¥…Æ˙h…-¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… |…l…®… +P™…« Varan Bhumi ¥…Æ˙h…-¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… by Dr. Lata Bothra

|…l…®… +P™…« This book was published by Jain Bhawan with the financial assistance of Shri Surendra chandra Bothra Flat No. 1C&D, Jessore Herritage, 48/8 Jessore Road, Kolkata - 700 055 Contact : 9831077309 (M)

© Dr. Lata Bothra

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Gangaridai as a nation beyond the Ganges, whose king had 4 The Amystis may therefore be the Adji, or Ajavati as it is called thousand trained and equipped elephants. Later Periplus and in Sanskrit. Ancient India p. 189 Ptolemy also indicate that Bengal was organised into a power- +V…™…˛ x…n˘“ Z……Æ˙J…hb˜ +…ËÆ˙ §…∆M……±… EÚ“ ®…Ω˛i¥…{…⁄h…« x…n˘“ ®……x…“ ful kingdom at the onset of the first millennium AD. V……i…“ Ω˲* ®…÷∆M…‰Æ˙ E‰Ú n˘€I…h… {…Œ∂S…®… ®… 300 ®…“]ıÆ˙ >∆S…“ {…Ω˛…c˜“ ∫…‰ ™…÷x……x…“ €¥…u˘…x… {…‰€Æ˙{±…∫… x…‰ ¶…“ §…∆M……±… EÚ… ¥…h…«x… €EÚ™…… Ω˲--- €x…EÚ±…i…“ Ω˲ +…ËÆ˙ €∫…®…V…÷Æ˙“ €S…i…Æ∆˙V…x… E‰Ú {……∫… ∫…‰ §…∆M……±… ®… |…¥…‰∂… EÚÆ˙i…“ When Greek historian Periplus talks about India in the first cen- Ω˲* Z……Æ˙J…hb˜, ¥…r˘«˘®……x… +…ËÆ˙ ¥…“Æ˙¶…⁄®… EÚ“ ∫…“®…… ∫…‰ Ω˛…‰i…“ Ω÷˛<« EÚ]ı¥…… ®… tury AD, apparently he speaks of Bengla. He says, “There is a ¶……M…“Æ˙l…“ ®… V……EÚÆ˙ ∫…®……€Ω˛i… Ω˛…‰ V……i…“ Ω˲* <∫…EÚ“ ±…®§……<« 288 €EÚ±……‰®…“]ıÆ˙ river near it called the Ganges (Ganga)” ... “On its bank is a Ω˲ €V…∫…®… §…∆M……±… EÚ… 152 €EÚ±……‰®…“]ıÆ˙ EÚ… I…‰j… Ω˲* {…Ω˛…c˜“ Æ˙…∫i…… ∫…‰ market town which has the same name as the river, Ganges M…÷V…Æ˙EÚÆ˙ ¥…r˘«˘®……x… €V…±…‰ E‰Ú +…∫…O……®… ∫…‰ ™…Ω˛ ®…Ën˘…x…“ ¶……M…… ®… Ω˛…‰i…‰ Ω÷˛B (Ganga). Through this place are brought malabathrum and +…M…‰ §…g¯i…“ Ω˲* <∫…E‰Ú n˘…‰x…… +…‰Æ˙ P…x…‰ V…∆M…±… +…ËÆ˙ §…c‰˜ §…c‰˜ ∂……±… ¥…fiI… Gangetic spikenard and pearls and muslins of the finest sorts, l…‰ V……‰ +…V… |……™…: x…π]ı Ω˛…‰ M…™…‰˛ ΩÈ˛* which are called Gangetic. +¶…“ Ω˛…ϱ… Ω˛“ ®… +V…™… x…n˘“ E‰Ú {……∫… {……∆b⁄˜Æ˙…V……€b˜¶…“ EÚ“ J…÷n˘…™…“ S…∆p˘M…÷{i… ®……Ë™…« E‰Ú ∫…®…™… ™…÷x……x…“ Æ˙…V…n⁄˘i… ®…‰M…∫l…x…“V… =x…E‰Ú n˘Æ˙§……Æ˙ ®… BEÚ §…Ω÷˛i… Ω˛“ |……S…“x… ∫…¶™…i…… E‰Ú +¥…∂…‰π… |……{i… Ω÷˛B Ω˲ V……‰ €∫…xv…÷ P……]ı“ ®… +…™…… l…… €V…∫…x…‰ +{…x…“ {…÷∫i…EÚ <Œhb˜EÚ… ®… i…iEÚ…±…“x… V……€i…™…… +…ËÆ˙ ∫…¶™…i…… E‰Ú ∫…®…EÚI… Ω˲* ™…Ω˛ ∫l……x… EÚ]ı¥…… E‰Ú {……∫… Ω˲* ∫l……x…… EÚ… =±±…‰J… €EÚ™…… Ω˲* =∫…x…‰ €V…x… +x……™…« V……€i…™…… E‰Ú €¥…π…™… ®… <∫…“ |…EÚ…Æ˙ i……©…€±…€{… E‰Ú ±……‰M…… EÚ…‰ ®…ËM…∫l…x…“V… x…‰ ]‰ı±…‰C]ı…‰ +…ËÆ˙ €±…J…… Ω˲ =x…®… §…∆M… +…ËÆ˙ {…÷hb≈˜ EÚ… ¥…h…«x… Ω˲* {…÷hb≈˜ +…ËÆ˙ {……Èhb≈˜˜ €¶…z… I…‰j… ®……±…n˘… E‰Ú €x…¥……€∫…™…… EÚ…‰ ®……‰€±…xb˜“ E‰Ú x……®… ∫…‰ =Œ±±…€J…i… €EÚ™…… M…™…… Ω˲* {…÷hb≈˜˜ Ω˲ M…∆M…… E‰Ú =k…Æ˙ ®… +…ËÆ˙ {……Ëhb≈˜ ˜n‰˘∂… M…∆M…… E‰Ú n˘€I…h… ®…ÂÂ* Ω˲* M…∆M…€Æ˙n˘“ ™…… M…∆M…Æ˙“n‰˘∂… +…v…÷€x…EÚ lower Bengal ®… Ω˲ €V…∫…EÚ“ €V…∫… +V…™… x…n˘“ EÚ… €¥…¥…Æ˙h… Ω˛®… ¶…M…¥……x… ®…Ω˛…¥…“Æ˙ E‰Ú €¥…S…Æ˙h… Æ˙…V…v……x…“ Gange §…i……™…“ Ω˲* V……‰ EÚ±…EÚk…‰ E‰Ú +…∫…-{……∫… EÚΩ˛” {…Æ˙ l…“* I…‰j… ®…Â, E‰Ú¥…±…Y……x… |……Œ{i… E‰Ú ∫l……x… E‰Ú ∞¸{… ®… €®…±…i…… Ω˲ ®…‰M…∫l…x…“V… x…‰ ]ı…‰±…®…“ x…‰ ¶…“ €±…J…… Ω˲ €EÚ ‘™…Ω˛ x…n˘“ M…∆M…Æ˙…<« V……€i… EÚ“ {…⁄¥…‘ ∫…“®…… Ω˲* =∫…‰ B€®…Œ∫]ı∫… EÚΩ˛… Ω˲* “The city Katadupa, which this river passes, <∫… V……€i… EÚ… Ω˛Œ∫i…§…±… +∫…“®… Ω˲ <∫…“ EÚ…Æ˙h… =x…EÚ… n‰˘∂… €EÚ∫…“ €¥…n‰˘∂…“ Wilford would identify with Katwa or Cutwa, in Lower Bengal, Æ˙…V…… ∫…‰ €¥…€V…i… x…Ω˛” Ω÷˛+… C™……€EÚ +x™… ∫…¶…“ V……€i…

Both the literary and archaeological evidences indicate In the above mentioned contexts, the torso from that Bengal had an early association with Jainism. Jainism flour- Chandraketugarh, which has the closest resemblance with the ished in Bengal long before the Christian era and continued, in Lohanipur Torso, represents the oldest Jaina image extant in its full form, at least upto the 7th Century A.D. Yet, “the pre- Bengal. So the importance of the said image is indeed great. dominance of Jainism at one time in Bengal” is hardly in keeping with the very small number of images found representing that §…∆M……±… E‰Ú 24 {…Æ˙M…x…… €V…±…‰ ®… ¶…“ |……S…“x… V…Ëx… ®…⁄Ãi…™……∆ €®…±…“ Ω˲ religion. Hence, any and every discovery of Jaina relics from €V…∫…E‰Ú €¥…π…™… ®… €±…J…… Ω˲--- this province deserves attention of archaeologists, historians, The present 24-Parganas represent one of the oldest art-lovers and lay men alike. In this connection the torso of a parts of Bengal and was the meeting ground of different faiths. ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 71 72 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±…

A considerable number of Jaina images have been discovered This legend relates that the lay devotees of the Jaina community from both the northern and southern parts of the district. It is of Pundravardhana had painted a picture which had shown the probable that some Jaina viharas also existed here in the past. Buddha falling at the feet of Jina. Being enraged at this news Asoka killed 18 thousand Ajivikas in a day (In Chiness transla- Late D. K. Chakrabartty of the State Archaeological tion, in place of Ajivikas, Nirgranthas have been mentioned). Gallery, West Bengal, referred to a terracotta-seal depicting a stupa and torana with a seated peacock upon it. He could not ®……Ë™…« EÚ…±… ®… §…∆M……±… ®… €x…O…«xl… §…Ω÷˛i… |…¶……¥…∂……±…“ l…‰* ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ confidently associate the seal with Jainism as no definite Jaina €V…±…‰ E‰Ú °ÚÆ˙CEÚ… ®… J…÷n˘…<« ®… V…Ëx… +…™……M…{…^ı €V…∫…®… v…®…«S…GÚ +…ËÆ˙ objects were yet found from Chandraketugarh or its €j…Æ˙ix… §…x…… Ω˲ |……{i… Ω÷˛+… Ω˲ €V…∫…E‰Ú €¥…π…™… ®… {…“. ∫…“. n˘…∫…M…÷{i…… x…‰ neighbourhood. But now there is no doubt that Chandraketugarh €±…J…… Ω˲ €EÚ--- was a centre of Jainism. J.J. vol. xvii Thus, it will be found that the Nirgranthas gained a strong n˘€I…h… 24 {…Æ˙M…x…… E‰Ú Æ˙…™…b˜“P…“ ®… +…€n˘x……l…, {……∑…«x……l… +…ËÆ˙ ground in Bengal as early as the age of the imperial Mauryas. x…‰®…“x……l… EÚ“ x……Ë¥…” ∂…i……§n˘“ EÚ“ ®…⁄Ãi…™……ƒ €®…±…“ Ω˲* J……x… €®…€Ω˛Æ˙€b˜§…“ ∫…‰ As an emperor ruling from Pataliputra Asoka was well aware of i…“l…« €∂…J…Æ˙, M…¶…«M…fiΩ˛ +…ËÆ˙ ®…hb˜{… €®…±…‰ ΩÈ˛ V……‰ |…®……€h…i… EÚÆ˙i…‰ ΩÈ˛ €EÚ ™…Ω˛…ƒ the popularity of the religion of the Nirgrantha and the instution EÚ¶…“ |……S…“x… ®…Œxn˘Æ˙ l……* Ω˛€Æ˙x……Æ˙…™…x…{…÷Æ˙, n‰˘=±…{……‰]ı…, §……‰Æ˙…±…, +]ıv…Æ˙…, of the Ajivikas. He honoured diverse religious schools with a x…±…M……‰Æ˙… +…€n˘ ®… ¶…“ +¥…∂…‰π… €®…±…‰ ΩÈ˛ i…l…… +Œ®§…EÚ… n‰˘¥…“ EÚ“ ¶…“ ®…⁄Ãi… predilection for the doctrine of the Buddha in a country distin- €®…±…“ Ω˲* ∫…÷xn˘Æ˙¥…x… ®… M…∆M…… E‰Ú €EÚx……Ɖ˙ +x…‰EÚ {…∆S…i…“l…‘ ®…⁄Ãi…™……ƒ €®…±…“ l…“ guished by the age-old civilization of deva-worshippers. As for €V…xΩ² §……Ω˛Æ˙ |…S……Æ˙ EÚÆ˙ €n˘™…… M…™…… Ω˲* Bengal the Divyavadana refers to the Nirgranthas of Pundravardhana during the life time of Asoka. It may be noted +∂……‰EÚ…¥…n˘…x… ®… =Œ±±…€J…i… Ω˲ €EÚ +…ËÆ˙ €n˘¥™……¥…n˘…x… ∫…‰ {…i…… that very recently a terracota votive plaque visualizing the sa- S…±…i…… Ω˲ €EÚ +∂……‰EÚ E‰Ú ∫…®…™… ®… {…÷hb≈˜¥…r«˘x… ®… €x…O…«xl… §…Ω÷˛i… ∂…ŒCi…∂……±…“ cred wheel and the triratna flanked by what appears to be a 18000 l…‰* +∂……‰EÚ… x…‰ {…÷hb≈˜¥…r«˘x… ®… €x…O…«xl…… EÚ“ Ω˛i™…… EÚÆ˙¥……™…“ l…“ B‰∫…… goose has been unearthed at Farakka in . ¥…h…«x… €®…±…i…… Ω˲* On stylistic and stratigraphic grounds the object is datable to That Jainism was in a flourishing condition in the Maurya-Sunga period. The plaque recalls the symbolic motifs Pundravardhana in the 3rd century B.C. during the reign of Asoka of the Jaina Ayagapattas. is evident from another legend embodded in the Divyavadana. Jainism in Ancient Bengal. J.J. vol, xvii, No. 3, pg.82 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 73 74 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… ®…÷Æ˙hb˜ Æ˙…V……+… EÚ… EÚ…±…--- <«. ∫…x…¬ EÚ“ n⁄˘∫…Æ˙“ ∂…i……§n˘“ ®… {…⁄¥…‘ Vihara was later on erected a Buddhist monument of outstand- ¶……Æ˙i… ®… ®…÷Æ˙hb˜ Æ˙…V……+… EÚ… +€v…{…i™… EÚÆ˙“§… 240 ¥…π……Á i…EÚ Æ˙Ω˛…* V…Ëx…, ing plan and design which has been laid bare by excavation at O…“EÚ i…l…… S…“x…“ ∫……€Ω˛i™… ®… ¶…“ {…Æ˙ Ω÷˛B i.e. his kingdom. The fact that Sasanka was a follower of the +i™……S……Æ˙… E‰Ú §……¥…V…⁄n˘ ¶…“ §…∆M……±… E‰Ú +x…‰EÚ ∫l……x…… {…Æ˙ =x…EÚ“ ∫…∆J™…… sect founded by Mahavira, (i.e. Jainism) and that he perse- ∫…§…∫…‰ +€v…EÚ l…“* €V…x…®… {……Ëb≈˜ ¥…v…«x… +…ËÆ˙ ∫…®…i…]ı +…€n˘ |…®…÷J… l…‰* cuted the Jainas should not stand in the way of the proposed ∂…∂……∆EÚ EÚ“ Æ˙…V…v……x…“ EÚh…«-∫…÷¥…h…« E‰Ú €x…EÚ]ı Ω˛“ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ €V…±…‰ ®… hypothesis or suggestions. The famous Pallava king Mahendra Æ˙Ci… ®…fi€i…EÚ… x……®…EÚ §……Ër˘ €¥…Ω˛…Æ˙ §…c˜… |…€∫…r˘ §……Ër˘ €¥…Ω˛…Æ˙ l……* €V…∫…EÚ… Varman was originally a Jaina, but when he was converted to €¥…¥…Æ˙h… º¥…‰x…∫……∆M… x…‰ €EÚ™…… Ω˲* Saivism by the saint called Appar, he did not hesitate to slay Hiuen Tsang’s account of Karnasubarna : thousands of Jainas who refused to follow him in matter of Karnasubarna was one of the ancient capitals of Sasanka, religion. It is also a well-known fact that in India Hindus con- the first independent ruler of Bengal, who ruled over the king- verted to Islam persecuted their former co-religionists more dom of Gouda (old name of Bengal) from 600-638 AD. It also severely than the born-Muslims. contains the ruins of the ancient university of Raktamirtika J.J. Vol. XVI No.3 Mahavihar, a leading educational institute of its time visited by V…§… |…¶……EÚÆ˙ ¥…®…«x… +{…x…‰ Æ˙…V™… EÚ“ ∫…“®…… n˘€I…h… +…ËÆ˙ {…Œ∂S…®… the famous Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang. ®… §…g¯… Æ˙Ω˛… l…… =∫… ∫…®…™… §…∆M……±… +…ËÆ˙ +∫…®… ®… n˘…‰ ∂…ŒCi…∂……±…“ ∫…©……V™… The account left by Hiuen Tsang, in his itinerary Xiyu Ji, is ∫l……€{…i… Ω÷˛B* M…÷{i… Æ˙…V……+… E‰Ú {…i…x… E‰Ú §……n˘ M……Ëc EÚ“ M…q˘“ {…Æ˙ ∂…∂……∆EÚ the only written record of the flourshing urban settlement of §…Ë`ˆ… =∫…x…‰ +{…x…“ Æ˙…V…v……x…“ EÚh…« ∫…÷¥…h…« EÚ…‰ §…x……™…… V……‰ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ E‰Ú Karnasubarna and Raktamrttika Vihar. According to his account €x…EÚ]ı Ω˲ +…ËÆ˙ ∂…“Q… Ω˛“ BEÚ §…c˜… ∫……©……V™… ∫l……€{…i… €EÚ™……* =∫…x…‰ Hiuen Tsang moved from Tamralipti (Tan-mo-li-ti), currently |…¶……EÚÆ˙ ¥…v…«x… E‰Ú V…®……i…… ®……ËJ…Æ˙“ x…Ɖ˙∂… M…fiΩ˛ ¥…®……« EÚ…‰ ®……Æ˙ €n˘™…… =∫…EÚ‰ Tamluk in Medinipur. Raktamrttika (Lo-to-mi-chih) Vihar. §……n˘ Æ˙…V™… ¥…v…«x… ¶…“ ®……Æ˙… M…™……* Æ˙…V™… ¥…v…«x… E‰Ú §……n˘ =∫…E‰Ú ¶……<« Ω˛π…« Hiuen-Tsang gives a graphic description of ¥…v…«x… EÚz……ËV… EÚ“ M…q˘“ {…Æ˙ §…Ë`ˆ… +…ËÆ˙ =∫…x…‰ ∂…∂……∆EÚ E‰Ú €¥…Ø˚r˘ EÚ…®…∞¸{… , which acquaints us with the locality and its people. E‰Ú Æ˙…V…… ¶……∫EÚÆ˙ ¥…®……« ∫…‰ ®…Ëj…“ ∫…∆€v… EÚÆ˙ ±…“* ™…t€{… Ω˛π…« ¥…v…«x… ∂…∂……∆EÚ According to him “the country was well inhabited and the people E‰Ú V…“€¥…i… Æ˙Ω˛i…‰ =∫…‰ {…Æ˙…∫i…˙ x…Ω˛” EÚÆ˙ ∫…EÚ…* =∫…EÚ“ ®…fii™…÷ E‰Ú §……n˘ Ω˛π…« were very rich. The land was low and moist, farming operations ¥…v…«x… x…‰ {…Œ∂S…®…“ §…∆M……±… EÚ…‰ V…“i… €±…™…… +…ËÆ˙ {…⁄¥…‘ n˘€I…h… +…ËÆ˙ =k…Æ˙“ were regular, flowers and fruits were abundant, the climate was §…∆M……±… EÚ…®…∞¸{… E‰Ú Æ˙…V…… ¶……∫EÚÆ˙ ¥…®…«x… E‰Ú Ω˛…l… ±…M…‰* temperate and the people were of good character and were ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 79 80 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… patrons of learing.” This description indicates the prosperous 5. ¥…v…«®……x… EÚ“ |…€i…®…… ¥…g¯¥……h… ®… Ω˲* state of the country. 6. EÚ…‰€]ı¥…π…« x…M…Æ˙ EÚ“ EÚ…‰€]ıEÚ M…SUÙ EÚ“ €V…x…-|…€i…®…… EÚ…‰]ı™……E«Ú §……Ër˘ ∫……€Ω˛i™… +…™…« ®…∆V…÷∏…“ EÚ±{… E‰Ú +x…÷∫……Æ˙ ∂…∂……∆EÚ ∂…Ë¥… v…®…‘ J…c˜…™…i…… §…“V……{…÷Æ˙ ®… Ω˲* l…… €V…∫…x…‰ §…∆M……±… ∫…‰ §……Ër˘… +…ËÆ˙ V…Ëx…… EÚ…‰ {…±……™…x… EÚÆ˙x…‰ {…Æ˙ ®…V…§…⁄Æ˙ 7. @ÒV…÷§……€±…EÚ… EÚ“ ¶…M…¥……x… ®…Ω˛…¥…“Æ˙ EÚ“ €∫…r˘ ∫l……x… EÚ“ ®…⁄Ãk… €EÚ™……* =∫…E‰Ú +i™……S……Æ˙… E‰Ú °Ú±…∫¥…∞¸{… V…Ëx…… EÚ…‰ Æ˙…V…∫l……x… +…ËÆ˙ x……h…… (x……c˜…) ®… Ω˲* M…÷V…Æ˙…i… EÚ“ i…Æ˙°Ú V……x…… {…c˜…* V…Ëx… {…Æ˙®{…Æ˙… EÚ… <€i…Ω˛…∫…, |…EÚÆ˙h… 35, {…fiπ`ˆ 182 King Sasanka of Gauda has been accused for persecut- §…∆M……±… ®… V……‰ €x…n˘∂…«x… §…S…‰ Æ˙Ω˛ M…™…‰ =xΩ² ™…… i……‰ x…π]ı EÚÆ˙ €n˘™…… ing both the Buddhists and the Jainas. However from a perusal M…™…… ™…… =x…EÚ… ∫¥…∞¸{… §……Ër˘ ™…… ∂…Ë¥… ®… {…€Æ˙¥…Ãi…i… EÚÆ˙ €n˘™…… M…™……* of the evidence of Aryamanjusrimulakalpa, it seems that the tor- ture and persecution suffered by the Jainas were more painful We shall not be far wrong, if we suppose, that the torture than that suffered by the Buddhists. Perhaps the numerical su- and the persecution suffered by the Nirgranthas or Jainas were periority of the Jainas to the Buddhist was the cause of heavier not less severe than that experienced by the Buddhists. For the punishment for the Jainas. Chitranjan Pal Gauda king had destroyed all the ‘Vasatis’ or living places and V…ˀx…™…… {…Æ˙ §…g¯i…‰ +i™……S……Æ˙… E‰Ú EÚ…Æ˙h… V…§… V…ˀx…™…… x…‰ {…⁄¥……»S…±… rest houses of the Jainas through out the world i.e. through out EÚ… {…€Æ˙i™……M… EÚÆ˙ €n˘™…… l…… =∫… ∫…®…™… ®…M…v… ¥… Æ˙…g¯ +∆S…±… E‰Ú ®…Ω˛…x… his kingdom and expelled them (i.e. Nirgranthas or Jainas) there i…“l……Á EÚ“ €V…x…-|…€i…®……+… EÚ…‰ {…Œ∂S…®… ¶……Æ˙i… ®… ±…‰ V……EÚÆ˙ ∫l……€{…i… EÚÆ˙ from. Further, it is this persecution, which is one of the many €n˘™…… B¥…∆ =x… ∫…§… ∫l……x…… E‰Ú x……®…EÚÆ˙h… {…⁄¥……»S…±…… E‰Ú i…“l……Á E‰Ú x……®… {…Æ˙ factors that lie behind the sudden eclipse of Jainism from Bengal EÚÆ˙ €n˘B M…B* V…Ë∫…‰---- for a period spreading over a century or more. 1. x…xn˘“¥…r«˘x… |…€i…Œπ`ˆi… I…€j…™… E÷Úhb˜ EÚ“ ¶…M…¥……x… ®…Ω˛…¥…“Æ˙ EÚ“ J.J. July 1981, p.12 ®…⁄Ãk… x……Œxn˘™…… ®… Ω˲* €V…∫… Æ˙…g¯ +∆S…±… E‰Ú ∫……l… V…Ëx… i…“l…»EÚÆ˙… +…ËÆ˙ ∏…®…h…… EÚ… ™…÷M……Â- 2. •……¿h…E÷Úhb˜ EÚ“ €V…x…®…⁄Ãk… •……¿h…¥……c˜… ®… Ω˲* ™…÷M…… ∫…‰ +€¥…ŒSUÙz… ∫…®{…E«Ú l……, V…Ω˛…ƒ |……M…ˀi…Ω˛…€∫…EÚ EÚ…±… ∫…‰ Ω˛“ i…“l…»EÚÆ˙ {…€Æ˙ß…®…h… EÚÆ˙x…‰ +…i…‰ l…‰ +…ËÆ˙ +xi…i…: €x…¥……«h… |……{i… EÚÆ˙i…‰ l…‰ =∫…“ 3. ¶…M…¥……x… ®…Ω˛…¥…“Æ˙ E‰Ú n˘“I……-∫l…±… EÚ“ ®…⁄Ãk… ®…÷hb˜-∫l…±… ®… Ω˲* |……S…“x… i…“l…«-¶…⁄€®…™…… E‰Ú ∫……l… ∫…®{…E«Ú Æ˙J…x…‰ ®… V…Ëx… ∫…®……V… +∫…®…l…« Ω˛…‰ 4. n˘“{……¥…±…“ E‰Ú €n˘x… €V…∫… ∫l……x… {…Æ˙ ¶…M…¥……x… ®…Ω˛…¥…“Æ˙ x…‰ €x…¥……«h… |……{i… M…™……* €EÚ™…… =∫… {……¥……{…÷Æ˙“ EÚ“ €V…x…®…⁄€k… €n˘™……x…… ®… Ω˲* €i…il…™…Æ˙,˙ V…÷±……<« 1985 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 81 82 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… ∂…∂……∆EÚ E‰Ú §……n˘ §…∆M……±… EÚ“ Æ˙…V…x…ˀi…EÚ +¥…∫l…… b˜…¥……ƒb˜…‰±… Ω˛…‰ ±…M…¶…M… 70 ∫……±… {…⁄¥…« €x…€J…±… x……l… Æ˙…™… x…‰ BEÚ {…il…Æ˙ {…Æ˙ €±…J…‰ ±…‰J… M…<«* §……n˘ ®… Ω˛π…«¥…r«˘x… +…ËÆ˙ ¶……∫EÚÆ˙˙ ¥…r«˘x… x… §…∆M……±… EÚ…‰ V…“i… €±…™……* EÚ“ J……‰V… EÚ“ l…“ V……‰ +§… ¥…Ω˛…ƒ {…Æ˙ x…Ω˛” Ω˲* ™…Ω˛ EÚΩ˛… V……i…… Ω˲ €EÚ <∫… 8¥…” ∂…i……§n˘“ E‰Ú |……Æ˙®¶… ®… ∂…˱…¥…∆∂… E‰Ú Æ˙…V…… {……Èbÿ˜ x…‰ =k…Æ˙“ §…∆M……±… V…“i……* ±…‰J… EÚ…‰ Æ˙…V…… ®…€Ω˛{……±… x…‰ €±…J…¥……™…… l……* +V…“®…M…∆V… ∫…‰ 7 ®…“±… n⁄˘Æ˙ EÚz……ËV… E‰Ú Æ˙…V…… ™…∂……‰¥…v…«x… x…‰ §…∆M……±… {…Æ˙ +{…x…“ €¥…V…™… {…i……EÚ… °ËÚ±……™…“* =k…Æ˙ ®… ±……±…§……M… ∫…§… €b˜€¥…V…x… E‰Ú +xi…M…«i… €M…™……∫…§……M… €V…∫…‰ {…Ω˛±…‰ =∫…E‰Ú §……n˘ EÚ∂®…“Æ˙ E‰Ú Æ˙…V…… ±…€±…i…… €ni™… x…‰ ¶…“ §…∆M……±… i…EÚ +{…x…‰ §…p˘“Ω˛…]ı EÚΩ˛… V……i…… l…… +…ËÆ˙ V……‰ ®…€Ω˛{……±… M……ƒ¥… ∫…‰ 5 ®…“±… n⁄˘Æ˙ Ω˲ ¥…Ω˛…ƒ ∫……©……V™… EÚ… €¥…∫i……Æ˙ €EÚ™……*˘ 8¥…” ∂…i……§n˘“ E‰Ú ®…v™… ®… Ω˛π…« x……®… E‰Ú {…Æ˙ ¶…“ BEÚ ®…÷Œ∫±…®… M…÷®§…n˘ €®…±…… Ω˲ €V…∫…E‰Ú |……S…“x… {…il…Æ {……±…EÚ…±…“x… EÚ…®…∞¸{… E‰Ú Æ˙…V…… x…‰ §…∆M……±… EÚ…‰ V…“i……* <∫…E‰Ú §……n˘ +¥™…¥…∫l…… °ËÚ±… M…™…“ €EÚ∫…“ ®…∆€n˘Æ˙ E‰Ú |…i…“i… Ω˛…‰i…‰ Ω˲* €±…™…]«ı E‰Ú +x…÷∫……Æ˙ ™…Ω˛…ƒ V……‰ |……S…“x… x…M…Æ˙ =∫… ∫…®…™… M……‰{……±… EÚ…‰ Æ˙…V…… S…÷x…… M…™…… €V…∫…x…‰ §…∆M……±… EÚ…‰ ∫…∆M…€`ˆi… €EÚ™…… EÚ“ ={…Œ∫l…€i… EÚ… ¶……x… Ω˛…‰i…… Ω˲ ¥…Ω˛ ∏…®…h… ∫…∆∫Efiڀi… EÚ“ l…“* §…‰±……¥…… E‰Ú +…ËÆ˙ {……±…¥…∆∂… EÚ… |……Æ˙®¶… Ω÷˛+…* M……‰{……±… E‰Ú §……n˘ v…®…«{……±… Æ˙…V…… §…x…… i……©…±…‰J… ∫…‰ ™…Ω˛ {…i…… S…±…i…… Ω˲ €EÚ ®…€Ω˛{……±… E‰Ú +…v…“x… §…∆M…±……n‰˘∂… E‰Ú €V…∫…x…‰ €¥…GÚ®…€∂…±…… EÚ“ ∫l……{…x…… EÚ“* <∫…E‰Ú ∂……∫…x… EÚ…±… ®… {……±… +x…‰EÚ I…‰j… ¶…“ l…‰* E÷ÚUÙ {……±… Æ˙…V……+… EÚ…‰ UÙ…‰c˜EÚÆ˙ §……EÚ“ ∫…§… ∏…®…h… ∫……©……V™… |…€∫…€r˘ E‰Ú €∂…J…Æ˙ i…EÚ {…Ω÷ƒ˛S… M…™…… l……* =∫…E‰Ú +…v…“x… V……‰ ®…∆b˜±… ∫…∆∫Efiڀi… ∫…‰ |…¶……€¥…i… l…‰ +…ËÆ˙ <∫… EÚ…±… ®… V…Ëx… ®…∆€n˘Æ˙ +…ËÆ˙ ®…⁄Ãi…™…… EÚ… +€v…{…€i… l…‰ =∫…®… BEÚ EÚ… x……®… ‘¥™……P…Æ˙i…€i… ®…∆b˜±…’ {…÷∆b≈˜ ¥…v…«x… ¶…÷ŒCi… ®… €x…®……«h… ¶…“ |…S…÷Æ˙i…… ∫…‰ Ω÷˛+… l……* EÚ…∆n˘“ {…÷€±…∫… ∫]‰ı∂…x… I…‰j… ®… V…‰®……‰ M……ƒ¥… ∫…Œ®®…€±…i… l…… V……‰ €EÚ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ EÚ… §……M…Æ˙“ I…‰j… Ω˲ B‰∫…… EÚÀx…P…®… EÚ… ®… +x…‰EÚ ®…∆€n˘Æ˙ V……‰ +…V… ∂…Ë¥… ®…∆€n˘Æ˙… ®… {…€Æ˙¥…Ãi…i… Ω˛…‰ M…™…‰ Ω˲* Æ˙…V…§……c˜“- ®……x…x…… Ω˲* 10¥…” ∂…i……§n˘“ E‰Ú =k…Æ˙…r«˘ ®… Æ˙…V…… €¥…O…Ω˛{……±… E‰Ú ∫…®…™… b˜…∆M…… ∫…‰ ¶…“ +x…‰EÚ x……Ë¥…”, n∫…¥…” ∂…i……§n˘“ EÚ“ ®…⁄Ãi…™……ƒ €®…±…“ Ω˲* EÚ®§……‰V… E‰Ú Æ˙…V…… x…‰ §…∆M……±… EÚ…‰ V…“i…… €EÚxi…÷ €¥…O…Ω˛Æ˙…V… E‰Ú §…‰]‰ı ®…€Ω˛{……±… +®…Æ˙E÷Úhb˜ M……ƒ¥… ®… ¶…“ +x…‰EÚ €V…x… ®…⁄Ãi…™……ƒ €¥…πh…÷ E‰Ú ∞¸{… ®… {…⁄V…“ x…‰ {…÷x…: §…∆M……±… {…Æ˙ +€v…EÚ…Æ˙ EÚÆ˙ €±…™……* {…÷Æ˙…i……Œi¥…EÚ J……‰V…… ∫…‰ ™…Ω˛ {…i…… V……i…“ Ω˲* ®…€Ω˛{……±… E‰Ú §…‰]‰ı x…™…{……±… EÚ…‰ M…∆M…‰<«n‰˘¥… {…Æ˙…€V…i… €EÚ™……* S…±…i…… Ω˲ €EÚ ®…€Ω˛{……±… E‰Ú +v…“x… =k…Æ˙ Æ˙…g¯ l…… €V…∫…®… ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ EÚ… M…∆M…‰<«n‰˘¥… E‰Ú {…÷j… EÚh…« x…‰ {…Œ∂S…®… Æ˙…g¯ ¥… {…⁄¥…« §…∆M……±… EÚ…‰ V…“i…… l……* <±……EÚ… ∫…Œ®®…€±…i… l……* +V…“®…M…∆V… ∫…‰ {……ƒS… ®…“±… n⁄˘Æ˙ =k…Æ˙-{…Œ∂S…®… ®… x…™…{……±… E‰Ú {…÷j…… ®… {…Æ˙∫{…Æ˙ ¥…Ë®…x…∫™… E‰Ú EÚ…Æ˙h… EËÚ¥…l…« V……€i… E‰Ú €n˘¥™…Æ˙…V…… ∫……M…Æ˙ n˘“P…“ {…÷€±…∫… ∫]‰ı∂…x…, V……‰ €EÚ V…∆M…“{…÷Æ˙ ∫…§…€b˜¥…“V…x… ®… ΩË,˛ =∫…EÚ… x…‰ §…∆M……±… ®… +{…x…… +€v…{…i™… V…®…… €±…™……* {…Æ˙∫{…Æ˙ ™…÷r˘… ∫…‰ §…∆M……±… +x…‰EÚ x……®… ¶…“ ®…€Ω˛{……±… l……* ™…Ω˛…ƒ BEÚ §…c˜… ∫i…⁄{… €®…±…… €V…∫…EÚ“ J…÷n˘…<« ®… UÙ…‰]‰ı-UÙ…‰]‰ı Æ˙…V™…… ®… §…ƒ]ı M…™……* Æ˙…®…{……±… x…‰ {…÷x…: +{…x…‰ {…Ëi…fiEÚ Æ˙…V™… EÚ…‰ ]‰ıÆ˙…EÚ…‰]ı… +…ËÆ˙ {…il…Æ˙ EÚ“ ®…⁄Ãi…™……ƒ

Æ˙…V…… ™…∂……‰v…®…« x…‰ ±…I®…h……¥…i…“ V…™… EÚÆ˙ Æ˙…V…… v…®…« EÚ“ Ω˛i™…… EÚÆ˙ The central idea of mayanirukti, expounded by H.P. b˜…±…“ B¥…∆ ¥……E¬Ú{…€i… Eڀ¥…Æ˙…V… EÚ…‰ §…xn˘“ §…x…… €±…™……* §…xn˘“M…fiΩ˛ ®… Eڀ¥…Æ˙…V… Sastri is as follows : ¥……E¬Ú{…€i… x…‰ ‘M……Ëc˜-¥…v…’ EÚ…¥™… EÚ“ Æ˙S…x…… EÚ“* ¥…Ω˛…ƒ ∫…‰ ®…÷Ci… Ω˛…‰EÚÆ˙ ¥…‰ “It (Mayanirukti) treats of illusion and speaks of maya ¥…{{…¶…^ı“ E‰Ú {……∫… M…B +…ËÆ˙ ¥…Ω˛…ƒ E‰Ú Æ˙…V…… +…®… EÚ…‰ ®…Ω˛…®……‰Ω˛ €¥…V…™… as magic. Some consider it to be magic and some think it to be x……®…EÚ |……EfiÚi… EÚ…¥™… ∫…÷x……EÚÆ˙ ∫…∆i…÷π]ı €EÚ™……* °Ú±…i…: J…⁄§… {…÷Æ˙∫EfiÚi… Ω÷˛B* true. For the satisfaction of the illusions, the Yogin may enjoy all ∂……™…n˘ ¥……E¬Ú{…€i… {…Ω˛±…‰ ®…Ω˛…¶……Æ˙i… EÚ…¥™…-Æ˙S…x…… ®… |…¥…fik… Ω÷˛B l…‰ good things of the world which come to him of their own ac- €EÚxi…÷ uˢ{……™…x… x…‰ +…EÚÆ˙ =xΩ² ¶……Æ˙i… Æ˙S…x…… +…ËÆ˙ ∫…∆∫EfiÚi… ¶……π…… ®… Æ˙S…x…… cord, because he enjoys them as maya.” EÚÆ˙x…‰ E‰Ú €±…™…‰ ®…x…… EÚÆ˙ €n˘™……* “But a true Yogin should have the Earth for his bed, the +i…: =xΩ˛…Âx…‰ ‘M……Ëc˜¥…v…’ x……®…EÚ |……EfiÚi… O…xl… EÚ“ Æ˙S…x…… EÚ“* quarters for his cloth and alms for his food. He should have {…⁄¥…« n‰˘∂… ®… ±…I®…h……¥…i…“ x…M…Æ˙ ®… ±…I®…h… ∫…‰x… x……®…EÚ |…i……{…“ +…ËÆ˙ forbearance for all phenomena because they are not produced x™……™…“ Æ˙…V…… l…‰* =x…E‰Ú ®…∆j…“ l…‰ |…Y……€¥…GÚ®…¶…ŒCi…∫……Æ˙ E÷Ú®……Æ˙n‰˘¥…* ¥……Æ˙…h…∫…“Æ˙…V… and his benevolence should be perennial.” M……‰€¥…xn˘ S…xp˘ E‰Ú {…÷j… V…™…S…xp˘ E‰Ú ±…I®…h……¥…i…“ {…Æ˙ +…GÚ®…h… EÚÆ˙x…‰ {…Æ˙ <∫… |…EÚ…Æ˙ Ω˛®… n‰˘J…i…‰ ΩÈ˛ €EÚ ®……™…… €x…™…÷«ŒCi… ®… BEÚ ∫…SS…‰ ™……‰M…“ E‰Ú E÷Ú®……Æ˙n‰˘¥… E‰Ú §…÷€r˘§…±… ∫…‰ ±…I®…h… ∫…‰x… E‰Ú ∫……l… V…™…S…xp˘ EÚ“ ∂…j…÷i…… €±…B V……‰ +…S……Æ˙ §…i……™…‰ M…™…‰ Ω˲ ¥…Ω˛ V…Ëx… ∫……v…÷+… EÚ“ S…™……« EÚ…‰ ∫{…π]ı EÚÆ˙i…‰ €®…j…i…… ®… §…n˘±… M…™…“* ΩÈ˛ ™…Ω˛ EÚΩ˛… V…… ∫…EÚi…… Ω˲ €EÚ BEÚ ∫…SS…‰ ™……‰M…“ EÚ“ €¥…∂…‰π…i……+… EÚ…‰ V…Ëx… O…xl…… ®…ÂÚ <∫… €¥…π…™… {…Æ˙ B‰∫…‰ §…Ω÷˛i… ∫…‰ +…J™……x… €®…±…i…‰ ΩÈ˛˛ €±…J…i…‰ ∫…®…™… +uˢ™…µ…V… E‰Ú ∫……®…x…‰ €x…O…«xl… ∫……v…÷ EÚ… o˘∂™… Æ˙Ω˛… Ω˛…‰M……* €V…∫…®… M……Ëc˜ ±…I®…h……¥…i…“ +…€n˘ EÚ… =±±…‰J… Ω˲* =x…EÚ… €x…¥……∫… ∫l……x… n‰˘¥…“EÚ…‰] (§……x…M…g¯) ®… l…… V……‰ V…Ëx… v…®…« EÚ… |……S…“x… ∫l……x… l……* |……‰. €S…k…Æ∆˙V…x… {……±… x…‰ <∫… {…Æ˙ €]ı{{…h…“ EÚÆ˙i…‰ Ω÷˛B €±…J…… Ω˲

The couplet means that Bappabhattisuri had a second name, Mrs. Stevenson, Heart of Jainism. Bhadrakirti; he was proficient in dialectics, he had vanquished a §…{{…¶…^ı ∫…⁄€Æ˙ EÚ“ +x…÷{…Œ∫l…€i… ∫…‰ Æ˙…V…… +…®… EÚ…‰ §…Ω÷˛i… n÷˘:J… Ω÷˛+… disputant, obtained for himself, the grand title “the lion who de- =xΩ˛…Âx…‰ +{…x…‰ +x…÷S…Æ˙… EÚ…‰ ±…I®…h……¥…i…“ x…M…Æ˙“ ®… ∫…⁄€Æ˙V…“ EÚ…‰ ±……x…‰ ¶…‰V…… feated the elephant in debate.” he was the greatest Brahmacari {…Æ˙ =x…E‰Ú

{…Æ˙ +€v…EÚ…Æ˙ €EÚ™……* 1206 <«0 ®… =∫…x…‰ =k…Æ˙ Æ˙…g¯ {…Æ˙ +…GÚ®…h… €EÚ™…… In August 1587, Akbar sent Said Khan as his Sipahsalar +…ËÆ˙ =∫…EÚ… E÷ÚUÙ I…‰j… =∫…x…‰ V…“i… €±…™……* ®…÷Ω˛®®…n˘ ∂…‰Æ˙…x… €J…±…V…“ ¥…Ω˛…∆ or governor for the Subah of Bengal. It seems that he was prob- EÚ… ∫…ˀx…EÚ M…¥…x…«Æ˙ §…x……* 1213 <«0 ∫…‰ 1227 <«0 ®… M…™……∫…÷q˘“x… <¥……V… ably able to bring the present Murshidabad, or at least its €J…±…V…“ E‰Ú ∫…®…™… +Œxi…®… €Ω˛xn⁄˘ Æ˙…V…… €¥…∑…∞¸{… ∫…‰x… EÚ…‰ {…Æ˙…€V…i… €EÚ™……* Bhagirathi riparian part, under his effective administration. For 1259 <«0 ®… ®…Œ±±…EÚ i……V…÷q˘“x… +Æ˙∫…±……®…J……x…, V……‰ €n˘±±…“ ∫…±i…x…i… EÚ… it seems that during his tenure as the Mughal viceroy of Bengal €§…Ω˛…Æ˙ EÚ… ∫…⁄§…‰n˘…Æ˙ l…… =∫…x…‰ ±…J…x……Ë]ı“ {…Æ˙ +€v…EÚ…Æ˙ EÚÆ˙ €±…™……* =∫…E‰Ú that the foundation of the town of Maqsudabad was laid by his +v…“x… ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ EÚ… §……M…Æ˙“ I…‰j… ¶…“ l……* =∫… ∫…®…™… {…⁄¥…« §…∆M……±… EÚ… brother Maqsus Khan or Kakhsus Khan. ®…v™… I…‰j… S…∆n˘u˘“{… E‰Ú Æ˙…V…… v…x…÷V… ®……v…¥… Æ˙…™… E‰Ú +€v…EÚ…Æ˙ ®… +… M…™…… ®…÷Œ∫±…®… <€i…Ω˛…∫…EÚ…Æ˙ €Æ˙™……V…-=∫… ∫……±……i…“x… E‰Ú +x…÷∫……Æ˙ ®…EÚ∫…⁄∫……§……n˘ l……* 1268 <«0 ®… ®……€M…∫…÷q˘“x… i…÷M…˙±…EÚ V……‰ ±…J…x……Ë]ı“ EÚ… M…¥…x…«Æ˙ l…… =∫…x…‰ ∫¥…™…∆ EÚ…‰ ∫¥…i…∆j… ∫…÷±i……x… P……‰€π…i… EÚÆ˙ €n˘±±…“ E‰Ú ∫…÷±i……x… §…±…§…x… E‰Ú ™…… ®…EÚ∫…⁄n˘…§……n˘ x……®… BEÚ ¥™……{……Æ˙“ ®…J…∫…⁄∫…J……x… E‰Ú x……®… ∫…‰ {…c˜… €V…∫…x…‰ €J…±……°Ú §…M……¥…i… EÚÆ˙ n˘“ ±…‰€EÚx… ¥…Ω˛ §…±…§…x… ∫…‰ {…Æ˙…€V…i… Ω˛…‰ M…™…… +…ËÆ˙ BEÚ ∫…Æ˙…™… EÚ… €x…®……«h… EÚÆ˙…™…… l……* §…±…§…x… x…‰ §…÷M…Æ˙…J……x… EÚ…‰ ±…J…x……Ë]ı“, ∫…i…M……∆¥… +…ËÆ˙ f¯…EÚ… EÚ… ∫…⁄§…‰n˘…Æ˙ According to Riyaz-us-Salatin, the place was called §…x…… €n˘™……* 1345 <«0 ®… §…÷M…Æ˙…J……∆ x…‰ {…⁄Ɖ˙ §…∆M……±… EÚ…‰ +{…x…‰ +…v…“x… EÚÆ˙ Maqsusabad after a merehant named Makhsus Khan who built €±…™…… l……* =∫…E‰Ú {…÷j… €∫…EÚxn˘Æ˙ ∂……Ω˛ x…‰ M……Ëc˜¯ E‰Ú +…€n˘x……l… @Òπ…¶…n‰˘¥… E‰Ú a sarai there. This Makhsus Khan finds mention in Ain-i-Akbari ®…∆€n˘Æ˙ EÚ…‰ x…π]ı EÚÆ˙ ¥…Ω˛…ƒ ®…Œ∫V…n˘ §…x…¥…… n˘“ €V…∫…‰ +…V… ¶…“ +n˘“x…… of Abul Fazl, as a noble man. It appears from the narrative of ®…Œ∫V…n˘ EÚΩ˛… V……i…… Ω˲* Ω˛…V…“ <€±…™……∫… x…‰ +±±……=q˘“x… EÚ…‰ ®……Æ˙EÚÆ˙ Riyaz-us-Salatin that, by the end of the sixteenth century, the <€±…™……∫… ∂……Ω˛“ ¥…∆∂… EÚ“ ∫l……{…x…… EÚ“* =∫…E‰Ú ∫…®…™… €n˘±±…“ ∫…÷±i……x… area occupied by the town of Murshidabad was placed on regular €°ÚÆ˙…‰V…∂……Ω˛ i…÷M…±…EÚ x…‰ §…∆M……±… {…Æ˙ +…GÚ®…h… €EÚ™…… ±…‰€EÚx… x……EÚ…®… Æ˙Ω˛…* trade route and the number of traders using the route had be- 1415 <«0 ®… Æ˙…V…… M…h…‰∂… x…‰ ±…J…x……Ë]ı“ {…Æ˙ EÚ§V…… EÚÆ˙ {…÷x…: €Ω˛xn⁄˘ Æ˙…V… come quantitatively so significant as to merit the establish ment EÚ…™…®… €EÚ™…… V……‰ 29 ¥…π…« i…EÚ EÚ…™…®… Æ˙Ω˛…* =∫…E‰Ú §……n˘ Ω÷˛∫…‰x…∂……Ω˛“ ¥…∆∂… of a rest house. ∫l……€{…i… Ω÷˛+…* ±…M…¶…M… 1538 <«0 ®… ∂…‰Æ˙∂……Ω˛ ∫…⁄€Æ˙ x…‰ M……Ëc˜ {…Æ˙ EÚ§V…… €EÚ™…… +…ËÆ˙ =∫…x…‰ §…∆M……±… ®… |…∂……∫…€x…EÚ ∫…÷v……Æ˙… EÚ“ x…”¥… Æ˙J…“* <«0 1574 +EÚ§…Æ x…‰˙ ∫…<«n˘J……x… E‰Ú §……n˘ +…®…‰Æ˙˙ E‰Ú Æ˙…V…… ®……x…À∫…Ω˛ EÚ…‰ ®… +EÚ§…Æ˙ E‰Ú ∫…‰x……{…€i… ®…÷x…“®…J……ƒ x…‰ n˘…>n˘J……x… EÚÆ˙x……x…“ EÚ…‰ Ω˛Æ˙…EÚÆ˙ {…⁄Ɖ˙ §…∆M……±… ¶…‰V……* €V…∫…x…‰ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ E‰Ú EÚ…ƒn˘“€¥…¶……M… EÚ“ ∂…‰Æ˙{…÷Æ˙ +]ı…<« EÚ“Ú §…∆M……±… EÚ…‰ V…“i… €±…™…… ±…‰€EÚx… =∫…EÚ“ ®…fii™…÷ E‰Ú §……n˘ {…÷x…: €¥…p˘…‰Ω˛ |……Æ˙®¶… V…∆M… ®… +°ÚM……x……‰∆ +…ËÆ˙ {…`ˆ…x…… EÚ…‰ €x…h……«™…EÚ ∞¸{… ∫…‰ {…Æ˙…€V…i… EÚÆ˙ §…∆M……±… Ω˛…‰ M…™…‰* +i…: <«0 1587 ®… +EÚ§…Æ˙ x…‰ +{…x…‰ €∫…{…Ω˛∫……±……Æ˙ ∫…<«n˘J……x… EÚ…‰ EÚ…‰ ®…÷M…±… ∫……©……V™… ®… ∂……€®…±… EÚÆ˙ €±…™……* §…∆M……±… ¶…‰V……* E÷ÚUÙ <€i…Ω˛…∫…EÚ…Æ˙… E‰Ú +x…÷∫……Æ˙ =∫…E‰Ú ¶……<« ®…EÚ∫…⁄n˘J……x… On March 1594, Said Khan was replaced by Raja Man E‰Ú x……®… ∫…‰ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ EÚ… x……®… ®…EÚ∫…⁄n˘…§……n˘ {…c˜…* Singh as the Mughal viceroy of Bengal. Saddened by personal ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 95 96 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… losses and shaken by Bengal climate Man Singh retired to Ajmer l……* ∂……Ω˛V…Ω˛…∆ x…‰ §…∆M……±… E‰Ú M…¥…x…«Æ˙ EÚ…€∫…®…J……x… EÚ…‰ §…Ëhb˜±… {…Æ˙ EÚ§V…… in 1598, leaving behind a deputy to govern Bengal Subah from EÚÆ˙x…‰ EÚ… +…n‰˘∂… €n˘™…… +…ËÆ˙ EÚ…°Ú“ V…q˘…‰-V…Ω˛n˘ E‰Ú §……n˘ {…÷i…«M……€±…™…… EÚ“ Rajmahal-- the new capital. Taking advantage of the general’s {…Æ˙…V…™… Ω÷˛<«* 17¥…” ∂…i……§n˘“ E‰Ú ®…v™… i…EÚ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ BEÚ §…Ω÷˛i… §…c˜… absence, Usman, Sajawal, other turbulent Pathan chiefs, Kedar ¥™……{……€Æ˙EÚ E‰Úxp˘ §…x… S…÷EÚ… l……* +x™… ¥…∫i…÷+… E‰Ú +±……¥…… Ɖ˙∂…®… E‰Ú Rai and other zamindars, who had earlier made deceptive sub- EÚ…Æ˙…‰§……Æ˙ ®… ¥…fi€r˘ n‰˘J…EÚÆ˙ x…§……¥… ∂……€Ω˛∫i……J……x… x…‰ ¥™……{……Æ˙ {…Æ˙ EÚÆ˙ missions, rose in revolt and caused heavy losses to Mughal ¥…∫…⁄±…“ E‰Ú €±…B |…∂……∫…€x…EÚ +€v…EÚ…Æ˙“ i…Ëx……i… EÚÆ˙ €n˘™…‰* detachmejts placed at various points. Man Singh hastened back ∂……Ω˛V…Ω˛…ƒ EÚ“ ®…fii™…÷ E‰Ú §……n˘ =∫…EÚ… BEÚ {…÷j… ∂…÷V…… §…∆M……±… EÚ… to Bengal and pushed on to face the rebels in East Bengal. In a M…¥…«x…Æ˙ §…x…… =∫…x…‰ Æ˙…V…®…Ω˛±… ®… ∫¥…™…∆ EÚ…‰ ∫…÷±i……x… P……‰€π…i… EÚÆ˙ €n˘™……* single battle of Sherpur Atai, within Khargram police-station +…ËÆ∆˙M…V…‰§… x…‰ ∫…‰x……{…€i… ®…“Æ˙V…÷®…±…… EÚ…‰ ¶…‰V…… €V…∫…x…‰ §…‰±……P……]ı E‰Ú ™…÷r˘ ®… area of the modern , on 12 February 1601, ∂…÷V…… EÚ…‰ {…Æ˙…€V…i… €EÚ™……* ®…“Æ˙V…÷®…±…… E‰Ú §……n˘ ∂……€Ω˛∫i……J……x… §…∆M……±… EÚ… Man Singh inflicted a decisive defeat on the combined army of ∫…⁄§…‰n˘…Æ˙ €x…™…÷Ci… Ω÷˛+…* ®…EÚ∫…÷n˘…§……n˘ E‰Ú <€i…Ω˛…∫… ®… BEÚ x…™…… ®……‰c˜ +…™…… the rebellious Afghan and Pathan chiefs of the east, south and 1698 south west Bengal. V…§… <«. ®… ∂…Ω˛V……n˘… +V…“®…÷∫……x… V……‰ +…ËÆ∆˙V…‰§… EÚ… {……‰i…… l…… §…∆M……±… EÚ… ∫…⁄§…‰n˘…Æ˙ €x…™…÷Ci… €EÚ™…… M…™…… +…ËÆ˙ EÚÆ˙i…±…“§…J……x… EÚ…‰ =∫…EÚ… n˘“¥……x… <∫… |…EÚ…Æ˙ +EÚ§…Æ˙ x…‰ §…∆M……±… EÚ…‰ ®…÷M…±… ∫……©……V™… ®… ∂……€®…±… EÚÆ˙ §…x……™……* n˘…‰x…… ®… +x…§…x… E‰Ú EÚ…Æ˙h… EÚÆ˙i…±…“§…J……x… x…‰ n˘“¥……x…“∫…⁄§…… g¯…EÚ… €±…™……* +EÚ§…Æ˙ §…∆M……±… ®… n˘“P…« ∫…®…™… i…EÚ ™…÷r˘… ®… =±…Z…… Æ˙Ω˛… +…ËÆ˙ +xi… ∫…‰ ®…EÚ∫…⁄n˘…§……n˘ ®… ∫l……x……xi…€Æ˙i… EÚÆ˙ €n˘™……* 1703 <«. ®… n˘“¥……x…EÚÆ˙i…±…“§… ®… §…∆M……±… {…Æ˙ °Úi…‰Ω˛ {……™…“* ±…‰€EÚx… §…∆M……±… EÚ… |…∂……∫…x… S…±……x…‰ EÚ… =∫…‰ J……x… EÚ…‰ +…ËÆ∆˙V…‰§… x…‰ ®…÷∂…‘n˘E÷Ú±…“J……∆ EÚ… €J…i……§… €n˘™…… +…ËÆ˙ ®…EÚ∫…⁄n˘…§……n˘ +¥…∫…Æ˙ x…Ω˛” €®…±……* =∫…E‰Ú §……n˘ V…Ω˛…ƒM…“Æ˙ x…‰ ∫…©……]ı §…x…i…‰ Ω˛“ ®…÷M…±… EÚ…‰ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ EÚ… x……®… §…n˘±…x…‰ EÚ… +€v…EÚ…Æ˙ ¶…“ €n˘™……* ®…÷∂…‘n˘E÷Ú±…“J……ƒ |…∂……∫…x… EÚ“ §…∆M……±… ®… ∂…÷Ø˚+…i… Ω÷˛<«* 1608 <«. ®… V…Ω˛…∆M…“Æ˙ x…‰ +∫…±…®…J……x… x…‰ §…∆M……±… EÚ…‰ 13 S…EÚ±…… ®… €¥…¶……€V…i… €EÚ™…… €V…∫…®… BEÚ S…EÚ±…… EÚ…‰ §…∆M……±… EÚ… ∫…⁄§…‰n˘…Æ˙ §…x……™……* +∫…±…®…J……x… x…‰ UÙ…‰]‰ı-UÙ…‰]‰ı Æ˙…V™…… +…ËÆ˙ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ |…®…÷J… Æ˙…V…v……x…“ §…x…“* Æ˙V…¥……c˜…‰ EÚ…‰ +{…x…‰ +…v…“x… €EÚ™……* 1612 <«. ®… §…∆M……±… EÚ“ Æ˙…V…v……x…“ Æ˙…V…®…Ω˛±… ∫…‰ f¯…EÚ… EÚÆ˙ n˘“ M…™…“* V…Ω˛…∆M…“Æ˙ E‰Ú §……n˘ 1628 <«. ®… ∂……Ω˛V…Ω˛…∆ <∫… |…EÚ…Æ˙ ®…EÚ∫…⁄n˘…§……n˘ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ E‰Ú x……®… ∫…‰ {…€Æ˙€S…i… Ω˛…‰x…‰ ∫…©……]ı §…x……* +±±……=q˘“x… Ω÷˛∫…Ëx… ∂……Ω˛ E‰Ú ∫…®…™… {…÷i…«M……±…“ ¥™……{……Æ˙“ ∫…§…∫…‰ ±…M……* ®…÷∂…‘n˘E÷Ú±…“ J……ƒ €V…∫…EÚ… +∫…±…“ x……®… V…°Ú…∆ J……x… l…… V…x®… ∫…‰ {…Ω˛±…‰ §…∆M……±… ®… +…™…‰ l…‰* +§… i…EÚ =xΩ˛…Âx…‰ ™…Ω˛…∆ E‰Ú ¥™……{……Æ˙ {…Æ˙ BEÚ…€v…EÚ…Æ˙ €Ω˛xn⁄˘ •……¿h… l…… ±…‰€EÚx… =∫…EÚ… {……±…x…-{……‰π…h… BEÚ <Æ˙…x…“ ¥™……{……Æ˙“ J……V…“ §…x……™…… Ω÷˛+… l……* UÙ…‰]‰ı-UÙ…‰]‰ı Æ˙…V……+… i…l…… V…®…”n˘…Æ˙… E‰Ú ∫……l… €®…±…EÚÆ˙ ∫……€°Ú™…… x…‰ €EÚ™…… +…ËÆ˙ ¥…Ω˛ ®…÷∫…±…®……x… §…x… M…™……* +{…x…‰ ∫…∆Æ˙I…EÚ EÚ“ ®…fii™…÷ ∫…®…™…-∫…®…™… {…Æ˙ ®…÷M…±… ∫…‰x…… EÚ…‰ Ω˛…€x… {…Ω÷ƒ˛S……i…‰ Æ˙Ω˛i…‰ l…‰* =xΩ˛…Âx…‰ +EÚ§…Æ˙ E‰Ú §……n˘ ¥…Ω˛ ¶……Æ˙i… +…™……* +…ËÆ∆˙M…V…‰§… x…‰ =∫…EÚ“ ™……‰M™…i…… n‰˘J…EÚÆ˙ =∫…‰ ∫…‰ §…Ëhb˜±… ®… +{…x…… ={…€x…¥…‰∂… §…x……x…‰ EÚ… °ÚÆ˙®……x… ¶…“ |……{i… EÚÆ˙ €±…™…… Ω˲n˘Æ˙…§……n˘ EÚ… n˘“¥……x… §…x……™……* 1701 ®… §…∆M……±… E‰Ú n˘“¥……x… ∂……Ω˛V……n˘… ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 97 98 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… +V…“®…÷∫……x… E‰Ú +…v…“x… §…∆M……±… EÚ… n˘“¥……x… §…x……™…… +…ËÆ˙ EÚÆ˙i…±…§… J……x… EÚΩ˛±……i…… Ω˲* 1813 <«. ®… EÚ…€∫…®… §……V……Æ˙ E‰Ú {……∫… ∫…‰ +{…x…… ∫l……x… EÚ… €J…i……§… €n˘™……* 1703 ®… =∫…‰ §…∆M……±… EÚ… ={…x…§……¥… x……€V…®… EÚ… {…n˘ UÙ…‰c˜EÚÆ˙ ¶……M…“Æ˙l…“ x…n˘“ {…Œ∂S…®… EÚ“ +…‰Æ˙ i…“x… ®…“±… ∫…Æ˙EÚ M…™…“ l…“* n‰˘EÚÆ˙ ®…÷∂…‘n˘E÷Ú±…“ J……x… EÚ… €J…i……§… €n˘™……* ∂……Ω˛V……n˘… +V…“®…÷∫……x… ∫…‰ All this places (Cassimbazar and the Adjacent villages) +x…§…x… Ω˛…‰x…‰ E‰Ú EÚ…Æ˙h… =∫…x…‰ +{…x…… |…∂……∫…x… f¯…EÚ… ∫…‰ ®…EÚ∫…÷n˘…§……n˘ ®… were originally situated on a curve of the river Bhagirathi, but ∫l……x……xi…€Æ˙i… EÚÆ˙ €n˘™…… +…ËÆ˙ V……‰ =∫…E‰Ú x……®… ∫…‰ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ x……®… ®… seventy years ago a straight cut was made forming the Chord of {…€Æ˙¥…Ãi…i… Ω˛…‰ M…™……* ™…‰ §…Ω÷˛i… Ω˛“ ™……‰M™… x…§……¥… l……* =∫…EÚ“ |…∂……∫…€x…EÚ the curve this changing the course of the river. This engineering ™……‰M™…i…… E‰Ú EÚ…Æ˙h… =∫…‰ §…∆M……±… EÚ… ]ı…‰b˜Æ˙®…±… ¶…“ EÚΩ˛… V……i…… Ω˲* ∂…‰Æ˙∂……Ω˛ operation was followed by the breaking out of a epidemic fe- E‰Ú §……n˘ §…∆M……±… EÚ… ¥…Ω˛ ∫…§…∫…‰ ™……‰M™… ∂……∫…EÚ ®……x…… M…™…… Ω˲* =∫…x…‰ +x…‰EÚ ver, which in virulence and morality, is unparalled by any pesti- +…Ãl…EÚ ∫…÷v……Æ˙… EÚ…‰ ±……M…⁄ €EÚ™……* lence save that which destroyed gaur. The old channel survives ¶……ËM……‰€±…EÚ ∞¸{… ∫…‰ ¶……M…“Æ˙l…“ x…n˘“ u˘…Æ˙… ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ n˘…‰ ¶……M…… as a khal which is used by boats in the rains. It is curious that it ®… §…]ı… Ω÷˛+… Ω˲* ¶……M…“Æ˙l…“ EÚ… {…⁄¥…‘ ¶……M… ‘§……M…Æ˙“’ i…l…… {…Œ∂S…®…“ ¶……M… is called Kati Ganga as if it were an artificial channel and there is ‘Æ˙…g¯’ EÚΩ˛±……i…… Ω˲* =k…Æ˙ ®… M…∆M…… EÚ“ ®…÷J™… v……Æ˙… <∫…‰ ®……±…n˘… +…ËÆ˙ tradition that the Sahebs cut a channel and brough the river out Æ˙…V…∂……Ω˛“ €V…±…… ∫…‰ +±…M… EÚÆ˙i…“ Ω˲* n˘€I…h… ®… <∫…EÚ“ ∫…“®…… ¥…n«˘®……x… to the north of Faras danga. +…ËÆ˙ x…€n˘™…… €V…±…‰ ∫…‰ V…÷c˜“ Ω˲* {…Œ∂S…®… ®… ¥…“Æ˙¶…⁄®… +…ËÆ˙ ∫…∆l……±… {…Æ˙M…x…… Ω˲* M…∆M…… EÚ“ |…®…÷J… v……Æ˙… ∫…‰ €x…EÚ±…“ ¶……M…“Æ˙l…“ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ There also some artificial tanks some of which are large €V…±…‰ E‰Ú ±…M…¶…M… §…“S… ®… =k…Æ˙ ∫…‰ n˘€I…h… i…EÚ §…Ω˛i…“ Ω˲* ¶……M…“Æ˙l…“ enough to be called Lakes. The largest is the Sagerdighi, EÚ… {…⁄¥…‘ I…‰j… x…“S…… +…ËÆ˙ ={…V……> Ω˲ V…§…€EÚ {…Œ∂S…®…“ I…‰j… E÷ÚUÙ >∆S…… Sheikhdighi etc. Ω˲* ™…Ω˛…ƒ EÚ“ €®…^ı“ ±……±… Ω˲* <∫…E‰Ú {…Œ∂S…®… ®… n˘…‰ |…®…÷J… x…€n˘™…… 1400 ∫……±… {…Ω˛±…‰ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ €V…±…‰ EÚ…Ú EÚh…«-∫…÷¥…h…« x…M…Æ˙ ∂…ŒCi…∂……±…“ §…∆∫…±……‰<« =k…Æ˙ ®… +…ËÆ˙ n˘€I…h… ®… u˘…€Æ˙EÚ… Ω˲* {…⁄¥…« ®… V……±…∆M…“ +…ËÆ˙ B¥…∆ |…€∫…r˘ Æ˙…V…… ∂…∂……∆EÚ EÚ“ Æ˙…V…v……x…“ l……* ™…Ω˛…ƒ +x…‰EÚ ®…∆€n˘Æ˙ ¥… €¥…Ω˛…Æ˙ ¶…ËÆ˙¥… x…n˘“ {…c˜i…“ Ω˲ i…l…… =k…Æ˙ ®… M…∆M…… EÚ“ ®…÷J™… v……Æ˙… ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ EÚ… l…‰ €V…x…®… Æ˙Ci…®…fi€i…EÚ… €¥…Ω˛…Æ˙ §…Ω÷˛i… |…€∫…r˘ Ω˲* Æ˙Ci…®…fi€i…EÚ… EÚ… +l…« Ω˲ ∫{…∂…« EÚÆ˙i…“ Ω˲* x…⁄Æ˙{…÷Æ˙ ®… ¶……M…“Æ˙l…“ M…∆M…… ∫…‰ +±…M… Ω˛…‰i…“ Ω˲ V…Ω˛…ƒ ∫…‰ ±……±… €®…^ı“* º¥…‰x…∫……∆M… x…‰ +{…x…‰ ß…®…h… ¥…fik……xi…… ®… ™…Ω˛…ƒ <∫… €¥…Ω˛…Æ˙ EÚ… 25 ®…“±… n⁄˘Æ˙ {…Æ˙ °ÚÆ˙CEÚ… §……∆v… +¥…Œ∫l…i… Ω˲ V……‰ ®……±…n˘… +…ËÆ˙ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ ¥…h…«x… €EÚ™…… Ω˲* ±…M…¶…M… {……∆S…¥…” ∂…i……§n˘“ ®… ®…±……™…… u˘“{… ∫…‰ BEÚ {……π……h… EÚ“ ∫…“®…… EÚ…‰ V……‰c˜i…… Ω˲* V…∆M…“{…÷Æ˙ ∫…‰ E÷ÚUÙ {…Ω˛±…‰ ¥…∆∂…±……‰<« +…ËÆ˙ ±…‰J… €®…±…… Ω˲ €V…∫…®… Æ˙Ci…®…fi€i…EÚ… ®… Æ˙Ω˛x…‰ ¥……±…‰ ∫……Ω˛∫…“, ®…Ω˛…x……€¥…EÚ §…÷r˘ {…M…±……x…n˘“ EÚ… {……x…“ <∫…®… €M…Æ˙i…… Ω˲* ∂…ŒCi…{…÷Æ˙ ®… u˘…€Æ˙EÚ… EÚ“ M…÷{i… EÚ… ¥…h…«x… €®…±…i…… Ω˲ €V…∫…∫…‰ ™…Ω˛ ∫{…π]ı Ω˛…‰i…… Ω˲ €EÚ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ ∫…‰ ∫…Ω˛…™…EÚ x…n˘“ S……‰Æ˙…b‰˜EÚÆ˙… <∫…®… €®…±…i…“ Ω˲* ¶……M…“Æ˙l…“ E‰Ú {…⁄¥…‘ UÙ…‰Æ˙ ®… x……€¥…EÚ ±……‰M… n˘€I…h… {…⁄¥…« B€∂…™……<« n‰˘∂…… ®… ¥™……{……Æ˙ E‰Ú €±…™…‰ +…i…‰-V……i…‰ l…‰* €V…™……M…∆V… ∫…‰ ¶…M…¥……x… M……‰±…… i…EÚ EÚ… I…‰j… ±…€±…i…E÷ÚÆ˙“ ™…… x…±…]ı…E÷ÚÆ˙“ §…∆M……±… +…ËÆ˙ €¥…Ω˛…Æ˙ EÚ“ ∫…®…fi€r˘ EÚ… ™…Ω BEÚ˛ |…®…÷J… EÚ…Æ˙h… l……* ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 99 100 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±…

We possess an early record of about 5th century A.D. Murshidabad is replete with many incidents and anecdoted more engraved on a stone in Malaya penisula which contains a prayer specially during the 17th, 18th centuries that intervened between for the successful voyage of Mahanavik (Great captain) Budh end of Sena rule in Bengal and establishment of the city of Gupta an inhabitant of Raktamritika. It shows that man belong Makhsudabad or Mukhsusabad during the time of Akbar. to this locality near Murshidabad city were great sailors in the D.K. Chakraborty early centuries of the christian era and made voyages across the Superintendent of archeology, West Bengal. Bay of Bengal to South East Asia. ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ EÚ… {…Œ∂S…®…“ I…‰j… =∫… Æ˙…g¯ I…‰j… ®… +…i…… Ω˲ V…Ω˛…ƒ ±……b«˜ C±……<§… E‰Ú u˘…Æ˙… {±……∫…“ E‰Ú ™…÷r˘ ®… €∫…Æ˙…V…÷q˘…˱…… EÚ“ Ω˛…Æ˙ ∫…‰ ¶…M…¥……x… ®…Ω˛…¥…“Æ˙ x…‰ €¥…S…Æ˙h… €EÚ™…… l……* ™…Ω˛…ƒ E‰Ú ¶…Mx……¥…∂…‰π… +…V… ¶…“ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ EÚ… {…i…x… Ω÷˛+…* =∫…E‰Ú §……n˘ V……‰ ¶…“ x…§……¥… Ω÷˛B ¥…‰ €§…x…… €EÚ∫…“ <∫… §……i… EÚ“ ∫……I…“ n‰˘ Æ˙Ω‰˛ ΩÈ˛ €EÚ ™…Ω˛ I…‰j… +i…“i… ®… V…Ëx… v…®…« +…ËÆ˙ ∫…∆∫Efiڀi… +€v…EÚ…Æ˙ ¥… ∂…ŒCi… E‰Ú €∫…°«Ú x……®… ®……j… E‰Ú x…§……¥… EÚΩ˛±……i…‰ l…‰* +…V… EÚ… |…®…÷J… E‰Úxp˘ l……* ™…t€{… ™…Ω˛ €V…±…… BEÚ ∂®…∂……x… EÚ“ i…Æ˙Ω˛ §…x… M…™…… Ω˲ {…Æ˙ EÚ¶…“ <∫…EÚ“ Tradition ascribes that the last of the Jain Tirthankaras ∂……x… ¥… ∂……ËEÚi… n‰˘J…x…‰ ™……‰M™… l…“* 1757 ®… C±……<«§… x…‰ <∫…EÚ“ ∂……x… +…ËÆ˙ Lord Mahavira visited some parts of the country of Radha and ∂……ËEÚi… EÚ… ¥…h…«x… EÚÆ˙i…‰ Ω÷˛B EÚΩ˛… l……˛ €V…∫…EÚ… ¥…h…«x… {…∆0 V…¥……Ω˛Æ˙±……±… it may not be improbable that western portion of the present x…‰Ω˛∞¸ x…‰ +{…x…“ €EÚi……§… Discovery of India ®… €EÚ™…… Ω˲* Clive district of Murshidabad as falling within the ancient divison of discrive Murshidabad in Bengal in 1757, the very year of Plassey, Radha ws also sanctified by the visit of the propagator of Jainism. as a city as extensive populour and rich as the city of London, with this difference that there are individuals, in first possessing <∫… |…EÚ…Æ˙ V……‰ V…Ëx…v…®…« §…∆M……±… ®… +€i… |……S…“x… EÚ…±… ∫…‰ S…±…… +… infinitely greater property than the last. Æ˙Ω˛… l……* ∫……i…¥…” ∂…i……§n˘“ E‰Ú §……n˘ =∫…EÚ“ V…c‰˜ EÚ®…V……‰Æ˙ {…c˜x…‰ ±…M…“* ∂…Ë¥… ¥… ¥…Ëπh…¥… v…®…« x…‰ V……‰Æ˙ {…EÚc˜… i…§… ™…Ω˛…ƒ ∫…‰ Ω˛V……Æ˙…Â-Ω˛V……Æ˙… V…Ëx… v…®……«¥…±…Œ®§…™…… <∫… |…EÚ…Æ˙ ±…I®…h…∫…‰x… EÚ“ {…Æ˙…V…™… ∫…‰ {±……∫…“ E‰Ú ™…÷r˘ i…EÚ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ EÚ…‰ {…±……™…x… EÚÆ˙x…… {…c˜… =∫…E‰Ú §……¥…V…⁄n˘ V……‰ ™…Ω˛…ƒ Æ˙Ω˛ M…™…‰ l…‰ =xΩ² +{…x…‰ E‰Ú <€i…Ω˛…∫… ®… BEÚ E‰Ú §……n˘ BEÚ +x…‰EÚ ®…Ω˛i¥…{…⁄h…« P…]ıx……B∆ Ω÷˛<«* +Œ∫i…i¥… EÚ“ Æ˙I…… E‰Ú €±…™…‰ EÚ…°Ú“ ∫…∆P…π…« {…⁄h…« Œ∫l…€i… ∫…‰ M…÷V…Æ˙x…… {…c˜…* In or about 1202 A.D. Lakshman Sena was surprised <€i…Ω˛…∫… <∫… §……i… EÚ… M…¥……Ω˛ Ω˲ €EÚ §……Ër˘ v…®…« ™…Ω˛…ƒ ∫…‰ €¥…±…“x… Ω˛…‰ M…™…… and ran over to Nadiya (Nava dvipa) by Baktiyar Khaliji’s son ±…‰€EÚx… V…Ëx… v…®…« €EÚ∫…“ x… €EÚ∫…“ ∞¸{… ®… ™…Ω˛…ƒ §…x…… Æ˙Ω˛… C™…… €EÚ =∫…EÚ“ Mohammad Khalji who laid the foundation of a more or less V…c‰˜ §…Ω÷˛i… Ω˛“ M…Ω˛Æ˙“ l…“ +…ËÆ˙ €V…∫…EÚ“ |…€i…Uـ¥… Ω˛®… ∫…Æ˙…EÚ V……€i… ®… n‰˘J…x…‰ independent administration in the central Bengal. From this time EÚ…‰ €®…±…i…“ Ω˲* 18¥…” ∂…i……§n˘“ ®… {…Œ∂S…®… =k…Æ˙ ¶……Æ˙i… ∫…‰ V…ˀx…™…… EÚ… {…÷x…: onwards to the time of the history of §…∆M……±… EÚ“ ¶…⁄€®… {…Æ˙ +…M…®…x… Ω÷˛+… +…ËÆ˙ =∫… ∫…®…™… V……‰ V…Ëx…“ §……Ω˛Æ˙ ∫…‰ ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 101 102 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… +…™…‰ =xΩ˛…Âx…‰ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ €V…±…‰ EÚ…‰ Ω˛“ +{…x…… €x…¥……∫… ∫l……x… §…x……™…… +…ËÆ˙ M…∆n˘“ V…®…“x… Ω˛…‰i…“ Ω˲ €V…∫…∫…‰ ∫…÷+Æ˙ M…c˜€Ω˛™…… EÚΩ˛i…‰ ΩÈ˛ V…Ω˛…ƒ ∫……Ɖ˙ x…M…Æ˙ €V…∫…®… EÚ…€∂…®…§……V……Æ˙, €V…™……M…∆V…, +V…“®…M…∆V…, ±……±…M……‰±……, §…‰±…b˜…∆M……, EÚ… M…∆n˘… {……x…“ V…®…… Ω˛…‰i…… Ω˲* {…Æ˙xi…÷ ™…Ω˛ V…M…Ω˛ V……‰ +…V… ¶…“ ¥…Æ˙…x…M…Æ˙ v…÷€±…™……x… +…€n˘ ∫l……x……‰∆ ®… ¥…Ω˛ ±……‰M… §…∫… M…™…‰* =xΩ˛…Âx…‰ ™…Ω˛…ƒ +{…x…… ¥™……{……Æ˙ E‰Ú x……®… ∫…‰ V……x…“ V……i…“ Ω˲* >ƒS…“ V…M…Ω˛ {…Æ˙ Œ∫l…i… Ω˲* +i…: ™…Ω˛ I…‰j… ∂…÷∞¸ €EÚ™……* ∆S…“ {……π……h… EÚ“ ®…⁄Ãi… n˘∂…«x…“™… Ω˲* {……Æ˙∫…x……l… ®…∆€n˘Æ˙ EÚ“ |……S…“x… €¥…V…™…À∫…Ω˛V…“ n÷˘v……‰€c˜˙™…… - +∆O…‰V… ∫…Æ˙EÚ…Æ˙ - ∫…x…¬ 1908 {……π……h… ®…⁄Ãi… EÚ…€∫…®…§……V……Æ˙ E‰Ú ®…∆€n˘Æ˙ ∫…‰ ±……™…“ M…™…“ Ω˲* ∂……Œxi…x……l… ∫…“. +…<«. B. - EËÚ∫…Æ˙ €Ω˛xn˘ ¶…M…¥……x… E‰Ú ®…∆€n˘Æ˙ ®… +x…‰EÚ EÚ“®…i…“ v……i…÷ EÚ“ |……S…“x… ®…⁄Ãi…™……ƒ ΩÈ˛* ∆ {…÷0 Ω˛π……« ¶……0 ®…x…“ ¶……0 ∫……<˘+… €∂…π]ı®……x…∫…®…¬**1**S…±…i{…i……EÚ…|…EÚÆË˙: |…EÚ…®…* ®……EÚ…Æ˙™…z…÷x…®…∆€x…xt∫…i¥……x…¬** Æ˙ix…∫…“ ∫……0 +…∫…E‰Úx… Æ˙ix…∫…“ x…€®…0 ∏…“ ¥……∫…÷{…⁄V™… À§…§…∆ ={…∂…0 ∏…“ €x…π…‰v…™…€z…Œ∂S…i… n÷˘π]ı§…÷r˘“x…¬* {……{……i®…x…∏……{…i…i…: EÚl…∆€S…i…¬**5** ∫…∆∫…‰¥™…®……x…∆ €∫…r˘…S……™…« ∫…xi……x…‰ |…0 ¶…0 ∏…“ €∫…r˘ ∫…⁄€Æ˙€¶…:* ∫…÷i…Æ˙…∆ ∫…÷v…“€¶…* ¶…«¥™……i®…€¶…¶…fi««€Æ˙i…Æ˙ |…®……‰n˘…i…¬** §……±…⁄S…Æ˙…J™…‰ |…¥…Ɖ˙ {…÷Ɖ˙n˘…‰* $ ∫…∆§…i… 1527 §…π…Ê V™…‰π`ˆ ∫…÷€n˘ 8 ∫……‰®…‰ |……M¥……]ı Y……i…“™… ¥…÷0 V…“™……ŒSS…Æ∆˙ ∫…®¶…¥…x……l… S…Ëi™…®…¬**3** M……∆M…… ¥…÷0 ®…÷V…… {…÷j… ¥…÷0 ®…€Ω˛Æ˙…V… ¶……0 Æ˙®……<˘ ∏……€¥…EÚ™…… ∏…“ §……∫…÷{…⁄V™… v……i…÷™…… EÚ“ ®…⁄Ãi… {…Æ˙ : À§…¥…∆ EÚ…€Æ˙i…∆ ∏…“ J…Æ˙i…Æ˙ M…SU‰Ù ∏…“ €V…x…∫……M…Æ˙ ∫…⁄Æ˙“ ∏…“ €V…x…∫…÷xn˘Æ˙ ∫…⁄€Æ˙ $ ∫…∆¥…i… 1515 §…π…Ê +…π……g¯ §…€n˘ 1 =E‰Ú∂… §…∆∂…‰ f¯”EÚ M……‰j…‰ ®…0 {…^ıÆ˙…V… ∏…“ 3 €V…x…Ω˛π…« ∫…⁄€Æ˙€¶…: |…€i…Œπ`ˆi…∆ ∏…“Æ˙∫i…÷ EÚ±™……h…∆ ¶…⁄™……i…¬* €∫…¥…… ¶……0 Ω˛π…÷« {…÷0 ®…0 Ω˛“Æ˙…E‰Úh… ¶……0 Æ∆˙M……n‰˘ {…÷j…“ ∫…‰x……< |…®…÷J… {…€Æ˙¥……Æ˙ ∫…∆ 1934 §…π…Ê ={…E‰Ú∂… Y……i…“™… §……∆¶… M……‰j…‰ ∫…∆P…¥…“ V……]ı… ¶……0 ™…÷i…‰x… ∏…“ S…∆p˘|…¶… À§…§…∆ EÚ…€Æ˙i…∆ ∏…“ J…Æ˙i…Æ˙ M…SU‰Ù ∏…“ €V…x…¶…p˘ ∫…⁄€Æ˙ {…^‰ı ∏…“ V…™…i…±…n‰˘ {…÷0 ®……€h…EÚ ¶…€M…x™…… ¥…“€Æ˙h…“ x……®x™…… ∏…“ v…®…«x……l… À§…¥…∆ EÚ…€Æ˙i…∆ €V…x…S…∆p˘ ∫…⁄€Æ˙€¶…: |…€i…Œπ`ˆi…∆ ∏…“:** |…€i…Œπ`ˆi…∆ i…{…… M…SU‰Ù ∏…“ Æ˙ix…∂…‰J…Æ˙ ∫…⁄€Æ˙ {…n‰˘ ∏…“ ±…I®…“∫……M…Æ˙ ∫…⁄€Æ˙€¶…:* ∫…∆ 1519 §…π…Ê +…π……g¯ §…€n˘ 1 ∏…“ ®…∆€j…n˘±…“™… `ˆ0 ±……v…⁄ ¶……™……« ∫…∆ 1591 §…π…Ê §…Ë∂……J… §…€n˘ 6 ∂…÷G‰Ú |……M¥……]ı Y……i…“™… ®…0 {……±Ω˛… {…÷j… v…î…€h… {…÷j… ∫…0 +S…±… n˘…∫…‰x… {…÷j… =O…∫…‰x… ±…I®…“∫…‰x… ∫…⁄™…«∫…‰x… §…÷€r˘∫…‰x… ¶…0 {……∆S…… ¶……™……« §…… {…÷j… ®…0 x……l…… ¶……™……« ∏…… x……l…“ {…÷j… ®…0 €§…t…v…Ɖ˙h… n‰˘¥…{……±… ¥…“Æ˙∫…‰x… {…€Ω˛Æ˙…V……€n˘ ™…÷i…‰x… ∫¥…∏…‰™…∫…‰ ∏…“ +…€n˘x……l… À§…¥…∆ EÚ…€Æ˙i…∆ {…÷0 ®…0 Ω∆˛∫…Æ˙…V… Ω‰˛®…Æ˙…V… ¶…“®…… {…÷j…“ <∆p˘…h…“  ∫…÷0 ∫……0 ∫……V…h… ¶……0 ®…n˘…‰+€Æ˙ ∫…÷0 ∫……0 ±…]ıEÚh… ¶……0 M…÷Æ˙…< M…Ω˛±…c˜… M……‰j…‰ V…M…i∫…‰`ˆ ∏…“ °Úi…‰S…∆p˘ V…“ i…i{…÷j… ∫…‰`ˆ +…h…xn˘ S…∆p˘ i…i{…÷j…“ ∫…÷0 ∫……0 ∫……‰®… ∫……0 ∫……0 {……∫…… ∫…Ω˛∫……J™…Ë: €{…i…fi ®……i…fi ∏…‰™…∫…‰ ∏…“ +€V…i…x……l……€n˘ ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 127 128 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… S…i…÷Ã¥…∂…€i… {…^ı: {…÷Ãh…®…… {…I…‰ ∏…“ {…÷h™…Æ˙ix… ∫…⁄Æ˙“h……®…÷{…n‰˘∂…‰®… EÚ…€Æ˙i…: +…ËÆ˙ 7 {……π……h… EÚ“ ®…⁄Ãi…™……ƒ ΩÈ˛* ™…Ω˛ §…∆M……±… ®… {…™…«]ıx… EÚ… BEÚ ®…Ω˛i¥…{…⁄h…« |…€i…Œπ`ˆi…∂S… €§…€v…x…… ∏…“ +Ω˛®……n˘…§……n˘ x…M…Ɖ˙* n˘∂…«x…“™… ∫l…±… Ω˲* **∏…“ n˘…n˘…∫l……x… EÚ… ®…Œxn˘Æ˙** The Jain temple attached with the garden house of late {……π……h… E‰Ú S…Æ˙h…… {…Æ˙ : Rai Lachhmipat Singh Dugar Bahadur at , is also a **∏…“ $ x…®…:** ∫…∆§…i… 1821 €®…€i… ®……P… ∫…÷€n˘ 15 €n˘x…‰ ®…Ω˛…‰{……v™……™… place of interest. This temple was built at a latter date and was V…“ ∏…“ 108 ∏…“ ∫…®…™…∫…÷xn˘Æ˙ V…“ M…€h… M…V…Âp˘…h……∆ €∂…π™… ®…÷J™……‰k…®… ∏…“ 105 sanctified with stone images of Padmaprabhu, Adinath and ∏…“ Ω˛π…«x…xn˘x… V…“ ∂……J……™……∆ π…∆€®…i……‰k…®… |…¥…Æ˙ ∏…“ 7 ∏…“ ¶…“®…V…“ ∏…“ Parshanath. It attracts attention of Jain pilgrims from far and ∫……Æ∆˙M…V…“ i…Œi∂…π™… {…∆0 §……‰v……V…“ i…Œi∂…π™… {…∆0 Ω˛V……Æ˙“ x…xn˘∫™… ={…n‰˘∂…‰x… near and is well-maintained. ∫…÷∏……¥…EÚ {…÷h™… |…¶……¥…EÚ EÚ…i…‰±… M……‰j…‰ ∫……Ω˛V…“ ∏…“ ∫……‰¶……S…xn˘ V…“ i…i…¬ ¶……i…fi ±…‰J…-- ®……‰i…“S…xn˘ V…“ ∏…“ ®…i…¬˛ §…fiΩ˛i…¬ J…Æ˙i…Æ˙ M…SU‰Ù V…∆M…®… ™…÷M…|…v……x… S……€Æ˙j… $ ∫…∆§…i… 1489 §…π…Ê {……Ëπ… ¥…€n˘ 10 M…÷Æ˙…Ë ∏…“ x…“®…… Y……i…“™…∆ M…∆0 S…⁄c˜…®…€h… ¶…^ı…Æ˙EÚ |…¶…÷ ∏…“ 108 ∏…“ n˘…n˘…V…“ ∏…“ €V…x…n˘k… ∫…⁄€Æ˙V…“ n˘…n˘…V…“ M…c˜n˘… ¶……™……« ∫…∆±…π…÷ i…™……‰: ∫…÷i…‰x… ∫…Ω˛ ∫……™…Ɖ˙h… ∫¥…∏…‰™…∫…‰ ∏…“ V…“¥…i…¬∫¥……€®… ∏…“ 107 ∏…“ €V…x…E÷Ú∂…±… ∫…⁄€Æ˙ ∫…⁄Æ˙“∑…Æ˙…h……∆ {……n÷˘EÚ… EÚ…Æ˙…€{…i…… ®…EÚ∂…⁄n˘…§……n˘ ∏…“ ∫…÷{……∑…«x……l… À§…¥…∆ EÚ…Æ˙…€{…i…∆ |…€i…Œπ`ˆi…∆ ∏…“ §…fiΩ˛k…{…… {…I…‰ ∏…“ Æ˙ix…À∫…Ω˛ ®…v™…‰ |…€i…Œπ`ˆi…∆ ®…Ω‰˛xp˘ ∫……M…Æ˙ ∫…⁄€Æ˙€¶…:** ∂…÷¶…®…∫i…÷* ∫…÷€Æ˙€¶…: ∂…÷¶…∆¶…¥…i…÷* ∫…∆0 1876 Æ˙… §…π…Ê ®……M…«∂…“π…« ®……∫…‰ ∂…÷C±…{…I…‰ 10 €i…l……Ë ∂…÷GÚ¥……Ɖ˙ ∫…∆0 1530 §…π…Ê ®……P… ∫…÷€n˘ 4 ∂…÷E‰Ú ∫……∆§……‰∫…h… §……€∫… |……M¥……]ı Y……0 §…fiΩ˛i… ∏…“ J…Æ˙i…Æ˙ M…SU‰Ù V…∆0* ™…÷0* ¶…0* ∏…“ 108 ∏…“ €V…x…S…∆p˘ ∫…⁄€Æ˙ ¥™…0 ∫……‰x…… ¶……0 ®……= {…÷0 ¥™…0 x……Æ˙n˘ §…∆v…÷ ¥™…0 €§…∞¸+…E‰Úx… ¶……0 §…“±Ω˛h…n‰˘˘ ∫…xi……x…“™… ∫…EÚ±… ∂……∫j……∂……l…« {……`ˆx… |…v……x… §…÷€r˘ €x…v……x…* ∏…“ ®…n÷˘{……v™……™… {…÷0 n‰˘v…Æ˙ ®…‰±…… ∫……<˘{……€n˘ E÷Ú]÷∆ı§… ™…÷i…‰x… €x…V… ∏…‰™…∫…‰ ∏…“ ∫…®¶…¥…x……l… À¥…§…∆ V…“ ∏…“ 108 ∏…“ Æ˙ix…∫…÷xn˘Æ˙ M…€h…€V…x…Æ˙…h……∆ S…Æ˙h… ∫l……{…x…** ∫……Ω˛V…“ n⁄˘M…c˜ EÚ…0 |…0 ∏…“ i…{…… M…SU‰Ù ∏…“ ±…I®…“∫……M…Æ˙ ∫…⁄€Æ˙€¶…:* M……‰j…“™… ∏…“ §……§…÷ ∏…“ §…÷v…À∫…Ω˛ V…“ i…i{…÷j… §……§…÷ ∏…“ |…i……{…À∫…Ω˛ V…“ +…O…Ω‰˛h… |…€i…Œπ`ˆi…∆ ∏…“ Æ˙∫i…÷: EÚ±™……h…®…∫i…÷:* ∫…∆0 1503 ∂……E‰Ú 1768 |…¥…k…«®……x…‰ ®……P… EfiÚπh… 5 ¶…fiM…÷ +Ω˛®…n˘…§……n˘ ¥……∫i…¥™… +…‰∫…¥……±… Y……i…“ §…fir˘ ∂……J……™……∆ ∫……0 E‰Ú∫…Æ˙“À∫…Ω˛ i…i{…÷j… ∫……Ω˛ ∏…“ +…€n˘x……l…V…“ EÚ… ®…Œxn˘Æ˙ -- EÚ`ˆM……‰±…… (x…∫…“{…÷Æ˙-€V…™……M…∆V…) €§…∫…∆P…€V… i…i…¬¶……™……« Ø˚π…®…h…“ ∫¥…+l…Ê ∏…“ +…€n˘∑…Æ˙ €V…x… À§…¥…∆ ¶…Æ˙…€{…i…∆ ∏…“ x…∫…“{…÷Æ˙ €V…™……M…∆V… ®… Œ∫l…i… <∫… ®…∆€n˘Æ˙ EÚ… €x…®……«h… ∫…∆0 1313 ∫…x…¬ ∂……∆€i…∫……M…Æ˙ ∫…⁄€Æ˙€¶…: |…0** 1886 <«0 ®… ±…I®…“{…i…À∫…Ω˛V…“ n⁄˘M…c˜ u˘…Æ˙… EÚÆ˙…™…… M…™…… l……* ™…Ω˛…ƒ n⁄˘M…c˜ **∏…“ V…M…i…∫…‰`ˆV…“ EÚ… ®…Œxn˘Æ˙-®…€Ω˛®……{…⁄Æ˙** {…€Æ˙¥……Æ˙ E‰Ú ∫…÷|…€∫…r˘ €¥…∂……±… §…M…“S…‰ ®… €V…x……±…™… n˘…n˘… §……c˜“ B¥…∆ n˘∂…«x…“™… EÚ…‰`ˆ“ §…x…“ Ω÷˛<« Ω˲* €V…x……±…™… E‰Ú ®…⁄±… x……™…EÚ ¶…M…¥……x… ∏…“ +…€n˘x……l…V…“ V…M…i…∫…‰`ˆ ®……€x…EÚS…xn˘ u˘…Æ˙… §…x……™…… |……S…“x… ®…∆€n˘Æ˙ i…l…… |…€∫…r˘ Æ∆˙M…®…Ω˛±… M…∆M…… E‰Ú M…¶…« ®… ∫…®…… M…™…… i…§… x…™…… ®…Œxn˘Æ˙ §…x……™…… M…™……* ™…Ω˛ Ω˲* 145190.0281 ¥…M…« ®…“0 {…Æ˙ ™…Ω˛ ®…∆€n˘Æ˙ Ω˲* ™…Ω˛…ƒ {…Æ˙ 10 +π]ıv……i…÷ EÚ“ ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 129 130 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… EÚΩ˛… V……i…… Ω˲ €EÚ <∫… ®…Œxn˘Æ˙ E‰Ú €±…B EÚ∫……Ë]ı“ {…il…Æ˙ ∫…‰`ˆ ®……€x…EÚS…xn˘ The front of the persant Jagatseth Temple was panelled x…‰ ®…÷∂…‘n˘E÷Ú±…… J……ƒ ∫…‰ |……{i… €EÚ™…‰ l…‰ V……‰ M……Ëg¯ E‰Ú |……S…“x… V…Ëx… ®…Œxn˘Æ˙ E‰Ú with Dutch tiles showing Biblical themes and the temple built in l…‰* ®……€x…EÚS…xn˘ x…‰ ®…Œxn˘Æ˙ EÚ… €x…®……«h… |……Æ˙®¶… €EÚ™…… +…ËÆ˙ °Úi…‰Ω˛S…xn˘ x…‰ 1903, speaks feebly of the granduer that had been associated =∫…‰ {…⁄Æ˙… €EÚ™……* ±…‰€EÚx… ®…Œxn˘Æ˙ x…π]ı Ω˛…‰ V……x…‰ E‰Ú §……n˘ V…M…i…∫…‰`ˆ °Úi…‰Ω˛S…xn˘ with the Jagatseths. Later the Dutch tiles were removed. Ac- €u˘i…“™… x…‰ ®…Œxn˘Æ˙ EÚ… {…÷x…: €x…®……«h… €EÚ™……* cording to the history preserved by the Seth family, Seth Manik Chand who accompanied Murshid Kuli Khan to Murshidabad Mahimapur, where the ancient house of the Jagatseths was situated, is now barren except a few mounds vovered by from Dacca, received these Kasauti stone slabs from the Nabab jungles. Portions of the old dilapidated walls made of small thin as a present or on ancient Hindu temple, were bought from the bricks are concealed in thickets. The famous Rung Mahal Pal- ruins of Gaur. Manik Chand started the temples and Fateh Chand ace of the Jagatseths are gone. Much water has flowed down completed the works. But the temples were ruined in course of the Bhagirathi since the Seth brothers were taken captive by time and Fateh Chand II re-built the temple. The Seth family had Jain images made of pebbles, crystals and other precious Nabab Mir Kasim on that fateful night of April, 1763, and were thrown into the Ganga from Monghyr Fort. stones, one of them a crystal image of Lord Kunthanath bore a date of 1664 with the price Rs. 80,000 inscribed thereon. The The stately mansion of the Jagatseths stood on the east- Seth’s temple now has three images of Jain Tirthankars, ern bank of the river, which ravaged the greater part of the Pal- Mallinath, Parshanath and Rishavdeva, and Parshanath is the ace including three temples. Among these temples there was a central figure. Hindu temple, built of Dutch porcelain tiles by Jagetseth Hurrek Chand in 1798. Other two were Jain temples built by the First ±…‰J…-- Jagatseth Fateh Chand in 1702. When the old temples were in ∫…∆0 1522 §…π…Ê ®……P… §…€n˘ 1 M…÷Æ˙…‰ |……0 Y……0 ®…0 V…‰∫…… ¶……0 ∫…⁄Æ˙“ {…÷j… tottering condition, Jagatseth Golab Chand removed the valu- ∫…¥…«h…‰x… ¶……0 Ø˚{……< ˘®……i…fi €{…i…fi ∏…‰™…∫…‰ ∫¥…∏…‰™…∫…‰ ∏…“ E÷∆Úl…÷x……l… À§…¥…∆ EÚ…0 |…0 able stones and heaped them in his new palace compound. His ∏…“ ∫……v…÷ {…⁄Ãh…®…… {…I…‰ {…÷h™…S…∆p˘ ∫…÷Æ˙“h……®…÷{…n‰˘∂…‰x… €¥…€v…x…… ∏…“ €§…V…™…S…∆p˘ son, Jagatseth Fatehchand, the last Jagatseth, built the persent ∫…⁄€Æ˙€¶…:** ∏…“ Æ˙∫i…÷* temple with one of the two sets of valuable Kasauti stone stabs, ∫…∆0 1536 §…0 °Ú…0 ∫…÷0 15 |……M¥……]ı ¥™…0 Ω˛“Æ˙… ¶……0 ∞¸{……n‰˘ {…÷j… so long preserved. Another set of slabs was carefully left apart. ¥™…0 n‰˘{…… ¶……0 M…“®…€i… {…÷0 M……∆M……E‰Úx… ¶……0 x……l…“ {…÷j… ®…‰Æ˙… ¶……i…fi M……‰M……€n˘ but the third set was swept away with the exmple by the E÷Ú]÷∆ı§… ™…÷i…‰x… ∏…“ x…€®…x……l… À§…¥…∆ EÚ…0 |…0 i…{…… M…SU‰Ù ∏…“ ±…I®…“∫……M…Æ˙ Bhagirathi long ago. ∫…⁄€Æ˙€¶…:* {…”EÚÆ˙¥……c˜… O……®…‰ ®…÷∆`ˆ€±…™…… ¥…∆∂…‰ ∏…“:* ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 131 132 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… ∫…∆0 1579 §…Ë∂……J… ∫…÷€n˘ 6 ∫……‰®…‰ ={…E‰Ú∂… Y……i……Ë §…±…€Ω˛ M……‰j…‰ Æ˙…EÚ… at Azimganj. Lalgola and even at Rajshahi ; and are being still ∂……J……™……∆ ∫……0 {……∫…b˜ ¶……0 Ω˛…{…⁄ {…÷0 {…‰l……E‰Úx… ¶……0 V…“EÚ… {…÷0 2 n‰˘{…… worshipped by the devotees. n÷˘n˘…€n˘ {…€Æ˙¥……Æ˙ ™…÷i…‰x… ∫¥…{…÷h™……l…« ∏…“ {…s|…¶… À§…¥…∆ EÚ…€Æ˙i…∆ |…€i…Œπ`ˆi…∆ ∏…“ v……i…÷™…… EÚ“ ®…⁄Ãi… {…Æ˙ : ={…E‰Ú∂… M…SU‰Ù EÚE÷Ún˘…S……™…« ∫…xi……x…‰ ¶…0 ∏…“ €∫…r˘ ∫…⁄€Æ˙€¶…: n˘xi…Æ˙…<˘ §……∫i…¥™…:* ∫…∆0 1480 §…π…Ê V™…‰π`ˆ §…€n˘ 5 ={…E‰Ú∂… Y……i…“™… +…™…S…h……™… M……‰j…‰ ∫°Ú€]ıEÚ E‰Ú À§…¥…∆ {…Æ˙ : ∫……0 +…∫…… ¶……0 ¥……ŒSUÙ {…÷0 ®……V…⁄ x……Ω⁄˛ ¶……0 ∞¸{…“ {…÷0 J…‰®…… i……±Ω˛… ∫……¥…c˜ ∫…∆0 1710 §…0 V™…‰0 ∫…÷0 1 ∏…“ ∫i…®¶… i…“l…« ¥……0 =E‰Ú∂… Y……0 M……∆€v… ∏…“ x…®…“x……l… À§…§…∆ EÚ…0 {…⁄¥…«i…€±…0 {…÷0 +…i®…… ∏…‰0 ={…E‰Ú∂… E÷ÚEÚ0 |…0 ∏…“ M……‰j…‰ {… -- ∫…“ ∫…“{…€i… ¶……0 €∂…¥…… ∏…“ E÷Úxl…÷x……l… À§…¥…∆ |…0 ∏…“ €§…V…™……x…xn˘ €∫…r˘ ∫…⁄€Æ˙€¶…: * ∫…⁄€Æ˙€¶…:* i…{… (x…™…) EÚÆ˙h…* ∫…∆0 1529 §…π…Ê °Ú…M…÷h… §…€n˘ 1 €n˘x…‰ ∂…÷C±…‰ ∏…“®……±… §…∆∂…‰ ∫……Ω⁄˛ M……‰j…‰ Æ˙…Ë{™… EÚ“ ®…⁄Ãk… {…Æ˙ : ∏…“ ∫……0 {…Ω˛… {…÷j… ∫……0 {……∫…… ¶……0 {…⁄x……n‰˘ {…÷j… ∫……x…… {……{…Æ˙ l…“, €n˘±±…“ E‰Ú §……n˘∂……Ω˛, §…∆M……±… E‰Ú x…§……¥… €i…x…E‰Ú v……®… Æ˙…™… ®…Œxn˘Æ˙ ™…Ω˛ ¶……M…“Æ˙l…“ i…“Æ˙ €¥…∏……®…** i…l…… +x…‰EÚ Æ˙…V…… V…®…”n˘…Æ˙ ∫……®…xi…… EÚ…‰ +l…« ∫…Ω˛…™…i…… n‰˘x…‰ ¥……±…‰, ™…Ω˛…ƒ i…EÚ €EÚ +∆O…‰V…… EÚ… ¥™……{……Æ˙ ¶…“ €V…x…E‰Ú +x…÷O…Ω˛ E‰Ú €§…x…… +∫…®…l…« l……* ¶……Æ˙i… +…ËÆ˙ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ E‰Ú M……ËÆ˙¥… V…M…i…∫…‰`ˆ EÚ… §…∆M……±… ®… |……n÷˘¶……«¥… <€i…Ω˛…∫… EÚ“ BEÚ ®…Ω˛i¥…{…⁄h…« P…]ıx…… l…“* ∫……Ɖ˙ Æ˙…V…x…ˀi…EÚ, ∫……®……€V…EÚ +…ËÆ˙ +…Ãl…EÚ EÚ…™…« =x…E‰Ú {…Æ˙…®…∂…« E‰Ú €§…x…… ∫…®{…z… x…Ω˛” Ω˛…‰i…‰ l…‰* 18¥…” ∂…i……§n˘“ ®… =x…E‰Ú ¥…∆∂… E‰Ú ∫…n˘∫™…… EÚ“ {…€Æ˙M…h…x…… §…∆M……±… E‰Ú ¶……M™… €¥…v……i……+… ®… EÚ“ V……i…“ l…“* =x…EÚ“ M…q˘“ ¶……Æ˙i… ®… +x…‰EÚ…Â V…M…Ω˛… ®… l…“* =x…E‰Ú EÚ…‰π……M……Æ˙ ®… +Æ˙§……Â-EÚÆ˙…Âc˜…‰ EÚ“ ∫…®{…€k… l…“ €V…∫…EÚ… ®…⁄±™……∆EÚx… x…Ω˛” €EÚ™…… V…… ∫…EÚi…… l……* ™…Ω˛…ƒ i…EÚ €EÚ ®…Æ˙…`ˆ… u˘…Æ˙… n˘…‰ §……Æ˙ =x…EÚ“ M…q˘“ ±…⁄]ı‰ V……x…‰ {…Æ˙ ¶…“ =x…EÚ…‰ EÚ…‰<« °ÚE«Ú x…Ω˛” {…c˜…* =∫… ∫…®…™… {…⁄Ɖ˙ ¶……Æ˙i… ®… =x…E‰Ú ∫…®……x… EÚ…‰<« ¶…“ ∫…‰`ˆ x…Ω˛” l…… €V…∫…∫…‰ =x…EÚ“ i…÷±…x…… EÚ“ V…… ∫…E‰Ú* ∫…®… ∫……®……€™…EÚ ®…÷Œ∫±…®… <€i…Ω˛…∫…EÚ…Æ˙… x…‰ €±…J…… Ω˲ €EÚ ∫…‰`ˆ ®……€x…EÚS…∆n˘ E‰Ú {……∫… +{……Æ˙ ∫…®{…€k… l…“* The contemporary Muslim historians wrote that Seth Manik Chand had huge amount of gold and silver which could not be measured in any terms. He had a huge stock of emer- alds. Proverbially it was said that he could stop the flow of river Ganga by constructing a wall of gold and silver accross its stream. ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 135 136 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… It is believed that of him in those days. Several times his wealth Ω˛…‰ M…™…“* V…§… ®…“Æ˙V…÷®…±…… EÚ… i…˘§……n˘±…… {…]ıx…… ®… Ω÷˛+… i……‰ ¥…Ω˛ +{…x…‰ ∫……l… was looted but he continued to remain the richest person. Ω˛“Æ˙…x…xn˘ EÚ…‰ ¶…“ {…]ıx…… ±…‰ M…™…… +…ËÆ˙ ¥…Ω˛…ƒ =∫…‰ BEÚ n÷˘EÚ…x… EÚÆ˙¥…… n˘“* B‰∫…‰ V…M…i… ∫…‰`ˆ EÚ… +…€n˘ €x…¥……∫… V……‰v…{…÷Æ˙ €V…±…‰ E‰Ú +xi…M…«i… V…Ë∫…‰-V…Ë∫…‰ ®…“ÆV…÷®…±…… EÚ“ i…Æ˙CEÚ“ Ω˛…‰i…“ M…™…“ Ω˛“Æ˙…x…xn˘ EÚ“ n÷˘EÚ…x… ¶…“ x……M……‰Æ˙ ®… l……* ƒS…‰ §™……V… {…Æ˙ ∞¸{…™…… =v……Æ˙ n‰˘i…‰ l…‰* <∫… |…EÚ…Æ˙ V……x…‰ EÚ“ ™……‰V…x…… §…x……™…“* ™…€i… V…“ ∫…‰ ®…÷Ω⁄˛i…« €x…EÚ±…¥……™……* ™…€i… V…“ x…‰ ∫…x…¬ 1685 <«0 i…EÚ i…Ëi…“∫… ¥…π……Á ®… Ω˛“Æ˙…x…xn˘ +{…x…“ ®…‰Ω˛x…i… +…ËÆ˙ {…⁄¥…« €n˘∂…… EÚ“ +…‰Æ˙ V……x…‰ EÚ… €x…nÊ˘∂… €n˘™……* Ω˛“Æ˙…x…xn˘V…“ €x…EÚ±… {…c‰˜ <«®……x…n˘…Æ˙“ ∫…‰ ±…J…{…i…“ §…x… M…™…‰* S……Æ˙… i…Æ˙°Ú =x…EÚ“ ∫……J… §…g¯ M…™…“ i…l…… {…Æ˙xi…÷ E÷ÚUÙ n⁄˘Æ˙ V……x…‰ {…Æ˙ =xΩ² Æ˙…∫i…‰ ®… BEÚ °Úx… ¥……±…… ∫……∆{… €n˘J……<« €n˘™……* €§…Ω˛…Æ˙ E‰Ú +±……¥…… §…∆M……±… E‰Ú Æ˙…V…®…Ω˛±… +…ËÆ˙ f¯…EÚ… ®… ¶…“ =x…E‰Ú ¥™……{……Æ˙ €V…∫…EÚ…‰ =xΩ˛…Âx…‰ +{…∂…E÷Úx… ∫…®…Z…… +…ËÆ˙ ¥……€{…∫… ±……Ë]ı +…™…‰* ™…€i… V…“ E‰Ú EÚ… €¥…∫i……Æ˙ Ω˛…‰ M…™…… l……* ®…“±…V…÷®…±…… E‰Ú §……n˘ ∂……€Ω˛∫i……J……x… +…ËÆ˙ {……∫… M…™…‰ +…ËÆ˙ §…i……™……* ™…€i…V…“ x…‰ EÚΩ˛… €EÚ ™…Ω˛ §…Ω÷˛i… +SUÙ… ∫…M…÷x… l…… +…ËÆ∆˙M…V…‰§… EÚ… §…‰]ı… ®……‰Ω˛®®…n˘ +…V…®… x……€V…®… Ω÷˛B {…Æ˙xi…÷ Ω˛“Æ˙…x…xn˘ ∫…§…E‰Ú =∫… ∫…®…™… S…±…‰ V……i…‰ i……‰ UÙj…{…€i… §…x…i…‰* +§… ¶…“ V……+…‰M…‰ i……‰ V…M…i…{…€i… €¥…∑……∫…{……j… l…‰* +∆O…‰V…… EÚ… ¶…“ EÚ…‰<« EÚ…®… Ø˚EÚ V……i…… ™…… x……€V…®… ∫…‰ V…∞¸Æ˙ §…x……‰M…‰* Ω˛“Æ˙… x…xn˘V…“ {…⁄¥…« EÚ“ +…‰Æ˙ S…±… {…c‰˜ +…ËÆ˙ §…“Ω˛c˜ Æ˙…∫i…‰ EÚ…‰ €∫…°Ú…€Æ˙∂… EÚÆ˙…x…“ Ω˛…‰i…“ i……‰ ¥…‰ Ω˛“Æ˙…x…xn˘ E‰Ú {……∫… V……i…‰ l…‰* +M…±…‰ UÙ§§…“∫… {……Æ˙ EÚÆ˙E‰Ú {…xp˘Ω˛ €n˘x… ®… +…M…Ɖ˙ {…Ω÷ƒ˛S… M…™…‰* =∫… ∫…®…™… +…M…Æ˙… ®… ¥…π……Á ®… ¥…‰ ±…J…{…i…“ ∫…‰ EÚÆ˙…‰c˜{…€i… §…x… M…™…‰* ∫……`ˆ ¥…π…« {…Ω˛±…‰ §…“∫… ¥…π…« EÚ“ ∂……Ω˛V…Ω˛…ƒ EÚ… Æ˙…V™… l…… +…ËÆ˙ +…M…Æ… €¥…∑… EÚ… +€i… ∫…®{…z… +…ËÆ˙ ¥…˶…¥…{…⁄h…« +…™…÷ ®… ¥…‰ x……M……‰Æ˙ ∫…‰ {…Ën˘±… S…±…i…‰ ®…V…n⁄˘Æ˙“ EÚÆ˙i…‰ Ω÷˛B +…M…Æ˙… {…Ω÷ƒ˛S…‰ l…‰* x…M…Æ˙“ ®……x…“ V……i…“ l…“* ¥…Ω˛…ƒ {…Æ˙ =xΩ² BEÚ ®……‰n˘“J……x…‰ EÚ“ n÷˘EÚ…x… {…Æ˙ i…“x… =x…E‰Ú V…“¥…x… ®… Ω˛“ {…S……∫… ¥…π…« Æ˙…V™… EÚÆ˙E‰Ú +…ËÆ∆˙M…V…‰§… EÚ“ ®…fii™…÷ Ω÷˛<« +…ËÆ˙ ∞¸{…™…‰ ®…Ω˛“x…‰ EÚ“ x……ËEÚÆ˙“ €®…±…“* ¥…‰ M…€h…i… ®… Ω˛…‰€∂…™……Æ˙, ®…‰Ω˛x…i…“ +…ËÆ˙ =∫…EÚ… {…÷j… ®…÷+VV…®… §…Ω˛…n÷˘Æ˙∂……Ω˛ E‰Ú x……®… ∫…‰ €n˘±±…“ E‰Ú i…Ji… {…Æ˙ §…Ë`ˆ…* <«®……x…n˘…Æ˙ l…‰, =x…E‰Ú n÷˘EÚ…x… E‰Ú O……Ω˛EÚ…Â ®… ∫…Æ˙EÚ…Æ˙“ +€v…EÚ…Æ˙“ ¶…“ l…‰ V……‰ §…∆M……±…, €§…Ω˛…Æ˙ E‰Ú §…Ω÷˛i… ∫…‰ M…Æ˙“§… €Ω˛xn÷˘+… EÚ… V…€V…™……EÚÆ˙ ∫…‰`ˆ Ω˛“Æ˙…x…xn˘ Ω˛“Æ˙…x…xn˘ E‰Ú ¥™…¥…Ω˛…Æ˙ ∫…‰ J…÷∂… l…‰* =x…®… ®…“±…V…÷®…±…… x……®… E‰Ú +€v…EÚ…Æ˙“ EÚ“ EÚ…‰`ˆ“ ∫…‰ €n˘™…… V……i…… l……* ®……Æ˙¥……c˜ ∫…‰ §…Ω÷˛i… ∫…‰ ™…÷¥…EÚ…Â EÚ…‰ ±……EÚÆ˙ ∫…‰ V……‰ +…ËÆ∆˙M…V…‰§… EÚ… Ω˛…€EÚ®… l…… =∫…EÚ“ Ω˛“Æ˙…x…xn˘ ∫…‰ EÚ…°Ú“ P…€x…π`ˆi…… =xΩ˛…Âx…‰ ™…Ω˛…ƒ {…Æ˙ §…∫……™…… +…ËÆ˙ =xΩ² ∫…Ω˛…™…i…… n˘“* ∫…x…¬ 1668 ®… =c˜“∫…… E‰Ú ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 137 138 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… +°ÚM……x…… ®… ®…‰n˘x…“{…÷Æ˙ E‰Ú V…®…“n˘…Æ˙ ∂……‰¶……À∫…Ω˛ ∫…‰ €®…±…EÚÆ˙ BEÚ §…c˜“ ∫…‰`ˆ Ω˛“Æ˙…x…xn˘ E‰Ú {……∆S…¥… {…÷j… ®……h…EÚS…xn˘ Ω÷˛B* ®…÷∂…‘n˘E÷Ú±…“ J……ƒ E‰Ú §…M……¥…i… EÚÆ˙ n˘“* +…ËÆ∆˙M…V…‰§… {…xp˘Ω˛ ¥…π……Á ∫…‰ n˘€I…h… ®… =±…Z…… Ω÷˛+… l…… B‰∫…‰ ∫…∆M… =x…EÚ… §…Ω÷˛i… Ω˛…Ãn˘EÚ ∫……‰Ω˛…n«˘ l……* ®…÷Ã∂…n˘E÷Ú±…“ J……ƒ E‰Ú ∫…∆M… Ω˛“ ¥…‰ f¯…EÚ… ∫…∆EÚ]ı E‰Ú ∫…®…™… ∫…‰`ˆ Ω˛“Æ˙…x…xn˘ x…‰ €§…Ω˛…Æ˙ E‰Ú x……€V…®… §……n˘∂……Ω˛ E‰Ú {……‰i…‰ +…™…‰ V……‰ =∫… ∫…®…™… §…∆M……±… EÚ“ Æ˙…V…v……x…“ l…“* §…∆M……±… E‰Ú x……€V…®… +V…“®…÷∂……x… EÚ“ ®…n˘n˘ EÚ“* ™…t€{… Ω˛“Æ˙…x…xn˘ EÚ…‰ V…M…i…∫…‰`ˆ EÚ“ {…n¬˘¥…“ x…Ω˛” +V…“®…÷∂……x… E‰Ú ∫……l… ®…÷Ã∂…n˘E÷Ú±…“ J……ƒ EÚ… ®…i…¶…‰n˘ =i{…z… Ω˛…‰x…‰ ∫…‰ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘E÷Ú±…“ €®…±…“ €°ÚÆ˙ ¶…“ ±……‰M… =xΩ² V…M…i…∫…‰`ˆ ®……x…i…‰ l…‰* =xΩ˛…Âx…‰ €§…Ω˛…Æ˙, §…∆M……±… J……ƒ f¯…EÚ… ∫…‰ ®…EÚ∫…⁄∫……§……n˘ +…™…‰ i……‰ ®……€x…EÚ S…xp˘V…“ ¶…“ =x…E‰Ú ∫……l… +…ËÆ˙ Æ˙…V…∫l……x… ®… +x…‰EÚ v…®…« ∫l……x…… EÚ… €x…®……«h… EÚÆ˙…™…… l……* ∫…x…¬ 1711 +…™…‰* ®……€x…EÚ S…xp˘ EÚ“ ∫…±……Ω˛ ∫…‰ Ω˛“ ®…÷∂…‘n˘ E÷Ú±…“ J……ƒ x…‰ ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ <«. ®… ∫…k……∫…“ ¥…π…« EÚ“ +…™…÷ ®… =x…EÚ“ ®…fii™…÷ Ω÷˛<«* =x…E‰Ú ∫……i… {…÷j… B¥…∆ BEÚ ∂…Ω˛Æ §…∫……™…… +…ËÆ˙ ®……€x…EÚ S…xp˘ EÚ“ {…Æ˙…®…∂…« ∫…‰ Ω˛“ ∫…§… Æ˙…V…-EÚ…V… {…÷j…“ l…“* =x…E‰Ú ¥™……{……Æ˙ E‰Ú €¥…€¶…z… ∂……J……+… EÚ… EÚ…®… =x…E‰Ú ∫……i…… S…±……x…‰ ±…M…‰* ¥…Ω˛” ®…€Ω˛®……{…÷Æ˙ ®… ®……€x…EÚ S…xp˘ x…‰ +{…x…“ €¥…∂……±… +…ËÆ˙ ±…c˜E‰ÚÚ ∫…¶……±…i…‰ l…‰* +i…: Ω˛®… EÚΩ˛ ∫…EÚi…‰ Ω˲ €EÚ V…M…i…∫…‰`ˆ E‰Ú ¥…∆∂… EÚ“ ∂……x…n˘…Æ˙ Ω˛¥…‰±…“ §…x…¥……™…“* ®…÷∂…‘n˘E÷Ú±…“ J……ƒ E‰Ú €EÚ™…‰ |…∂……∫…€x…EÚ +…ËÆ˙ =z…€i… EÚ“ {…fiπ`ˆ¶…⁄€®… {…]ıx…… ®… €x…î…i… Ω÷˛<«* {…]ıx…… ®… Ω˛“Æ˙…x…xn˘ x…‰ V…Ëx… v…®…« +…Ãl…EÚ ∫…÷v……Æ˙… E‰Ú {…Æ˙…®…∂…« n˘…i…… ®……€x…EÚ S…xn˘V…“ l…‰* {…Æ˙ ∫……‰x…‰ EÚ“ <»]ı… EÚ… {…÷±… §…x… ∫…EÚi…… l……* €EÚ∂……‰Æ˙E÷Ú®……Æ˙“ E‰Ú §…Ω÷˛-Æ˙…x…“ ∞¸{… ®… {…n˘…{…«h… EÚÆ˙i…‰ Ω˛“ v…x… ¥…˶…¥…, ™…∂… V…M…i…∫…‰`ˆ ®……€x…EÚS…xn˘ EÚ“ v…®…«{…ix…“ ®……€h…EÚ n‰˘¥…“ l…“* ¥…Ω˛ €V…x…v…®…« +…ËÆ˙ Æ˙…V…∫…k…… ®… =k…Æ˙…‰j… ¥…fi€r˘ Ω˛…‰i…“ n‰˘J…“ M…<«* €¥…¥……Ω˛ E‰Ú §……n˘ =x…EÚ… ®… +]⁄ı]ı ∏…r˘… Æ˙J…x…‰ ¥……±…“ {…Æ˙…‰{…EÚ…€Æ˙h…“ i…l…… ®…Ω˛…i…{…∫¥…x…“ l…“* x……®… ®……€h…EÚ n‰˘¥…“ Æ˙J…… M…™……* <±……Ω˛…§……n˘ €V…±…‰ ®…Â, M…∆M…… E‰Ú €EÚx……Ɖ˙ ∫……Ω˛V……n˘{…÷Æ˙ x……®…EÚ BEÚ ®……€h…EÚn‰˘¥…“ E‰Ú M…fiΩ˛ |…¥…‰∂… ∫…‰ Ω˛“Æ˙…x…∆n˘ ∂……Ω˛ E‰Ú P…Æ˙ EÚ“ i……‰ ¥…fi€r˘ ∂…Ω˛Æ˙ Ω˲, |……S…“x… EÚ…±… ®… ™…Ω˛ x…M…Æ˙ §…Ω÷˛i… Ω˛“ ∫…®…fi€r˘∂……±…“ l……, <∫… x…M…Æ˙ Ω÷˛<« Ω˛“, ∫……l… Ω˛“ =∫… x…M…Æ˙ EÚ“ ¶…“ §…Ω÷˛i… ¥…fi€r˘ Ω÷˛<« ™…Ω˛ BEÚ ®……€h…EÚn‰˘¥…“ EÚ… x……®… Eڀ¥…¥…Æ˙ {…∆0 §…x……Æ˙∫…“n˘…∫… V…Ëx… E‰Ú +r«˘EÚl……x…EÚ ®… ¶…“ i…“x…- E‰Ú {…÷h™…∂……±…“ V…“¥… Ω˛…‰x…‰ EÚ… ∫…⁄S…EÚ l……* S……Æ˙ V…M…Ω˛ +…i…… Ω˲ i…l…… i…{……M…SUÙ“™… ∫……˶……M™…€¥…V…™… EfiÚi… i…“l…«®……±…… ®… ¶…“ =±±…‰J… €®…±…i…… Ω˲* <∫… ®…Ω˛…x…M…Æ˙“ ®… +…‰∫…¥……±… ¥…“Æ˙…h…“ M……‰j…“™… ®……€h…EÚ n‰˘¥…“ §…Ω÷˛i… n˘…i……Æ˙ l…“* =xΩ˛…Âx…‰ M…Æ˙“§…… E‰Ú €±…™…‰ ∫…n˘…µ…i… {…⁄Æ˙h…®…±… x……®…EÚ BEÚ v…®…«€x…π`ˆ B¥…∆ ∫……v…x…-∫…∆{…z… ∏…“®…∆i… Æ˙Ω˛i…‰ l…‰

1,50,000 to Patna, they borrowed the amount from the House of The economic importance of the House received impe- Jagat Seth. At Kasim Bazar, the servants or the Company bor- tus when it was called upon to remit the annual tribute of the rowed Rs. 2,00,000 from the House. The Company was irritated Subah to Delhi. but had to admit that if they were to trade in Bengal. Futteh The existence of branches of the House in all the impor- Chand must be satisfied and the house must be kept in temper. tant trade centres in eastern, northern and western India, en- V…M…i… ∫…‰`ˆ °Úi…‰Ω˛S…∆n˘ EÚ… ®…Ω˛i¥… ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ Ω˛“ x…Ω˛” €n˘±±…“ E‰Ú abled the House to carry on the work of transmission of money Æ˙…V…x…ˀi…EÚ Ω˛±…EÚ…‰ ®… ¶…“ V…§…Æ˙n˘∫i… l……* ™…⁄Æ˙…‰€{…™…x… ¥™……{……€Æ˙EÚ EÚ®{…€x…™……ƒ through hundis. This was a very important segment of their ac- ¶…“ V…§… EÚ…‰<« EÚ…®… €n˘±±…“ ∫…±i…x…i… ™…… ®…÷Ã∂…n˘…§……n˘ E‰Ú x…§……¥… ∫…‰ EÚÆ˙…x…… tivities. A contemporary author noted that a darshani hundi S……Ω˛i…“ l…“ i……‰ ¥…Ω˛ V…M…i… ∫…‰`ˆ E‰Ú ®……°«Úi… Ω˛“ EÚÆ˙…i…“ l…“* between rupees fifty lakhs and one crore could be drawn in the Fateh Chand’s nearness to the political supremos in Delhi time of Seth Fateh Chand. The prosperity of the House was so and Murshidabad gradually led to his involvement in the politics well established that even when the Marathas in 1742 looted of the period. The European companies courted him for his word Rupees two crores from the House of Jagat Seth, its liquidity ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 151 152 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… was not impaired. In 1747 the Chief of the Dacca Factory of dia. It is even certain that all the bankers of their time in Bengal, the English East India Company received Rs. one lakh by means were either their factors, or some of their family. Their wealth of a hundi sent from Kasimbazar and discounted by the House may be guessed by this only fact. In the first invasion of the of Jagat Seth. Marhattas, and when Moorshoodabad was not yet surrounded °Úi…‰Ω˛S…∆n˘ E‰Ú §…c‰˜ {…÷j… EÚ… x……®… +…x…∆n˘S…∆n˘ l…… €V…x…EÚ… ∫¥…M…«¥……∫… by walls, Mir-habib, with a party of their best hourse, having €{…i…… ∫…‰ {…Ω˛±…‰ Ω˛“ Ω˛…‰ V……x…‰ E‰Ú EÚ…Æ˙h… °Úi…‰Ω˛S…∆n˘ E‰Ú §……n˘ =x…EÚ… {……Ëj… found means to fall upon that city, before Aly-verdy khan could ®…Ω˛i……§…S…∆n˘ M…q˘“ {…Æ˙ §…Ë`ˆ…* =∫… ∫…®…™… €n˘±±…“ EÚ… §……n˘∂……Ω˛ +Ω˛®…n˘∂……Ω˛ come up, carried from Jagat Sett’s house two crores of rupees l……* =∫…x…‰ ®…Ω˛i……§…S…∆n˘ EÚ…‰ V…M…i… ∫…‰`ˆ +…ËÆ˙ =x…E‰Ú ¶……<« ∫¥…∞¸{…S…∆n˘ EÚ…‰ in Arcot coin only ; and this religious sum did not affect the two ®…Ω˛…Æ˙…V…… EÚ… €J…i……§… €n˘™……* V…Ëx… i…“l…« ∫…®®…‰i…€∂…J…Æ˙ EÚ… ∫¥……€®…i¥… ¶…“ brothers, more than if it had been two trusses of straw. They

On the 24th May 1756 AD Siraj occupied the Ω˛…‰x…… +…ËÆ˙ €∫…Æ˙…V…÷q˘…˱…… EÚ“ +n⁄˘Æ˙n˘Ã∂…i……{…⁄h…« x…“€i…™……∆ €V…∫…E‰Ú EÚ…Æ˙h… §…∆M……±… Cossimbazar factory of the British. He went on to occupy EÚ… {…i…x… Ω÷˛+… +…ËÆ˙ +∆O…‰V…“ ∫……©……V™… EÚ“ x…”¥… o˘g¯ Ω˛…‰x…‰ ±…M…“* Calcutta in June 1756 AD. Next he went to Purnea, Bihar to €∫…Æ˙…V…÷q˘…˱…… E‰Ú §……n˘ ®…“Æ˙V……°ÚÆ˙ x…§……¥… §…x…… V……‰ +∆O…‰V…… E‰Ú Ω˛…l…… quell the rebellion of his cousin Shaukat Jang, also a contes- EÚ“ EÚ`ˆ{…÷i…±…“ l……* +∆O…‰V… EÚÆ˙ ¥…∫…⁄±…“ EÚÆ˙x…‰ ±…M…‰ €V…∫…∫…‰ EÚ…‰π… J……±…“ Ω˛…‰ ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 159 160 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… M…™……* ™…t€{… ™…Ω˛ EÚΩ˛… V……i…… Ω˲ €EÚ ®…“Æ˙V……°ÚÆ˙ x…‰ +∆O…‰V…… EÚ…‰ EÚ±…EÚk…… Ω÷˛+…* =∫…E‰Ú §……n˘ ®…“Æ˙V……°ÚÆ˙ x…§……¥… §…x…… ±…‰€EÚx… ¥…Ω˛ V…§… +™……‰M™… €∫…r˘ ®… ]ıC∫……±… J……‰±…x…‰ EÚ“ ¶…“

Mainamati Komila

Paharpur ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 183 184 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±…

Lotus Temple Maha sthangarh

Paharpur Maha sthangarh ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 185 186 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±…

1800 years old Tirthankara Mallinath’s Statue recoverd from Bangladesh Salban Vihara Mainamati

Coin of Ajat Shatru Era Excavation Place of Bari Bateshwar 600 B.C. Narsinghdihi, Bengladesh ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 187 188 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±…

Bhasu Vihar excavated site Candraketugarh

Tirthankara Idol of Chandraketugarh Candraketugarh ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 189 190 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±…

Chintamani Parswanath Azimganj

Padamprabhuji Temple Azimganj

Neminath Mandir Azimganj Sumatinath Temple Azimganj ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 191 192 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±…

Rambag Parswanath Temple Azimganj

Santinath Temple Azimganj

Sambhavnath Temple Azimganj ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 193 194 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±…

Sri Bimalnathji Temple Sri Adinathji, Kathgola Jiaganj

Sri Bimalnathji Temple Jain Temple Kathgola Jiaganj ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±… 195 196 ¥…Æ˙h…¶…⁄€®… §…∆M……±…

Dadabari, Kiratbag Sri Parsvanathji Temple Jiaganj Jiaganj

Sri Sambhavanathji Temple Gauri Parsvanath Jiaganj Azimganj