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Transboundary Wetlands: Exploring Formal Mechanisms for Cooperation

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Transboundary Wetlands: Exploring Formal Mechanisms for Cooperation AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Zoe Rosenblum for the degree of Master of Science in Water Resources Policy and Management presented on December 15, 2020. Title: Transboundary Wetlands: Exploring Formal Mechanisms for Cooperation Abstract approved: ____________________________________________________ Susanne Schmeier Despite increased understanding of the benefits of wetlands, global wetland area continues to decrease. Wetlands are being lost at an alarming rate, and with them, biodiversity, floodwater storage, water purification, and countless other functions. There is little information available about mechanisms to manage transboundary wetlands. While the Ramsar Convention is one international mechanism for wetland governance, there are very few cases in which all riparian parties have jointly designated a Transboundary Ramsar Site. Most research on transboundary wetlands explores specific conflicts or management issues or argues for or against the Ramsar Convention as a legal tool to manage wetlands. However, little research explores institutions for managing transboundary wetlands. Furthermore, while there is much evidence that freshwater resources are a source of cooperation, there is emphasis on rivers and wetlands are largely absent from the discourse. This research employs document analysis, coding, and spatial analysis to explore how transboundary wetlands are managed. The products of this research are: a database of the world’s transboundary wetlands; an in-depth analysis of the management of the Wadden Sea, Okavango Delta, and the Hamoun Wetlands; and a discussion of factors that may contribute to cooperation over transboundary wetlands. © Copyright by Zoe Rosenblum December 15, 2020 All Rights Reserved Transboundary Wetlands: Exploring Formal Mechanisms for Cooperation by Zoe Rosenblum A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Presented December 15, 2020 Commencement June 2021 THIS THESIS HAS ALSO BEEN SUBMITTED TO IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, The Netherlands and the University for Peace, Costa Rica in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (IHE-Delft) and Master of Arts (University for Peace) in Water Cooperation and Diplomacy Master of Science thesis of Zoe Rosenblum presented on December 15, 2020 APPROVED: ________________________________________________________________________________ Major Professor, representing Water Resources Policy and Management ________________________________________________________________________________ Director of the Water Resources Graduate Program ________________________________________________________________________________ Dean of the Graduate School I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request. ________________________________________________________________________________ Zoe Rosenblum, Author ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend gratitude to: Dr. Susanne Schmeier. Your professionalism, eloquence and aptitude for making connections is inspiring. I am grateful for the many conversations we shared and am honored to witness your level of expertise in comprehension of international laws and organizations. Dr. Aaron Wolf. It is clear how deeply you care about the success of your students. Thank you for your support throughout, particularly discussing my research during our field course. I forgive you for not stopping at the most beautiful wetland overlook in Malyeur. Dr. Olivia Sylvester, possibly the most energetic professor I’ve had. Thank you for offering hands-on learning experiences and welcoming all students to the UPeace Garden. Though the grasshoppers sometimes eat more produce than the students, the garden is a peaceful and grounding refuge that offers a welcome balance to more intellectual work. My WCD friends. Our cohort was small and I appreciate the energy you each brought to the program. Thank you for sharing your selves and your expertise throughout this journey. The students I met along the way at UPeace, IHE-Delft, and OSU, who brought much joy to my life. Potlucks, waterfall hikes, learning to cook new foods together, learning new languages and card tricks, empowering each other, and enriching our collective understanding of what it means to be human. My roomie Jo who taught me about vitamin D to beat the Delft blues and shared late-night giggles over tea; the IHE Running Club, especially Maubane and Thembi, I would not have thrived in Delft without you; Joy - your little notes, sweet treats, warm hugs, and dinners were some of my favorite moments in grad school; and to all of the rest: thank you. My mentors – Antonio, Megan, Alyson, Hannah, Alfredo – you are sources of inspiration for me throughout life and especially throughout the ups and downs of Master’s studies. Thank you for words of encouragement and advice, and for nurturing my academic and self-work. My family and friends – my lifelong sources of support and encouragement. Thank you for visiting, writing letters, sending packages, and keeping in touch, reminding me that closeness exists even with the distance of a joint Master’s program. I can’t imagine accomplishing this thesis without the grounding foundation of your love. To my brother for helping me keep things in perspective; my sister for inspiring me to leave the nest; my Tia Noanie for teaching me about running, spirituality, and financial planning – all of which were key to Master’s studies; and to my parents for bringing me into this world and encouraging me to follow my dreams. And Frederick. Thank you for supporting me through this Master’s program. While I could have completed this endeavor without knowing you, I would not have eaten as well or laughed as much. Thank you for believing in me when I felt too small, and for sharing your laptop. Thank you to the sunshine, rain, trees, oceans, rivers and wetlands that are a source of inspiration. Thank you to the researchers who came before me, and for those who come after. And thank you to the staff at each of the schools I attended: the University for Peace, IHE-Delft, and OSU. For what I learned over the past year and a half, I am glad that this program exists. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.1 Research Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.2 Hypotheses ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2 1.3 Justification of Research ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 1.4 Reflexivity …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3 2. Literature Review …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 2.1 Wetlands …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 2.2 Transboundary Wetlands ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 2.3 International Law ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 2.4 Transboundary Wetland Management …………………………………………………………………….. 11 2.4.1 Institutions …………………………………………………………………………………………….... 14 2.5 Transboundary Water Interactions ………………………………………………………………………….. 15 2.6 Measuring Cooperation …………………………………………………………………………………………… 16 3. Theoretical Considerations ………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. 18 4. Methods …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22 4.1 Research Design ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22 4.2 Data Collection …………………..……………………………………………………………………………………. 23 4.2.1 Global Analysis …………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 4.2.2 Case Studies …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24 4.3 Data Analysis …………………………………..………………………………………………………………………. 25 4.3.1 Mechanism for wetland management …………………………………………………….. 25 4.3.2 Focus of wetland management ……………………………………………………………….. 26 4.3.3 Participation of co-riparians in wetland action ………………………………………… 26 4.3.4 Final Analysis …………………………………………………………………………………………… 27 5. Results ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…. 28 5.1 Global Analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 28 5.1.1 Identifying transboundary wetlands ………………………………………………………… 28 5.1.2 Options to manage transboundary wetlands …………………………………………… 38 5.2 Case Studies ………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..……. 40 5.2.1 Wadden Sea ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 41 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 5.2.2 Okavango Delta ………………………………………………………………………………………. 45 5.2.3 Hamoun Wetlands ………………………………………………………………………………….. 48 5.3 Document Analysis …………………………………………………………………………………………..…….. 52 6. Analysis and Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………………....……. 54 6.1 Spatial Analysis …………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 54 6.1.1 Identifying transboundary wetlands ………………………………………………………... 54 6.1.2 Options to manage transboundary wetlands ………………….…………….…………. 55 6.2 Case Studies ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 57 6.2.1 What are options to manage transboundary wetlands? ………………………….. 57 6.2.2 How do countries interact over transboundary wetlands? ………………………. 58 6.3 Document Analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 60 6.3.1 Documents analyzed for the Wadden Sea ……………………………………………….. 60 6.3.2 Documents analyzed for the Okavango Delta ………………………………………….. 60 6.3.3 Documents analyzed for the Hamoun Wetlands ……………………………………… 61 6.4 Measuring transboundary water cooperation …………………………………………………………. 61 7. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 62 7.1 Limitations of research and recommendations for future research …………………………. 62 7.2 Final Remarks ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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