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The Relationship Between Psychopathy and Indirect Aggression in a Community Sample

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The Relationship Between Psychopathy and Indirect Aggression in a Community Sample View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OpenGrey Repository THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOPATHY AND INDIRECT AGGRESSION IN A COMMUNITY SAMPLE Gemma Carolyn Warren Thesis submitted for the qualification of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) University of York Department of Psychology September 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr Jane Clarbour for her constant support and guidance. I would also like to thank all the members of my Research Committee, Prof. Andy Young, Prof. Cynthia McDougall and Dr Marcel Zentner for their guidance throughout my PhD. I would also like to thank the various members of the Department of Psychology, both faculty and support staff, at the University of York for their help and support. There are too many of you to name individually, but this PhD would not have been possible without the support received from the department. I am also grateful to both the department and the University of York for awarding me a teaching studentship without which this work would not have been possible. I would especially like to thank Paul Summers and Dr Jo Clarke as a constant source of moral support and advice (not to mention a supply of caffeine). I would also like to thank the various message boards, internet forums, mailing lists and websites which allowed me to advertise my research and recruit a wide range of online participants. Last but certainly not least I would like to thank my family for all their constant support and encouragement, especially my mother who always taught me that I could achieve whatever I put my mind to. Special thanks go to my housemate for putting up with me during the three long years of my thesis. I know I must not have been the easiest person to live with when I get stressed. Big thank you to all my friends for always being there to offer support when I needed it, you all know who you are. - 2 - DECLARATION The literature review, data collection, analyses and the conclusions drawn are the result of my own work. In cases where data may have been collected in conjunction with others all analysis and conclusions drawn are my own. All tests used in the current study remain the copyright of their respective authors and proprietors. Sections of this thesis have been presented in the following conference presentations and peer-review paper: Warren, G., & Clarbour, J. (2008, July). The effect of psychopathic traits on the use of direct and indirect forms of aggression. Paper presented at the ISRA XVIIII. World Meeting, Budapest, Hungary. Warren, G., & Clarbour, J. (2008, July). Gender moderation of the relationship between psychopathy and the use of direct and indirect aggression. Paper presented at the 18th Conference of the European Association of Psychology and Law, Maastrict, Netherlands. Warren, G., & Clarbour, J. (2008, June). Psychopathy and indirect aggression: the mediating effect of empathy. Paper presented at the The British Psychological Society: Division of Forensic Psychology Conference, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK. Warren, G., & Clarbour, J. (2009). The role of social skills in the relationship between psychopathy and indirect aggression. Paper presented at the European Association of Psychology and Law. Warren, G., & Clarbour, J. (2009). Relationship between psychopathy and indirect aggression use in a noncriminal population. Aggressive Behavior., 35, 408 - 421. Parts of the thesis are also under revision following submission to the Journal of Personality Disorders. Sections of this thesis were also submitted for consideration in relation to the Junior Award from the Division of Forensic Psychology (2008). - 3 - ABSTRACT This thesis sought to investigate the relationship between psychopathy and indirect aggression use. Psychopathy has been strongly linked with increased levels of aggressive behaviour and in particular violence (Porter & Woodworth, 2006). However, thus far research has predominantly focused on direct forms of aggression with minimal research considering indirect forms of aggression. On the basis of previous research, it was hypothesised that not only would psychopathy be significantly related to indirect aggression use, but that this relationship would remain after controlling for the shared variance with direct aggression. It was also hypothesised that this relationship would be mediated by deficits in affective empathy and moderated by both gender and levels of social skills. A series of quasi-experimental studies were conducted to test this hypothesis using regression analysis and structural equation modelling. Study 1 sought to test the basic relationship between psychopathy and indirect aggression using the Psychopathic Personality Inventory - Revised and the Indirect Aggression Scale respectively on a sample of 103 university students. Study 2 & 3 then expanded this and sought to investigate both the role of empathy, using the Empathy Quotient (Study 2), and gender (Study 3) using a sample of 201 university students, 83 males and 118 females. Study 4 used the Social Skills Inventory in a sample of 107 students to test the hypothesised social skill moderation of this relationship. Finally Study 5 and 6 sought to redress issues of both the limited samples and use of self-report measures in the previous studies by replicating these findings in a general community population of 204 (Study 5) and using behavioural measures of empathy on a sample of 117 (Study 6).The results indicate that psychopathy is significantly related to the use of indirect aggression, even after controlling for direct aggression, and that this was driven predominantly by the impulsive antisociality and coldheartedness factors. This relationship was found to be significantly mediated by affective, but not cognitive, empathy deficits although only for males, not for females, which may arguably point towards differences in the function of indirect aggression for male compared to female psychopaths. Non-verbal social skills were found to significantly moderate this relationship among students, however this finding could not be replicated. - 4 - These findings would appear to imply that psychopathy is related to a general increase in aggression, rather than a specific increase in violence. This supports the theorisation of non-criminal psychopathy as a moderated behavioural manifestation of the underlying personality traits rather than a sub-clinical version of the disorder. The sex differences in the relationship would seem to imply that the different types of aggression use may have different underlying meanings for males and females high on psychopathic traits. - 5 - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................... 1 DECLARATION........................................................................................................ 3 ABSTRACT................................................................................................................ 4 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... 14 LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. 16 LIST OF APPENDICES ......................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................. 19 1. INTRODUCTION AND PSYCHOPATHY LITERATURE REVIEW ......... 19 1.1. Overview of thesis ............................................................................................. 19 1.2. Psychopathy conceptualisations....................................................................... 20 1.2.1. Early conceptualisations and Cleckley’s psychopath................................... 20 1.2.2. Hare’s PCL-R............................................................................................... 22 1.2.2.1. Validity and reliability of the PCL-R conceptualisation of psychopathy24 1.2.3. PCL-R structure............................................................................................ 28 1.2.3.1. The 2-factor model ................................................................................ 29 1.2.3.2. The role of antisocial behaviour – three versus four factor model........ 30 1.2.3.3. Criticisms of the PCL-R ........................................................................ 34 1.2.3.4. Dimension vs. taxonomy....................................................................... 36 1.2.4. Psychopathy conceptualisation: conclusions ............................................... 37 1.3. Psychopathy and empathy................................................................................ 37 1.4. Female psychopathy.......................................................................................... 44 1.4.1. Prevalence and assessment issues ................................................................ 45 1.4.2. Differential behavioural manifestations? ..................................................... 48 1.4.3. Female psychopathy: Conclusions ............................................................... 49 - 6 - 1.5. Non-criminal psychopathy ............................................................................... 50 1.5.1. Non-criminal psychopathy as sub-clinical version of the disorder .............. 51 1.5.2. Noncriminal psychopathy as a moderated expression of the disorder ......... 52 1.5.3.
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