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Locating the Monastery in Landscape Context: a Preliminary Study of Raktamrittika Mahavihara of Karnasuvarna

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Locating the Monastery in Landscape Context: a Preliminary Study of Raktamrittika Mahavihara of Karnasuvarna Locating the Monastery in Landscape Context: A Preliminary Study of Raktamrittika Mahavihara of Karnasuvarna Somreeta Majumdar1 1. Department of Ancient Indian History Culture and Archaeology, Visva Bharati University, Bolpur, West Bengal – 731 235, India (Email: somreetamajumdar186@ gmail.com) Received: 15 July 2019; Revised: 24 August 2019; Accepted: 01 October 2019 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 7 (2019): 622-641 Abstract: This paper attempts to investigate the geographical and cultural aspects of the landscape of Radha region integral to Raktamrittika Mahavihara, a Buddhist establishment of Karnasuvarna, situated in Murshidabad district of West Bengal. It aims to understand the conduciveness and constraints of the landscape favourable to establish the monastery and expand the settlements around the habitational area of Karnasuvarna. We find that the monastery is situated in the heart of the main structural habitational area of Karnasuvarna which was affected by the flood of the meandering course of the Bhagirathi. Despite the detrimental effect of the Bhagirathi, the settlements continued and shifted or moved over time. Keywords: Buddhist Monastery, Early Medieval, Landscape, Bhagirathi, Radha region, Karnasuvarna, Semi-compact Settlement Introduction The Buddhist monasteries have been central to the archaeological study while the natural and cultural phenomena of its surrounding are seen as separate aspects with scant interest in the human adaptation and cultural patterns. The canonical texts, aesthetic aspects of the architectural setting, inscriptions and coins dominate the archaeological monographs on the sites of the Buddhist monuments. The normative texts on Buddhism provides the ideals of religious life rather than representing the actual religious practice of Buddhist monks and laities (Schopen 1991: 5-6). The sites and settlements located in and around the remains of the monuments have been pushed to the periphery of the study of archaeology of Buddhism. Pointing out the centrality of the monuments in the research on religious sites of early medieval period, Jason D. Hawkes notes: The limited ways in which both religious sites and settlements have been excavated impedes a full and connected account of the sites themselves- the contexts and spaces within which past activities and practices took place. At religious sites, an exclusive focus on monuments has Majumdar 2019: 622-641 denied the investigation of the archaeological realities of the wider sites of which they were a part (Hawkes 2015: 76). Moving beyond the monument centric approach1, this work probes into the geographical and cultural setting of the landscape conducive to the development of monasticism in the northern part of Radha region. This paper makes an attempt to understand the geographical and cultural characteristics of the landscape, its constraints and conduciveness to locate Raktamrittika Mahavihara in landscape context and situate it in a network of settlements which can be identified as the hinterland of an early medieval city of Karnasuvarna. To define the time period ‘early medieval’, historians put emphasis on macro level change in socio-economic and political structure from fifth century to thirteenth century. Although archaeological material played central role in formulating the historical theories, lack of posing archaeological enquiry created lacuna to understand the pattern of change in material culture in the period from fifth century AD to thirteenth century AD. While dating the stratigraphic layer with reference to its artefacts, preoccupation with the idea of urban decay which is misleadingly based on paucity of coin, the excavators’ concern to test the hypothesis of widespread abandonment of early historic urban sites, understand the scope for new settlement, nature of habitation of the site, its range of activities, possibility of movement of settlers from archaeological point of view has been apparent. The uneven pattern of material culture varying across the regions is a problem to set a chronological parameter for all over Indian subcontinent from AD 600 to AD 1200 (Hawkes 2014: 208-228). The purpose of our study is to make attempt to pay attention to the chronologically changing geographical and cultural characteristics of a small area in and around Karnasuvarna. Karnasuvarna was a city of early medieval period, situated in the northern part of geographical cultural region of Radha lying between the Bhagirathi and Ajay river (Figure 1). Location Ancient Karnasubarna lies in the area comprising present day villages of Chituti, Jadupur, Rangamati Chandpara in Berhampore block of Murshidabd district, West Bengal. There are at least three excavated mounds known as Rajbadidanga (24001’47” N; 88011’29” E), Nilkuthidanga (24001’08” N; 88011’33” E) and Rakshashidanga (24001’33” N; 88011’13” E). Method of Study Apart from the core, structural habitational settlement of Karnasuvarna, the excavated sites and locations of occurrences of the records of the activities of the human beings of the past have been taken into account to understand the pattern of geographical chronological sequence of the anthropogenic signatures in the riparian landscape. Taking the previously reported excavated and explored data of the sites and occurrences of the cultural specimens into account, the distribution of the locations of 623 ISSN 2347 – 5463 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 7: 2019 the sites has been plotted on the Google Earth map (Figure 2). It helps us visually understand the geographical and chronological pattern of the distribution of the sites, the core area of the settlement and its hinterland. Figure 1: Radha Area of West Bengal 624 Majumdar 2019: 622-641 Figure 2: Spatial Distribution of Sites in the interflow of the Bhagirathi, Dwarka and Mayurakshi in northern Radha. 1-7 Sites have cultural antecedents. 8-17 early medieval sites. 1 Rajbadidanga, 2 Nilkuthidanga, 3 Hatpara, 4 Kherur, 5 Gitagram, 6 Ugura, 7 Farakka, 8 Rakshashidanga, 9 Dheka, 10 Amarkundu, 11 Kiriteswari, 12 Gokarna, 13 Gobarhati, 14 Sagardighi, 15 Jajan, 16 Manigram, 17 Mahipala Textual, Inscriptional Reference and Geographical Characteristics of Radha and Karnasuvarna The region of Radha has distinct landscape features. The hue of the soil mixed with iron oxide and calcium carbonate nodules is grey with red tint. The undulating terrain is abundantly dotted with bil (lake), swamps and tanks (Figure 3). The Bhuvaneswar Prasasti of Bhattabhavadeva refers to the landscape of Radha arid, waterless. Therefore, tanks were dug to please the soul and mind of bands of wearisome travellers in the border of natural lands, precincts of villages and forest tracts (Majumdar 1929: 35). This region is notable for scarcity of water. The ground water table of the area of ancient Karnasuvarna comprising Chiruti, Jadupur village in Murshidabad is very low. The ponds and tanks are the catchments of only rainwater. The Bhagirathi river is the lifeblood of this region. The Raktamrittika Mahavihara2 (Figure 4) stands near the meandering course of the river Bhagirathi in Chiruti village at a distance of 15 km south of Berhampore, the district headquarters of Murshidabad. Hsuan Tsang, the Chinese traveller of seventh century AD referred to the monastery Lo-to-wei-chi (Raktaviti) situated by the side of the capital Kie-Lo-Na-Su-Fa-La-Na (Karnasuvarna) (Beal 1884: 201-204). 625 ISSN 2347 – 5463 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 7: 2019 Figure 3: Geomorphology of the district Murshidabad (Courtesy: https://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in>gis) The reference of Karnasuvarna is found in several copperplate inscriptions. The land grant charter discovered in 1854 from the village of Malliadanga of the Sagardighi Block of the district of Murshidabad is known as ‘Vappaghoshavata Grant of Jayanaga’. This land grant written in post-Gupta Brahmi characters was issued by Samanta Narayaṇabhadra whose residence was in Karnasuvarna during the reign of Jayanaga (Barnett 1983:62-63). On palaeographic grounds, this inscription is assignable to the seventh century AD. The places mentioned in these grants are presently located in the Rampurhut police station of the district of Birbhum. Karnasuvarna was mentioned as a ‘victory camp’ in Nidhanpur copper plate inscription of Bhaskaravarman, the king of Kamarupa. In seventhth century the copperplate was issued from Karnasuvarna. This copper plate was found from the village of Nidhanpur, 626 Majumdar 2019: 622-641 in Panchakhanda, Sylhet of present Bangladesh in 1912 (Bhattacharya 1913-1914: 65- 79). Figure 4: Raktamrittika Mahavihara The Karnasuvarna (‘Murshidabad’) Plate of the time of Dharmapala was collected from the site of Karṇasuvarṇa. This grant was issued to donate several land plots to Buddhist saṃghas of three facilities which include a perfume chambers (gandhakuṭi) and a small vihara (viharika), established by the subordinate ruler and his consort, at Somapura Mahavihara (Bhattacharya 2006-2007:237-249; Furui 2011:145-156). It is noteworthy that the reference of various components and structural parts of the Mahavihara made in this inscription is used to support the data collected from the exploratory excavations (2007-08 and 2008-09) conducted by Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh. Correlating the stratigraphic data with the epigraphic reference, it is claimed that “the mahavihara not only constituted the several structures that are exposed and visible now, but also had other
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