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The Fiery Ordeal in New Testament Eschatology

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The Fiery Ordeal in New Testament Eschatology Durham E-Theses Saved as through Fire: The Fiery Ordeal in New Testament Eschatology FRAYER-GRIGGS, DANIEL,FREDERICK How to cite: FRAYER-GRIGGS, DANIEL,FREDERICK (2012) Saved as through Fire: The Fiery Ordeal in New Testament Eschatology, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5260/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 SAVED AS THROUGH FIRE: THE FIERY ORDEAL IN NEW TESTAMENT ESCHATOLOGY BY DANIEL FRAYER-GRIGGS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AT DURHAM UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF THEOLOGY AND RELIGION September, 2012 1 The dove descending breaks the air With flame of incandescent terror Of which the tongues declare The one discharge from sin and error. The only hope, or else despair Lies in the choice of pyre or pyre— To be redeemed from fire by fire. Who then devised the torment? Love. Love is the unfamiliar Name Behind the hands that wove The intolerable shirt of flame Which human power cannot remove. We only live, only suspire Consumed by either fire or fire. T. S. Eliot, “Little Gidding” IV i Abstract The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the fire of eschatological judgment and testing, as distinct from the fire of hell or Gehenna, in the New Testament. The relevant texts, which indicate that both the righteous and the wicked are subjected to fire, can be subsumed under the general category of the “fiery ordeal.” Through an analysis of this understudied motif, the thesis demonstrates that belief in the dual (purificatory and punitive) function of fire is attested to in the Christian tradition at a date earlier than is frequently recognized. The first chapter of Part I introduces the topic, provides the historiographical context, reviews the relevant literature, and lays out the basic methodology. Chapter 2 attends to matters of Religionsgeschichte, paying special attention to fire in Zoroastrian apocalypticism and in Greek and Roman thought. Part II establishes the Jewish apocalyptic context from within which the expectation of judgment by fire originated. Chapter 3 draws attention to the multiple functions of fire in the Hebrew Bible, including its role in theophanies, while giving primary attention to its role in judgment, testing, and refining. In Chapter 4 we turn our attention to the apocalyptic literature of Second Temple Judaism, noting that judgment by fire comprises not only punishment for the wicked but also testing and even purification for the righteous or repentant. Part III of our investigation discerns elements of the fiery ordeal motif in the New Testament. After a brief survey of the various functions of fire in the New Testament in Chapter 5, Chapter 6 examines the preaching of John the Baptist and the historical Jesus, particularly with regard to “baptism in fire” (Q 3:16; Mark 9:49; Luke 12:49-50) and several of Jesus’ more enigmatic sayings concerning fire (Luke 17:26-32; 23:31; Gos. Thom. 82). Chapter 7 traces the ii contours of the development of this motif in Paul’s First Epistle to the Corinthians (3:10-15) and in the Petrine Epistles (1 Pet 1:7; 4:12; 2 Pet 3:10-13), noting the distinctive ways in which 1 and 2 Peter reinterpret the fiery ordeal. In Chapter 8 we conclude that the above traditions, which encompass both very early and very late New Testament texts, testify to a shared belief that everyone, both the righteous and the wicked, would be subjected to eschatological judgment by fire and that the righteous would experience this judgment as a fiery ordeal through which they would be tested and, in some cases, ultimately purified. iii Statement of Copyright The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. All information derived from this thesis must be acknowledged appropriately. iv Declaration This work has been submitted to Durham University in accordance with the regulations for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. It is my own work, and none of it has been previously submitted to Durham University or to any other University for a degree. v Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................................ ii Statement of Copyright................................................................................................................ iv Declaration................................................................................................................................... v Contents....................................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations and Translations................................................................................................... x Part I: Introductory Matters Chapter 1: Introduction.............................................................................................................. 1 1. Initial Questions................................................................................................... 1 2. Aims and Objectives............................................................................................ 2 3. Historiographical Context.................................................................................... 3 4. Eschatology, Apocalypticism, and the Afterlife.................................................. 6 5. Literature Review................................................................................................. 10 5.1 Rudolf Mayer............................................................................................... 11 5.2 Friedrich Lang.............................................................................................. 19 5.3 Joachim Gnilka............................................................................................ 23 5.4 John Charles Hugh Laughlin........................................................................ 27 5.5 James D. G. Dunn........................................................................................ 31 5.6 Aaron Milavec............................................................................................. 34 6. Outstanding Issues and Questions........................................................................ 37 7. Methodology........................................................................................................ 39 8. Symbolism, Imagery, and Realism.................................................................... 41 Chapter 2: Religionsgeschichte Considerations........................................................................ 45 1. Introduction....................................................................................................... 45 2. Zoroastrianism................................................................................................... 45 3. Greco-Roman Thought...................................................................................... 52 3.1 Heraclitus.................................................................................................... 53 3.2 Pyriphlegethon............................................................................................. 58 3.3 The Stoics..................................................................................................... 61 4. Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 67 Part II: The Jewish Literary Context Chapter 3: The Functions of Fire in the Hebrew Bible............................................................. 70 1. Introduction......................................................................................................... 70 2. The Theophanic Function of Fire........................................................................ 72 3. The Punitive Function of Fire.............................................................................. 87 3.1 The Punitive Function of Fire in the Course of History............................... 88 3.2 The Punitive Function of Eschatological Fire.............................................. 106 4. The Purifying Function of Fire............................................................................. 117 5. Conclusion............................................................................................................ 126 vi Chapter 4: Judgment by Fire in Second Temple Apocalyptic Literature................................. 128 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 128 2. First Enoch..........................................................................................................
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