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Energy Policies of IEA Countries Germany

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Energy Policies of IEA Countries Germany Please note that this PDF is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at http://www.iea.org/ termsandconditionsuseandcopyright/ Energy Policies of IEA Countries Germany 2013 Review 2013 OECD/IEA, © Energy Policies of IEA Countries Germany Since the IEA last reviewed Germany’s energy policies in 2007, the country has taken two fundamental policy decisions that will guide its energy policy in coming decades. In September 2010, the federal government adopted the Energy Concept, a comprehensive new strategy for a long-term integrated energy pathway to 2050. Following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in March 2011, Germany decided to accelerate the phase-out of nuclear power by 2022 starting with the immediate closure of the eight oldest plants. This decision resulted in the adoption of a suite of new policy measures and determined renewable energy as the cornerstone of future energy supply, a set of policy instruments commonly known as the Energiewende. In order to achieve the ambitious energy transformation set out in the Energiewende, by 2030 half of all electricity supply will come from renewable energy sources; Germany must continue to develop cost-effective market-based approaches which will support the forecasted growth of variable renewable generation. Furthermore, the costs and benefits need to be allocated in a fair and transparent way among all market participants, especially households. In the future, renewable energy capacity must expand in parallel with the timely development of the transmission and distribution networks. In addition, a stable regulatory system is necessary to ensure long-term finance to network operators. Furthermore, close monitoring of Germany’s ability to meet electricity demand at peak times should continue in the medium term. Energy policy decisions in Germany inevitably have an impact beyond the country’s borders and must be taken within the context of a broader European energy policy framework and in close consultation with its neighbours. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing Germany and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future. (61 2013 02 1P1) ISSN 1990-0082 978-92-64-19075-7 €75 Energy Policies of IEA Countries Germany 2013 Review 2013 OECD/IEA, © INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders. IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Korea (Republic of) Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic © OECD/IEA, 2013 Spain International Energy Agency Sweden 9 rue de la Fédération Switzerland 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Turkey www.iea.org United Kingdom Please note that this publication United States 2013 is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The European Commission The terms and conditions are available online at also participates in http://www.iea.org/termsandconditionsuseandcopyright/ the work of the IEA. OECD/IEA, © Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................ 9 Executive summary ...................................................................................................................... 9 Key recommendations ...............................................................................................................16 PART I POLICY ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................17 2. GENERAL ENERGY POLICY ....................................................................................................................19 Country overview .......................................................................................................................19 Economy .....................................................................................................................................20 Supply and demand ...................................................................................................................20 Institutions .................................................................................................................................24 Key policies.................................................................................................................................25 Taxation ......................................................................................................................................28 Energy security ...........................................................................................................................29 Assessment ................................................................................................................................30 Recommendations .....................................................................................................................34 3. ENERGY EFFICIENCY .............................................................................................................................35 Overview ....................................................................................................................................35 Final energy use .........................................................................................................................35 Institutions .................................................................................................................................37 Policies and measures ................................................................................................................38 Assessment ................................................................................................................................45 Recommendations .....................................................................................................................48 4. CLIMATE CHANGE ................................................................................................................................49 Overview ....................................................................................................................................49 Targets and objectives ...............................................................................................................49 Energy-related CO2 emissions ....................................................................................................50 Trends and projections ..............................................................................................................53 Institutions .................................................................................................................................54 Policies and measures ................................................................................................................54 Assessment ................................................................................................................................63 Recommendations .....................................................................................................................65 2013 OECD/IEA, 3 © Table of contents PART II SECTOR ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................67 5. NATURAL GAS ......................................................................................................................................69 Overview ....................................................................................................................................69 Supply and demand ...................................................................................................................69 Natural gas infrastructure ..........................................................................................................71
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