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Jewish Apocalyptic and its History Paolo Sacchi translated by William J. Short, OFM Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement Series 20 JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF THE PSEUDEPIGRAPHA SUPPLEMENT SERIES 20 Editors James H. Charlesworth Lester L. Grabbe Editorial Board Randall D. Chesnutt, Philip R. Davies, Jan Willem van Henten, Judith M. Lieu, Steven Mason, James R. Mueller, Loren T. Stuckenbruck, James C. VanderKam Sheffield Academic Press Copyright © 1990 Paideia Editrice, Brescia Published by Sheffield Academic Press Ltd Mansion House 19 Kingfield Road Sheffield SI 1 9AS England Printed on acid-free paper in Great Britain by Bookcraft Ltd Midsomer Norton, Bath British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 1-85075-585-X CONTENTS Abbreviations 9 Introduction 13 Introduction to the English Edition 27 Parti THE QUEST FOR THE HISTORICAL APOCALYPTIC Chapter 1 THE BOOK OF THE WATCHERS AND APOCALYPTIC 32 1. General Observations 32 2. Problems in the Study of Apocalyptic 35 3. The Great Themes of Apocalyptic (according to Koch) 42 4. The Book of the Watchers, the Oldest Apocalypse we Have 47 5. Outline of the Evolution of Thought within the Book of the Watchers 60 6. The Problem of Dating 61 7. The Book of the Watchers in History 62 Chapter 2 COSMIC ORDER AND OTHERWORLDLY PERSPECTIVES IN THE POST-EXILIC PERIOD: THE PROBLEM OF EVIL AND THE ORIGIN OF APOCALYPTIC 72 Chapter 3 TOWARDS A HISTORY OF APOCALYPTIC 88 Chapter 4 THE APOCALYPTIC OF THE FIRST CENTURY: SIN AND JUDGMENT 109 6 Jewish Apocalyptic and its History Part II SOME THEMES OF THE APOCALYPTIC CURRENT AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF JEWISH THOUGHT Chapter 5 THE Two CALENDARS OF THE BOOK OF ASTRONOMY 128 Chapter 6 ETHIOPIC ENOCH 91.15 AND THE PROBLEM OF MEDIATION 140 Chapter 7 MESSIANTSM AND APOCALYPTIC 150 1. Definition of Messianism 15 0 2. The Origins: Royal Davidic Messianism 150 3. Non-Davidic Royal Messianism 152 4. The End of the House of David and the Eclipse of Messianism 153 5. Superhuman Figures 156 Chapte6. rTh 8e Revival of Messianism: Superhuman Messianism 158 KNOWLEDGE AMONG THE JEWS FROM AMOS TO THE ESSENES 168 Chapter 9 HISTORICIZING AND REVELATION AT THE ORIGINS OF JUDAISM 200 Chapter 10 THE DEVIL IN JEWISH TRADITIONS OF THE SECOND TEMPLE PERIOD (C. 500 BCE-100 CE) 211 1. The Definition of 'Devil' for the Purposes of this Study 211 2. The Book of Noah 212 3. The Religion of Apl 212 4. Ap 1, the Problem of Evil and the Devil 217 5. Ap2 and Cosmic Upheaval 219 6. The Book of Dreams and a More Recent Angelic Rebellion 220 7. The Satan Traditions 221 8. Satan in Sirach 223 Contents 7 9. The Book of Jubilees and the Fusion of the Two Traditions 224 10. Essenism and the Devil Created Such by God 225 11. The Devil in the Book of Wisdom 226 12. The Devil in the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 227 13. The Devil in the Book of Parables 228 14. The Devil in the Testament of Job: The Other Face of God 230 15. The Devil in the New Testament 231 Chapter 11 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK OF THE SECRETS OF ENOCH (SLA VONIC ENOCH) 233 1. Outline of the Book 233 2. The Problems of the Text-Tradition in the History of Research 235 3. The Environment of the Oldest Text 238 4. Dating the Text 241 5. The Original Language 241 6. The Author's Thought 242 Bibliography 250 Index of References 281 Index of Authors 287 ABBREVIATIONS ABI Associazione Biblica Italiana ADAWG Abhandlungen der deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen AfO Archivfiir Orientforschung AION Annali dell'istituto orientate di Napoli AISG Associazione Italiana per lo Studio del Giudaismo ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt APOT R.H. Charles (ed.), Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament ASE Annali di Storia dell 'Esegesi ATD Das Alte Testament Deutsch Aug Augustinianum BA Biblical Archaeologist BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BN Biblische Notizen BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester BK Bibel und Kirche BO Bibliotheca orientalis BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies BZ Biblische Zeitschrift BZAW Beihefte zurZAW CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CBQMS Catholic Biblical Quarterly, Monograph Series CRINT Compendia rerum iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum EHRel Etudes d'histoire des religions EstBib Estudios biblicos ETL Ephemerides theologicae lovanienses ExOL Ex oriente lux ExpTim Expository Times FRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments H R History of Religions HTR Harvard Theological Review HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual IDBSup IDB, Supplementary Volume IEJ Israel Exploration Journal 10 Jewish Apocalyptic and its History hit Interpretation JAAR Journal of the American Academy of Religion JANESCU Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University J AOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JJS Journal of Jewish Studies JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies JSA1 Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JSS Journal of Semitic Studies JTCh Journal for Theology and the Church JTS Journal of Theological Studies Neot Neotestamentica NovT Novum Testamentum NRSV New Revised Standard Version NRT La nouvelle revue theologique NTS New Testament Studies OrAnt Oriens antiquus OrSu Orientalia Suecana OTS Oudtestamentische Studien PAAJR Proceedings of the American Academy of Jewish Research PdV Parole di Vita PSV Parola Spirito e Vita RB Revue biblique RechBib Recherches bibliques REJ Revue des etudes juives RelSRev Religious Studies Review RevBibArg Revista biblica Argentina RevQ Revue de Qumran RevScRel Revue des sciences religieuses RGG Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart RHLR Revue d'histoire et de litterature religieuses RHPR Revue d 'histoire et de philosophie religieuses RHR Revue de 1'histoire des religions RivB Rivista biblica RSB Ricerche storico bibliche RSI Rivista Storica Italiana RSLR Rivista di Storia e Letteratura Religiosa RSO Rivista degli studi orientali RSPT Revue des sciencesphilosophiques et theologiques RSR Recherches de science religieuse RTPhil Revue de theologie et de philosophie Abbreviations 11 SBLSP SBL Seminar Papers ScEs Science et esprit SCO Studi classici e orientali SEA Svensk exegetisk drsbok SIDIC Service International de Documentation Judeo-Chretienne SJOT Scandinavian Journal for the Study of the Old Testament SJT Scottish Journal of Theology SNTSMS Studiorum novi testamenti societas Monograph Series StBiblTh Studia biblica et theologica StHRel Studies in the History of Religions SR Studies in Religion/Sciences religieuses ST Studia theologica SUNT Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen Testaments ThWAT G.J. Botterweck and H. Ringgren (eds.), Theologisches Worterbuch zum Alten Testament TLZ Theologische Literaturzeitung TRE Theologische Realenzyklopddie TRev Theologische Revue TRu Theologische Rundschau TS Theological Studies TU Texte und Untersuchungen VT Vetus Testamentum WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament WZKM Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes ZAW Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft ZNW Zeitschriftfiir die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft ZRGG Zeitschrift fiir Religions- und Geistesgeschichte ZTK Zeitschrift fiir Theologie und Kirche INTRODUCTION Ugo Enrico Paoli, a famous professor at the University of Florence, often used to say that it frequently happened that he had to quote Paoli. At the time I had a vague notion of what he meant by these words, but now I understand them completely. Rereading what I have written on apocalyptic in the last ten years, I discovered an author whom I had thought I knew well, one whom I believed expressed my current way of thinking. However, he now appears both questionable and quotable. New problems have arisen, and these have cast a shadow over earlier observations and positions. Some changes are due to positive develop­ ments in research; while some valid initial observations are taken up again only in this introduction. I owe the basic structure of my image of apocalyptic to D.S. Russell's book, The Method and Message of Apocalyptic? Russell had a very broad view of apocalyptic in fact, if not in his theoretical formulations. The greater part of the so-called intertestamental Jewish literature (plus the book of Daniel and minus the Apocalypse of John) were, for Russell, apocalyptic. Such an analysis of apocalyptic thought so broadly identified necessarily entailed broad reference to history. He refused to see apocalyptic as the opposite of 'normative Judaism', some foreign body infecting Judaism and finally expelled from it. For him, apocalyptic, in the broad sense he gave to this term, was the bridge that joined the Judaism of biblical times with normative Judaism. In this continuum the only exception that stood out was Christianity, which was, however, the vehicle by which the apocalyptic books have come down to us. This was a good enough reason, aomg many others, to include alos Christian origins in the broad and fascinating picture of Jewish history in the first century BCE. The great themes of apocalyptic thought identified by Russell can be perceived constantly in the development of my thought. For Russell it 1. D.S. Russell, The Method and Message of Jewish Apocalyptic (Philadelphia, 6th edn, 1974 [1964]). 14 Jewish Apocalyptic and its History was clear that the contents of apocalyptic could be deduced only from the contents of the various apocalypses. But he did not pose the problem of which works could be thus defined and for what reasons: between a work like the Psalms of Solomon and the book of Ethiopic Enoch there emerge such differences that it seems daring to think of a common denominator. His own observation, that not all the works he called apocalyptic were such in all their parts,2 allowed one to see that even in Russell's own outlook the problem had to be raised.
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