Potato Mop-Top Virus: Variability, Movement, and Suppression of Host Defence

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Potato Mop-Top Virus: Variability, Movement, and Suppression of Host Defence Potato mop-top virus: Variability, Movement, and Suppression of Host Defence Pruthvi Balachandra Kalyandurg Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Plant Biology Uppsala Doctoral thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala 2019 Acta Universitatis agriculturae Sueciae 2019:59 Cover: Illustration depicting the primary objectives of thesis: understanding the PMTV genetic variability and interactions with the host during intercellular movement and suppression of host defence system. ISSN 1652-6880 ISBN (print version) 978-91-7760-436-5 ISBN (electronic version) 978-91-7760-437-2 © 2019 Pruthvi Balachandra Kalyandurg, Uppsala Print: SLU Service/Repro, Uppsala 2019 Potato mop-top virus: Variability, Movement and Suppression of Host Defence Abstract Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) causes an economically damaging disease called potato spraing. Despite being reported across the potato growing regions in the world, very little genetic variability has been reported for the virus. Also, the knowledge on how PMTV suppresses host defence mechanism, and how it interacts with the host during the cell- to-cell and long-distance movement is still insufficient to develop successful preventive measures against the PMTV infection. This thesis work identified high diversity of the PMTV in the Andean region of Peru compared to the rest of the world. Among the PMTV genome, CP-RT and 8K genomic regions accumulated the largest number of mutations. Through phylogenetic analysis of the RNA-CP segment we identified two prevailing genotypes around the world. Based on the pathobiological differences, we named these lineages as S (severe), and M (mild) types. The phylogenetic relationship determined in this study helped us to propose a novel classification of PMTV isolates. Our analysis to address the selection pressure on the PMTV genome revealed that the ORF encoding the 8K protein, a viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) is under strong positive selection. Characterization of the RNA silencing suppression activity of the 8K protein from seven highly diverse isolates revealed that the 8K encoded by a Peruvian isolate, P1 exhibits stronger RNA silencing suppression activity compared to that of other isolates. Through mutational analysis, we identified that Ser-50 is necessary for these differences. Through deep sequencing for sRNAs, we identified that VSRs reduce the sRNA accumulation. We observed lower amount of siRNAs with U residue at the 5’-terminus suggesting that P1 8K might affect AGO1-mediated RNA silencing. The present work also identified key host factors necessary for the cell-to-cell and long distance movement of the virus. We showed that the actin network and certain class VIII myosins motors are important for the cell-to-cell movement of PMTV. The dependency on the acto-myosin network for PMTV movement was further demonstrated by the fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching experiments that resulted in compromised delivery of the TGB1 at the plasmodesmata upon disrupting actin and inhibiting two class VIII myosins. In contrast, class XI myosins did not have a significant effect on the cell-to-cell movement of the PMTV, although they appear to be important viral long-distance movement. Analysis of PMTV TGB1 interactions the with host proteins revealed that TGB1 interacts with Nicotiana benthamiana HIPP26 protein, a vascular expressed, metallochaperone that acts as a plasma membrane to nucleus stress signalling relay. PMTV infection upregulated the expression of HIPP26 and altered its subcellular localization from plasmodesmata to the nucleus. Knockdown of NbHIPP26 expression resulted in inhibition of virus long-distance movement, but not the cell-to-cell movement. Together, this data suggests that PMTV hijacks NbHIPP26 to facilitate the long-distance movement of the virus. 3 Keywords: Potato mop-top virus, variability, genotype constellation, RNA silencing suppression, positive selection, cell-to-cell movement, long-distance movement, myosins, actin, HIPP26. Author’s address: Pruthvi Balachandra Kalyandurg, SLU, Department of Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden 4 Potatismopptoppvirus:Variabilitet, förflyttning och undertryckande av värdens försvar Vetenskaplig sammanfattning Potatismopptoppvirus (PTMV) orsakar sjukdomen rostringar i potatis vilket kan ha stora ekonomiska konsekvenser. Trots att viruset har rapporterats från områden runt om hela världen där potatis odlas har endast en mycket liten genetisk variation rapporterats för viruset. Dessutom är kunskapen om hur PMTV undertrycker värdens försvarsmekanismer och hur det interagerar med värden under förflyttning mellan celler och över längre avstånd inom växten fortfarande inte tillräcklig för att kunna utveckla framgångsrika förebyggande åtgärder mot PMTV-infektion. I detta avhandlingsarbete identifierades en hög diversitet för PMTV i peruanska Anderna jämfört med övriga delar av världen. Regionerna CP-RT och 8K accumulerade det största antalet mutationer i PMTV-genomet. Med fylogenetisk analys av segmentet RNA-CP identifierade vi två genotyper som var allmänt utbredda runt om i världen. Baserat på patobiologiska skillnader benämnde vi dessa linjer som typerna S (allvarlig) och M (mild). Baserat på de fylogenetiska släktskap som bestämts i denna studie föreslår vi en ny klassificering av PMTV-isolat. Vår analys för att studera selektionstrycket på PMTV-genomet visade att den öppna läsram (ORF) som kodar för 8K-proteinet, vilket är ett virusprotein som undertrycker RNA-interferens (VSR), är under stark positiv selektion. Karaktäriseringen av 8K- proteinets förmåga att undertrycka RNA-interferens för sju vitt skilda isolat visade att 8K som kodas av ett peruanskt isolat, P1, visade starkare förmåga att undertrycka RNA- interferens jämfört med det från andra isolat. Med mutationsanalys kunde vi identifiera Ser-50 som nödvändigt för dessa skillnader. Genom djup sekvensering av sRNA fann vi att VSR-proteiner minskar ackumuleringen av sRNA. Vi såg en lägre mängd av siRNA med kvävebasen U vid 5’-änden vilket tyder på att P1 8K skulle kunna påverka AGO1- medierad RNA-interferens. Det föreliggande arbetet identifierade också nyckelfaktorer hos värden för virusförflyttning från cell till cell eller över längre avstånd inom växten. Vi visade att nätverket av aktin och vissa myosinmotorer av klass VIII är viktiga för PMTVs förflyttning från cell till cell. Beroendet av aktomyosin-nätverket för förflyttning av PMTV demonstrerades vidare genom experiment med metoden fluorescens efter ljusblekning vilka resulterade i störd transport av TGB1 till plasmodesmata efter upplösning av aktin och inhibering av två klass VIII-myosiner. Däremot hade klass XI- myosiner ingen signifikant effekt på förflyttning av PMTV från cell till cell även om de verkade vara viktiga för förflyttning av virus över längre avstånd inom växten. Analys av interaktionerna mellan PMTVs TGB1 och värdproteiner visade att TGB1 interagerar med proteinet HIPP26 från Nicotiana benthamiana, vilket är ett 5 metallchaperon som uttrycks i ledningsvävnad och verkar vid överföringen av stress- signaler från cellmembranet till cellkärnan. Vid PMTV-infektion uppreglerades uttrycket av HIPP26 och ändrade dess lokalisering i cellen från plasmodesmata till cellkärnan. Nedreglering av uttrycket av NbHIPP26 med virusinducerad genavstängning resulterade i inhibering av virusförflyttning över längre avstånd i växten, men inte förflyttningen från cell till cell. Sammantaget tyder dessa data på att PMTV kapar NbHIPP26 för att möjliggöra virusets förflyttning över längre avstånd i växten. Författarens adress: Pruthvi Balachandra Kalyandurg, SLU, Department of Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden 6 ꡊ簾籊 మొప్-簾ప్ 푈రస్– జనుయ 푈విధ్యము, కద젿క졁, మరియుస్వాయ రక్ష్ణ్ సంక్షిప్తము尾: బం尾ళాదంప్ ప్ంట ప్రప్ంచము졋నే మూడవ ప్రధాన ప్ంట尾 పేర్కొనబ萿నది. అయి遆 ఎన్నో క్ష్మ క్రిము졁 ఈ ప్ంట ది屁బ萿ని మరియు నాణ్యతꁂ నష్టప్రుత ఉం簾యి. అంద졋 ప్రధానము尾 푈రస్ మరియు 푈రస్ వం簿 వ్యయధి 吾రక롈న籁వం簿 క్రిము졁 栾లా నష్టము క젿గంచగల푁. అ籁వం簿 呋వ呁 చందిన ఒక 푈రస్ ꡊ簾籊 మొప్-簾ప్ 푈రస్. ఈ 푈రస్ ꡊ簾籋 ప్రం屍 అను వ్యయధిని క졁గ桇తంది. ఈ 푈రస్ విర్గావిరి葆 అను 呁籁ంబమున呁 మరియు ꡊమొ푈రస్ అను ప్ర瀾తి 吿 చందినది. ఈ వ్యయధి వలల బం尾ళాదంప్졊 నలల簿 栾ర졁 ఎర్萿 అమమ簾ని吿 ప్ని吿ర్గ呁ం萾, 栾లా నష్టమును క젿గస్తతయి. ప్రతతాని吿 ఈ 푈రస్ 瀾遁లను ఐరోపా, ఉతతర మరియు దక్షిన అ롆రి吾, ఆయా (案నా, జపాన్, పా吿స్తతన్, ద. 告రియా) 졋 కను届నబ萿నది. అయినప్్簿కీ రస్తయన ప్దధ遁ల運 푈రస్ లను నాశనము 桇యి ప్దధ遁졁 졇కపోవట桇త ఇ籁వం簿 푈రసల ప్రభావము ప్ంట పైన ఎ呁ొవ అ푁運ంది. ప్రప్ంచం졋ని దాదాపు బం尾ళాదంప్ స్త屁 桇యబ葁遁నో అనిో ప్రంతాల졋 నివేదించబ萿నప్్簿కీ, ఈ 푈రస్ 瀾遁ల యొకొ జనుయ 푈విధ్యం 栾లా త呁ొవ尾 నివేదించబ萿ంది. అం遇吾呁ం萾 푈రస్ ఏ విధ్ం尾 మొకొ యొకొ రక్ష్ణ్ వయవసథ運 పోర్గ葁遁ందనో విష్యము మరియు ఏ విధ్ం尾 మొకొ యొకొ కణాల졋ని ప్రో籀నలను ప్రభావితం 桇తనోది అనో విష్యప్రి瀾ానం 푈రసల呁 వయతి쁇కం尾 నివ్యరణ్ చరయలను ప్రతతం అభివృదిధ 桇య萾ని吿 సరిపోద. ఈ ప్రి�ధ్న దాార్గ ప్రప్ంచం졋ని ఇతర ప్రంతాల運 పో젿స్తత పెరూ顇శం졋ని ఆం萿యన్ ప్రాత ప్రంతం졋 పిఎమ్టటవి 瀾遁ల జనుయ푁ల졋 అధిక మొతతం졋 푈విధాయనిో 屁రితంచంది. అం遇吾呁ం萾 ఫై졋灆నె簿呍 విశ్లలష్ణ్ దాార్గ ప్రప్ంచవ్యయప్తం尾 రం葁 జనుయరూపాల ఉని吿ని 屁రితంచంది. అవి క젿గం桇 వ్యయధి తీవ్రత ఆధారం尾, S (తీవ్ర롈న) మరియు M (遇젿కపా簿) అను రం葁 సమూహా졁 푁నో籁ట尾 屁రితంచడం జరిగంది. ఆస吿తకరం尾, గతం졋 ప్రప్ంచం졋ని ఇతర ప్రంతాల運 屁రితంప్బ萿న అనిో పిఎమ్టటవి 瀾遁졁, మరియు పెరూ졋ని 告నిో పిఎమ్టటవి 瀾遁졁 S-ర吾ని吿 చందినవి 吾尾, పెరూ顇శాని吿 చందిన పిఎమ్టటవి 瀾遁졁 ఎ呁ొవ భాగం M- సమూహం 졋ని吿 వస్తతయి. ఈ ప్రి�ధ్న ఆధారం尾 పిఎమ్టటవి 瀾遁졁యొకొ 告తత వర్గాకరణ్ ప్రతిపాదించబ萿నది. అది మాత్ర롆 吾క ఆం萿యన్ ప్రాత ప్రంతం졋నే ఈ 푈రస్ పు簿టంది అనో ప్రతిపాదన呁 ఈ ప్రి�ధ్న మరింత బలం 桇呂రిచంది. మరింత సమా栾రం 呋సం దయ桇 మొద簿 ప్ర桁రణ్ కథనానిో చదవం萿. పిఎమ్టటవి జనుయ푁పై ప్రిణామ ఒతిత萿 ప్రిష్ొరించ萾ని吿 桇న మా విశ్లలష్ణ్졋 మొకొ యొకొ రక్ష్ణ్ వయవసథ運 పోర్గడగ젿గన ఒక ప్రో籀న్ బల롈న ప్రిణామ ఒతిత萿 졋 ఉందని 遆젿ంది. అంద졋 భాగం尾 ఏ葁 푈విధ్య롈న పిఎమ్టటవి 瀾遁졁 నుం萿 ఈ ప్రో籀న్ యొకొ పోర్గటలక్ష్ణానిో ప్ర్గక్షించటం జరిగంది. 푀簿졋 ఒక 瀾తి బలము尾 మొకొ యొకొ రక్ష్ణ్ చరయను నిరోధించగ졁屁運ందని롇ము కను届నాోము. ఆస吿తకరం尾, దీని జనుయక్రమము 졋 మారు్ వలల 呇వలం రం葁 అ롈న్న ఆమాలల వయతాయసం ఈ బల롈న రక్ష్ణ్ నిరోధ్క చరయ呁 గల 吾రణ్ము అని 遆젿ంది. ఈ రం簿졋 ఏ అ롈న్న ఆమలము 栾లా ముఖ్య롈న顋 呂萾 జనుయమారి్萿 ప్రి�ధ్నల దాార్గ కను届నటం జరిగంది.
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