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Aus Dem Institut Für Parasitologie Der Veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät Ausdem InstitutfürParasitologie derVeterinärmedizinischenFakultätderUniversitätLeipzig UntersuchungenzumVorkommenvonEktoparasitenbeidomestiziertenund wildlebendenMeerschweinchen( Cavia spp.)sowieanpräinkaischen MeerschweinchenmumieninPeru,Südamerika Inaugural-Dissertation zurErlangungdesGradeseines Doctormedicinaeveterinariae(Dr.med.vet.) durchdieVeterinärmedizinischeFakultät derUniversitätLeipzig eingereichtvon KatharinaDittmardelaCruzgeb.Dittmar ausDresden Leipzig,2001 2 MitGenehmigungderVeterinärmedizinischenFakultätderUniversitätLeipzig Dekan: Prof.Dr.JürgenGropp,Leipzig Betreuer: Prof.Dr.RegineRibbeck,Leipzig Gutachter:Prof.Dr.TheodorHiepe,Berlin Prof.Dr.SabineRieckhoff,Leipzig Prof.Dr.KarlReinhard,Lincoln,Nebraska,USA TagderVerteidigung:14.08.2001 3 DieDissertationwurdedurchdieZusammenarbeitmitfolgendenausländischen Institutionenmöglichgemacht: FaculdaddeMedicinaVeterinaria UniversidadNacionalMayordeSanMarcos Lima,Peru Dekan:Prof.Dr.JuanEspinozaBlanco CentroMallqui Ilo,Peru Leiter:Prof.Dr.SoniaGuillèn USNavalMedicalInstituteDetachment DepartmentofEntomology Lima,Peru Leiter:Dr.MichaelZyzac UniversityofNebraska DepartmentofAnthropology Lincoln,Nebraska,U.S.A. Leiter:Prof.Dr.KarlReinhard BrighamYoungUniversity MonteL.BeanLifeScienceMuseum DepartmentofEntomology Provo,Utah,U.S.A. Leiter:Prof.Dr.MichaelWhiting DieDissertationwurdedurchdenFreundeskreisTiermedizinderUniversitätLeipzig, denDeutschenAkademischenAustauschdienst(DAAD),dieBoehringer-Ingelheim- FoundationunddieBioanthropologyFoundationfinanziellunterstützt. FürdiefinanzielleUnterstützung,dielogistischeHilfeunddiefachlicheBeratunghier meinherzlicherDank. 4 Inhaltverzeichnis Seite 1. Einleitung 1 2. Literaturübersicht 2 2.1 Domestikation,BedeutungundNutzungdes 2 MeerschweinchensinSüdamerika,insbesonderePeru 2.2 EktoparasitenbeiMeerschweinchender 6 südamerikanischenRegion 2.2.1 Siphonaptera(Flöhe) 9 2.2.2 Mallophaga(Haarlinge/Federlinge) 18 2.2.3 Anoplura(Läuse) 21 2.2.4 Acari(Milben) 21 3. Tiere,MaterialundMethoden 27 3.1 Aufgabenstellung 27 3.2 Tiermaterial;Herkunft;Haltungs-undLebensbedingungen 28 3.2.1 DomestizierteMeerschweinchen 28 3.2.2 WildlebendeMeerschweinchen 31 3.2.3 Meerschweinchenmumien 32 3.3 Methoden 36 3.3.1 DomestizierteMeerschweinchenundwildlebende 36 Meerschweinchen 3.3.2 Meerschweinchenmumien 41 3.3.3 StatistischeMethodenundangewandte 43 Computerprogramme 4. Ergebnisse 45 4.1 DomestizierteMeerschweinchen 46 4.1.1 Milben 46 4.1.2 Siphonaptera 59 4.1.3 Mallophaga 69 4.1.4 Raubwanzen(Reduviidae) 73 4.2 WildlebendeMeerschweinchen 74 5 4.3 Meerschweinchenmumien 82 5. Diskussion 86 5.1 DomestizierteMeerschweinchen 87 5.2 WildlebendeMeerschweinchen 99 5.3 Meerschweinchenmumien 104 6. SchlußfolgerungenfürForschungundPraxis 111 7. Zusammenfassung 113 7.1 Summary 116 8. Literaturverzeichnis 119 Anhang1,2,3 1 1.Einleitung: Peru gehört zu einem der Länder Südamerikas, in dem große Teile des angestammtenVerbreitungsgebietsdesheutigendomestiziertenMeerschweinchens (Caviaporcellus )liegen. DasMeerschweinchenisteineder3Hauptdomestikationendessüdamerikanischen Erdteils und hatte mit Lama und Alpaka einen bedeutenden Einfluß auf die südamerikanische Frühgeschichte. Das domestizierte Meerschweinchen ist als Heim- und Labortier mittlerweile weltweit verbreitet, in Europa wurde es erstmals 1554 von Konrad Gesler beschrieben. Als Nahrungsquelle und somit als Nutztier spieltesnurinSüdamerikaeineRolle. Besonders für die ländliche Bevölkerung Perus stellt das Meerschweinchen oft die einzige erschwingliche Fleischquelle dar, nicht zuletzt durch die einfache, anspruchsloseHaltungsmöglichkeitunddieschnelleGenerationsfolge(COE,1995). Lamas und Alpakas sind für den menschlichen Verbrauch zu wertvoll, sie werden meist als Lasttiere und zur Wollproduktion genutzt, die Haltung von Rindern dient vorwiegendzurMilch-undwenigerzurFleischproduktion. TraditionellhaltensichvieleFamilienbiszu20MeerschweinchenzurDeckungdes Eigenbedarfes,inderNähegrößererSiedlungenüberwiegtdieindustrielleHaltung mitbiszu4000TierenproAnlage. ZudenproduktionsminderndenFaktorenbeiderHaltungdiesesNutztiereszähltder BefallmitEktoparasiten,z.B.Flöhen,HaarlingenundblutsaugendenMilben. EktoparasitenkönnenauchalsVektorfüreineReihevonInfektionserregerndienen, die besonders durch die enge Assoziation dieses Haustieres mit dem Menschen problematischwerdenkönnen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, einen Überblick über die Fauna der Ektoparasiten von Cavia spp.inihremangestammtenVerbreitungsgebietzuerarbeitenunddieseunter ökologisch-faunistischenGesichtspunktenundimVergleichzuLiteraturangabenzu untersuchen. Durch Einsicht und Bearbeitung archäologischen Materials aus mehreren Grabungenwaresmöglich,einenBezugzupräinkaischerZeitzuschaffen.Diesist besonders im Hinblick auf die eventuelle Veränderung der bestehenden Fauna interessant. 2 2. Literaturübersicht : 2.1.Domestikation,BedeutungundNutzungdesMeerschweinchensin Südamerika,insbesondereinPeru Das Domestikationsgebiet des Meerschweinchen lag zweifelsohne in Südamerika. REIG (1986) erwähnt, daß die Familie Caviidaekeine möglichen Vorfahren in der autochthonen Fauna Südamerikas aufweist. Deshalb wird eine Migration aus anderen Erdteilen angenommen, fossile Funde belegen das früheste plötzliche ErscheinenimDeseadan(=frühesOligozän).AlsVorfahrengeltendieimAlttertiär verbreitetenprimitivenInsektenfresser. AusUntersuchungenzurKnochenabundanzrepräsentativerarchäologischerStätten gehthervor,daßeineintensiveNutzungdiesesTieresindenHochtälernvonBogotá undAyacuchobereitsvor10000bis5000v.Chr.erfolgte(WING,1986;1988).Aus der Puna-Stätte Jaywamachay erwähnt HYAMS (1972) „Mini-Korals“, in denen bereits mehrere Meerschweinchen gehalten worden seien. Eine Domestikation im engeren Sinne wird von WING (1988) und MÜLLER-HAYE (1984) erst ungefähr 2000-1000 v. Chr. angesetzt, was zeitlich ungefähr mit der Endphase des Überganges vom nomadisierenden Jäger- und Sammlerdasein zum seßhafteren Bauern zusammenfällt (4000-1000 v. Chr.). SACHSER (1998) gibt einen Domestikationszeitraum von 4000-1000 v. Chr. an. Während des DomestikationsprozesseswurdedasMeerschweinchenauchindieKüstenregionen eingeführt,wasAusgrabungeninVirusowiePampaGrandebelegen(REED,1984; WING, 1986). Nach GADE (1967) und BROTHWELL (1968) wurde das Meerschweinchen durch sogenannte „freiwillige“ Assoziation zum Menschen domestiziert. Sie nehmen an, daß es die Abfalldepots in der Nähe menschlicher SiedlungennachNahrunguntersuchthat,sodaßesderMensch,nachdemeresals Fleischquelleentdeckthatte,näheransichbandundsomitdomestizierte. Die Taxonomie der Caviidae ist noch nicht genau geklärt. Das domestizierte Meerschweinchen ist in der Literatur im allgemeinen als Cavia porcellus Linnaeus, 1758 erwähnt (CABRERA, 1961; ANDREWS, 1974; EISENBERG, 1981; HAMEL, 1994).KÜNZLetal.(1998)undSACHSER(1998)verwendendieBezeichnung C. aperea f.porcellus,dennKÜNZLetal.(1998)stellenineinerStudiefest,daßtrotz Gefangenschaftshaltung von Wildmeerschweinchen in keinem, von der DomestikationstarkbeeinflusstenBereich(Verhalten/Physiologie),einesignifikante 3 Änderung auftritt, so daß eine Einordnung in eine eigene Spezies zur Diskussion steht. Von MARIANO (1983) durchgeführte karyotypische Analysen zeigen jedoch, daß eine signifikante Diversifikation der beiden Arten stattgefunden hat, welche die Einordnung in 2 eigenständige Spezies rechtfertigen. Cavia spp. werden in die FamilieCaviidaeGray,1821,OrderRodentia,eingeordnet. Für die Gattung Cavia Pallas, 1766 werden 4 Untergattungen angegeben, die Subgenera Kerodon (Bergmeerschweinchen), Galea (Wieselmeerschweinchen), Microcavia (Zwergmeerschweinchen) und Cavia (eigentliche Meerschweinchen) (CABRERA, 1961;HAMEL,1994). Als Stammform aller domestizierten Meerschweinchen wird in der Literatur mehrheitlich C. aperea Erxleben, 1777 erwähnt (CABRERA, 1961; HAMEL, 1994; KÜNZLetal.,1998). InPeruistdieseSpeziesnachROOD(1972)als Caviaaperea cutleri bekannt. MÜLLER-HAYE (1984) bezeichnet sie dagegen als Cavia aperea tschudi. MARESetOJEDA(1982)erwähnen C.tschudi ausPerualsUrsprungvon C.porcellus .CABRERA(1961)undGRIMWOOD(1996)wiederumgebenfürPeru4 Subspeziesan: C.tschudi atahualpae ; C.t.umbrata ; C.t.tschudi und C.t.osgoodi . AufgrundderunübersichtlichenTaxonomieerfolgtimweiterenTextbeiErwähnung derwildlebendenMeerschweinchendieSpeziesbezeichnung als Caviaaperea ,bei domestizierten Meerschweinchen wird die Bezeichnung Cavia porcellus geführt. Nach O’CONNELL (1982) und EISENBERG (1981) gehören Cavia spp. neben Sigmodon spp., Oxymycterus spp. und Ctenomys spp. zur Kategorie der spezialisierten Graslandbewohner Südamerikas. Die Tiere leben in selbstgegrabenenunterirdischenGängenoderinverlassenenBauenandererTiere. Meist formen sie Gruppen zu fünf bis zehn Individuen, die Nahrungsaufnahme erfolgt überwiegend nachts (ROOD, 1972). Meerschweinchen vermeiden direkte Sonneneinstrahlung,siebevorzugendieDämmerung.DieWildformenhabenmeist biszuvierJunge,dieGeschlechtsreifewirdmitca.80Tagenerreicht(ROOD,1972). O´CONNELL (1982) und ROOD (1972) geben als maximale Lebensdauer von freilebendenMeerschweinchen4Jahrean,nachROOD(1972)undHAMEL(1994) könnensiebiszu8Jahrealtwerden.MeerschweinchensindmonophydonteTiere, d.h.derZahnwechselerfolgtbereitsintrauterin.Siewerdenmitdempermanenten Gebiß geboren, lediglich der M 3 bricht erst nachträglich durch (HILLSON, 1986; HAMEL,1994). 4 MitderAnkunftderKonquistadorenbeganndieBeschreibungderethnohistorischen LebensgewohnheitenundBräuchederAndenbewohner,dieausführlichstenBerichte
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