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Rubio Palis, Yasmin De Jesus (1991) Vector Biology and Malaria Transmission in Western Venezuela

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Rubio Palis, Yasmin De Jesus (1991) Vector Biology and Malaria Transmission in Western Venezuela Rubio Palis, Yasmin de Jesus (1991) Vector biology and malaria transmission in western Venezuela. Doctoral thesis, London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine. Downloaded from: http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682345/ Usage Guidelines Please refer to usage guidelines at http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/policies.html or alterna- tively contact [email protected]. Available under license: Copyright the author ýýfý, VECTOR BIOLOGY AND MALARIA TRANSMISSION IN WESTERN VENEZUELA By Yasminde Jesüs,Rubio Palis June 1991 Thesissubmitted for the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy in the Universityof London Department of Medical Parasitology London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine ABSTRACT The statusof all anophelinespecies reported to occur in westernVenezuela is reviewed. A longitudinal study was conducted in three villages in westernVenezuela to assessthe malariarisk factorsdetermined by the abundance,parous rate, biting activity, sporozoiterate andhuman blood indexof the variouspotential vector speciesin relation to weatherand human habits. The main method of mosquito sampling was on human baits; three other methods tested did not prove to be effective substitutes. The collections yielded 14 anopheline species, the most abundant being those belonging to the subgenusNyssorhynchus. Because species identification of adult females with available keys proved to be difficult, linked rearings were undertaken. An. nuneztovari, comprising over 70% of the total anophelinescollected, was the most abundant species,followed by An. triannulatus, An. albitarsis s.l. and An. oswaldol. The anopheline populations showed fluctuations which correlated positively with rainfall and humidity. The four most abundantspecies showed different diel patternsof biting. The diel peak for An. nuneztovarl was close to midnight indoors and outdoors, for An. triannulatus between1900 and 2000hours outdoors, for An. albitarsis mainly before midnight indoorsand outdoors and for An. oswaldol outdoors at 1900hrs, therebeing an additional smaller peak indoors at midnight. Most of the humanpopulation use bed nets, go to bed before 2200 hrs andwake up before 0700 hrs: they are therefore most exposedto the bitesof thosespecies that bite early in the night outdoors. All anophelinespecies in the study areaare exophilic. Someanophelines were collected resting on vegetationaround houses between 0600 and 0800 hrs but very few An. nuneztovariwere found there.The sourceof blood mealsin resting mosquitoeswas determined by the ELISA technique.The human blood index for the different species collected showedvariations amongvillages that could not be explainedby variation in the ratio of humansto cows in eachvillage. 2 Over 61,000 anophelines were assayed by ELISA to detect P. vivax circumsporozoite protein. The six specimens confirmed as positive belonged to three species: nuneztovari, albitarsis s.l. and oswaldoi. The estimated overall sporozoite rate was 0.0098% (95% confidence limits 0.0036 to 0.0214%). Multiplying this rate by the mean number of bites on the catchers suggests a sporozoite inoculation rate of 10.5 positive bites per personper year. Recommendationsfor possibleimprovements in malaria vector control in this area are made taking into account the endophagic and exophilic behaviour of the incriminated vectors, their diel patterns of biting and some aspectsof the behaviour of the human population revealed by questionnaires. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebtedto my supervisorDr. ChristopherCurtis for his help, patienceand tireless help with writing English, to Dr. Renato Gusmao and Dr. Robert Zimmerman (PAHO/Maracay) for their logistic support, advice and friendship. Barinas and Tächira: I am most grateful to my team in Barinas for their dedication and enthusiasm: Jorge Anson, Ramön Alvarado, Nereyda Delgado, Dency Ortiz, Antonio Guerra, Ramiro, Flaymir, Jose,Miguel, Luis and Juan. I am also grateful to the staff of the Division de EndemiasRurales, especially to J. Vera, J. Granados,Sr. Salas, M. Medina, L. Caraballo, Sr. Navarro and Sr. Benigno and to my friends in Jabillos, Cano Lindo, Pata de Gallina and Solano, especially Sra. Rosa and her family for looking after me for 4 years. Maracay: I am deeply indebted to the late Dr. A. Gabaldön for many hours of discussion and valuable advice from his fund of experience about malaria and its vectors in Venezuela. I would also like to thank the staff and friends in the Escuela de Malariologia and Direcci6n de Endemias Rurales for their support: Dr. M. Mazzarri, Dr. M. A. Otero, Ing. D. Coello, Dr. L. -Guerrero and Sr. Levi Borges. Especial thanks are due to Julia Ocando, Clemencia Gonzalez, Julio Gonzalez, Sra. Bernarda and Sra. Marina, whom one way or another helped in the Entomology Laboratory, and to the staff of the departmentsof Reproductions and Epidemiology. Special thanks are due to Dr. R. Wirtz for his advice and for providing the monoclonalantibodies, reagents and somematerials, to Tony Wilkes for training me in the Polovodovatechnique, to E.L. Peyton for rechecking my identificationsand most valuable discussionsand to Prof. P. S. Corbet for his encouragementand friendship throughoutthe studyand for commentingon the manuscript. LSH&TM: I am most grateful to the staff and friends in the LSH&TM, especially to JoannaAmstrong for helping with the statistics, Ron Page for his help and assistance with computing, Visual Aids, Nohal Elissa, Babita Jana, Rosemary Ekong, and all those in the departmentthat one way or another helped during the final months of writing up. The present study was possible thanks to grants from USAID/BOSTID -MVR-VE-1-87-81,PAHO and the British Embassy(Caracas). I am deeply indebtedto my family, especiallyto my motherfor her support and encouragementthroughout my prolongedstudies. Finally, I am grateful to the novelas "Se?iora, Paraisoand Maria-Maria" and to Lexotanil. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 2 ..... 4 Acknowledgments ..... CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 14 ..... 14 1.1. Malaria in Venezuela "".." 1.2.Malaria in Venezuela 18 western ..... 23 1.3. Vector studies in western Venezuela ..... 1.4.Objectives of study 27 ""."" 27 1.5.Study area """"" CHAPTER2: ANOPHELINE SPECIESOF WESTERN 30 VENEZUELA ..... 2.1. Review of Literature 30 ..... 30 2.1.1.Taxonomy ..... 2.1.2.Distribution, bionomics and medical importance of anophelinesoccurring in westernVenezuela 36 ..,.. 55 2.2. Taxonomic criteria used in present study ..... 2.3. Illustrated key to adult females of the commoner 75 anophelinespecies in westernVenezuela ..... CHAPTER3: HUMAN-BAITCATCHES 86 ..... 86 3.1.Introduction ..... 3.2.Materials and methods 86 ..... 89 3.3. Results ..... 3.3.1.Numbers and speciescollected 89 ..... 89 3.3.2.Seasonal fluctuation ..... 3.3.3.Hourly biting activity 100 3.3.4. ..... 105 Parousrate ..... 3.3.5.Effect of fenitrothion sprayingon densityand parous rate 110 3.4.Discussion .... 110 ..... CHAPTER4: CDC LIGHT TRAP CATCHES 115 4.1. Introduction ..... 115 ..... 4.2. Materialsand methods 117 4.3. Results ..... 117 ..... 4.3.1.Numbers and speciescollected 117 4.3.2.Comparison indoor biting ..... 119 with catches ..... 4.3.3.Parous rate 133 4.4. Discussion ..... 135 ..... CHAPTER5: DOUBLE-NET CATCHES 139 5.1. Introduction ..... 139 ..... 5.2.Materials and methods 139 5.3. Results discussion ..... 140 and ..... CHAPTER6: CALF-BAITED TRAP CATCHES 141 6.1. Introduction ..... 141 ..... 6.2. Materialsand methods 142 6.3. Results discussion ...,. 145 and ..... 5 CHAPTER7: CATCHESOF RESTINGMOSQUITOES 146 7.1. Introduction ..... 146 7.2. Materials ...., 147 andmethods ...,. 7.3. Resultsand discussion 147- 7.3.1. Number ..... 147 andspecies collected ..... 7.3.2. Correlationwith indoor-bitingcatches 153 7.3.3. The indoor-biting ..... 153 aspirator-. ratio ..... CHAPTER 8: BLOODMEAL IDENTIFICATION 157 8.1, Introduction ..... 157 ..... 8.2. Materialsand methods 159 8.2.1. ELISA ..... 159 8.2,2. Questionnaires ..... 160 ..... 8.3. Results discussion 161 and ..... 8.3.1.Assay sensitivity 161 8.3.2.Human blood index .... 164 8.3.3. Feeding index ..... 169 ..... CHAPTER 9: ENTOMOLOGICAL INOCULATION RATE 173 9.1. Introduction ..... 173 ..... 9.2. Materialsand methods 174 9.3. Results ..... 176 9.3.1.ELISA .... 176 ..... 9.3.2.Entomological inoculation rate 184 9.4. Discussion ..... 188 ..... CHAPTER 10: HUMAN BEHAVIOUR 191 10.1.Introduction ..... 191 ..... 10.2.Description of the villages 191 10.3.Results and discussion ..... 194 10.3.1.Human behaviour ..... 194 10.3.2.Land use ..... 203 ..... CHAPTER 11: CONCLUSIONSAND RECOMMENDATIONS 207 ,,,,, REFERENCES 213 ..... APPENDIX 1 232 ..... APPENDIX 2 240 ..... APPENDIX 3 253 ..... APPENDIX 4 261 ..... 6 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Malaria casesper 1,000population during 1986 Venezuela. 19 accordingto the numberof housesper village in ..... Table1.2: Malaria casesper 1,000population per year in the three 19 studyvillages andVenezuela as a whole. ..... during 1986. 21 Table 1.3: Distribution of casesby age group ..... Table1.4: Percentage of casesreported from westernVenezuela and 21 thetotal number of casesin thecountry. """"" 31 Table2.1: Anophelinesreported to occurin westernVenezuela. ..... Table2.2: Larval taxonomiccharacters measured in progeniesof individual motherscategorised as typical nuneztovariand "morphotype11" compared to thosestudied by Faran(1980) 63 to distinguishbetween nuneztovari and trinkae. ..... Table2.3: Mean valuesof the lengthof dark bandon hind tarsomere 2 (TaD) divided by thelength of hind tarsomere2 (Ta) of in 66 adult femalescollected thefield. ....
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