗРОСЛОГО БЕРКУТА В ЕСТЕСТВЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ ОБИТАНИЯ, КАЗАХСТАН ZhatkanbayevA.Zh.(InstituteofZoology,CommitteeofaScienceofMinistryof EducationandSciences,Almaty,Kazakhstan) Жатканбаев А.Ж. (Институт зоологии Комитета науки Министерства образования и науки, Алматы, Казахстан)

Êîíòàêò: Êàêèå-ëèáî ïîäðîáíûå ñâåäåíèÿ î âîäî- There has been no data on watering of Àëòàé Æàòêàíáàåâ ïîå áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos), òàê æå, êàê the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè ÌÎÍ ÐÊ è äðóãèõ âèäîâ îðëîâ è âîîáùå äíåâíûõ faunistic reports (Shtegman, 1937; De- ïð-ò Àëü-Ôàðàáè, 93, õèùíûõ ïòèö, íå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ â ôàóíèñòè÷å- mentyev, 1951; Portenko, 1951; Korelov, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê, ñêèõ ñâîäêàõ (Øòåãìàí, 1937; Äåìåíòüåâ, 1962). On October 4, 2010, we managed Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí, 1951; Ïîðòåíêî, 1951; Êîðåëîâ, 1962).  to observe the watering of the Golden 050060 [email protected] Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Êàçàõñòàíå â äîëèíå ðåêè Eagle from a camp hide in the southeast- [email protected] Èëè (Èëå), ó ïîäíîæüÿ ãîðíîãî ìàññèâà ern Kazakhstan, in the river valley or at Ìàòàé â þãî-çàïàäíûõ îòðîãàõ Äæóíãàð- the foot of the Matai mountain range in ñêîãî (Æîíãàðñêîãî) Àëàòàó, èç óñòàíîâ- southwestern branches of the Jungarian Contact: Altay Zhatkanbayev ëåííîãî ïàëàòî÷íîãî ñêðàäêà (ñ òðåìÿ Alatau. The fact of watering was recorded Institute of Zoology îêîøêàìè ïî áîêàì ïàëàòêè) â òå÷åíèå using a Nikon D300 digital camera with Al-Farabi ave., 93 2–4 îêòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. â äíåâíîå âðåìÿ íàìè Nikon AF VR Zoom-Nikkor ED 80–400 Akademgorodok ïðîâîäèëèñü íàáëþäåíèÿ çà äèêèìè æèâîò- mm f: 4.5–5.6 D objective lens. The auto- Almaty, Kazakhstan 050060 íûìè â èõ åñòåñòâåííîé ñðåäå îáèòàíèÿ. matic recording of the process allowed us [email protected] Íàáëþäàòåëüíûé ïóíêò íàõîäèëñÿ íà îäíîì to recover the virtually second-by-second [email protected] èç êîëîäöåâ âäîëü èñêóññòâåííîãî âîäîâî- chronology of it (table 1). The average du- äà, èäóùåãî îò âîäíîãî èñòî÷íèêà ó þæíîãî ration of immersions of the bill into water ïîäíîæüÿ Ìàòàÿ ïî óêëîíÿþùåéñÿ â ñòîðî- was equal to 7.2 sec; the first intervals of íó ð. Èëå ùåáíèñòîé ïîëóïóñòûíå. filling the oral cavity with water (2 sec) Êîëîäåö ïðåäñòàâëÿë èç ñåáÿ áåòîííîå were considerably shorter than the final ñîîðóæåíèå âûñîòîé 2,2 ì â ôîðìå ïà- ones (10–12 sec). The average value of ðàëëåëåïèïåäà ñ îñíîâàíèåì 8,5×8,5 ì è the registered time interval between the âåðøèííîé ïëîùàäêîé 6×6 ì, â ñðåäíåé ÷à- recurrent immersions of the bill into wa- ñòè êîòîðîé èìåëèñü ÷åòûðå âåäóùèõ â ïî- ter was equal to 28 sec. The female flew ëîñòü êîëîäöà öèëèíäðè÷åñêèõ îòâåðñòèÿ away from the edge of a concrete tray at ñ êðóãëûìè áåòîííûìè îêàéìëåíèÿìè, çà- 09 h 42 min 07 sec; after being there in êðûâàâøèìèñÿ äåðåâÿííûìè êðóãàìè. Èç total for almost five and a half minutes. îñíîâàíèÿ áîêîâîé âíåøíåé ñòåíêè êîí- Taking into consideration the duration of ñòðóêöèè êîëîäöà ïî ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé òðóáå the entire watering process, the adult fe- íåïðåðûâíî èçëèâàëàñü âîäà, êîòîðàÿ ÷å- male Golden Eagle could have drunk from 300 to 500 ml of water in seven steps. It followed from the confident behavior of the female Golden Eagle during drinking water from the concrete tray near the well that it had been repeatedly used the wa- tering point either near this well or near the other wells of the same type con- structed along this water line.

Ùåáíèñòàÿ ïóñòûíÿ ó ïîäíîæüÿ ãîðíîãî ìàññèâà Ìàòàé. Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. Desert at the foot of the Matai mountain range. Photo by A. Zhatkanbayev. Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 209

Õðîíîëîãèÿ âîäîïîÿ áåðêóòà. Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. Chronology of watering of the Golden Eagle. Photos by A. Zhatkanbayev.

ðåç íåáîëüøîé áåòîííûé æåëîá âûòåêàëà 1,5 ìåòðîâîé âûñîòû êóëèñàìè èç âåéíè- íàðóæó. Ïîñòîÿííî ïîñòóïàþùàÿ èç êî- êà. Êîëîäöû âäîëü ýòîãî âîäîâîäà â êîíöå ëîäöà âîäà çà ìíîãèå ãîäû îáðàçîâàëà íå- 1970-õ ãã. è îñîáåííî â 1980–1990 ãã., áîëüøîé âîäîåì ñ õîðîøî âåãåòèðóþùåé âïëîòü äî 1996 ã., èñïîëüçîâàëèñü äëÿ âî- ïî åãî áåðåãàì è îñòðîâêàì òðàâÿíèñòîé äîïîÿ äîìàøíåãî ñêîòà, âûïàñàâøåãîñÿ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ è äîâîëüíî îáøèðíûìè çäåñü áûâøèìè ñêîòîâîä÷åñêèìè ñîâõîçà- 210 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

ìè.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ (ñ 1996 ã.) âîäîâîä  òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ ñåêóíä, êàê áû âû- ñ îêðóæàþùèìè åãî îáøèðíûìè ïëîùàäÿ- áèðàÿ è ïðèñìàòðèâàÿñü ê íàèáîëåå ïðè- ìè âõîäèò â òåððèòîðèþ êàçàõñòàíñêîãî åìëåìîé äëÿ íåå òî÷êå äëÿ âîäîïîÿ, ïòèöà ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïðèðîä- íåñêîëüêî ðàç ïîâîðà÷èâàëàñü òî ê âîäíîé íîãî ïàðêà Àëòûí-Ýìåëü. ïîâåðõíîñòè íà çåìëå ðÿäîì ñ íåé, òî ê Ïîñòîÿííîå, â òå÷åíèå äíÿ è íî÷è, íà- êðàþ áåòîííîãî ëîòêà. Íî, â êîíöå êîíöîâ, õîæäåíèå íàáëþäàòåëÿ â ñêðàäêå íà ïåðåñêî÷èâ, ñåëà ïðÿìî íà äíî íà ñàìîì ïðîòÿæåíèè äâóõ ñóòîê íå îêàçûâàëî ñó- êðàþ áåòîííîãî ëîòêà òàê, ÷òî å¸ ëàïû ùåñòâåííîãî ôàêòîðà áåñïîêîéñòâà íà æè- áûëè ïîëíîñòüþ ïîãðóæåíû â ïðîòî÷íóþ âîòíûõ. Íà âîäîïîé ïðèõîäèëè äæåéðàíû âîäó. Ýòî ïðîèçîøëî â 09 ÷. 37 ìèí. 54 ñåê. (Gazella subgutturosa Guld.) è ïðèëåòàëè Ïòèöà ñåìü ðàç, íàêëîíÿÿ òåëî (â áåäðåí- ðàçëè÷íûå âèäû ïòèö. Äëÿ äîêóìåíòèðîâà- íûõ ñóñòàâàõ íîã, íî íèñêîëüêî íå ïðè- íèÿ íåêîòîðûõ ìîìåíòîâ çîîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñàæèâàÿñü â ëîêòåâûõ ñóñòàâàõ, ÷òîáû íå íàáëþäåíèé íàìè èñïîëüçîâàëàñü öèôðî- çàìî÷èòü îïåðåíèå áðþõà), ãîëîâó è øåþ âàÿ ôîòîêàìåðà Nikon D300 c îáúåêòè- âíèç, ê ïîâåðõíîñòè âîäû, è ïî÷òè ïîëíî- âîì Nikon AF VR Zoom-Nikkor ED 80–400 ñòüþ ïîãðóæàÿ îòêðûòûé êëþâ â ïðîòî÷íóþ mm f: 4,5–5,6 D íà øòàòèâå Vinten Pro-5 âîäó, íàáèðàëà å¸ â ðîòîâóþ ïîëîñòü. Áûëî ñ ãîëîâêîé Manfrotto. Îáúåêòèâ ôîòîàï- î÷åâèäíûì, ÷òî ïðè îïóùåííîì â âîäó ðàñ- ïàðàòà áûë íàïðàâëåí â ñåêòîð ðàçëèâîâ êðûòîì êëþâå ïîïàäàíèþ âîäû â ðîòîâóþ êîëîäåçíîãî âîäîåìà. Íåïðåðûâíîå íà- ïîëîñòü ñïîñîáñòâîâàë íå òîëüêî ÿçûê ïòè- õîæäåíèå êàìåðû âî âêëþ÷åííîì ðåæèìå öû, íî è êàêîãî-òî å¸ êîëè÷åñòâà – ñàì òîê äàëî âîçìîæíîñòü ïîñòîÿííîé ãîòîâíîñòè íåáîëüøîãî âîäÿíîãî òå÷åíèÿ. Ñîáñòâåííî ê íåìåäëåííîé ôîòîñúåìêå, â òîì ÷èñëå è ãëîòàíèå âîäû íà÷èíàëî ïðîèñõîäèòü óæå â íà î÷åíü êîðîòêèõ âûäåðæêàõ. Ïðè òàêîì ïðîöåññå ïîäíÿòèÿ ãîëîâû, øåè è òåëà ïòè- ïîäõîäå â ïîäðîáíîñòÿõ áûë çàïå÷àòëåí öû â íîðìàëüíîå ïîëîæåíèå íàêëîíà. Ïðè âîäîïîé áåðêóòà, íàáëþäàâøèéñÿ 4 îêòÿ- êàæäîì ïîäúåìå ãîëîâû âî âðåìÿ ãëîòàíèÿ áðÿ 2010 ã. Àâòîìàòè÷åñêàÿ ôèêñàöèÿ (íåñêîëüêî ãëîòàòåëüíûõ äâèæåíèé ïîñëå (ñêðûòàÿ çàïèñü) èñõîäíûõ äàííûõ êàæäî- áîëåå äëèòåëüíûõ íàáîðîâ âîäû â ðîòîâóþ ãî ïðîèçâåäåííîãî öèôðîâîãî ñíèìêà íà ïîëîñòü) ÷àñòü çàõâà÷åííîé âîäû âûëèâà- ñìåííûõ ôëýø-êàðòàõ ïîçâîëèëà âîññòà- ëàñü îáðàòíî èç çàêðûâàþùåãîñÿ êëþâà, òàê íîâèòü ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîñåêóíäíóþ õðîíî- è íå ïîïàâ ÷åðåç ãëîòêó â ïèùåâîä ïòèöû. ëîãèþ ýòîãî ïðîöåññà. Èç òàáëèöû 1 ñëåäóåò, ÷òî ñðåäíÿÿ ïðî- Ê äàëüíåìó êðàþ áåòîííîãî ëîòêà (â äîëæèòåëüíîñòü çàôèêñèðîâàííûõ ïîãðó- 12 ì îò íàáëþäàòåëÿ â ñêðàäêå) â 09 ÷. 36 æåíèé êëþâà â âîäó ñîñòàâèëà 7,2 ñåêóí- ìèí. 43 ñåê. 4 îêòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. ïðèëåòå- äû, ïðè÷åì ïåðâûå ïðîìåæóòêè âðåìåíè ëà î÷åíü ñòàðàÿ ñàìêà áåðêóòà â âîçðàñòå íàïîëíåíèÿ ðîòîâîé ïîëîñòè âîäîé (2 ñòàðøå 7 ëåò (ñîãëàñíî îïèñàíèþ íàðÿäà ñåê.) áûëè çíà÷èòåëüíî êîðî÷å ïîñëåäíèõ ïî: Forsman, 1999). Ïîñëå ïðèçåìëåíèÿ (10–12 ñåê.). Ñðåäíåå çíà÷åíèå çàôèêñè- ïòèöà íåñêîëüêî ñåêóíä âñìàòðèâàëàñü â ðîâàííîãî èíòåðâàëà âðåìåíè ìåæäó î÷å- ïðîåì ïàëàòî÷íîãî îêîøêà. Îïðåäåë¸ííî ðåäíûìè ïîãðóæåíèÿìè êëþâà â âîäó ñî- ïòèöà ìîãëà âèäåòü õîòÿ áû ÷àñòü ëèöà íà- ñòàâèëî 28 ñåêóíä. Ñàìêà îòëåòåëà îò êðàÿ áëþäàòåëÿ â ïðîåìå îêîøêà, íåñìîòðÿ íà áåòîííîãî ëîòêà â 09 ÷. 42 ìèí. 07 ñåê., òî, ÷òî â áîëüøåé ñòåïåíè îíî áûëî çàíÿòî ïðîáûâ çäåñü â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè ïî÷òè äëèííîôîêóñíûì îáúåêòèâîì, ñàìîé êà- ïÿòü ñ ïîëîâèíîé ìèíóò. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ïðî- ìåðîé è ÷àñòüþ øòàòèâà. È åñëè áû ïòèöà äîëæèòåëüíîñòü âñåãî ïðîöåññà âîäîïîÿ, ïðîÿâèëà î÷åâèäíûå ïðèçíàêè ñåðüåçíîãî âçðîñëàÿ ñàìêà áåðêóòà çà ñåìü ïðèåìîâ áåñïîêîéñòâà è âèäÿ, ÷òî óãðîçà ìîæåò èñ- ìîãëà âûïèòü îò 300 äî 500 ìë âîäû. õîäèòü èç ïàëàòêè, òî, íåñîìíåííî, ñðàçó Ïîñëå âîäîïîÿ ñàìêà ñíà÷àëà ïåðåëåòå- áû óëåòåëà. Íî ïòèöà îñòàëàñü, ÷òî ïîçâî- ëà è ñåëà íà çåìëþ ÷óòü ïîîäàëü îò êîëîä- ëèëî ñäåëàòü óíèêàëüíûå íàáëþäåíèÿ. öà – â 30–40 ì. Ïîòîì, âçëåòåâ ñ çåìëè â Ó ñàìêè ÿâíî âûäåëÿëñÿ ñèëüíî íàïîë- 09 ÷. 42 ìèí. 49 ñåê., ïåðåëåòåëà è ñåëà â íåííûé ïèùåé çîá. Ïîêðîâíûå ïåðüÿ íà 09 ÷. 43 ìèí. 01 ñåê. íà áåòîííûé ñòîëá íåì íåìíîãî òîïîðùèëèñü, è íåêîòîðûå ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (áåç ïðîâîäîâ) â èç íèõ â åãî ñåðåäèíå (â îäíîì ìåñòå) âû- 100–120 ì ê þãî-çàïàäó îò ñêðàäêà. Çàòåì áèâàëèñü èç îáùåé óêëàäêè, ïðèîòêðûâàÿ äîëãî (áîëåå 44 ìèíóò) îíà ñèäåëà íà ïî- ñâîþ áåëåñóþ ïðîêñèìàëüíóþ ÷àñòü. Ýòî ïåðå÷íîé ïåðåêëàäèíå ó âåðøèíû ýòîãî ãîâîðèëî î òîì, ÷òî ñîâñåì íåäàâíî îíà áåòîííîãî ñòîëáà ËÝÏ, èíîãäà ÷èñòÿ ñâîå äîâîëüíî õîðîøî ïîêîðìèëàñü, è âèäèìî, îïåðåíèå, â òîì ÷èñëå è ðóëåâûå ïåðüÿ.  íàõîäÿñü íå òàê äàëåêî îò êîëîäöà. 10 ÷. 27 ìèí., ÿâíî óâèäåâ ÷òî-òî, å¸ çà- Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 211

Òàáë. 1. Õðîíîìåòðàæ âîäîïîÿ âçðîñëîé îñîáè áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos). Ìîëîäàÿ ïòèöà ïîäëåòåëà ê ñàìêå ñî Table 1. Chronology of watering of the adult Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). ñòîðîíû ñàìûõ äàëüíèõ, íå âåçäå ñèëüíî çàðîñøèõ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ áåðåãîâ ðàç- Ïðîäîëæè- Èíòåðâàë ëèâîâ êîëîäåçíîãî âîäîåìà, ÷òî íå èñ- Âðåìÿ íà- òåëüíîñòü âðåìåíè äî êëþ÷àëî å¸ âîäîïîÿ òàì. ×åðåç äâå ñ ïî- ÷àëà ïîäíÿ- íàïîëíåíèÿ ñëåäóþùåãî ëîâèíîé ìèíóòû ñàìêà, à ñëåäîì çà íåé è òèÿ ãîëîâû â âîäîé ðîòî- ïîãðóæåíèÿ ñëåòîê ñëåòåëè ñî ñòîëáà. Åùå ÷åðåç ïîë- Âðåìÿ íà÷àëà íîðìàëüíîå âîé ïîëîñòè, êëþâà â âîäó, ïîãðóæåíèÿ ïîëîæåíèå ñåêóíäû ñåêóíäû ÷àñà ýòà ñàìêà ëåòàëà íà âûñîòå 25–30 ì êëþâà â âîäó Start time Duration of Interval â 150–200 ì ê ñåâåðî-çàïàäó îò êîëîäöà. Start time of of raising filling the between the Ïî-âèäèìîìó, ñàìêà è ñëåòîê ìîãëè óòðîì submerging the head in oral cavity recurrent bill 4 îêòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. âìåñòå êîðìèòüñÿ ó òóøè the bill into the normal with water, immersions, ïîãèáøåãî æèâîòíîãî, ìîæåò áûòü äæåé- ¹ water position seconds seconds ðàíà, è ñàìêà â ñèëó ñâîåãî áîëüøåãî æèç- 1. 09:37:56 09:37:58 2 20 íåííîãî îïûòà áûñòðåå íàñûòèâøèñü, ïðè- 2. 09:38:18 09:38:20 2 - ëåòåëà îäíà ê êîëîäöó íà âîäîïîé. 3. - - - - Ïî óâåðåííîìó ïîâåäåíèþ ñàìêè áåðêó- 4. - - - - òà âî âðåìÿ ïèòüÿ âîäû èç áåòîííîãî ëîòêà 5. 09:39:56 09:40:08 12 48 ó êîëîäöà ñëåäîâàëî, ÷òî îíà ìíîãîêðàòíî 6. 09:40:56 09:41:06 10 16 ïîëüçîâàëàñü âîäîïîåì ëèáî ó ýòîãî êîëîä- 7. 09:41:22 09:41:32 10 öà, èëè æå ó äðóãèõ, ïîñòðîåííûõ îäíîòèï- íî íà ýòîé ëèíèè âîäîâîäà. Êðîìå òîãî, îá - Òî÷íàÿ ôèêñàöèÿ âðåìåíè íå îñóùåñòâëåíà èç-çà ïðîèñõîäèâøåé â ýòîì ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàëî è òî, ÷òî ñàìêà èç- ýòîò ìîìåíò çàìåíû çàïîëíåííîé ôëåø-êàðòû íà ôîòîêàìåðå. áèðàòåëüíî çàáðàëàñü â áåòîííûé ëîòîê, íå- - The time-sampling was not conducted due to the flash-card changing at ñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî îíà ñèäåëà áëèæå ê âîäå, that moment. ðàçëèâàâøåéñÿ íà ïîâåðõíîñòè çåìëè, à ëî- òîê áûë áëèæå ðàñïîëîæåí ê ñêðàäêó (òàê èíòåðåñîâàâøåå, ñëåòåëà, ñåâ íà çåìëþ â èëè èíà÷å íîâîìó àðòåôàêòó ñ âîçìîæíîé 130–150 ì ê þãó îò êîëîäöà. ïîòåíöèàëüíîé óãðîçîé). Ïðè÷¸ì, âîäà â Âçðîñëûå îñîáè äæåéðàíà (è ñàìöû, è ëîòêå áûëà ãîðàçäî ÷èùå, ÷åì â îáðàçîâàâ- ñàìêè), íàõîäèâøèåñÿ íåâäàëåêå îò ïðî- øåìñÿ î÷åíü ìåëêîâîäíîì âîäîåìå. Ïðè ëåòàâøåé ñàìêè áåðêóòà, íèêàê íå ðåàãè- âîäîïîå íà åãî áëèæàéøèõ áåðåãàõ, õîòü è ðîâàëè íà íå¸, è òåì áîëåå, íå ïûòàëèñü ðàñïîëîæåííûõ íåñêîëüêî äàëüøå îò ñêðàä- ðåçêî îòáåæàòü â ñòîðîíó, äà è ñàìà ïòèöà êà, ÷åì ëîòîê, ìîãëà ïîäíèìàòüñÿ ñèëüíàÿ íå ïûòàëàñü àòàêîâàòü êîãî-íèáóäü èç íèõ. ìóòü, à ïðè ïèòüå ñ äðóãèõ áåðåãîâ, ïëîòíî ×åðåç 3 ìèíóòû ïîñëå ïîñàäêè, âçëå- çàðîñøèõ âåéíèêîì è ðàñïîëîæåííûõ åùå òåâ ñ çåìëè, ñàìêà ïåðåëåòåëà è ñåëà íà äàëüøå – â 50–120 ì – îò ñêðàäêà, ðåçêî äðóãîé ñòîëá, íàõîäÿùèéñÿ îò êîëîäöà íà ïîíèæàëàñü îáçîðíîñòü ïî ñòîðîíàì, ÷òî 50 ì äàëüøå ê þãî-çàïàäó, ÷åì ïåðâûé, íà äëÿ îïûòíîé è âñëåäñòâèå ýòîãî äîâîëüíî êîòîðîì îíà äîëãî ïåðåä ýòèì îòäûõàëà, îñòðîæíîé ïòèöû â êàêîé-òî ñòåïåíè äåëà- ò. å., â 150–170 ì îò ñêðàäêà. Çàòåì, ÷åðåç ëî ýòîò ïðîöåññ íåáåçîïàñíûì. 25 ìèíóò ê íåé ïîäëåòåë ìîëîäîé áåð- Òàêæå íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî íà ýòîì êóò – ñëåòîê ýòîãî ãîäà. Ñàìêà âåëà ñåáÿ êîëîäöå 2 îêòÿáðÿ 2010 ã., êàê è íà äðóãîì èíäèôôåðåíòíî, äàæå êîãäà ìîëîäàÿ â ëèíèè ýòîãî âîäîâîäà â îêòÿáðå 1998 ã., ïòèöà ïåðåñêî÷èëà ïîáëèæå ê íåé, îíà íåîäíîêðàòíî îòäûõàëè, êóïàëèñü, ñóøèëè ëèøü ïåðåïðûãíóëà ñ óäîáíîé ïîïåðå÷- ðàñïðàâëåííûå êðûëüÿ è, âèäèìî, òîæå íîé ïåðåêëàäèíû íà èçîëÿòîð. Ëîÿëüíîå ïèëè âîäó ãðóïïû èç 5–7 îñîáåé ÷åðíîãî îòíîøåíèå ê ñë¸òêó ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàëî î ãðèôà (Aegypius monachus). òîì, ÷òî îí áûë èç å¸ ãíåçäà. Ëèòåðàòóðà Áåðêóòû íà ïðèñàäå Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä Õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû áëèç âîäîïîÿ: ñëåâà Ñîâåòñêîãî ñîþçà. Ò. I. Ì., 1951. Ñ. 70–341. âçðîñëàÿ ñàìêà, ñïðàâà ñë¸òîê. Êîðåëîâ Ì.Í. Îòðÿä Õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. Êàçàõñòàíà. Ò. II. Àëìà-Àòà, 1962. Ñ. 488–707. Ïîðòåíêî Ë.À. Äíåâíûå õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Golden Eagles at the perch near the place of Ïòèöû ÑÑÑÐ, ÷. 1. Ì. – Ë., 1951. 281 ñ. watering: Øòåãìàí Á.Ê. Äíåâíûå õèùíèêè. – Ôàóíà left – adult female, ÑÑÑÐ (â 5 ò.). Ì. – Ë., 1937. Ò. I. Âûï. 5. 294 ñ. right – juvenile. Photo Forsman D. The Raptors of Europe and the by A. Zhatkanbayev. Middle East: A Handbook of Field Identification. T & AD Poyser. London. 1999. 589 p. 212 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

NotesabouttheEasternImperialEagleBreedingintheBetpakdala Desert,Kazakhstan О ГНЕЗДОВАНИИ ВОСТОЧНОГО МОГИЛЬНИКА В БЕТПАКДАЛЕ, КАЗАХСТАН ZhatkanbayevA.Zh.(InstituteofZoology,CommitteeofaScienceofMinistryof EducationandSciences,Almaty,Kazakhstan) Жатканбаев А.Ж. (Институт зоологии Комитета Науки Министерства образования и науки, Алматы, Казахстан)

Êîíòàêò:  òå÷åíèå 90 äíåé (ñ 18 ìàðòà ïî 16 èþíÿ The surveys were carried out in the western Àëòàé Æàòêàíáàåâ 2009 ã.) â ñîñòàâå ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ýêñïå- part of the plains of the Betpakdala desert Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè ÌÎÍ ÐÊ äèöèîííîãî îòðÿäà ïðîâîäèëèñü íåïðåðûâ- during the period from March 18 to June ïð-ò Àëü-Ôàðàáè, 93, íûå ïîëåâûå ðàáîòû â ïîëóïóñòûíå Áåòïàê- 16, 2009 (fig. 1). The total length of vehicle Àêàäåìãîðîäîê, äàëà – êðóïíåéøåì â Êàçàõñòàíå àðèäíîì routes that were laid there was 8700 km; Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí, ðåãèîíå, ðàñïîëîæåííîì â þæíîé ïîëî- i.e., on average 97 km/day. 050060 [email protected] âèíå ðåñïóáëèêè. Ýêñïåäèöèîííûå ðàáîòû One inhabited nest of the Eastern Imperial [email protected] ïðîâîäèëèñü â ðàìêàõ âûïîëíåíèÿ Ïîñòà- Eagle (Aquila heliaca) was found during the íîâëåíèÿ Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Ðåñïóáëèêè Êàçàõ- entire period of surveys. ñòàí ¹298 îò 13 ìàðòà 2009 ã. ïðè ôè- The nest of the Imperial Eagle was located Contact: Altay Zhatkanbayev íàíñîâîé ïîääåðæêå Àãåíòñòâà ïî îõðàíå in the crown of the white saxaul (Haloxylon Institute of Zoology îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû ÎÀÝ (ERWDA UAE). persicum), at height of 2.4 m from the ground. Al-Farabi ave., 93, Îáñëåäîâàíèÿìè íà ïîëíîïðèâîäíûõ àâòî- The diameter of the nest was 97×112 cm; Akademgorodok ìîáèëÿõ áûëà îõâà÷åíà çàïàäíàÿ ÷àñòü Áåò- height was 67×75 cm, the nesting cup oc- Almaty, Kazakhstan 050060 ïàêäàëû, â îñíîâíîì â ïðàâîáåðåæüå íèçî- cupied approximately 50% of its total area [email protected] âèé ðåêè ×ó (Þæíî-Êàçàõñòàíñêàÿ îáëàñòü – 42×51 cm – and was 12–15 cm deep. An- [email protected] Ðåñïóáëèêè Êàçàõñòàí), ïëîùàäüþ îêîëî other old semi-collapsed nest (less massive 14–14,5 òûñ. êì2 (ðèñ. 1). Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸í- than the first one) was located on the neigh- íîñòü ïðîëîæåííûõ çäåñü àâòîìàðøðóòîâ – bouring trunks of this bushy white saxaul. 8700 êì, ò. å., â ñðåäíåì, 97 êì/äåíü. When the nest was found on May 17, Çà âåñü ïåðèîä ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 2009; two hatchlings of different age were íàéäåíî îäíî æèëîå ãíåçäî âîñòî÷íîãî surveyed in it. ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca). Òåì íå ìååå, Upon our repeated visit on June 2, 2009, ìû íå ìîæåì óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî â îáñëåäî- the nest turned out to have been fallen âàííîì ðàéîíå íàõîäèëîñü òîëüêî îäíî down on the ground; it collapsed when æèëîå ãíåçäî ýòîãî âèäà. Îäíàêî, ïî âñòðå- the nestlings were inside. The nestlings, ÷àåìîñòè íà ìàðøðóòàõ ñðåäè äíåâíûõ which started to become fledged, were not injured; both of them stayed on the ground not far from each other. Nearby, the large amount of twigs and branchlets of white saxaul were located in a disorder. Among them, there were freshly broken twigs brought by the adult birds, which had already started to build a new nest on the ground. The nestlings were relocated into the nest that had fallen down; prior to that, the nest was fixed and renewed by us with the aid of saxaul branches and twigs that were found around. Subsequently, the nest has not been in- spected anymore; the further destiny of the brood has been unknown.

Ðèñ. 1. Îáñëåäîâàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ. Fig. 1. Surveyed area. Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 213

Ïàðà âçðîñëûõ ïòèö Íèæíèé êðàé ãíåçäà âîçâûøàëñÿ íà 2,4 ì (ââåðõó) è ñàìêà îò ïîâåðõíîñòè çåìëè. Ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîé- (âíèçó) íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå. êà, ñîîðóæ¸ííàÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî èç âåòîê Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. ñàêñàóëà, à òàêæå èç ñòåáëåé ìíîãîëåòíèõ êó- Pair (upper) and the ñòàðíè÷êîâ (íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ âûðâàííûå ñ female (bottom) near êîðíåì) è òðàâ, îêàçàëàñü äîâîëüíî ñòàðîé, the nest. Photos by èñïîëüçîâàâøåéñÿ íà ïðîòÿæåíèè íåñêîëüêèõ A. Zhatkanbayev. ñåçîíîâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Ïîâåðõíîñòü ãíåç- äà ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ îòêðûòà ñâåðõó. Äèàìåòð îñíîâíîé ïëîòíîé ìàññû ãíåçäà (íå ñ÷èòàÿ ñâîáîäíî è äàëåêî âûñòóïàþùèõ êîí- öîâ îòäåëüíûõ âåòîê) – 97×112 ñì, âûñîòà – 67×75 ñì, ëîòîê èç ãîðàçäî áîëåå ìåëêèõ, ÷åì îñíîâíàÿ ïîñòðîéêà, âåòî÷åê â öåíòðå ãíåçäà çàíèìàë ïðèìåðíî 50% îò âñåé åãî ïëîùàäè – 42×51 ñì, ãëóáèíà ëîòêà – 12– 15 ñì, à ó÷èòûâàÿ âîçâûøàþùèåñÿ áîðäþ- ðû èç ãðóáûõ âåòîê ïî íàðóæíîìó êîëüöå- âîìó âàëó ãíåçäà – 25–33 ñì. Äåâÿòü æèëûõ ãí¸çä èíäèéñêîãî âîðîáüÿ (Passer indicus) ðàñïîëàãàëèñü êàê â òîëùå îðëèíîãî ãíåçäà (áîëüøèíñòâî), òàê è íà ñîñåäíèõ âåãåòèðóþ- ùèõ âåòêàõ ñàêñàóëà, îáðàçîâàâ íåáîëüøóþ ãíåçäîâóþ êîëîíèþ. Åù¸ íåñêîëüêî ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä èíäèéñêîãî âîðîáüÿ òàêæå íàõîäèëèñü â ñàìîé ãíåçäîâîé ïîñòðîéêå è íà âåòâÿõ â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè êóñòèñòîãî äåðåâà. Íà ñîñåäíèõ ñòâîëàõ ýòîãî æå, äîâîëüíî ñèëüíî êóñòèñòîãî, äåðåâà áåëîãî ñàêñàóëà õèùíûõ ïòèö âîñòî÷íûé ìîãèëüíèê çäåñü íàõîäèëîñü äðóãîå ñòàðîå ïîëóîáðóøåííîå ÿâíî óñòóïàë êóðãàííèêó (Buteo rufinus) è ãíåçäî (ìåíåå ìàññèâíîå). Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî â ñòåïíîìó îðëó (Aquila nipalensis). í¸ì íåñêîëüêî ëåò íàçàä ìîãëà ãíåçäèòüñÿ Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â âåð- ïàðà îðëîâ, è íå èñêëþ÷åíî, ÷òî ýòà æå. øèííîé ÷àñòè áåëîãî ñàêñàóëà (Haloxylon Ïðè îáíàðóæåíèè ãíåçäà 17 ìàÿ 2009 ã. â persicum) âûñîòîé 4,8–5 ì. Îêðóæàþùàÿ í¸ì íàõîäèëîñü äâà ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûõ ïòåí- îáñòàíîâêà ïðåäñòàâëÿëà èç ñåáÿ ñóïåñ÷à- öà â ïåðâîì ïóõîâîì íàðÿäå. íûé ó÷àñòîê ñ èçðåæåííûì ñàêñàóëüíèêîì. Ïðè ïîâòîðíîì ïîñåùåíèè 2 èþíÿ Ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê, ãíåçäî è âûâîäîê âîñòî÷íîãî ìîãèëüíè- êà (Aquila heliaca) â Áåòïàêäàëå. Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. Breeding territory, nest and brood of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the Betpakdala Desert. Photos by A. Zhatkanbayev. 214 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

2009 ã. ãíåçäî îêàçàëîñü ñâàëèâøèìñÿ íà çåìëþ. Èç-çà ñâîåé áîëüøîé ìàññû, ñëîìàâ íåñóùèå âåòâè ñàêñàóëà, îíî îáðóøèëîñü âìåñòå ñ ïòåíöàìè. Íà÷àâøèå îïåðÿòüñÿ ïòåíöû íå ïîñòðàäàëè, îáà íàõîäèëèñü íà çåìëå, ïîáëèçîñòè äðóã îò äðóãà. Ðÿäîì ñ íèìè áåñïîðÿäî÷íî ëåæàëî ìíîãî îäåðå- âåíåëûõ âåòîê (ñó÷üåâ) è âåòî÷åê áåëîãî ñàêñàóëà, â òîì ÷èñëå è ñâåæåîáëîìàííûõ (åù¸ íå óñïåâøèõ çàâÿòü), ïðèíåñ¸ííûõ âçðîñëûìè. Âèäèìî, øëî ñîîðóæåíèå íî- âîé ïðèìèòèâíîé ãíåçäîâîé ïîñòðîéêè íà çåìëå. Ïòåíöû áûëè ïåðåìåùåíû â ñâà- ëèâøååñÿ ãíåçäî, ïåðåä ýòèì èñêóññòâåííî ïîäïðàâëåííîå è ïîäíîâëåííîå âàëÿâøè- ìèñÿ ðÿäîì âåòêàìè è âåòî÷êàìè ñàêñàóëà.  äàëüíåéøåì ãíåçäî íå ïðîâåðÿëîñü è ñóäüáà âûâîäêà íåèçâåñòíà. Îäíàêî, âåðî- ÿòíîñòü äàëüíåéøåãî âûæèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ â óïàâøåì íà çåìëþ ãíåçäå âñ¸-òàêè ïðèñóò- ñòâîâàëà, ââèäó òîãî, ÷òî â ýòîì ðàéîíå èìå- ëèñü ðàñïîëîæåííûå íà çåìëå è åæåãîäíî çàñåëÿåìûå ñòàðûå ãí¸çäà ñòåïíîãî îðëà, óñïåøíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â êîòîðûõ, ïîâè- äèìîìó, áûëà ïîëîæèòåëüíîé, íåñìîòðÿ íà îáèòàíèå çäåñü õèùíûõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ.  çàêëþ÷åíèè õî÷åòñÿ ïîáëàãîäàðèòü Ìî- õàììåäà Ñàëåõ Õàñàí Àëü Áàéäàíè (Moham- med Saleh Hasan Al Baidani), ðàíåå ìåíåä- æåðà, à ñåé÷àñ äèðåêòîðà Íàöèîíàëüíîãî Îïåðÿþùèåñÿ ïòåíöû âîñòî÷íîãî ìîãèëüíèêà íà çåìëå (ââåðõó) è ïåðåíåñ¸ííûå â âîññòàíîâëåííîå öåíòðà ïî èçó÷åíèþ ïòèö ÎÀÝ (National Avi- ãíåçäî (âíèçó). Ôîòî À. Æàòêàíáàåâà. an Research Centre, NARC, ERWDA, UAE), Nestlings of the Eastern Imperial Eagle near the áåç ëè÷íîãî ó÷àñòèÿ êîòîðîãî íàñòîÿùàÿ ðà- destroyed nest (upper) and in the restored nest on the áîòà íå ìîãëà áûòü îñóùåñòâë¸ííîé. ground (bottom). Photos by A. Zhatkanbayev.

NotesaboutWinteringRecordsoftheSnowyOwlintheSouth- EasternKazakhstan О ЗИМНИХ ЗАЛЁТАХ БЕЛЫХ СОВ В ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНЫЙ КАЗАХСТАН KovalenkoA.V.(InstituteofZoology,CommitteeofaScienceofMinistryofEducation andSciences,Almaty,Kazakhstan) Коваленко А.В. (Институт зоологии Комитета науки Министерства образования и науки, Алматы, Казахстан)

Êîíòàêò: Áåëàÿ ñîâà (Nyctea scandiaca) ðåãóëÿðíî The Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiaca) is regu- Àíäðåé Êîâàëåíêî çèìóåò â ñåâåðíîé ïîëîâèíå Êàçàõñòàíà larly recorded as a wintering species for the 405030, Êàçàõñòàí, Àëìàòû, (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951; Ãàâðèí, 1962; Ãàâðèëîâ, northern part of Kazakhstan (Gavrin, 1962; óë. Âàõòàíãîâà, 11Á–3 1999; Gavrilov, Gavrilov, 2005), þæíåå Gavrilov, 1999). Only occasional records are òåë.: +7 727 394 08 93 ïðîíèêàÿ ëèøü â ãîäû çíà÷èòåëüíûõ èíâà- known for the south part as well as other +7 701 570 25 60 +7 777 339 10 35 çèé, êîòîðûå ñâÿçàíû, âåðîÿòíî, ñ êîëåáà- regions of Central Asia, and almost of them [email protected] íèÿìè ÷èñëåííîñòè ëåììèíãîâ â ðàçíûõ were at the middle of the past century (Ga- ÷àñòÿõ ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà ñîâû (Äåìåí- vrin, 1962; Mitropolskiy, 2006). Thus, virtu- òüåâ, 1951). Äëÿ þæíîé ïîëîâèíû Êàçàõ- ally there is a half-century gap èìåëñÿ in the ñòàíà, êàê è äëÿ äðóãèõ ðåãèîíîâ Ñðåäíåé data on the species wintering in the south Àçèè (âêëþ÷àÿ Òóðêìåíèþ, Óçáåêèñòàí part of Kazakhstan. Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 215

Contact: è Êèðãèçèþ), èçâåñòíû ëèøü åäèíè÷íûå Andrey Kovalenko âñòðå÷è, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ìàêñèìóì ê ñåðåäè- Vahtangova str., 11b–3, Almaty, íå ïðîøëîãî âåêà (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951; Ãàâ- Kazakhstan, 405030 ðèí, 1962; Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, 2006). Òàêèì tel.: +7 727 246 29 11 îáðàçîì, èìåëñÿ ôàêòè÷åñêè ïîëóâåêîâîé +7 701 570 25 60 +7 777 339 10 35 ïðîáåë â êàêèõ-ëèáî äàííûõ î çèìîâêàõ +7 700 910 05 32 ýòèõ ñîâ â þæíîé ïîëîâèíå Êàçàõñòàíà. [email protected] Òåì èíòåðåñíåå âûãëÿäÿò ïîñëåäíèå ñâåäåíèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ áåëîé ñîâû â Þãî- Âîñòî÷íîì Êàçàõñòàíå.  Àëàêîëüñêîì ðàéîíå Àëìàòèíñêîé îáëàñòè âçðîñëàÿ ñàìêà áûëà âñòðå÷åíà è ñôîòîãðàôèðî- âàíà 15 ôåâðàëÿ 2005 ã. (À. Èñàáåêîâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) (ðèñ. 1–1). Ìíîþ 2 ÿíâàðÿ 2011 ã. ìîëîäàÿ ñàìêà íàáëþäà- ëàñü â ñåâåðíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àíàðõàÿ, íåïîäàëåêó îò Êàíøåíãåëÿ (ðèñ. 1–2). À.Æ. Æàòêàíáàåâ (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) 4 ÿíâàðÿ ýòîãî æå ãîäà îòìåòèë îäèíî÷êó â äåëüòå ð. Èëè ó ïîñ. Êàðàîé (ðèñ. 1–3). Áåëàÿ ñîâà (Nyctea scandiaca). Ïðåäãîðüÿ Àíàðõàÿ, Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ïåðâàÿ ïîëîâèíà 02.01.2011. Ôîòî À. Êîâàëåíêî. çèìû 2010/11 ãã. â ñåâåðíûõ îáëàñòÿõ Êà- Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiaca). Foothills of the Anarkhay Mountains, 02/01/2011. çàõñòàíà âûäàëàñü íåîáû÷íî ñóðîâîé, òàê Photo by A. Kovalenko. æå, êàê è íà áîëüøåé åãî ÷àñòè âî âòîðóþ ïîëîâèíó çèìû 2004/05 ãã., ÷òî, âåðîÿòíî, è ñïðîâîöèðîâàëî çàë¸òû ýòîãî âèäà â áî- And the latest data on the Snow Owl en- ëåå þæíûå ðàéîíû, ÷åì îáû÷íî. counters in South-Eastern Kazakhstan are of interest. An adult female was encountered Ëèòåðàòóðà and photographed in the Alacol region of Ãàâðèí Â.Ô. Îòðÿä ñîâû. – Ïòèöû Êàçàõñòàíà. the Almaty district on February, 15 2005 Ò. 2. Àëìà-Àòà, 1962. Ñ. 708–779. (A. Isabekov, pers. comm.) (fig. 1–1). I ob- Ãàâðèëîâ Ý.È. Ôàóíà è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå served an young female in northern foot- ïòèö Êàçàõñòàíà. Àëìàòû, 1999. 198 ñ. hills of Anarkhay near Kanshegel on January, Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä Ñîâû. – Ïòèöû Ñîâåò- ñêîãî Ñîþçà. Ò. 1. Ì., 1951. Ñ. 342–429. 2 2011 (fig. 1–2). A. Zhaktanbaev (pers. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé Î.Â. Îáçîð çàë¸òîâ áåëûõ comm.) noted an adult bird in the delta of ñîâ â Ñðåäíþþ Àçèþ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è the Ili river near the Karaoy settlement on èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹5. Ñ. 61–62. January, 4 2011 (fig. 1–3). It should be not- Gavrilov E.I., Gavrilov A.E. The birds of Kaza- ed, that the first half of the winter 2010/11 khstan. Abridged edition. – Tethys Ornithologi- in the northern regions of Kazakhstan was cal Research, ¹2. Almaty, 2005. P. 3–222. unusually severe, as well as the second half of the winter 2004/05 on the most part of Kazakhstan, that has probably provoked the species migrating to the more south regions than under usual weather conditions.

Ðèñ. 1. Çèìíèå ðåãèñòðàöèè áåëîé ñîâû (Nyctea scandiaca) â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Êàçàõñòàíå â 2005–2011 ãã. Fig. 1. Wintering records of the Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiaca) in the South-Eastern Kazakhstan in 2005–2011. 216 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû NewPublicationsandVideos НОВЫЕПУБЛИКАЦИИИФИЛЬМЫ Books КНИГИ

Ìèíèñòåðñòâîì ýêîëîãèè è ïðèðîä- The Ministry of Environment and Nature íûõ ðåñóðñîâ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè Resources of the Nuzhny Novgorod dis- ñîâìåñòíî ñ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ëàáî- trict together with the ornithological lab- ðàòîðèåé ýêîöåíòðà «Äðîíò» èçäàíà oratory of the Ecological Center “Dront” áðîøþðà: Ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî îáåñïå÷å- has published the book: Recommenda- íèþ áåçîïàñíîñòè îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíî- tions on ensuring the safety of wildlife ãî ìèðà ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè âîçäóøíûõ during the operation of overhead power ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è íà and communication lines in the territory òåððèòîðèè Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. of the Nizhny Novgorod district. Nizhny Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2010. 60 ñ. (ISBN Novgorod, 2010. 60 p. (ISBN 5-88587- 5-88587-265-1). 265-1). (9) Êîíòàêò Àâòîðû-ñîñòàâèòåëè ðåêîìåíäàöèé: The authors of the book are ornitholo- Àëåêñàíäð Ìàöûíà Ìàöûíà À.È. – çàâåäóþùèé îðíèòîëî- gists, experts on the problem of bird elec- Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ãè÷åñêîé ëàáîðàòîðèåé Ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî trocution: Matsyna À.I. – the head of the ëàáîðàòîðèÿ Ýêîöåíòðà «Äðîíò» öåíòðà «Äðîíò» è Çàìàçêèí À.Å. – Ãëàâíûé ornithological laboratory of non-govern- 603001, Ðîññèÿ, ñïåöèàëèñò óïðàâëåíèÿ îõðàíû è èñïîëü- mental organisation the Ecological Center Í.Íîâãîðîä, çîâàíèÿ îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ìèíè- “Dront” and Zamazkin À.E. – Chief special- óë. Ðîæäåñòâåíñêàÿ, 16ä. ñòåðñòâà ýêîëîãèè è ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ ist of the Department on the Protection and +7 831 430 28 81 [email protected] Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè Management in Wildlife of the Ministry of  èçäàíèè ïîäðîáíî ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ Environment and Nature Resources of the (9) Contact: îñíîâíûå ïðè÷èíû è âèäû íåãàòèâíîãî âîç- Nizhny Novgorod district. Alexander Matsyna äåéñòâèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ òèïîâ âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèé The book details the main reasons and Laboratory of Ornithology of Ecological ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è íà îáúåêòû æèâîò- different types of negative impact of over- Center «Dront» íîãî ìèðà. Ïðèâåäåíû ïðèìåðû è äàíà îá- head power and communication lines on Rozhdestvenskaya str., ùàÿ îöåíêà ìàñøòàáîâ ãèáåëè ïòèö îò ïîðà- wildlife, which is illustrated with some ex- 16d, æåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì ïðè êîíòàêòå amples. The scales of bird electrocution on Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia, 603001 ñ ÂË 6–10 ê â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. the medium voltage power lines are esti- tel.: +7 831 430 28 81 Âûïîëíåí àíàëèç äåéñòâóþùåãî ïðèðîäî- mated for the Nizhny Novgorod district. [email protected] îõðàííîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà è íîðìàòèâíî- The effective environmental legislation and òåõíè÷åñêîé áàçû â ñôåðå îáåñïå÷åíèÿ departmental acts in the sphere of ensuring áåçîïàñíîñòè îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà the safety of wildlife during the operation ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèé ñâÿçè of overhead power and communication è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è. Äàíû ìåòîäè÷åñêèå lines are analyzed. The recommendations ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî çàùèòå îáúåêòîâ æèâîò- on organizing the wildlife protection and íîãî ìèðà, à òàêæå îðãàíèçàöèè êîíòðîëÿ control of observance of the environmental çà ñîáëþäåíèåì ïðèðîäîîõðàííîãî çàêî- legislation during the operation of over- íîäàòåëüñòâà ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè âîçäóøíûõ head power and communication lines are ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è. presented.  Ïðèëîæåíèè ïðèâîäÿòñÿ ôîðìû Àêòà Forms of Act of random check of the over- âûáîðî÷íîé ïðîâåðêè âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèé head power lines and Tables for express as- ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è è òàáëèöà ýêñïðåññ-îöåíêè sessment of a hazard of the medium volt- ñòåïåíè ïòèöåîïàñíîñòè ÂË 6–10 êÂ. age power lines to birds. Ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïðèìåíèìû äëÿ âñåõ ðå- The recommendations are useful for all the ãèîíîâ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, à òàêæå regions of the Russian Federation and Com- ñòðàí ÑÍÃ, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèõñÿ áëèçêè- monwealth of Independent States countries ìè òåõíè÷åñêèìè õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè è as well, where power and communication êîíñòðóêöèÿìè âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèé ñâÿçè è lines have similar technical characteristics ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è. and constructions. Êîíòàêò (9). Contact (9). New Publications and Videos Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 217

Íîâàÿ êíèãà Äîíà Ñêîòòà î ïîëåâîì New book about the Hen Harrier (Circus ëóíå (Circus cyaneus) âûïóùåíà Whit- cyaneus) has been published by Whit- tles Publishing: Scott D. The Hen Harrier tles Publishing: Scott D. The Hen Harrier – In the Shadow of Slemish. 2010. 180 p. – In the Shadow of Slemish. 2010. 180 p. (ISBN 978-1904445-93-7). (ISBN 978-1904445-93-7). Ýòà êíèãà ïîñâÿùåíà èññëåäîâàíèþ ïîëå- This book, a dedicated study of the Hen âîãî ëóíÿ â Ñåâåðíîé Èðëàíäèè â òå÷åíèå Harrier in Northern Ireland for over two áîëåå ÷åì äâóõ äåñÿòèëåòèé.  íåé äåòàëü- decades, provides a detailed account of íî îïèñàíà æèçíü è ïåðñïåêòèâû ñóùå- the life, habits and prospects for the bird. ñòâîâàíèÿ âèäà. Àâòîð ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ìíîãî The author presents much new information íîâîé èíôîðìàöèè î ëóíå è åãî ïîñòîÿí- about the harrier in its continuing struggle (10) Contact íîé áîðüáå çà âûæèâàíèå â óñëîâèÿõ âû- to re-establish its hold despite high lev- Whittles Publishing ñîêîãî óðîâíÿ ïðåñëåäîâàíèÿ ÷åëîâåêîì els of persecution from man or predation Dunbeath, Caithness Scotland, UK. KW6 6EG è õèùíèêàìè. Ìíîãèå ãîäû èçó÷àÿ ýòèõ by other species. Having spent thousands tel.: ïòèö è ïðîâåäÿ òûñÿ÷è ÷àñîâ íàáëþäåíèé, of hours over many years studying these +44(0) 1593 731 333 Äîíó ïîñ÷àñòëèâèëîñü ñäåëàòü îòêðûòèå birds, he was rewarded by the discovery fax: – ýòè íàçåìíîãíåçäÿùèåñÿ õèùíèêè ãíåç- that this ground-nesting species was nest- +44(0) 1593 731 400 info@ äèëèñü è íà âûñîêèõ õâîéíûõ äåðåâüÿõ â ing in tall conifers in the forests of County whittlespublishing.com ëåñàõ Ãðàôñòâà Àíòðèì. Ýòî åäèíñòâåííàÿ Antrim the only country throughout their www.whittlespublish- òåððèòîðèÿ â åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà vast European range where this occurs an- ing.com âèäà, íà êîòîðîé ëóíè ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà äåðå- nually. âüÿõ, ïðè÷¸ì åæåãîäíî. Price is £18.99. Ñòîèìîñòü êíèãè 18.99 ôóíòîâ ñòåðëèíãîâ. Don Scott is a member of the Society of Äîí Ñêîòò – ÷ëåí êîìèòåòà Ñåâåðî- Biology, a serving committee member of èðëàíäñêîãî îòäåëåíèÿ áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî the N. Ireland branch and has had numer- îáùåñòâà, àâòîð ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ïóáëè- ous articles and papers published. He is also êàöèé. Îí òàêæå ÿâëÿåòñÿ àâòîðîì êíèãè: the author of Harriers: Journeys Around the «Ëóíè: ïóòåøåñòâèÿ âîêðóã ìèðà». World. Êîíòàêò (10). Contact (10).

Íîâàÿ êíèãà Ãîðäîíà Ðèääëà î ïóñòåëü- New book about Kestrels has been ãàõ âûïóùåíà Whittles Publishing: published by Whittles Publishing: Riddle G. Kestrels for Company. 2011. Riddle G. Kestrels for Company. 2011. 192 p. (ISBN 978-184995-029-9). 192 p. (ISBN 978-184995-029-9). Èíòåðåñíàÿ êíèãà, êîòîðàÿ äà¸ò îáøèð- An appealing book that provides an ex- íîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå â îñíîâíîì îá îáûêíî- tensive picture of the Kestrel (Falco tinnun- âåííîé ïóñòåëüãå (Falco tinnunculus), âêëþ- culus), including its lifestyle and the factors ÷àÿ å¸ îáðàç æèçíè è ôàêòîðû, âëèÿþùèå that affect its breeding success and survival. íà å¸ óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ è âûæèâàíèå. This is based upon almost 40 years monitor- Êíèãà îñíîâàíà íà ïî÷òè ñîðîêàëåòíåì ing of the kestrel in south-west Scotland. ìîíèòîðèíãå ïóñòåëüãè â þãî-çàïàäíîé Latest figures show an alarming decline Øîòëàíäèè. of 36% in the kestrel population in the UK, Ïîñëåäíèå äàííûå äåìîíñòðèðóþò òðå- with even more dramatic falls such as 64% âîæíîå ñíèæåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè îáûêíîâåí- in Scotland. The fieldwork techniques which íîé ïóñòåëüãè â Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè íà 36% è play such an important role are detailed in a åù¸ áîëåå äðàìàòè÷íîå ïàäåíèå ÷èñëåííî- composite breeding season. ñòè íà 64% â Øîòëàíäèè. Ìåòîäû ïîëåâûõ The author reflects upon the political, eco- èññëåäîâàíèé, èãðàþùèå î÷åíü âàæíóþ nomic and conservation issues that have ðîëü, ïðèâîäÿòñÿ â äåòàëÿõ â çàâèñèìîñòè dominated this field in the past few dec- îò ïåðèîäà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Êíèãà ñîäåðæèò ades and through this personal and well- áîëåå 150 öâåòíûõ èëëþñòðàöèé. informed account the reader gains access to Ñòîèìîñòü êíèãè 18.99 ôóíòîâ ñòåðëèíãîâ. the world of the kestrel. Full colour through- Ãîðäîí Ðèääë ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç îñíîâà- out with over 150 illustrations. òåëåé è ïðåäñåäàòåëåì ãðóïïû ïî èçó÷å- Price is £18.99. íèþ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Þãî-Çàïàäíîé ember and Chairman of the South West Øîòëàíäèè. Scotland Raptor Study Group. Êîíòàêò (10). Contact (10). 218 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 22 Ñîäåðæàíèå

Ñîäåðæàíèå Contents

Ñîáûòèÿ ...... 3 Events ...... 3 Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà ...... 16 Problem of Number ...... 16

Ãàçîïðîâîä «Àëòàé» – óãðîçà îáúåêòó âñåìèðíîãî The Altai Gas Pipeline is a Threat to the “Golden ïðèðîäíîãî íàñëåäèÿ ÞÍÅÑÊÎ «Çîëîòûå ãîðû Mountains of Altai” UNESCO World Heritage Site Àëòàÿ», Ðîññèÿ. in Russia. Nikolenko E.G., Smelansky I.E...... 16 Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý...... 16 Raptor Conservation ...... 24 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ...... 24 Conservation of the Saker Falcon in the Altai-Sayan Îõðàíà áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå: Ecoregion: What Has Been Done and What ÷òî ñäåëàíî è ÷òî òðåáóåòñÿ? Should Be Done? Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G...... 24 Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã...... 24 Problem of Raptor Electrocution in the Republic Ïðîáëåìà ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Õàêàñèè: of Khakassia: Negative Impact of Developing íåãàòèâíûé âêëàä èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ñîòîâîé the Infrastructure of the Mobile Phone Service. ñâÿçè. Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã...... 60 Nikolenko E.G...... 60 Ãèáåëü ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íà ëèíèÿõ Raptor Electrocution in the Krasnoslobodsk Region ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è â Êðàñíîñëîáîäñêîì of the Republic of Mordovia, Russia. ðàéîíå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ, Ðîññèÿ. Spiridonov S.N., Aryanov K.A...... 72 Ñïèðèäîíîâ Ñ.Í., Àðÿíîâ Ê.À...... 72 Raptor Research ...... 76 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ...... 76 White-Tailed Eagle in the Delta of Ilå River and on Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò â äåëüòå ðåêè Èëå è íà îçåðå the Balkhash Lake, South-Eastern Kazakhstan. Áàëõàø, Þãî-Âîñòî÷íûé Êàçàõñòàí. Zhatkanbaev A.Zh...... 76 Æàòêàíáàåâ À.Æ...... 76 Eagles of the Aral-Caspian Region, Kazakhstan. Îðëû Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà, Êàçàõñòàí. Karyakin I.V., Kovalenko A.V., Levin A.S., Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîâàëåíêî À.Â., Ëåâèí À.C., Pazhenkov A.S...... 92 Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ...... 92 Raptors of the Ukok Plateau, Russia. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè ïëàòî Óêîê, Ðîññèÿ. Vazhov S.V., Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Barashkova A.N., Smelansky I.E., Tomilenko À.À., Áàðàøêîâà À.Í., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Bekmansurov R.H...... 153 Òîìèëåíêî À.À., Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ...... 153 Differentiation in Breeding Habitats of the Birds Äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ íèø äíåâíûõ of Prey in the State Biosphere Nature Reserve õèùíûõ ïòèö â Êåðæåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå, “Kerzhensky”, Russia. Novikova L.M...... 176 Ðîññèÿ. Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì...... 176 Birds of Prey of the Taganrog Yuzhny Airport, Russia. Õèùíûå ïòèöû àýðîïîðòà «Òàãàíðîã-Þæíûé», Barabashin T.O., Kostynaya N.O., Ðîññèÿ. Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Êîñòÿíàÿ Í.Î., Dyachenko M.P...... 191 Äüÿ÷åíêî Ì.Ï...... 191 Short Reports...... 195 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ ...... 195 Winter Records of the Raptors in the Republic Çèìíèå âñòðå÷è õèùíûõ ïòèö â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà, of Tyva, Russia. Barashkova A.N., Smelansky I.E., Ðîññèÿ. Áàðàøêîâà À.Í., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Tomilenko À.À...... 195 Òîìèëåíêî À.À...... 195 The Nesting of the Osprey on the Electric Pole in Ãíåçäîâàíèå ñêîïû íà îïîðå ËÝÏ â äåëüòå the Volga Delta, Astrakhan District, Russia. Âîëãè, Àñòðàõàíñêàÿ îáëàñòü, Ðîññèÿ. Dinkevich Ì.À...... 198 Äèíêåâè÷ Ì.À...... 198 Peregrine Falcon Continues to Move into the Tuva Ñàïñàí ïðîäîëæàåò ýêñïàíñèþ ïî Åíèñåþ â Depression through the Yenisey River, Russia. Òóâèíñêóþ êîòëîâèíó, Ðîññèÿ. Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Nikolenko E.G., Karyakin I.V., Potapov E.R., Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïîòàïîâ Å.Ð., Óòåõèíà È.Ã...... 200 Utekhina I.G...... 200 Contents Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 219

Íàõîäêà ñàìîãî ñåâåðíîãî â Õàêàñèè ãíåçäà The Most Northern Record of the Tree-nesting ñòåïíîãî îðëà, óñòðîåííîãî íà äåðåâå, Ðîññèÿ. Steppe Eagle in Khakassia, Russia. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëàïøèí Ð.Ä., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G., Lapshin R.D., Øòîëü Ä.À...... 200 Shtol D.A...... 203 Èíòåðåñíûå âñòðå÷è õèùíûõ ïòèö â Ñåâåðíîé Interesting Records of Birds of Prey in Northern Ìîíãîëèè. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Mongolia. Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G., Ïîòàïîâ Å.Ð., Óòåõèíà È.Ã...... 204 Potapov E.R., Utekhina I.G...... 204 Âîäîïîé âçðîñëîãî áåðêóòà â åñòåñòâåííûõ Records Watering of the Adult Golden Eagle óñëîâèÿõ îáèòàíèÿ, Êàçàõñòàí. in the Natural Habitat, Kazakhstan. Æàòêàíáàåâ À.Æ...... 208 Zhatkanbaev A.Zh...... 208 Î ãíåçäîâàíèè âîñòî÷íîãî ìîãèëüíèêà Notes about the Eastern Imperial Eagle Breeding â Áåòïàêäàëå, Êàçàõñòàí. Æàòêàíáàåâ À.Æ...... 212 in the Betpakdala Desert, Kazakhstan. Zhatkanbaev A.Zh...... 212 Î çèìíèõ çàë¸òàõ áåëûõ ñîâ â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íûé Êàçàõñòàí. Êîâàëåíêî À.Â...... 214 Notes about Wintering Records of the Snowy Owl in the South-Eastern Kazakhstan. Kovalenko A.V. ...214 Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû ...... 216 New Publications and Videos ...... 216

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Ðåêâèçèòû äëÿ ïîæåðòâîâàíèé Requisites for donations in Requisites for donations in â ðóáëÿõ: USD: EURO: Ïîëó÷àòåëü: ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé Beneficiary: NGO Siberian Beneficiary: NGO Siberian ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» Environmental Center Environmental Center ÈÍÍ 5408166026 Account: 407 038 405 002 010 Account: 407 039 785 034 710 ÊÏÏ 540801001 026 32 026 32 Ðàñ÷åòíûé ñ÷¸ò ¹ 407 038 102 Beneficiary Bank: OJSC MDM Bank Beneficiary Bank: OJSC MDM Bank 000 300 113 37 Moscow, Russia Moscow, Russia Áàíê ïîëó÷àòåëÿ: Ôèëèàë SWIFT: MOBWRUMM SWIFT: MOBWRUMM «Çàïàäíî-Ñèáèðñêèé» ÎÀÎ Intermediary Bank: Intermediary Bank: «ÑÎÁÈÍÁÀÍÊ», ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê Standard Chartered Bank, “Deutsche Bank AG” ÁÈÊ 045003744 One Madison Ave, New York 12, Taunusanlage 60262 Frankfurt/ êîð. ñ÷¸ò ¹ 301 018 104 000 000 10010-3603, USA Main GERMANY 007 44 SWIFT: SCBLUS33 SWIFT: DEUTDEFF Íàçíà÷åíèå ïëàòåæà: «Äîáðîâîëü- Account: 3582-0398-76-002. Account: 100947414900 íîå áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîå ïîæåðòâî- Purpose of payment: “Gratuitous Purpose of payment: “Gratuitous âàíèå íà óñòàâíûå öåëè îðãàíèçà- donation for implementation of the donation for implementation of the öèè (èçäàíèå «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè charitable goals of the organization charitable goals of the organization è èõ îõðàíà»)» (“Raptors Conservation” publishing)” (“Raptors Conservation” publishing)”

Îòïå÷àòàíî â òèïîãðàôèè ÎÎÎ «Ïîâîëæüå» ñ ãîòîâîãî îðèãèíàë-ìàêåòà 603006, ã. Í. Íîâãîðîä, óë. Àêàäåìèêà Áëîõèíîé È.Í., 4/43–4