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The State of Social Safety Nets 2018

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The State of Social Safety Nets 2018 2018 The State of Social Safety Nets Nets Safety Social of State The Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The State ofSocialSafety Nets State The 2018 The State of Social Safety Nets 2018 The State of Social Safety Nets 2018 © 2018 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 21 20 19 18 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2018. The State of Social Safety Nets 2018. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1254-5. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank. Third-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN (print): 978-1-4648-1254-5 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-1255-2 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1254-5 Cover photo: Third grader from Niger, Mariama. © Stephan Gladieu/World Bank. Further permission required for reuse. Part 1 opener photo: Children in the village of Ambohimahatsinjo, Madagaskar. © Mohammad Al-Arief/World Bank. Further permission required for reuse. Part 2 opener photo: A young girl in an evacuation center, Philippines. © Jerome Ascano/World Bank. Further permission required for reuse. Cover design: Bill Pragluski, Critical Stages, LLC. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested. Contents Foreword ................................................................................... xi Acknowledgments .......................................................................... xiii About the Authors ........................................................................... xv Structure of the Book ....................................................................... xvii Abbreviations .............................................................................. xix Executive Summary . 1 PART I ANALYTICS . 4 Chapter 1 Explaining the Social Safety Net’s Data Landscape . 5 Introduction . 5 What Are Social Protection and Social Safety Net Interventions? What Is the ASPIRE Classification of Social Safety Net Programs? . 5 What Is the ASPIRE Database? How Does the ASPIRE Team Collect and Ensure Quality of the Data? What Are the Limitations of the Data? . 7 How Is the Performance of Social Safety Net Programs Measured? . 13 Notes . 14 References . 15 Chapter 2 Spending on Social Safety Nets . 16 How Much Do Regions and Countries Spend on Social Safety Nets? . 16 Do Higher-Income Countries Spend More on Social Safety Nets? . 18 How Has Spending Changed over Time? . 25 Which Social Safety Net Instruments Do Countries Fund? . 27 Notes . 30 References . 30 Chapter 3 Analyzing the Performance of Social Safety Net Programs . 31 Who Is Covered by Social Protection and Labor Programs? . 32 Which Types of Social Safety Net Programs Cover the Poor? . 34 What Is the Beneficiary Incidence of Various Social Safety Net Instruments? . 41 What Are the Benefit Levels of Social Safety Net Programs? . 49 What Are the Poverty and Inequality Impacts of Social Safety Net Programs? . 59 What Factors Affect the Impact of Social Safety Net Transfers on Poverty and Inequality? . 61 Notes . 64 References . 65 Highlight 1: Productive Outcomes of Social Safety Net Programs: Evidence from Impact Evaluations in Sub-Saharan Africa . 66 v PART II SPECIAL TOPICS . 70 Chapter 4 Social Assistance and Aging . 71 What Are Old-Age Social Pensions, and Why Are They on the Rise? . 71 Why Do Countries Introduce Old-Age Social Pensions? . 73 What Have Old-Age Social Pensions Accomplished? . 76 Notes . 81 References . 81 Highlight 2 . Policy Considerations for Introducing Old-Age Social Pensions . 82 Chapter 5 The Emergence fo Adaptive Social Protection . 84 Why Does the World Need Adaptive Social Protection? . 84 Focus Area 1: Building Household Resilience Before Shocks Occur . 86 Focus Area 2: Increasing the Capability of Safety Nets to Respond to Shocks after They Occur . 89 References . 92 Appendix A Methodological Framework, Definitions, and Data Sources . 94 Appendix B Household Surveys Used in the Book . 98 Appendix C Global Program Inventory . 101 Appendix D Spending on Social Safety Net Programs . 138 Appendix E Monthly Benefit Level Per Household . 144 Appendix F Performance Indicators . 145 Appendix G Old-Age Social Pensions . 154 Appendix H Basic Characteristics of Countries Included in the Book . 161 Glossary . 165 Boxes 1 .1 Leveraging Household Survey Data to Monitor and Measure Social Protection and Labor Program Performance . 12 3 .1 Universal Social Protection . 34 3 .2 Measuring the Impact of Social Protection and Labor Programs . 59 5 .1 Horizontal and Vertical Expansions through Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program . 90 5 .2 Responding Rapidly to Disasters through Vertical Expansions in Fiji and the Philippines . 91 5 .3 Investing in Risk and Vulnerability Information and Tying It to Safety Net Programming in the Dominican Republic, Kenya, and the Republic of Yemen . 91 vi Contents Figures 2 .1 Average Global and Regional Spending on Social Safety Nets . 17 2 .2 Share of Donor-Funded Safety Nets in Sub-Saharan African Countries . 18 2 .3 Social Safety Net Spending Variations across Countries and Regions: East Asia and Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Europe and Central Asia . 19 2 .4 Social Safety Net Spending Variations across Countries and Regions: Africa, Middle East and North Africa, and South Asia . 20 2 .5 Social Safety Net Spending across Country Income Groups versus the OECD . 21 2 .6 Total Social Safety Net Spending and Income Levels across Regions . 22 2 .7 Absolute Annual Spending on Social Safety Nets per Capita across Countries and Regions: East Asia and Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean . 23 2 .8 Absolute Annual Spending on Social Safety Nets per Capita across Countries, Economies, and Regions: Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia . 24 2 .9 Regional Median Annual Social Safety Net Spending per Capita . 25 2 .10 Transfer Amount for Cash Transfer Programs, by Income Group . 25 2 .11 Trends in Social Safety Net Spending in Latin America and the Caribbean . 26 2 .12 Trends in Social Safety Net Spending in Europe and Central Asia, 2003–14 . 27 2 .13 Expansion of Flagship Cash Transfer Programs in Tanzania, Senegal, the Philippines, and Indonesia . 28 2 .14 Social Safety Net Spending across Regions, by Instrument . 30 3 .1 Share of Total Population and the Poorest Quintile That Receives Any Social Protection and Labor Programs, as Captured in Household Surveys, by Region . 33 3 .2 Share of Total Population and the Poorest Quintile That Receives Any Social Protection and Labor Programs, as Captured in Household Surveys, by Country Income Group . 33 3 .3 Share of Poorest Quintile That Receives Any Social Protection and Labor Program, as Captured in Household Surveys, by Type of Social Protection and Labor Area and Country Income Group . 35 3 .4 Share of the Poorest Quintile That Receives Unconditional Cash Transfer Programs, as Captured in Household Surveys . 36 3 .5 Share of the Poorest Quintile That Receives Conditional Cash Transfer Programs, as Captured in Household Surveys . 37 3 .6 Share of the Poorest Quintile That Receives Social Pensions, as Captured in Household Surveys . 39 3 .7 Share of the Poorest Quintile That Receives Public Works, as Captured in Household Surveys . 40 3 .8 Share of the Poorest Quintile That Receives Fee Waivers and Targeted Subsidies, as Captured in Household Surveys . 41 3 .9 Share of the Poorest Quintile That Receives School Feeding Programs, as Captured in Household Surveys .
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