Planning and Housing in the Rapidly Urbanising World
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968.qxd 11/3/2006 10:47 AM Page 1 TPS:R oyal Batch number: 1 CHECKLIST (must be completed before press) (Please cross through any items that are not applicable) Front board: Spine: Back board: ❑ Title ❑ Title ❑ ISBN ❑ Subtitle ❑ Subtitle ❑ Barcode ❑ Author/edited by ❑ Author/edited by Paul Jenkins, Harry Smith and Ya Ping Wang Jenkins,Paul Ping Ya Harry Smith and WORLD URBANISING THE RAPIDLY PLANNING AND HOUSING IN ❑ Series title ❑ Extra logo if required ❑ Extra logo if required Planning and Housing in the General: ❑ Book size Rapidly Urbanising World ❑ Type fit on spine CIRCULATED Date: SEEN BY DESK EDITOR: REVISE NEEDED Initial: Date: APPROVED FOR PRESS BY DESK EDITOR Initial: Date: Paul Jenkins, Harry Smith and Ya Ping Wang ,!7IA4BISBN 978-0-415-35796-8 Housing, Planning and Design Series www.routledge.com ï an informa business PC4 Royal Demy B-format Spine back edge Planning and Housing in the Rapidly Urbanising World Throughout the world there is an increasing movement of populations into urban areas and cities. As a result the demographic, economic, social and cultural characteristics of urban areas are changing, particularly in countries undergoing rapid urbanisation. Planning and Housing in the Rapidly Urbanising World explores a range of international approaches to this trend within the fields of housing and urban planning, with a particular focus on countries in the South. The impact on land use and housing is described and analysed with reference to the related issues of poverty, health and the environment. Jenkins, Smith and Wang investigate the evolving relationship between development strategies and urban issues using a series of international case studies of planning and housing in Latin America, Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Particular consideration is given to how the discourse of ‘sustainability’ is used within the context of continuing urbanisation, and developing policy and practice. Providing an accessible introduction to the key issues as well as enhancing current theoretical debates and exploring practical applications, this book will be an essential resource for students and researchers in this area. Paul Jenkins is Professor of Architecture and Human Settlements and Director of the Centre for Environment & Human Settlements (CEHS) in the School of the Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University. Harry Smith is a Lecturer in the School of the Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University. Ya Ping Wang is a Reader in Urban Studies, School of the Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University. Housing, Planning and Design Series Editors: Nick Gallent and Mark Tewdwr-Jones The Bartlett School of Planning, University College London A series of books examining the interface between housing policy and practice, and spatial planning. Various facets of this interface are explored, including the role of planning in supporting housing policies in the countryside, the pivotal role that planning plays in raising housing supply, affordability and quality, and the link between planning/housing policies and broader areas of concern including homelessness, the use of private dwellings, regeneration, market renewal, and environmental impact. The series positions housing and planning debates within the broader built environment agenda, engaging in a critical analysis of different issues at a time when many planning systems are being modernised and prepared for the challenges facing twenty-first century society. Planning and Housing in the Rapidly Urbanising World Paul Jenkins, Harry Smith and Ya Ping Wang International Perspectives on Rural Homelessness Edited by Paul Milbourne and Paul Cloke Housing in the European Countryside Rural pressure and policy in Western Europe Edited by Nick Gallent, Mark Shucksmith and Mark Tewdwr-Jones Private Dwelling Contemplating the use of housing Peter King Housing Development Edited by Andrew Golland and Ron Blake Forthcoming Rural Housing Policy Tim Brown and Nicola Yates Decent Homes for All Nick Gallent and Mark Tewdwr-Jones Including Neighbourhoods in Europe Edited by Nicky Morrison, Judith Allen and Arild Holt-Jensen Planning and Housing in the Rapidly Urbanising World Paul Jenkins, Harry Smith and Ya Ping Wang First published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2007 Paul Jenkins, Harry Smith and Ya Ping Wang Typeset in Galliard by HWA Text and Data Management, Tunbridge Wells Printed and bound in Great Britain by The Cromwell Press, Trowbridge, Wiltshire All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Jenkins, Paul, 1953– Planning and housing in the rapidly urbanising world / Paul Jenkins, Harry Smith, and Ya Ping Wang. p. cm. – (Housing, planning, and design series) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Urbanization. 2. Community development, Urban. 3. City planning. 4. Housing. 5. Urban policy–Developing countries–Case studies. I. Smith, Harry, 1963– II. Wang, Ya Ping, 1957– III. Title. IV. Series. HT361.J46 2006 307.76–dc22 2006003292 ISBN10: 0–415–35796–9 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–35796–8 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–35797–7 (pbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–35797–5 (pbk) ISBN10: 0–203–00399–3 (ebk) ISBN13: 978–0–203–00399–2 (ebk) Contents About the authors vii Foreword viii Preface x Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations xiv Introduction 1 Part One: General Context 7 1 Urbanisation and globalisation 9 2 Development discourse 34 3 A new international political economy approach to urban development in the rapidly urbanising world 56 Part Two: Planning and Housing in the Rapidly Urbanising World 77 4 Pre-capitalist ‘traditional’ shelter and urban settlements 79 5 Colonial and neo-colonial planning and housing 103 6 Planning in the period 1960–90 129 7 Housing in the period 1960–90 153 8 Post-1990 issues in planning and housing 178 Part Three: Case Studies 205 9 Urban development and housing in Sub-Saharan Africa 207 vi Contents 10 Urban development and housing in Latin America 235 11 Urban development and housing in East Asia 266 Part Four: Conclusions 295 12 Conclusions 297 Appendices 309 Glossary 319 Notes 329 Bibliography 343 Index 361 About the authors Paul Jenkins, who directs the Centre for Environment and Human Settlements (CEHS), is an architect and planner by training and practice, with over 30 years’ experience working in Sub-Saharan Africa in a wide range of central and local government, NGO, private sector, international aid and community-based organisations, in urban development, planning, housing, architecture and construction. Apart from leading on this publication, he is the principal author for Chapters 2, 3, 4, 7, 9 and 12, as well as the Introduction and Conclusions, co-authoring Chapter 8 with Harry Smith. Harry Smith, also an architect and planner by training and practice, has worked in the private, NGO, and academic sectors in Spain and the UK, and has been involved in research and training in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. His areas of interest and expertise include planning, housing and architecture, with a focus on community involvement in development. As well as co-authoring Chapter 8, he has authored Chapters 5, 6 and 10 and undertaken the main final edit for the book. Ya Ping Wang, a geographer and planner, has been studying urban planning and housing problems in China and other East Asia countries for 20 years. His contributions have included Chapters 1 and 11 and final manuscript preparation. While the various chapters have different main authors, all the authors have worked collaboratively throughout this process, and take collective responsibility for the argument. viii Foreword Foreword This is a timely and challenging book of global relevance. As President of the Royal Town Planning Institute, I attended the UN Summit on Settlements in Istanbul in 1996, at which nations from all across the world undertook to work for adequate shelter for all and sustainable human settlements. In 2000, I became President of the Commonwealth Association of Planners, and in the years since then I have taken every opportunity to try to raise international awareness of the significance of urbanisation as one of the greatest challenges facing this generation. Rapid urbanisation is under-researched, inadequately understood and too often ignored by policy makers. The world’s urban population will continue to increase by around 65 million people a year for the foreseeable future. The bulk of that increase is in poorer countries. The urbanisation of poverty is happening on a scale and at a rate that confounds conventional mind-sets. The fate of the planet will be hugely influenced by how well the environmental, economic, social and political aspects of this transformation are managed. Yet the models that continue to inform policy interventions are frequently based on untested assumptions about the political economy of territories and the potential for transplantation of ‘best practices’. The book explores the vital question of how to make sense of this surge of urbanisation. The text introduces, probes and demonstrates the relevance of theories from international political economy which provide insights into what is happening. Theory matters, and policy makers depend on theories more than they imagine. The authors of this book have reinvigorated some of the important theoretical debates. They redefine what is meant by the ‘developing world’, putting the focus squarely on the issue of rapid urbanisation. Of course, theory generalises and in that process of abstraction there is the risk of glossing over specificities and differences that are critically important.