Struggles with Scottish Nationalism

CEU eTD Collection Second Reader: Miklós Lojkó Reader: Second Supervisor: Professor László Kontler In Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of From Darien to the Scottish Enlightenment totheScottish Darien From Struggles with Scottish Nationalism: Scottish with Struggles Central Central University European History Department History Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Ian MacMillan Master of Arts Submitted to Submitted 2007 By CEU eTD Collection instructions may notbe made without the written permission of the Author.” page must form a partof any copiescopiessuch made. Further made in with accordance such lodgedand Author by the given instructions the with in inaccordance only made be may part, the or full Central “CopyrightEuropean inLibrary. the text ofDetails this thesis may restsbe obtained with the fromAuthor. the Copies librarian. by any process, This either in Statement of Copyright CEU eTD Collection effectively emasculating an adolescent nationalist movement in Scotland. movement nationalist adolescent an emasculating effectively evolution. Thisleads to conclusion the liberty achangingthat of conceptualization theirand sketch out be ideascontext their historical theplaced concepts to of enables within problem both synchronically and diachronically and using other techniques from history the Scottish people understood their relationship to England andBritain.Looking Great atthe in discourse the to dominate Scottish society greaterunderstandingas ameanshow to of the 18 in the thought political Scottish of threads intermingled the illuminate to aims project This th century. Tracing the main ofliberty,themes nation, and economicwhich thought served Abstract CEU eTD Collection appreciation toLyndagoes Fergusson and Oleksandra Shevchenko. influencewere and support fundamental to this thesis being my completed; heartfelt of order to a frantic week of research. I would also like to thank a pair of women whose National Library Scotlandof andtheUniversity Edinburgh of helped bring some semblance approach and facilitating research materials. The help accorded to me by the staff at both the in theoretical the important shaping were extremely who Trencsényi Riedl Balázs and Matthias Professors go to also Thanks year. academic the throughout periods overcast those also like to thank Miklós Lójko for his kind words and sense of humor which helped brighten keep work track.Iwouldthe and to on of reading task unenviable attempting earlier drafts project possible. First of all, Iwould like to thank my supervisor László Kontler who had the I wouldlike to thank anumber of people whohave beeninstrumental in making this Acknowledgements CEU eTD Collection ILORPY...... 80 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 76 CONCLUSION...... CHAPTER 4: SCOTLAND’S 58 IDENTITIES...... CHAPTER 3: CONCEPTIONS 38 ...... OF LIBERTY CHAPTER 2: ECONOMIC THOUGHT IN EARLY MODERN SCOTLAND...... 21 CHAPTER 1: THEORY AND METHODOLOGY WITHIN THE HISTORY ...... 8 OF IDEAS INTRODUCTION...... 2 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.3 2.2 2.1 T S E S J C H T T M V ACOBITISM ANDTHE ACOBITISM COTLAND COTTISH HE THNIC AND HE RADE AND RACKS THE IN ESTIGES OF ISTORICAL ARTIAL R C ISE AND ITY AND V L ’ S ALOR EGAL U C C H F NION IVIC F ONCEPTION OF ONCEPTION EUDAL U ISTORICAL B ALL OF NIVERSITY AS , UCHANANITE S L ...... 29 ...... YSTEM N IBERTY ATIONALISM W S COTLAND N HIG ORTH N ...... 55 ...... , AND THE ATIONAL R L ESPONSE C M B IBERTY ENTERS OF ENTERS RITAIN YTHOLOGY ...... 21 ...... 58 ...... I Table of Contents R DENTITY ...... 50 ...... 41 ...... ISE OF ISE ...... 68 ...... D ...... 45 ...... ISCOURSE C ...... 65 ...... OMMERCIAL ...... 38 ...... S OCIETY ...... 23 ...... 1 CEU eTD Collection English, and French had all been extending their imperial reach into the New World. It is not swallow their pride andaccept union in 1707. wildly optimistic and fraught with risk and its eventual failure led manyin Scotland to concocted to reverse the fortunes of the stagnant Scottish economy. The Darien venture was commercial of enterprisingprospects Scottish businessman; in response awild scheme was widened as a result of a series of crop failures. English protectionism alsolimited the had two the between chasm this and English the than productive less already was society identity. Scottish a distinct maintaining while Britain to life The aim of this work is to trace the different threads of discourse which intertwined and gave body. Internally itselfScotland faced distinct two visions of what ‘true’Scottishness meant. early of the 18 political coalescence of culturally homogenous entities whereas, few Scotsmen or Englishmen difficult tofind. The unification of Germany and Italy in the 19 between Scotlandthe and England.Finding instances in comparable modern history are mutually beneficial thatwouldrelationship hopefully to restcenturiesput of antagonism nationalists 1707is ayear that lives in infamy and forit unionists marked the beginning of a Introduction It has been well documented that in the 16 During the 1690s Scotland’s economy in was a shambles. This agriculturally based In 1707Scottish MPs voted theirParliament own out of For existence. Scottish th century century would haveconsidered thewhole island comprising asingle cultural th and 17 th century century Spanish,the Portuguese, th century in the effect were century 2 CEU eTD Collection enormous sway enormous in late 17 that needed to be overcome before union could become reality. The Scottish Kirk, which held union. for enticements poor harvests and the failure of Darien many Scotsmen were willing to listen to English Company inand many respects the country itself went bankrupt. In wake the of a decade of scheme was an unmitigated disaster which bled many of Scotland’s richest families dry. The provisions were to be sent to Darien from the English colonies in North America. The Darien KingWilliam inresiding England dideverythingin his powertoobstruct enterprise the asno encroaching appreciate European another their on and territory. whodidstate not Spaniards natives hostile by besieged was group This settlement. abandoned the at landed and first the was quickly abandoned. Another larger expedition was sent out without knowing the fate of for life in locale. unprepared a tropical werecompletely as colonists the disaster complete financial difficulties; however, it did manage in 1698 to launch its first expedition. This was a founded in Darien on the Isthmus of Panama. The company was almostimmediately beset by as a number of inScottish investors Edinburgh, itwas believed thata Scottish colony couldbe Darienthe Company was created. Supported by livingScottish investors in London as well 1695 the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies,more commonly known as same model the English had successfully constructed. By an act of the Scottish Parliament in the along empire of benefits the enjoy to attempted Scottish the that known commonly so There were a number of political obstacles to aunion between Scotland and England While five and ships nearly managedtoland colonists 1,200 atDarien settlementthe th century Scottish politics, was afraid that England’s Episcopacy 3 CEU eTD Collection the last real attempt of the old order to try and reconstitute itself. The failure of Bonnie Prince attests to the inability of many acceptto the new political reality. The uprising of 1745 was Scottish society within a British context. Many could notdo this and the number of uprisings incorporation there were protests in many of the larger cities and towns. the vote. The general population appeared to be against the union and on the day of its Members. Itis unlikely though that bribesthese were significantenough to seriously impact unfounded as English agents had been Scotlanddispatched to bribe to certain Scottish as betraying their nation in exchange for English gold. This charge was not completely pro-Union forces. Union finally placeintook Opponents1707. decried thosepro-Unionists these two sides could not come tosome sort of compromise to effectively prevail over the dangerous to liberty the and progress of Scotland. Unfortunately,for Scottish nationalists, traditional political Yet, evenorder. among whigs union was seen asbeing possibly among the Jacobites who supported the Stuarts claims to the throne and favored a more could be heard from both Jacobites and whigs in Scotland. Opposition was more common educational system and its legal system. ensuring official forPresbyterian union.support Scotland was also allowed tomaintain its popery. In the end one of the main pillars of the union was that Scotland would keep its Kirk would This bespreadnorthwards. by fears fearwasmitigated Presbyterian’s the of Jacobite 18 Leading upto unionthe when talk of a political mergerwasbeing dissent discussed th century Scottish history by history beattune century can Scottish characterized people to attempting the 4 CEU eTD Collection of of tremendous help. of language and specifically usesthe of languagepolitical in history the of ideas has also been importance on the work andSkinner’s Quentin Pocock J.G.A. large. andat society thoughts, idea and its role within society I have sought to trace the interaction of historical actors, their thatcomprisesframework thework. Leaningheavily Ericupon Voegelin’s perception of the theoretical and themethodological underscores chapter first The thesis. of the chapters Scottish setting. into the insight someappropriate of Hont’s to I have attempted commentators. economic Jealousy of Trade Jealousy of economic reality and economic thought in the period. Istvant Hont’s impressive work, modern Although,period. each show deficiencies in undervaluing theof importance completely overlap each provide a compelling argument for Scottish development in the early influences on Scottish society in the 18 Murray contributionPittock’s fieldto the which details Jacobitism itsand pervasive composition, religiosity, and the primacy of whig values. Kidd’s work is confronted by extensively subjecton this writing publications numerous detailing Scotland’s ethnic impact upon Scottish society and Scotland’s national identity. Colin Kidd hasworked new the accepted clans Highland order. grudgingly Charlie to reclaim his throne meant the end of serious Jacobite subversions and even the old Liberty itand how was conceptualized is primary the whichlinksthread together the Contemporary political considerations have revived interest in the Union and its and Union in the interest revived have considerations political Contemporary , provides of critical 18 understanding th century. While the two scholars’ works do not th century society through the eyes of 5 CEU eTD Collection Appeals both ethnicto andcivic nationalism were made however, each was handicapped by and for the most part did notstand on its own as an ideology capable of mobilizing the nation. Scotland during 18 the ideology thevictory announced of liberty. conception of an Anglo-British debate. The Scottish Enlightenment and the destruction of the Jacobites as a viable alternative defenders borrowed imagery from one another in attempts to control the foundation of the ensured the flourishing ofindividual liberty. Thesedifferentstrands ofliberty and their of people;the whilewere condemned both byan urbane commercial society where politeness interests the with amartial nobility in protecting agrarian was placed society contrast virtuous political system which andbest protected promoted liberty. The republican tradition of a provided an arena for politicians andintellectuals todiscuss where‘true’ liberty lay and the England. and Scotland in both forces progressive modernand wereexposed asbeing society by Jacobites animpediment to and wereattacked allowed for and eventually commercialencouraged society. Values held by whigsresistance theory and economic political thought between relationship of the This transformation andinThe convergenceof politics commerce 17 the in shaping Scottishsociety and challenged the established values heldby Scottishthe polity. The final dealschapter with quandarythe of national identity and nationalism in The third chapter will focus primarily on the conception of liberty. The Union debates role17 dealswith the The second chapter th century. Nationalist rhetoric lacked sophistication during the period th and 18 th century became of central becameimportance. century central of th century economic thought played thought economic century 6 CEU eTD Collection investigation. to thoughtthe processof the insighttimeinto and some of personalitiesthe whowereunder inThese wereofmore thought. and sources use public discourse between private acclimating disconnect of because possibility the importance memoirs of secondary were and personal within the halls of power in comparison to what was happening in the street. Letters, diaries, was occurring what between and relationship the language of government the to an insight altered as the historical context them shifted. Published parliamentary speeches were used as andhow by languagethey themselves wereaffected and works theirhow their actors the by understood audiencethe andhowthese ideas altered publicthe discourse. Also,looking at is mainly through these works in which the development of certain ideas and arguments were individual’s or a faction’s position on an event of either trivial or monumental importance. It Of most importance are the political pamphlets which were used to expound either an racked the continent in continent 19 the racked the this conditional arrangement helped Great Britain avoid the tumults of nationalism which uneasy andimperfect accommodation made was Scottishness between Yet, and Britishness. held significant advantages over its Scottish opponent. By the end of the 18 Scottish national identity was also forced to compete with a British national identity which clan or ties. identification, regional basedon religious affiliation, identities faced by traditional cohesiveness lacked also identity National ideologies. ascompeting well as flaws internal Approaching my the aims of research differentgroups of primary sources were used. th century. th century an century 7 CEU eTD Collection the spiritualinpunished) life. nextthe has Modernity secularized this vision of immortality, transferring world to the function of givingmeaning toourlives in which our temporal existence was rewarded (or nationthis served religion Previously, individuals. of lives and or actions meaningless seemingly the race. Voegelin calls this process offramework. perhaps lessrational, larger, using the finite preservingor apoliticalit is alsoorder, necessary giveto meaning to individualthe a within Press, 1997),Press, 226. 1 individual alargerwithin group. soul essence or evocative for ideaasaconduitof meaning political giving tothe the the account into takes correctly also He shifts. external and internal to in response shift and themselves rearrange ideas political how see can we order, world little or cosmion, the of function in shelter to rationalize the an ideas attempt are created political view that Voegelin’s reincarnating thoughts.themselves Yet, this as visionIdeas are living also entities which are born, thrive, andfinally intopass the abyss their of forgotten of thehistorical idea is language. not forwithout there canbeimagination noin they languageare created the which quite context correct as shiftssome upon previous experiences and apre-existing view reality.of our as such Ideas are bound by ideas aroundare rather them. adept at If weChapter 1:Theory withinthe andMethodology History ofIdeas accept Eric Eric Voegelin. Eric Throughout history Throughout history political ideas havein been used such ways as giveto meaning to Ideas are the driving force of drivingIdeas arethe force of based human even instinctive responses are actions; The Collected Works of EricVoegelin, Vol.19. 1 Therefore the political idea is not simply a tool increating atool simply not is idea political the Therefore (Columbia: University of Missouri University (Columbia: 8 CEU eTD Collection infinitum in a new fashion. This examplesystem of this oftype thesis, of discourse inantithesis, whichThe ideas debates are put forth, and interpreted, betweensynthesis and ideasthe shapedare thus and modified by in historical context the which they are discussed. reconstructedAndrew seems toFletcher repeat itself They discourses enter with actorsother a through variety mediums,ofof usuallylinguistic, and Saltoun and Daniel Defoe on liberty are a prime refer. in is butwith ideasthere an political reality reality, to noobjective dealing objective original language despite best its efforts to deceive us.When isa term usedit is assumeditrefers to 3 2 and force.political adistinct person into one themselves transform group amorphous an sense this In sovereign. the to power their transfer creates a people by denoting them as such. Thismost is clearly seen in kingship as the people use the languageof formless abstract ideas are given shape. The use of linguistic symbols individuals. to meaning give to be crafted will evocations tosecularization;underpinning itis possible quite and perhapseven probable thatnew has still a secularspiritual meaning oflifeto of is and modernity the cornerstone onewhichthe project not been magic. cosmos, an absolute create to intelligence of human resources completed in many respects. This is not to imply a teleological Ibid.,228. Ibid.,227. When a person enters into the realm of political ideas he becomes an historical actor. Political ideas enfranchised are simultaneously bylanguage. and shackled Through . J.G.A outlines Pocock his pattern personal discovery this of historicalof thought, 3 However, we are still faced by the limitation of 2 This transition from a from transition This ad 9 CEU eTD Collection 5 4 may real.” that objectively besomething considered overwhelming wealth of politicalis inevitably bound tofail,itbutis renewed nevertheless persistently and has an produced theories that allan abstraction try to describe come to life, butthe as magican not as todefineitself it force attempts and social and political becomes a real itmaterializes empirical unit being. in termsAs Voegelin of comments, “The attempt context. historical their with interaction their context.” linguistic diverse yet emerge converged began to history there in uttering again; of actors a and responding a shared couldbe “All as inthe history followed threads and these they diverged argument of of mustof both (utopians) political reality ideasparadise hold acceptthe that aspecificin role political order (anarchists) or eliminateits consequent idea and political the eradicate may some to idea.And wish dynamic while an element of human nature which standsface of from pressure analysisdisenchanted willand be replaced by a seemingly more in the way theoremsto give whichattempt an to being.ethereal substance its core it is an imagination,as apolitical fails attempt and tobecomematerial tangible unit something it ultimately as at but in this attempt at reality we are confronted by a wealth of Ibid.,229. J.G.A Pockock, The political idea’s basic function is to create a political unit. Once this political unit political this Once unit. political a create to is function basic idea’s political The At some point the evocative power of Atsomeof evocativepower ideaits the andthe point loses luster shows cracksin the Virtue, Commerce, and History. and Commerce, Virtue, 4 ideas and ideasisin of the The history tracking of essence (Cambridge: UniversityCambridge Press, 1985),3. 5 As the political idea and its expression its and idea political the As 10 CEU eTD Collection 9 8 1962),Press, 3. 7 1997),Press, 234. andnew evadedanewsetbeliefs setof mustbecreated. suppressed or of commitments be longer no can anomalies these When made. assumptions basic the undermine they because aresuppressed time. Anomalies acceptat that assumptions held the willingness to time. its own in science that of integrity historical the on focus must they instead science contemporary to science. Historians of science can not simply relate past discoveries in light of their relation within history the of science noticed asimilar phenomenon in tracing theadvance of modern Working evocations. new of face in the abandonment and dissolution its show then and its rise explain longer justify cosmion; the adequately situation; ideacannoor the chart until mortality, and humanity’s ability to craft the semblance of order and meaning from the ether. 6 withstand can and position strong in aparticularly is paradigm the game’ the of ‘rules the emerge. applications instrumental and observational, conceptual, in their theories various of illustrations paradigms in and lectures, their symbols. publications, A set andquasi-standardof recurrent corrosive effects of anomalies in expected data can be easily transferred to the history of ideas. human existence. Ibid., 44. Ibid., 6-7. ThomasKuhn. Eric Voegelin. Eric A history of ideas has to then show the growth of an idea out of a particular evocative a particular of out idea an of growth the show then to has ideas of A history The community, in this case mainly the intelligentsia and political actors, reveals its reveals actors, political and intelligentsia the mainly case in this community, The 7 Much of the success of the enterprise derives from the scientific community’s from scientific the derives enterprise the of success Much the of The Collected Works of EricVoegelin, Vol.19. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 6 by created by anxiety the death, bylifeand Humanityconfronted is 9 Once the paradigm is in place and most are generally accommodated to accommodated generally are andmost isinplace Once paradigm the 2 nd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago (Columbia: University ofMissouri University (Columbia: 8 The 11 CEU eTD Collection University of Wisconsin Press, 1989),61. andideas theirinterconnectedness. and evolution drawout iswork topinpoint not the most exact andinstead beginnings but endings, toconnect the 11 1997),Press, 235. eventfrom which all historicalsubsequent derive.events historical singular no is there bang”, “big the lacks who historian the of dilemma is the This cosmion could begin Killingwith the Times in 1680s the or Unionthe of Crownsthe in 1603. Uprising of 1745 andthecreation of a new by paradigm expressed Scottishthe Enlightenment. the after place taking event terminating the with colony, Darien the event, initiating an isperiod alocus, aneatly fountof contained knowledge and ideas. More specifically I have 10 to mytreat as period a passage in logically that abused sense HansKellner decries. and acomplete history for ideas may of this be true,butfor my it bewill purposes necessary face inthe of be new the seen as beinganachronistic will paradigm. furthermore wantingits and particular which outlook the process captivated once of thought peoplethe people’sthe begins waver.subconscious to Eventually paradigm the beleftwill completely its assimilateinformation hold or on adequately new to notparadigm itrespond reveals can the once However, viewpoint. a particular to notsubscribe do that from those attack Hans Kellner. Hans Eric Voegelin. Eric This is of course arbitrary This is arbitrary of unjustandcourse as theundermining perhaps of unique Scotland’s In Voegelin’s opinion the organization of the materials can not be completely bearbitrary completely not can materials the of organization the opinion In Voegelin’s Language and Historical Representation: Getting theStory Crooked. The Collected Works of EricVoegelin, Vol.19. 11 The most importantaspect of the (Columbia: University of Missouri University (Columbia: (Madison: 10 My 12 CEU eTD Collection 14 13 University of Missouri Press, 1997), 228. empire. within the advancement material career for or print ideas through exchange for of the little difficulty posed differences and dialectal the even the case in Scotland as English was already by the 18 boundaries for anation and acts as a rallying pointfor nations within an empire. This was not the in setting languagea key role plays asgenerally an two theories forthese anomaly creates community with shared beliefs link that them intogether a meaningful way. of print-capitalism allowed for wider and wider groups to imagine themselves as existingin a he differs with Gellner on the ultimate causation of the “national awakening”. The emergence literacy and industrialization. political weresuccumbingideas newthe to economic and social universal paradigm of political necessary give construction meaningto toan industrializedemerging society. Older stratified. horizontally were cleavages cultural in which societies to agrarian the socio-politico societiesasopposed segregated vertically appears within such industrialization. Nationalism as generally emergenceof to the directly attributable 12 myth but the myth that produces a nation.” beinventedneededthey as is “[It] to F.W.J.or a Schelling states, nation notproduces the that instead in exist time immemorial, didnot Nations areconstructions. nations all nationalists of mythologies and protestations the Despite nationalism. and nation the of is that investigation Benedict Anderson. Ibid., 10. FWJ Schelling in Eric Voegelin’s. Benedict Anderson also agrees that the nation is a sociopolitical construction; however The most important political idea of important idea political The most years of past200 the idea the central under and Imagined Communities. The Collected WorksEric of Voegelin, Vol.19. 12 (London: Verso, 1991),5. Ernest Gellner believes the rise of nationalism is nationalism of rise the believes Gellner Ernest th century firmly in established Scotland 13 Nationalism was a was Nationalism (Columbia: 14 Scotland 13 CEU eTD Collection 16 debate. the control should sentiment that convey effectively more can who one the and mean should and means that what of understanding different a have will they but rhetoric, in their nation word attempting tosetthedefinition for theidea. example For aWhig and both use will Tory the assumed. Political Parliamentarypamphlets, anddebates, polemical use books language intellectual.butperhaps moreimportantly for legitimacy forand awider resonance thesestruggles are The idea It is notinstantaneouslywith often violent, peacefully. struggles, fraught does one occur or of the nation is raised as having policies. xenophobic produced also have nationalisms civic liberal seemingly the a differentto not impart normative judgmentsrole on either side of the debate. Asthan Anthony Smith points out previously 15 birth. implying an growth whichorganic pressed national ontotheindividualscharacteristics from a common was basedupon ethnic origins, nationalism and a sharedterritory.culture Ethnic by lawsand together bound common of citizens nation idea that the was arational association as a solid foundation for the Scottish debate on nationalism. Civic nationalism is based on the itserves his study of weaknesses several despite and nationalism ideas of divergent two these civic versus process nationalism based onethnic Hans origins. Kohn didmuch to distinguish Anthony Smith. Anthony Hans Kohn. Hans 15 In discussing the debates which emerged over the basis of nationalism it is important is it nationalism of basis the over emerged which debates the discussing In This transition from an agrarian (traditional) society towards an industrialized (modern) industrialized an towards society (traditional) agrarian an from transition This Of moreinterestOf to this study will be centered the arguments around nationalism asa The Idea of Nationalism. Nationalism. (Cambridge: Polity Press,2001),41. (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1944)1961 ed.,6-10. 16 14 CEU eTD Collection 18 Vol.No. 9 3.(1948, 374. madeshould be torecount eventsthe soconvincingly readeris the that abletoexperienceit ideas, perhaps,more than any other genre of history needs to be depicted vividly. The attempt death because of its inability to meet the intellectual needs of needs community.meet the of ofitsto intellectual because inability death the its tragic or progress to in andsuccess contributing its eventual of context, the pressures the findings can look to dramafor inspiration: unity of plot orstructure, its transformation under understanding be of givenconcepts to depth. concepts isor both diachronic and synchronic andboth aspects must be equally treated for an “Neglect of any means Pearcenotes, of neglect typeHarvie all.”one intoideas society. All levels need tobe examined for studymustthe besynoptic. As Roy by have affected ideathe beexamined. In effect synthesis been of needsto processes the andmust have society social Andlastly,how a mediumforand action transmission. communicateideas.have chosen to obviously Ideas not transmitdo themselves through identify genres the andin methods which individuals and groups of individuals in society idea eventuallyinvention of new ideas? isOr appearancethe of new ideas more evolutionary, whereby a new engulfs the necessitate ideas and existing undermine crises particular Do idea. a particular to an older idea be which receptive beinvestigated to society allowed must aparticular and record economic or merely makes it obsolete. Second, we need to 17 preceding Ibid, 536. Roy Harvie Pearce, “A Note on Method in the History of Ideas”, The history of ideas can and should be anddramatic its method of presenting the To understand how how To understand certain ideas political managedominate andto subsume the Zeitgeist three streams of data need to be analyzed. First the historical, political, Journal of theHistory ofIdeas. 17 The analysis of ideas of analysis The 18 The history of 15 CEU eTD Collection writing his or herhis writingor text. beThis objective can reached bygoing of the outside asmuchtext as in of author the intentions recovering the mustbe historian of objective the the that believe meaning orsignificancethe ascribed subsequently. historians scholars and often other thesignificanceconfuse with andmeaning author the of investigating process of past. these concernsand echoes the Iain addsthat Hampsher-Monk particular agents.” particular conceptual limits andin terms of mutuallythe understood, past linguistic usage of the conflicts of pastthe be must interpreted and upvia opened medium the theirof contemporary convincingly how thison problemshould be In approached. view,his “Social andpolitical ideasof influence the abilityunderstand ideasto in past. the KoselleckReinhart arguesquite past. study would becompletely we useless, butcan not impart our attitudesown and beliefs on the measure past minds were not completely different from our own or else communication and Comparative Perspectives. Comparative 22 (Cambridge: MIT Press,1985), 79. 20 particularidea will have a similar impact onall astheyindividuals have features.universal down somewhere and even then it should be treated cautiously. However, we can assume thatparticular a actorwas thinking orfeeling at aparticular moment cannot be known unless it was written 19 vicariously. 21 Ideas, Iain Hampsher-Monk, “Speech Acts, Languages or Conceptual History?” Conceptual or Languages Acts, “Speech Hampsher-Monk, Iain Phillip Weiner, “Some Problems and Methods in the History of Ideas”, the what Obviously, take. to position precarious a and difficult extremely course of is This Reinhart Koselleck. Reinhart 20 Vol. 22, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec., 1961), 529. This concern about presentism is echoed by Quentin Skinner and J.G.A. Pocock. Both This raises important issuein an history the ideas:of theroleunderstandings present 19 This is possible in the history of ideas because we must assume that insome that assume must we because ideas of history in the is possible This 21 entireundermines the past the conceptionsupon Imposing present Futures Past: Onthe Semantics of Historical Time. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1998),39. 22 Journal of the History of Trans. Keith Tribe. History of Concepts: 16 CEU eTD Collection 24 6. 23 audience may author’sthe languageabsorb in an unintended manner. the or changes author’s the resist may language of usage conventional the as endeavors his in will similarly use modifyand language. author’s the Also, the authormay benot successful enactlanguage changes in to Subsequentwhich languageisusedandunderstood. the authors momentusinglanguage the of forothers his andown purposes atthe same time acting upon author the is find thecontextthat writing within. publishedor looking works, to writings atthe contemporary of andothermethodsauthors, to possible; by looking writingsother to by authorthe whether they are personal correspondence contemporary andusecontemporary questions language. contemporary texts; which “great” were written within an historical settingleast and at partially deal with issues. This vision Hegelian of ideaslacks nuance proper the as is this viewa narrow of outside the boundaries be to operate seen can becausethey historian to the anobstacle canbeseen as of texts “Great” historical time as it mayunderstandhow events, actions, and reactions were understood, interpreted, andreinterpreted. seem these texts transcendwhere contemporarythe focus of studyconsciousness occurs; and is also a form of communication tracking author’s inthe of a discourse anarticulation both is with text The other context. its actors.from removed simply the exchange of ideas. The use of discourses to toinnovate toadequately authors respond. likely idea the itoutlive wasinitially createdto andforcedelineate subsequentreaders and historicalforin the language context the which used was andmodified, languagethe but will Ibid., 28. J.G.A Pockock, The text may be the primary focus of the historian’s attention; however it cannot be cannot it however attention; historian’s the of focus primary bethe may text The Virtue, Commerce, and History. and Commerce, Virtue, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), Thus, the author has a dual role; at one 23 Thisisnot true only 24 This is This 17 CEU eTD Collection a new vocabulary ina new tobegenerated, vocabulary iscomes and of terms conceptwhich the then articulated that is, it, Itake new concept of a self-conscious-possession into the hasa entered society that ithow is being This ends debated. debate when Quentin as, notes, “TheSkinner sign clearest The more interesting andmore important discussion is delineating what is being debated and ideafirst the language or the asthis chicken and eggdebateonly tomuddy serves waters. the by communicated Yet,language. this for it study particular is notsoimportant which came wherebyemerges languagethe informs a new or ideareformed which is then again acycle of the the language through time andthen firstand is then occurs communicated idea the that It is my contention other. informs the one what extent to realmsand two these importance. is The between isof theinterplay understand goal central are communicated to claiming historianthe can easily hisdistinguish subject’s intentions. for this simplifying LaCaprainits approach owncontext. criticizesand Skinner’s problem creates a vicious circle in which the contextintentions isbased understanding upon acontext which can not be reliably grasped. This which has been ‘textualized’ must then be put it 25 past.” the of remainders ‘textualized’ of basis that, “For the historian, the very reconstruction of a wrote author his‘context’ text is passed down to us otherthrough texts. Dominick LaCapra remarks or a ‘reality’ takes place on the 26 1982), 50. Intellectual History. Dominick LaCapra, “Rethinking Intellectual History and Reading Texts”, Ibid., 58. Bridging gapbetween the political ideas and language through the which ideas those Delineating the text from the context raises new problems. The reality in which an Dominick LaCapra and Steven Kaplan eds. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, University Cornell (Ithaca: eds. Kaplan Steven and LaCapra Dominick 25 Our conception of a particular author’s particular a of conception Our 26 Modern European 18 CEU eTD Collection 29 (Cambridge: MIT Press,1985), 77. Comparative Perspectives. Comparative 28 University 1978), Press, pg. x. 27 discussed.” understandings of of concepts. particular understandings which he can operates, manipulate past a understandings towards polemical thrustfor future simultaneously. Moreover, anactor, cognizant of his position and the linguistic period in ideas andbetween andlanguage;multiple occur concessions debates,arrangements, from Darien’s emergence to the desperate gamble of gambleilluminate Charlie Prince of desperate the Bonnie to from emergence Darien’s ground incrediblyof influential suchthinkers as David Hume and Adam Smith. Theperiod asabreeding emerges Jacobitism from Scotland absolutist the to France, alliance Auld Highlandfeudalism, Lowland whiggism, theories from economic England, appeals tothe empire.largestto become world’sOut the from intellectual of a pressure-cooker of currents; relevance. From a backward,periphery Scotlandstate would asapartner emerge in was what shifts in meaningsthe of words. In effect ideas languageand the change along evolutionary lines asopposed to revolutionary Hampsher-Monk continues: of the role of innovation, especially amongst political actors in driving conceptual changes. Iain Hampsher-Monk, “Speech Acts, Languages or Conceptual History?” Conceptual or Languages Acts, “Speech Hampsher-Monk, Iain Reinhart Koselleck. Reinhart Quentin Skinner, The history ideasThe history holds within theearly modern of a Scottish context particular restrict the particular applicationor of itunder extend discussion.to or term of the force commendatory the deny or capture to seeks author innovative extension or restriction of conventional meanings or repertoires asthe meaning since the act of politicalof persuasion most commonly recovery the involvesto the rhetorically added, be might it salient particularly are accounts Such 27 Obviously, this does not mean that only one relationship occurs at a time The Foundations of Modern Political Thought. Futures Past: Onthe Semantics of Historical Time. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1998),44. 28 Again Hampsher-Monk has asimilarunderstanding .29 Vol.(Cambridge: 1. Cambridge Trans. Keith Tribe. History of Concepts: political 19 CEU eTD Collection nation. monumental conceptual changes inhow perceived Scotland both as itself a society and a 20 CEU eTD Collection Press, 1992),Press, 49. Within his own lands the noble was in effect the highest authority and was imbued with in hands of power of nobility. the the accumulation the facilitated this system weakness troops andfurnished theirmaintenance and Becausereplacement. of central the governments 30 of types services. orother military therendering of on conditioned land right tothe was and subtenants The tenants subtenants. his retainers and among land was property the of kingthe and he it then donated tohis nobles, whoin divided itturn economic thought available to the lords, lairds, and merchants to operate within. In theory all 2.1 Vestigesof Feudal Scotland misery. economic its of out Scotland lift the Jacobite rebellions all served to incorporate Scotland into the Anglo-British Empire and the painfully slow encroachment of commercial society into the Highlands, and the failure of underpinnings would need tochange for Scotland toescape its poverty. TheUnion of 1707, of 1690sandthe Darien disastrous Scotland’s the economy its that intellectual experience and and slowly reorganized Scottish society. It became apparent in the aftermath of the famines continent the from and neighbors southern their from Scotland into filtered thought Economic by it1700 was proving completely ineffective in with modernitydealing the process. Chapter 2: Economic Thoughtin EarlyScotland Modern Henry William Spiegel. Scotland’s feudal political structure in feudal Scotland’s centuriesstructure the precedingthe dictated Union political 17 th century can century political beScottish thought by and its characterized feudal character The Growth ofEconomic Thought. 3 rd edition. (Durham: Duke University 30 This system provided 21 CEU eTD Collection 33 I.D. Whyte eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 171. attributed attributed to their toadapt ability toslowly changing needsandcircumstances. resources control andserved canbe of access to their to subsistence continued survival around perceptionthe of linkskinship notnecessarily genuine blood ties. Originally clan the Lowlands but, the clan system maintained certain distinctions. The clan was organized as placedbeing andsocially under-productive, underattack backwards, retarding. 32 they acted to rectify this situation as it was seen as retarding progress in Scotland. considerable power wellinto the 18 31 functions. administrative and judicial numerous ahead inahead increasedshare conquestof the market andwerechallenging established the had already occurred within the large states of Europe. England and France were already well Europe. This foray into empirebuilding came too late as a revolution in commercial thought through the creation of colonies to facilitate trade between the Americas, the Far East, and trade. They hoped to follow the example of the Dutch and enrich their small kingdom neighboring clans became an established andrecognized economic activity in 16 the self-sufficiency. 17 and manor the the towards In tended impeding Scotland’s progress in states. impeding Scotland’s comparison European to other progress 17 late century and was by accompanied paidfor protection duties and similar activities. Ibid.,183. R.A. Dodghson, “The Nature of Scottish Clans”, Because the Union enshrined Scotland’s legal system the large landowners were still able to wield th The system instituted in the Highlands shared some common characteristics with the Late 17 century century ‘improving’ Lowlanders saw both feudalthe andclan organizations as th century Scots became aware of the apparent riches to be found in overseas th century. This was not lost on the Whigs and their supporters and Scottish Society, 1500-1800. 31 The feudalholding was organized around th and 18 th century this system was R.A. Houston and 32 Raiding of 33 By the th and 17 22 th CEU eTD Collection was viewed by asacompetitor EastIndiathe Company and they lobbied hardtoscuttle envisioned to be a joint-stock venture based on the model of the East India Company. Thus,it French, the Spanish, orsome combination of the three. The Company had been originally this time. First, the failure of the Darien colony was attributed solely to the English, the toScotland.were returned only by hunger and also disease but, hostile forces. Spanish By 1700 the remaining survivors abandoned the settlement. A second expedition embarked for Darien and was confronted not launched inJuly 1698. Thefirst1,200 colonists werepoorly provisioned and quickly Parliament in 1695 and finally after three years of scrambling for investors an expedition was to found a colony at Darien on the Isthmus of Panama. This was incorporated by an Act of Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies endorsed a plan by William Paterson European states foisted upon the Scots perhaps their scheme was not so far-fetched. The instrumentin playing alarger role in European politics and from virulencethe many hopelessly optimistic. However, at the time many Scotsmen truly believed in Darien as an 2.2 Martial Valor,and theRiseofCommercial Liberty, Society imperialism. much foreignthrough though many were adventures, committedScots to trying their handat guarded foreigntheir possessions and accesstotrade Scotland heldlittle hopeof gaining commercial society of Holland. Within this environment whereby each state jealously Two distinct themes come out of the pamphlets written and published in Scotland at With the benefit of hindsight it is easy to castigate the Scottish adventure in Darien as 23 CEU eTD Collection 38 (Edinburgh: 1700),1-5. 37 Coming Away From Darien.In aLetter to aPerson of Quality. 36 when its end was a fait accompli. 35 Union for Empire. 34 Englishin investment Company.the mind Company. againstthe William’s poisoned and lies spread have that Ministers English selfish on squarely blame of Saltoun Andrew Fletcher could blame. takethe that national numerous enemies were there company of itScotland was difficultfor Scotsmen to responsibilitytake for its failure when property of Scotsmen and unintentionally took on a national character. As a ‘national’ into the domestic economy. domestic into the to play a more active role infostering industry native and outsidersfrom excluding entrance needed state the interest national tothe linked seenasclosely were enterprises As commercial The policy reflectedRidpath endorsed mercantilist the circulatingattitude Europe. throughout was to raise tariffs on English wool to foster the development of a Scottish woolen industry. sovereignty in Scotland’s interference Parliament’s English the to in response plan Ridpath’s toScottish ones. interests English witha kingparent” the preferring without children further claiming that since the Union of Crowns the people of Scotland have been “like Ibid.,47-52. George Ridpath. George Andrew Fletcher. Andrew even company of the defender strident a remained and scheme Darien the in invested had himself Fletcher David Armitage, “The Scottish Vision of Empire: Intellectual Origins of the Darien Venture”, in The English were quickly cast as villains in Darien’s demise and so was King William. King was so and demise in Darien’s villains as cast quickly were English The John Robertson ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 100. Scotland’s Grievances Related to Darien&c. HumblyPresented toParliament. A Short and Impartial View of the Manner andOccasion of the Scots Colony’s 36 35 The Scottish and journalist pamphleteer George Ridpath goes defends the directors and managers of the Company placing the 34 Ultimately the Company became the exclusive (Edinburgh: 1699). 37 A 38 24 CEU eTD Collection (Edinburgh: 1700), 54. 41 40 and particularly to that which isforeign. colony atDarien. With a brief display, how much itisin their interest, toapply themselves totrade, seriously begancommercial examine to large unitary states into martial success, wealth that corruption. With the success of the Dutch in their ability accumulateto wealth and transform by the large unitary states as being unworthy because of their association with opulence and commercial enterprises were the exclusive domain of small republics; derisively written off 17 of the course the over transformed was of commerce The concept early 17 pantheon of modern European powerbrokers in much the same way the Dutch had done in the European balance of power. The Scottish polity was attempting to place themselves in the states. universal monarchy neededwhich be to resisted; preferably by a coalition of Protestant 39 broached. is alliance Franco-Scottish of another and possibility the isfondly Alliance remembered The French occupied a strange place with regards to Darien, in certain publications the Auld enslavement and destruction of the natives went against the Laws of Nations and Nature. the as monarch. Furthermore, any samerights European the been haveshould accorded Spanish Empire in the New World. According to Ferguson the Emperors of Peru and Mexico Darien’s failure. The capricious Robert Ferguson attacked the morality and the legality of the George Ridpath. George Archibald Foyer. Robert Ferguson. Robert 41 Second, Darien was necessary for both the prosperity and the security of Scotland. The Spanish also received a great deal of criticism from the Scots for their part in In effect publications these wereattemptingplace to Scotland somewhere within the th century successfully. so century 40 The contrasting position saw France as the seat of Papal intrigue and keen on Scotland’s Grievances Related to Darien&c. HumblyPresented toParliament. A Defense of the Scots Colony at Darien. A just and modest vindication of the Scots design, for the having established a (n.p.: 1699). (Edinburgh: 1699). th century. Originally 39 25 CEU eTD Collection Pspective. 44 235. 43 hands thismay come. 42 ratherEurope than industry develop in Lowlands. Highlandsor the Franceincome in or in moreEngland interested and were theirmartial plying around abilities intimacy and Scottishbetween commerce lords hadbeenspend politics. willing to quite their of-power. Not until the late 17 balance- European the upon impact its for scrutinized increasingly was activity Commercial intertwined. and closely became explicit wealth power and between connection policies. The finance on a scale that simply could not be met by the expedients of the past.” As Istvan Hont argues, “The needs of modern warfare created an ever-increasing demand for some within the Scottish polity that Scotland would not be able to enrich itself independently. poverty a put them distinctat disadvantage. The failures of 1690s had demonstrated the to Europe had followed suit. The Scottish polity followed this trend but, its location, size, and of largestates territorial the and commerce field into ofinternational the such had expanded interest. stoicproprietor and minded, thebase concernsof above publicly andcommerce monied the associated with a conception of virtue passed down from the republican tradition of the armed importance placed upon wealth placed upon importance and trade. newthe of were aware Scotsmen that isclearevidence forcolony theDarien support Istvan Hont. Istvan J.G.A. Pocock. James Armour. James The needs of a modern state necessitated a new approach to commerce. Politics as commerce.Politics anewapproach to necessitated modern The needsof state a 43 (Cambridge: The Belknap of Press Harvard University 2005), Press, 186. Jealousy of Trade: International Competition and the Nation-State in Historical Virtue, Commerce, and History. A premonitor warning: oradvice, by a true lover of his country, unto all whose (Edinburgh: 1702). th century did Scottish commentators appreciate apparent the appreciate commentators did Scottish century (Cambridge: Cambridge University 1985),Press, 42 This is closely 44 The rabid 26 CEU eTD Collection (Edinburgh: 1701), 14. Belhaven,Lord on the affair oftheIndian andAfrican Company, and colonyits of Caledonia. William indicate the concern English merchants and others had concerning Scottish competition. Scottish concerning had others 48 and merchants English concern the indicate William defense of theScots settlement success. This new commercial ideal gained greater intraction Lowlandsthe and manynobles 47 46 Pspective. 45 costs. constraining while of wealth accumulation and the in facedmilitary expenditures nation balancing newconstraints modern commercial was based upon wealth and military strength which precluded a regime lowof wages. A if was situation predicated where trade on increased andcheap wages low costs power and problems as themarkethad its own laws outside thebounds of politics. unique alsoheld but, states between of conflict of centuries wasacontinuation warfare of theatre This commercial of conflict. as a newbastion wasseen commerce tradition, merchant.” only,but in self-defense and for necessity, so that war itself is become a trade, and Mars a Parliament in 1701 Lord Belhaven declared, “So that now it is notfor advantage and profit commerce within international affairs onto the martial tradition of the Scots. Speaking to trade. of Scottish detriment tothe measures English exclusionary in this necessitated of because wagespossible lower Scotland; the be anasset. to prove may infact Scotland’s poverty to that their scheme concerns be traced can Darien Scotland’s John Hamilton, Lord Belhaven. Lord Hamilton, John Both Walter Harris’ pamphlet Ibid.,187. Hont. Istvan Rather than Rather than nationstying together, asit isin currently liberal-democraticthe thought The Scottish polity and intelligentsia attempted to graft the new conception of (Cambridge: The Belknap of Press Harvard University 2005), Press, 187. 48 The bravery of the Scottish nobility needed to be complemented by commercial Jealousy of Trade: International Competition and the Nation-State in Historical 47 Scottish merchants would be able to undersell English merchants English undersell to be able would merchants Scottish and the letter sent from the Lords Temporal and Spiritual to King A Defense of the Scots Abdicating Darien; including a response to the A speech in Parliament on the 10 46 Much of the English resistance to th day of January 1701, by the 45 This led to an ironic 27 CEU eTD Collection 51 Eighteenth-Century Studies. 50 Review. History fashionable manner. to mark the occasion many filled their new homes with new commodities and living in a more which was spreading across Britain. House construction boomed in the early 18 territories. The Highlands, despiteits isolation, was able to take part in the consumerism violence centeredraiding on between poachingclans parties from cattle neighboring contemporaries. By the end of the 17 inhavingbackward more society common Aztecs Iroquois with or the European than pressures on the land and the rise of cattle raiding. scarcity arable landcoupled with of of symbolic importance the a large led toimmense clan comparison to the distinction given to those who maintained alarge retinue followers.of The Highlandsthe within the clansystem appeal the commercialof profitability paled in 49 Britain. in fruitthroughout were bearing society practice commercial changing. The appearance of consumerism in the Highlands displays that the ideas of Britain’s most remote region and provides evidence that the habits of the Highlanders were London orEdinburgh. surrounding regions; alsomany commodities were made locally as copies of designs from in 18 the Ibid.,218. Stana Nenadic, “The Highlands of Scotland: Consuming at a Distance”, in T.M. Devine, “Temporary Migration and the Scottish Highlands in the 19 This is not topropagate the romantic myth that the Highlands were a completely th century went about improving the commercial viability of their lands. However, in Vol. 32No. 3(Aug. 1979),345. 50 Modern consumer items were often made in small burghs in the burghs in small made often were items consumer Modern 51 Slowly the ability and desire to acquire luxury goods infiltrated even Vol. 28No. 2(Autumn, 2005), 216. th century full-scale clan warfare was a distantmemory; 49 th Century”, British Journal for th The Economic century and century 28 CEU eTD Collection increasing corruption and luxury and the disappearance of morality. This was first questioned by Sir by questioned first was This morality. of disappearance the and luxury and corruption increasing 53 235. 52 in 17 late the discredited The image of city the as a fount of luxury and corrupting opulence had alreadybeen armed citizenswith protect professional to hissoldiers a culturedtaxpayer paying liberty. of for thereplacement Therise allowed of feudal commerce Gothicism. of cruel vestige landowner hisvirtuous protecting with his liberties ownmartial as wascastigated a abilities modern, commercial society. Politeness became the ultimate virtue of the new whig. The that they would need, as Fletcher and Defoe had already realized, to idealize a distinctly 2.3 Trade andUnion sword. and ink both with battling century past the spent had they who Tories and Jacobites held different ideals for society than the resistance whigs or throwing their lot in with the Resistance whigs were faced with a dilemma of accepting this emerging whig class which Cicero toTusculan leisure;philosophic in Cato all his manifestations the arch figure.” “stoic, publicfrom called andagrarian, like whether plow the orretiringlike Cincinnatus paper money. Roman mythology was invoked by these traditionalists callingmind to the, defining rank the and of order society afactionto whose wealth and position was definedby andTories feared this Jacobites new landsociety waslosingits where preeminentposition as of society. sectors more andtraditional from established metresistance commercial outlook Lowlands occurring more rapidly. However, the rise of commercial society and a concurrent Itwas the common conception that societies after aperiod of growth eventually collapsed under J.G.A. Pocock. The new whigs attempted to usurp some of the Roman mythos but, it became apparent The habits of the Highlanders were changing in the 18 Virtue, Commece, and History. Commece, Virtue, th century. 53 The city became a symbol of culture and modern (Cambridge: Cambridge University 1985),Press, th century with changes in the changes with century 52 29 CEU eTD Collection Scotland and England; especially, as to its fitness for Scotland. would eventually be accepted by most economic theorists of the 17 of the 54 theorists economic most by accepted be eventually would his in Temple William problemthe as such, be beggars giving uptheirliberties in exchange for English gold. Andrew Brown summarized look at Union with England as an escape out of poverty. However, the Scots did notintend to number of years until the prosperity promised by the Union began to become reality. religious intolerance and feudal barbarism. This conception would fall on deaf ears for a in darknessof the covered lightacountry illuminating of asbeacons werechampioned centers Union of Parliaments Edinburgh and Glasgow became centers of culture and industry. These morality and this transformation was championed intensely by the new whigs. After the Union. inheritors of an kingdom ancientwhowere capableof bringing something tangiblethe to the as themselves present to needed polity Scottish The Robertson. William historian or the supplication of a broken sovereign. This sentiment was renewed decades later by the The Union was to be an arrangement between equals not the reclamation of a wayward colony Andrew Brown. Andrew The crippling effectsoffamines and the Darien pusheddisaster many Scotsmen to reasons ofthem. reasons seek we only when them, from concessions and weseekfavors that think may English the for afford; to capable is Scotland that needful, prudence and sagacity the all art, and reason the all make this And abroad. and home at prosperous, and powerful, rich, very so being England nations; two the of circumstances the in differences great ofthe account onthe a bargain, such Considering the great difficulties that may be in the way of accomplishing A scheme, proposing a true touch-stone forthedue trial ofa proper union betwixt ObservationsUpon the Provinces oftheNetherlands. 54 (Edinburgh: 1706), 3. th and18 th century. (London:, 1673)and 30 CEU eTD Collection 55 Scotland’s continuing hardship, from the poverty their country still endured. A typical example of this relationship during them deliver to in Parliament Scotsmen of band their assist to MPs English upon entreating prosperity envisioned by thatcraftedthose Union the in 1707. Scottish gentlemen were for their economic problems. Itwould take at least half a century for the Union to provide the prosperity, and good laws. The Scots were to be disappointed as the Union was nota panacea concerning theslavish dependencies, which agreat part ofthat nation ... many Scots saw many their as Scots existence of one province. an impoverished members, as the conjoiningmoreleast benevolent the at founders, by its was envisioned Britain of creation Great of values and peoplesScotland would remain a breedinggroundof and Therebellion of asource Jacobite support. whose sum exceeded statesseparate and pursued divergentpolicies. Without an improvementin situationthe the parts. Instead, asitother injured whole.In many the the nationstwo respects continued toseethemselves as states have the itmakebecomethat the two grouptodisadvantage did one sensefor one not closer fourteen yearsEnglish liberty had not extended to Scotland economic and advancementalso seemed noafter theneighbors. English Union their by enjoyed liberties and advantages same thanthe expecting Union, the they had while Scotlandand how they saw themselveswas within independent.the Union. The Scots saw themselves as partners within what was by upon canbemade expected Scottish the From certain extrapolations plea this Now John Whillison. John The most attractive feature of of for in Scottish Union was theincrease feature the trade, The mostattractive grievous, and prejudicial to us, as ever they were to burdensome, you. as are follows, what from find, will you which hardships, readily concur to make us share in the same liberties,to and deliverhis us from the subjectsbenignity and clemency for sorenowned aprince that but hope, We cannot as King George, and that so wise a senate as yours, will A letter to an English member of Parliament, from a gentleman in Scotland, 55 (Edinburgh: 1721),6. 31 CEU eTD Collection within the British polity as another attack upon liberty. English liberty and subsequently The politicization of bureaucracy, withinthe especially those many Exchequer,the confronted prosperity of the state. Furthermore he argues, sumsenormous beingrequestedand the implications thesefunds hadfor liberty futurethe and European intrigues. William Pulteney, the Earl of Bath, was a lord concerned with the various subsidize to requests Crown’s the and affairs in Continental interest Hanoverian argued for wealth based uponland andagriculture asbeinginherently more stable. 1734), 13. 57 Pspective. 56 creditwas inherently unstable. Drawing upon the works of the French undermine the constitution. Adding dangerthis to was fearthe thatasociety based upon and power alargerfinanciernecessitated debt disproportionate whichcouldexercise class Scotland becauseof their historicsuch aversion to policies. Itwasargued alargethat public in accept to difficult taxeswasmore and higher debt of public acceptance The involved. both north and south of the border with similar arguments being raised among the actors William Pulteney, Earl of Bath. Hont. Istvan Compounding these fears, many Scots as well as Englishmen were hesitant over aswell werehesitant many Englishmen as fears, Scots these Compounding Public debtalso became alightning of rod debate in 18 the (Cambridge: The Belknap of Press Harvard University 2005), Press, 189-192. Jealousy of Trade: International Competition and the Nation-State in Historical infinitely vexatious and oppressive to our fellow subjects. their superiors, they are become formidable to our liberties, as well as of inclinations the to according kingdom, ofthe part trading the harassing or favoring, of power by the but hive; industrious of the labor the on drones are so many unprofitable members of the Commonwealth, and live, like The multiplicity of civil officers is not only a burden to the kingdom, as they An enquiry into the conduct of our domestick affairs… 57 th century. This occurred economists 56 (London, who 32 CEU eTD Collection 60 Review. 59 58 would bediminished and would cripple its financial capacity. in state credit of the loans orconfidence the the service toregularly Government the required has been previously stated this monetary policy was perceived be to inherently unstable and on by Astaxes. increases itwere generally funded byloans andoccasionally market British the expand and protect to fought wars These in taxation. increases and loans corresponding British liberty had been premised upon an aversion civilto authority. Andrew Fletcher is illuminating in terms of the economic thought taking place in taking place British the in thought is of economic the terms illuminating Andrew Fletcher standing army as were conjoined meansthe ofinstallinga government. despotic willing tosacrifice the public for private good gain. replaced men those noble defended virtuous who the liberty men people’s fraudulentwith of empire the center. overextension tothe The flowwealth of constant underthe decayed Charles Davenantbelieved that empires originally built militaryupon eventuallyvirtue intellectual underpinnings was resisted by the resistance whigs who referred to the works of only expanded with inclusion the of Scotland 1707.This after regime of debtandits over issuethe of haddebt beenin percolating England since theGlorious Revolution and was Scottish subjects. intrusive central authority and its bureaucratic minions was anathema to both English and Charles Davenant. Charles Patrick O’Brien, “The Political Economy of British Taxation, 1660-1815”in Hans Kohn. Hans Focusing exclusively on the Scottish component in these debates the insight of insight the debates in these component Scottish the on exclusively Focusing The numerous wars foughtby Britishduringthe early the 18 Vol. 41 No. 1(Feb. 1998), 2. The Idea of Nationalism. Tom Double Return’d Out of the Country… (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1961),178. 60 Thepublicand debtof specter the (London, 1702). 59 The debate anddiscourse The debate th 58 century required The specter of an specter The The Economic History 33 CEU eTD Collection 62 for the Common Good of Mankind. 61 warfare. and politics,was beyond of thescope government andin would factlead toperpetual national interests and distinct societies. For Fletcher the union of the two concepts, commerce based mutual upon interests and the benefit mankind,of while waspolitics based upon the lead not devastation tothe hadof been Scotland. as previously Commerce conceptualized would national itaspirations English tobelieve intertwinedwashardfor Fletcher increasingly interests. vested English of magnanimity the question and experience Irish recent by the out the day and wealth remained in the center. Scotsmen could easily look to the example laid prohibitingabout Irish prices the andimmediately The Englishtook woolen trade. set interest within in industry woolen the which saw competitor England a directhad in anadvantage impassioned argument for Irish parliamentary rights and the right to trade freely. Those Scotland. In1698 an Irish MP and philosopherWilliam Molyneauxmade had an woolenlent industry little supportto idea the thatEngland woulda prosperous readily accept politicians castrating the Scottish venture at Darien and the English destruction of the Irish without an independent political structure. and social structure. Scotland would be left at the mercies of the market with no recourse wages wouldnot be enough of an advantage to overcome deficiencies Scottish in productivity low in argued Fletcher a Union bediminished wakeof with the England. automatically periphery. It had been assumed by many in England and Scotland that Scottish poverty would use their wealth to dominate poorer nations. Fletcher preferred a system of large federal Ibid., Andrew Fletcher. Andrew Furthermore as the Scots themselves had accepted that war, politics, and trade were 62 Fletcher large afearcompulsively expounded of that nations sought to commercial An Account ofa Conversation Concerning theRight Regulations of Governments (Edinburgh: 1703) 61 The recent past of English merchants and merchants past of English Therecent 34 CEU eTD Collection University 1994), Press, 116. 63 and them. states enrich poor these advanced in will trade have the advantage oflower will wagesand thusmanufacturers shiftto be difficultfor another nation to regain the lost ground. However, the nation which is not of commerce for both rich and poor country. power in transformative Hume believed positive the successors, andhisintellectual Fletcher’s society’s developmentas one of progression. In stark contrast to the reservations advanced by role within the state. David Hume lived his entire life under the British state and viewed hadBritain day Scotland’s inand latter Scots Great those confidence tothe can beattributed commercial empires. 18 dominating all others. His arguments and fears resonate to this day. In the second half of the union which would come together in defensive alliances thus, ameliorating fears of one state and a more malleable form of exchange must grow. Thus money grows in importance not out and became grows refined commerce more Astastes cultivated for exchange. necessary not money economy was where eachvillagewasaself-contained modern commerce as require directly linked to the progress of society. For Hume society in its earlier stages did not nations the worst fears envisioned by Fletcher would be mitigated. The rise of commerce is David Hume, “Of Money” in th century a number of Scots would take up the other side of the argument in favor of Hume admits in “Of Money” that where a country has an advantage in trade it would Perhaps the swing from Fletcher’s skepticism towards the hubris of Hume and Smith Political Essays. 63 Through this natural flow of wealth from richer to poorer Knud Haakonssen ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge 35 CEU eTD Collection (Cambridge: Cambridge University 1994),Press, 62-64. 66 Cambridge University Press, 1994), 54. 65 64 valueof any inherent merely but, an to commercial as expedient society. did comeand commercial society itsand concomitantvalues intoseeped the Scottish psyche. and the values many Scots still held dear. Prosperity came to Scotland at a glacial pace but, it both towards claimsthe of andprosperity damages the union would entail for Scottish culture pessimistic In response men like Fletcher were as bemodern society. gained a commercial incorporating to pointed union open access Englishthe to andcolonial withmarkets wealth to share andpolicy. commerce states neighboring living in a free government. The rise of politeness is most favorable in an environment where Swift].” [Jonathan Hume comments, “The first polite prose we have, was writ by a man whois still alive as invention a recent was liberty polite This society. acommercial within flourished intellect law. of dueprocess the wealth, or at least an opportunity for its gain, through the introduction of civilized security of afount degeneracy but, of commercial The Unionvirtue. individual brought liberty and and vice of a source center urban is the longer no head; its on virtue on debate the turns Hume agrarian iswealth modern for anachronistic ‘civilized’ David Hume, “Of the Rise and Progress of the Arts and Sciences” in Knud Haakonssen ed. David Hume, “Of Civil Liberty” in Liberty” Civil “Of Hume, David Ibid.,122. Economic considerations and theory divided the country. Those that favored an Hume argued that politeliberty, the right of a man to control his property and his 65 Furthermore, progress in arts and sciences can only take among people Political Essays. 66 Knud Haakonssen ed. (Cambridge: Haakonssen Knud society and it is at this point where 64 The virtue virtue The of 36 CEU eTD Collection values. commercial basedEnglish society upon polite cultivated to transition placeScotland’s of By the middle of the 18 th century Scottish intellectuals envisioned the Union as the starting 37 CEU eTD Collection extremely effective in establishing the primacy of resistance whiggism in16 whiggism resistance of primacy the in establishing effective extremely causal explanation of historical change. was alsousedas a for definingtool educating andthe social andinculcatingleaders, virtue, and humanist resources were used to wage partisan warfare on their contemporaries. History scholarship. They engaged in historical immediate for writing antagonistic reasons.Calvinist toemergein reaching discourse 18 the world. This university system laid theepistemological that groundwork allowed such a far- hadconflicts managed somehow tocraftan education system rivaled that anythingin else the its for theological society leastrenowned This asanyinas modern at ‘backward’ Europe. Descartes’ vortex theory. vortex Descartes’ Press, 1993),Press, 65. 67 natural sciences Aristotle’s Platonists, as well as natural lawyers such as Grotius, Cumberland, and Pufendorf. In the complemented by the moral theology and casuistry of Puritan divines, some Cambridge core of Scottishthe curriculum. By 1680sAristotelianthe moral philosophy being was examine university life at the end of the 17 3.1 TheCity andUniversity asCenters of Discourse Chapter 3: Conceptions of Liberty 68 124. Thought and the Union of 1707. RogerEmerson, “Scottish Cultural Change 1660-1710” in David, Allan. David, A broadly humanist tradition characterized early modern A broadly humanistScottish modern early tradition historical characterized To appreciate changes in Scottish intellectual orientations it is relevant to briefly to is relevant it orientations intellectual in Scottish changes appreciate To Virtue, Learning and the Scottish Enlightenment. 67 By the turn of the century Scottish students attended universities Physics John Robertson ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), was being replaced by the cosmology of Copernicus and th 68 century. This conceptualization of history and its use was th century. Latin, Greek, and religion formed the A Union for Empire: British Political (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University th and 17 th century 38 CEU eTD Collection James Buchan. 71 prosecution prosecution combatwas notdesigned to heretical instead they beliefs were attacking an Kirkthe believingits intellectual and religious hold on populationthe was waning. The and 8 the washangedon Inquisition. than 200 years later, Aikenhead’s remorse would have saved his life at the hands of the 70 and the scriptures and expressed deep contrition forand his and deepcontrition scriptures the expressed deeds. basing his transgressions on the recklessness of youth. He confirmed his belief in the Trinity mostlymanner, in a less than sinister way, had blasphemed.Aikenhead pleaded for mercy, some in Aikenhead that testified each and Advocate Lord the before brought were witnesses ed., 69 lykein committhe coming.” tyme Stewart of Goodtrees sought the death sentence, “to the example and terror of others to chargedDecember 18 on progressive liberty northernthe to kingdom. Aikenhead wasan eighteen-year-old student and provided ample for ammunition and thoseScots Englishmenbringing committed to was found lacking. Scotland however; facedwhen by a rising society polite centered on Edinburgh tradition this John Buchan and George Adam Smith. Adam George and Buchan John James Buchan. “Proceedings against Thomas Aikenhead, for Blasphemy. 8William III. A.D. 1696” in T.B. Howell, A Complete Collection of State Trials. Aikenhead didfind not the clemency he would havefound from Catholic interrogators The trial James Aikenheadof in 1696 revealed the backwardness of Scottish society 71 Capital of the Mind. Capital of the Mind. th th of January 1697. The severe penalty imposed was the response of 1696 with committing blasphemy. The Lord Advocate, Sir James 69 (London: John Murray, 2003), 56-57. Aikenhead had no counsel and no defense. Five (London: Murray,John 2003), 56-57. The Kirk in Scotland, 1560-1929. Vol. 13No. 401col. 920(London: 1812). 70 John Buchan noted more (Edinburgh: 1930), 53in 39 CEU eTD Collection the onlythe andthe relative for affordability madeprerequisite an destination Scotland attractive from across Protestant Europe came to Scotland as well as Englishmen. Latin usually being which allowed only Episcopalians, universities Scottish were expressly inclusive. Students learning. centers of Compared of with policies exclusionary the Oxford andCambridge, thisuniversity expansion system of energetic andintellect. promoted culture partake in training to wereallowed temporal this pleasure. within clergy.the Music and dancingbecame fashionable andby 1737 evenministers-in- despite inroads Secular making continuously protestationsthe of polite society was some 18 the of middle the by metropolises, Enlightenmentandits skeptics root in took the Edinburgh, traditional basepower Kirk.the of increasingslide towards skepticism continued onin 18 the rigidity of the Kirk may have slowed public skepticism of Presbyterian doctrine however, the 74 112. 72 books for a subscription fee, creating the first lending library in Britain. polite society. In 1727 Allan Ramsay abookshop andopened allowed his toborrow patrons 1720 in Edinburgh, citizens. by was being adopted attitude skepticism prosperous of that common-sense 73 Journal. Ibid.,113. Adrian Johns, “Identity, Practice, and Trust in Early Modern Natural Philosophy”, Natural Modern in Early Trust and Practice, “Identity, Johns, Adrian Arthur Herman. The University of Edinburgh along with Glasgow and St. Andrews were international While Edinburgh remained asmall incity toLondon comparison and other Vol. 42No. 2(Dec. 1999),1140. How the Scots Invented the Modern World. Rules ofGood Deportment th century century itexuded a cultural and intellectual energy. , illuminating the proper way to behave in 73 th (New York: Three RiversPress,2001), century. Ironically the Adam Petrie published a book in 74 The Scottish The Historical 72 The 40 CEU eTD Collection Edinburgh University Press, 1993),148. 76 75 France. enjoyed by Englishthe in a mixed constitutional and evenorder with subjectsthe of absolutist liberties in with the comparison placed when strain undersevere liberty andwas placed preserved theliberty of people. feudalthe This relationshipon the between outlook politics beginningthe of 18 the the name of liberty criticized and dismembered. The basis of Scottish intellectual thought at one of liberty. The 18 3.2 Historical Conception ofLiberty century. centered on modernity liberty and which engulfed Scottish intellectuals throughout 18 the University of Edinburgh and the city itself would serve as a symbol for the discourses society which were still looking backwards with admiration for Scotland’s feudal past. The those within Scotland which sought to contend with the Kirk and those elements in Scottish for Serving Europe. asabeacon across of universities curriculum progressive the assimilate yieldedto them.” up polemical opponent of Dr. Johnson, commented, “The province of history,is, in a manner, allowing for more critical research especially in history where Donald MacNicol, minister and scholars. would-be Donald MacNicol in David, Allan. David, in MacNicol Donald Ibid., 25. The Scotswereespecially of proud their history and they theirenvisioned be history to The end of the 17 75 76 disciplinesThe Scottish hadinstitutionalized universities different th th century saw this romantic vision of a past filled with battles fought in century was that the nobility limited the power of the monarch and monarch the of power the limited nobility the that was century th century century saw universitiesthe of Scotland, in Edinburgh particular, Virtue, Learning and theScottish Enlightenment. (Edinburgh: th 41 CEU eTD Collection 79 Ages”, Middle the 77 kingdom.the notion of the personal freedom of the Scottish people was coupled with the independence of the Also, between king people. and asacontract conceptualized was subsequently Declaration Scotland. The community was given primacy over the authority of the Scottish kingship. The to letter Barons’ of reaffirmed Pope nature the Independence the in conditional kingship the provided the justification for Scottish resistance to Edward. In the wake of the Wars of of the idea; the declaration states, “Liberty, which no good man gives up but with his life” constitution. The Declaration provided a new conceptualization liberty,of as an abstraction modernity. to transition Scotland’s of rigors liberty in Middlethe Ageshowever, this feudal notion liberty of was unable tostand the of Scottish conception the nobility martial the basedcharacterized of on Liberty the abilities resisting strength through of kingsarms and them replacing ‘elected’with successors. king, Fergus MacFerquhard. Scotland’s history was withpunctuated public-minded nobles first Scotland’s of constitution ancient the by and law natural both by justified was theory chiefs, right hadthe and duty the to resist tyrannical kings. This historical constitutional BuchananGeorge (1506-1582). In his philosophy thepeople,meaning thenobility and clan 78 Colin Kidd. Colin Colin Kidd. Colin “The Declaration of Arbroath” Declaration “The The Declaration of Arbroath (1320) was a key feature in Scotland’s ancient Classic Scottishwhig wasbased philosophy onthe work of 16 the 79 Subverting Scotland’s Past. Subverting Scotland’s Past. Speculum. Vol. 55No. 3(July 1980), 440. English Historical Documents (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 17. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 20. in Alan Harding, “Political Liberty in Liberty “Political Harding, in Alan th century humanist, century 77 78 42 CEU eTD Collection Press, 1993),Press, 7. Modern Britain. controversy for centuries, German translations of Buchanan’s work were made in both 1796 and 1821. and 1796 both in made were work of Buchanan’s 83 translations German centuries, for controversy 82 1993),Press, 6. Modern Britain. 81 80 that befell Scottish kings who ruled as tyrants. differentlegends the which composed origins of Scottish people.Healsothe listed evils the (1456-1536).Boece Boece historian humanistHector systematized andlegitimized the right as discussedrightin scriptures. the such as Ninian Winzet whodefended theinviolability monarchthe of based upon divine-the in and principle right the asserting advocacy regicide. of humanist towhich concepts he adhered.Heappealed both supposed precedent to and justifications were notbased purely on Protestant arguments; he complemented them with for regicide against kingthe when justification people. the acts as evidence of Scotland’s ancient constitution,its continuous practice in history, and as a political thought until after the Jacobite threat had been nullified in the late 18 the land of the tyrant would be worthy of praise. This met immediate criticism the monarch became the enemy of the people and aperson that takes it upon themselves to rid 18 would onresistance theory that centered controversy define Scottish the Whigsin 17 the J.H. Burns, “George Buchanan and the anti-monarchomachs” in anti-monarchomachs” the and Buchanan “George Burns, J.H. This debate over resistance theory was not restricted to Scotland and would be the center of J.H. Burns, “George Buchanan and the anti-monarchomachs” in anti-monarchomachs” the and Buchanan “George Burns, J.H. Arthur Williamson, “Scots, Indians, and Empire”, th centuries. If monarcha misruled misgoverned or tothedetraction of publicthe then good Buchanan’s primary source for reconstructing the history of Scotland was the Buchanan defended the right of the people to depose Mary Queen of Scots. His Nicholas Phillipson and Quentin Skinner eds. (Cambrisdge: Cambridge University Nicholas Phillipson and Quentin Skinner eds. (Cambrisdge: Cambridge University 83 This debate would be one of the centerpieces of Scottish 80 Buchanan seized uponthis idea and used it Past andPresent. 81 His work would be the basis of the Political Discourse in Early Political Discourse in Early No. 150(Feb. 1996), 46-47. th 82 century. from authors th and 43 CEU eTD Collection colony. and protect it. whichTo is added, adescription of the country, anda particular account ofthe Scots memorial against it. Andarguments to prove that it is the interest of England to join with theScots, 85 Temporal inParliament Assembled, Presented toHis Majesty. 84 subservient totheir designs…We havefrom timethat appearedtothe rest of more worldthe principal offices of kingdom the filled with such men, astheCourt of England knew wouldbe the union of the crowns have been managed by the advice of English ministers and the a similar sentimentin 1703 during a speech in the Scottish Parliament, “All our affairs since Indies. West in the designs their continuing from subjects King of England by Spiritual Lords the and Temporal asked the kingdissuade to his Scottish the to addressed letter in a and Darien at colony the support not did English the obvious was It This situation drew the ire of many Scots especially within the context of the Darien disaster. London theaffairs of Scotland becameincreasingly subordinated needsto the of England. Scottish liberty. When James VI/I accepted the crown of England and moved his court to Scottish liberty; this Union would reemerge in the middle of the century as an impediment to Scotland claimed theirplace right to thecrown upon a more worthyhead. Foyer invokes Baliol from the ancient past and James I as examples when the people of Scottish whig tradition the king was meant toserve the interests of the Estates. Archibald comparison with England published a number of articles to remind the king that in the monarch.were beingservedby present the king faced obviously by interest was some a conflict of interests Scots ifopenly their worried Archibald Foyer. Lords Spiritual and Temporal. and Spiritual Lords The Union of Crowns was interpreted in the early 18 Those Scotsmen were concernedThose by that lackof the Scotlandinaccorded attention (Edinburgh: 1699),i. A defence of the Scots settlement at Darien. With ananswer tothe Spanish The Humble Address of the Right Honorable Lords Spiritual and 84 (London: 1699), 3. In this environment where the where environment this In th century as a massive blow to 85 Fletcher eschews Fletcher 44 CEU eTD Collection 1997), 135-141. 87 Works. 86 like a conqueredprovince than freeindependenta people.” court and the Act of Security reclaim liberty. and Act to was ameans the court of Security English the upon dependant become had Scotland opinion his In Crowns. the of Union the (1653-1716), who was a constant critic of the political system of patronage that was a result of This course of defying the English was strongly by supported Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun her Scotlandproclaimed would ownsuccessorfrom choose a descendantof Scottishthe kings. wouldfollowyet had suit, theScots ideasother inand 1703 passedthe Act of Security which theirlarger neighbor. England passed the Act of Settlement in 1701 and assumed Scotland importantly there were real fears among the Scots that they were going to be swallowed by resentmentof haughty the mannerin which Englishthe pushed for union and more English pushed for closer ties while the Scots put up resistance. This was partly due to hesitation was mainly on the part of the English however; at the start of the 18 integrate the two kingdoms but, nothing substantial came to fruition. In the 17 3.3 Cracks intheBuchananite Mythology union. Stuarts to the throne while many whigs reluctantly found themselves promoting some form of of interests. Jacobites pushed for the former solution with the intention of returning the Queen Anne some or variety of in union England with hopes of the any eliminating conflicts remedy situation; the Scotland wouldappoint needto monarchtheir own at thedeath of Andrew Fletcher. Andrew Andrew Fletcher, “Act concerning offices, &c. brought in by the same member” 1703, After the Union of Crowns in 1603 a number of initiatives took place to better John Robertson ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997),132-133. Political Works. John Robertson, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 86 Twosolutions remained to 87 In response the English passed th th century the century century this Political 45 CEU eTD Collection 90 (Edinburgh: 1706), 4. 89 88 be suspended. penalties; all wouldScots be considered aliens andmajor Scottish exports to England would union between Scotland and England. If the Scots did notcomply there were to be severe Alienthe in Act 1705 which recommended Queen Annecommissioners appoint tonegotiate a world. kingdoms andtheirif ability, they can come together, tospreadlaw andliberty throughout the relationship between the two nations. He plays upon the similarities between the two Prejudices againstaUnionwith Scotland at his disposal and used both to great effect. His ensure theunion would pass trouble.without He wentwith copious amounts ofink and gold Daniel strengthen wassenttoScotland claims. to theirDefoe running battle to respective Scotsmen. many of pride it atthe still pricked softened eventually measures were harsherthe table of and whilesome he met his most spirited opposition. spirited most his met he of union however, they were more hesitant about the particulars of union and this was where personally. gain to factions attempting invention of only kingdomsan was the exist between two that differences island and national prejudices and animosities will melt away. In his opinion the national Ibid., 15 Daniel Defoe. Daniel T.M. Devine. 89 Leading up to the Act of Union pamphleteers on both sides of the issue engaged in a Defoe continues thatunion through equal liberties willbe spreadthroughout the 88 The Scottish Nation, 1700-2000. This was clearly economic blackmail induceto the Scots to the negotiating An Essay at Removing the National Prejudices against a Union with Scotland. 90 Many Scots from the gentry agreed with Defoe in the main on some type published in 1706 helped soothe still the sore (London: Penguin Books,2000), 3. An Essay atRemoving the National 46 CEU eTD Collection 93 92 231. Present. saw Scotland’s impoverishment a result of English interests. resultEnglish of a impoverishment saw Scotland’s clear examples of God’s displeasure with ascension of an illegitimate king. Resistance whigs theirinterpretation of the recent past. Jacobites saw the famines and the failure of Darien as deeply aware of valuesthe propoundedby opposingthe party.” debatethe progressed during the nextcentury, virtually every showed himselfparticipant misunderstood each other as J.G.A. Pocock stresses, “Nor must it ever be forgotten that, as presentsituation Itdictated. isimportant tonotethat this wasnotsimply groupswho two as the ideas in werebledtogether but, the ideal-types of practice systems the illuminated republicanism andliberalism, classicism and progressivism. This dialectical exchange andcommerce, clash virtue between the concurrent embodied andDefoe Fletcher 91 for the next half century. to be ensured by nobility the themonarch or remained great too and remained asticking point liberty was onwhether whigs Jacobites and ideology.resistance chasmbetween The national was not tolast andcouldbe notsustained create to a synthesis an independentof Scottish where public. the purse protected of parliamentary control the uncultivated. True freedom was modern andits basis was in entrenched a commercial society, and violent feudal,repressive, was past implicitly this that Defoe countered past. medieval Fletcher placed itwithin in in ideal the which armed of virtue civic occurred Gothicthe and Murray Pittock. Murray Ibid.,232. J.G.A. Pocock. It wasduring period this Jacobites that and resistance whigsin came closest together Andrew Fletcher debated Defoe extensively precisely on where liberty was located. where liberty on precisely extensively Defoe debated Andrew Fletcher (London: Routledge, 1991),30. Virtue, Commerce, and History. The Invention of Scotland: The Stuart Myth and the Scottish Identity, 1638 to the (Cambridge: Cambridge University 1985),Press, 93 91 This concurrence of interests of This concurrence 92 The confrontation between The confrontation 47 CEU eTD Collection 96 (1706), 8. 95 94 merchant class were exhausted by decades of turmoil and English protectionism and with the Scotland under Catholic rule Stuart than withinBritain. Great Scotland’s gentry fledglingand leaders Presbyterian dried up; seeminglyhadmorePresbyterians fear to from independent an Episcopacy was eliminated by an Article in the Union, anti-Union sentiment among an Anglican dominated church structure in a post-Union world. Once this concern over done what Roman arms could never do.” so easily forgotten. Rev. William Wright (d. 1724) was stupefied that all the blood spilt by Scottish patriots was beneath ameremask.nation’s treason Union and the imposition of alien rights with only the mask of British identity was to hide the andliberties were be perceived to intimately with linked independence. The acceptance of so far complement us as to change their own names, and call us yoke of the very same people, with this only powerful and repeated assaults of the English, tamely and willingly put our necks under the commented, “[I]n spite of that blood our ancestors spent to preserve our liberties from the pamphleteer An anonymous toruleScotland. English attempts beforecame andresisted betrayal of the state. To accept the Union would insult the memory of all those Scots who Rev. James Clark. Rev. William Wright. Andrew Fletcher? Andrew Presbyterian-whigs followed in this vein of betrayal to Scotland’s ancient enemy. The a with Union the and Hanover of ascension the linked intimately intellectuals Jacobite 95 The consequences ofan incorporating union in relation to trade. Scotland’s Speech to Her Sons. Rev. James Clark (1660-1723?) commented that “English craft had The Comical History of the Marriage Betwixt Fergusia and Heptarchus. 96 Presbyterian-whigs were concerned primarily with proviso (Edinburgh: 1706?), 4. , that in return of our freedom, they will Britains .” 94 Scotland’s rights (1706), 5. 48 CEU eTD Collection Murray arguesMurray Pittock only that maneuvering political the of Dukeof the Hamilton (who was countervailing displays of affection for the Union either in the Highlands or Lowlands. of the Scottish Parliament’s decision to accept an incorporating union. There were no Union. Abercromby’s largerthe cities and petitions by signed thousands of people Edinburgh came to deriding the reality to many Scotsmen of the Lowlands. However, whatwasperceived aspossible andreinforced by Hanoverian propaganda became wouldStuarts haveScotland’sto reorient Rome. attempted religious beliefs back towards to interfere in their ecclesiastical affairs. In reality itis nearly inconceivable that any of the 97 Salus populi,suprema lex Church.” most to neglect effectual the means of hisinto all bringing bosom the people of true the greater his charity is, the less will be his humanity; and he will think nothing more cruel, than would compel him seekto out all those ‘heretics’ in his kingdom. Barrington continues, “The man conscience natured agood hisCatholic thatevenif was argued the Pretender Barrington Popish king seeking to enslave the nation. The English lawyer and theologian John of a specter toraisethe for supporters Hanover’s was a measure simple It whigs. resistance support an incorporating union. cautiously religious barrierUnion could between Presbyterian-whigs evidently removed; John Barrington. John The Union itself was deeply unpopular with the people of Scotland. Riots erupted in The religious gulfin many instances remained toowide tobring together Jacobites and 97 Presbyterians across Scotland feared the implications of of a Popish king implications attempting feared the Scotland Presbyterians across A Dissuasive from Jacobitism. The AdvantagesoftheAct of Security (thegood of peopleisthe law) the ultimate (London: 1713), 4. argued Roman the that motto undercut the legitimacy undercutthe 49 CEU eTD Collection 99 101 100 (London: Penguin Books,2002), 279. History of Scotland: From theEarliest Times to thePresent Day. heirs. and his James VII/I supported that from itselfThe term is Latin the derived andlegends placedupon them intellectual to tends theirobscure andhistorical position place. 3.4 Jacobitism and the Whig Response allowed newideas for ofliberty and prosperity to be by spreadandaccepted society. resources social familiar without left and commercialism of epoch new in a living People bonds. social down broke further migration resultant the and people many so of deaths The in order to sustain lifestyle. moresustain eleganta in to order Scottish wereseeking lairds enhanced prosperity commercial and reputation means, through of peoplethe and reversetheUnion. of the English nor Jacobite intellectuals could effectively capitalize on the emotional response population growth population growth of 17 the century Scottish society. The famines of the 1690s halted the already unspectacular replacing traditional social relationships. Demography influencedalso thedynamism of 18th 98 prevented afull-scale in uprising 1707. and many for leadershipalternative alackScots) of Protestant successor an acceptable Bruce Lenman, “From the Union of 1707 to the Franchise Reform of 1832” in Murray Pittock. Murray T.M. Devine. Ibid.,280. The Jacobites hold a special place in Scottish history. Unfortunately, the romanticism The feudal system of Scotland was rapidly degenerating in the wake of the Union. The Scottish Nation 1700-2000. Scottish Nationality. th century century and by 1755 Scotland’s recovery had been modest. (New York: Palgrave,2001), 60. 98 101 Jacobus Neither Old Whigs who did notaccept the promises 99 Scottish Jacobitism held the greatestdrawing Commercial considerations were rapidly (London: Penguin Books, 2000),31. for James. Thus, the Jacobites were those Ed. R.A. Houston and W.W.J. Knox. The New The New Penguin 100 50 CEU eTD Collection charters and commissions. and charters 104 Carnwath”, in 103 Cruishanks ed. Cruishanks 102 interference. governmental mainly conducting their affairs orally quicklyor burning any written documents in case of politics; intheir discretion of level a certain maintained in Britain, living those especially own role within the movement, and the political situation of the time. Most Jacobites, Scottish Jacobite. He was an anomaly of sorts as he wrote profusely on his Jacobite plans, his persecution. ideology 18 the throughout preachedJacobite almost Episcopalians dominantWhig political and thus maintainorder their political powerbase. Second, Scottish in faceof the estates a maintain their to leadersable weregenerally Jacobite of reasons. able to persist as a major political and social force in Scotland for over 70 years for a number power and highest hopes for success among the three kingdoms. Jacobitism in Scotland was George seems to have at some point become enamored with the Stuart cause and on principle contrast, In moment. the at in power be to happened whoever to servants state loyal as itself family prosperedthroughoutsurvived and even century. the an environment of rapidly changing alliances, fortunes, and power politics the Lockhart fordecided mind of advocate landowner exiledScottish that the to Stuarts. National Library of Scotland, Lockhart of Lee and Carnwath estate papers, personal documents: personal papers, estate Carnwath and Lee of Lockhart ofScotland, Library National Daniel Szechi, “Constructing a Jacobite: The Social and Intellectual Origins of George Lockhart of Bruce Lenman, “The Scottish Episcopal Clergy and the Ideology of Jacobitism”, in Eveline George Lockhart of Carnwath provides an interesting portrait in the making of a His familyhad successfully negotiated pitfallsthe of 17 102 The Historical Journal. Ideology and Conspiracy: Aspects ofJacobitism. 103 Lockhart and his provide voluminous works into asnapshot the Vol.No. 40 4(Dec. 1997), 979. 104 (Edinburgh: 1982). The family had distinguished had family The th century British politics. In th century facing century despite 51 CEU eTD Collection 107 Carnwath”, in 106 Carnwath”, in 105 and lawyers to reject the authority of their natural leaders. Lockhart and the Jacobites were: infected many of the Scottish peers. This corruption of the peerage had allowed the gentry society. of commercial features degenerative the whereasWhigsrepresented andhierarchy Scotland’s ancient traditions themost for part seemedpolitics. TheJacobites respect Lockhart’s sense underlined to feltwas natural the breaking down. ‘mean’ peopleorder Lockhart With the Whig ascendancy and the subsequent raising of lesser gentry, lawyers, and other rankwas Lockhartcouched in beliefthe people that of his rankformed the natural ruling elite. fro the Stuart’s was his dissatisfaction with a new Whig social order. As a landowner of high for The court. topress reason Lockhart Hanoverian apparent himself the mostingratiating to family financiallywas secure and he could havefulfilled any political ambitions by 50 years. next for the Carnwath to the Cavalier and he and his family would pay the consequences of that decision maintained his allegiance throughout his career. He had pledged himself and the Lockharts of Lockhart Papers, I, 338. Daniel Szechi, “Constructing a Jacobite: The Social and Intellectual Origins of George Lockhart of Daniel Szechi, “Constructing a Jacobite: The Social and Intellectual Origins of George Lockhart of In Lockhart’s estimation the degenerative features ‘mean’ features of peopleestimation InLockhart’s had degenerative those the There is little reason to believe George followed the Stuarts for economic reasons. His The Historical Journal. The Historical Journal. which for the most part were prejudicial to the interest of the country. ofthe interest the to prejudicial were part most the for which designs, own their promoted and Court the to significant more themselves and had too muchenjoy’d fromCommons, the whereby they rendered expected peers Scots the which dependence servile off that shake to resolved 105 Vol.No. 40 4(Dec. 1997), 986. Vol.No. 40 4(Dec. 1997), 983. 106 Patriarchy in its noblest 107 52 CEU eTD Collection 110 Carnwath”, in 109 Carnwath”, in 108 ancient constitution. Convention of Estates which ruled the throne vacant. This was not in accord with Scotland’s Wales’ birth. Furthermore, it was an illegal action taken by a group calling themselves a Stuart succession and that their opponents were reduced to mere slandering of the Prince of of jurisprudence. One author argues that it is nearly impossible toargue the legality of the logical leaned claims arguments towards thesupporters OldStuart’s throne the to Pretender’s returning James to the throne. Far from the romanticism that characterized Charles Edward sense of honor did not allow his refusal. age of the age of 51 as the result of a duel he could have honorably declined but, his own himself andthosearound atahigher standard than most could possibly He meet. died atthe Lockhart was a zealotwho romanticized the nobility and their position in society. He held precedent. andit in God setadangerous was an eyesof the abomination Furthermore, Mary. over by I asshelegal jurisdiction to theexecution nohadof Mary Elizabeth principle and the fundamental basis of honor was moral and legal propriety. He was opposed andits failurelive to uptoits duty Scottishto the people. Honor wasLockhart’s guiding reflected selfishnessrelating tothe concerns the of nobility byFletcherthe Lockhart raised undermine the new whig position modernity of prosperity.and position faithfullyof the ancientexecuting constitution however, itfailed adequately to fulfilledits reasoning resistance Iteffectively objectives. whig the only partially demolished Daniel Szechi, “Constructing a Jacobite: The Social and Intellectual Origins of George Lockhart of Daniel Szechi, “Constructing a Jacobite: The Social and Intellectual Origins of George Lockhart of To all true-hearted Scotsmen, whether soldiersor others. Many of Many early writingsthe of werebasedJacobites uponlegal for considerations The Historical Journal. The Historical Journal. 110 This line of argumentis continued and echoed by others. Yet, this Vol.No. 40 4(Dec. 1997), 988. Vol.No. 40 4(Dec. 1997), 989. 109 (Perth, 1715), 4. 108 53 CEU eTD Collection 1999), 132. 111 elective ancient whigposition the Gaelicattacked hadthe Whigs on tanistry. an wasevidence of arguedthis James Wallace Fergus I. of successor linehereditary natural the that Stuart the was countered followers. hadbeen bytheirelected clan the chiefs themselves by that stating I, owed his position to an election by clan chiefs. William Jameson expanded this argument as one of proto-parliamentarianism. GeorgeRidpath argued Scotland’sthat first king, Fergus Gaelic history. Whigs drawing upon work the of Buchanan interpreted early history Scottish New Whig tradition. was easyforlater 18 upon the ideologies of one another without adequately replacing them. In this environment it mortal and Jacobites.whigsand Resistance Presbyterian-whigs inflicted blows Jacobites history relegation of as pastandnotthe to ideology both centerpiece the the of crippled from history”, yet, “at present, it is in effect precarious, imaginary, and fantastical.” accepted Arbuthnot Scottishthat independence was“undeniable inlaw, as well justifiableas pointed out how Stuart rule had led to acentury of poverty, famine, and strife. Dr. John 112 George Aitken ed. Aitken George Colin Kidd. Colin Resistance whigs were on whigsResistance more wereon solidfooting they when accepted their weaknessesbut, Both Both resistance whigs and ideologies their from Jacobites derived of interpretations British Identities Before Nationalism. ius regni th The Life andThe Life ofWorks Dr. Abuthnot. century Scots (those of the Enlightenment) to embed themselves in the themselves embed to Enlightenment) the of (those Scots century ; Wallace countered it was merely evidence of temporary expedients of itwas merely temporary countered ; Wallace evidence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (Oxford: Clarendon 1892), 396-398. Press, 112 Jacobites 111 The 54 CEU eTD Collection 114 1999), 135. district, or of his sucken, to bring all their grain to his mill for grinding. 116 115 243-245. and theBritish Union of 1707. 113 were still common, bondage services continued to be exacted, thirlage jurisdictions. law. importance Scottish was throughout heritable debate over permeated Of particular the many within polity Scottish the sought toeliminate remainingthe vestiges offeudalism that many findingScotsmen aspects of English law appealing. Over course the of 18 the English. tothe lawintelligible to make Scottish they would have a predominant voice in proceedings. In effect, Scottish lawyers were forced injurisdiction Scots’ cases. With only 16 Scottish peerssittingin Houseitthe was unlikely ultimate was the House of Lords lawwasthe in English interest increased forthis reasons Scotland andtoa lesser degreeEnglish interest inScotslaw appeared. after the Union. Almostimmediately in the wake of the Union interest in English law grew in 3.5 ScottishLegal System monarch was capable. similar to regencies where a substitute would hold the kingship until the rightful, in the leases, and the tenantry was still obliged to attend the court of the laird’s baron- laird’s the of court the attend to obliged still was tenantry the and leases, in the John Cairns, “Scottish Law and the Status of the Union” in The right which the owner of a mill possesses, by contract or law, to compel the tenants of Ibid.,a certain246. Colin Kidd. Colin The relations between landlord and tenant were an antiquated affair. Produce rents The Scottish legal system was one of privilegedthose institutions which remained British Identities Before Nationalism. 113 John Robertson ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 115 This hadtheunexpected consequence of (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, A Unionfor Empire: Political Thought 116 114 regularly appeared One of the main hereditary th century , 55 CEU eTD Collection 121 University 1994), Press, 53-57. 120 Perspective. 119 Present. 118 Vol.No. 4 4(Apr.1934), 469. 117 baillie. their power of pit and gallows held greater authority than the highest jurisdiction of all. jurisdictions were toiling under a situation “worse than Egyptian slavery” and the barons with England. Liberty” Humedetails therights protected in as France being nearly enjoyedequal tothose in political systems would have been superiorin securing the liberty of Scotsmen. In “Of Civil England nor the absolutism of France had been able to evolve in Scotland. Either of these nobility in Scotland tohold their primary position. Neither the mixed constitutionalism of nation. The moving of James VI/I and his court to London had artificially allowed the asamodern development interrupted Union andof the Crowns of Scotland’s consequence weremet. laborers needsof the adequately how and of on property rights the indulged. Smith and Humejudged both justice on basisthe how securelyof itwas grounded from Scots as an unfortunate vestige of theirfeudal past which the Union had wrongfully to escapein punishment jurisdiction. another saw fitin theirjurisdictions. Lawbreakers in districtone could seek from protection theirlord Colin Kidd. Colin David Hume, “Of Civil Liberty”, Hont. Istvan Jeremy Wormald, “Bloodfeud, Kindred, and Government in Early Modern Scotland”, Modern Early in Government and Kindred, “Bloodfeud, Wormald, Jeremy Arthur Birnie, “Some Aberdeenshire Leases in the 18 117 In Hume’s thecontinuedeyes existencejurisdictions of heritable was an unfortunate No. 87(May 1980), 83. 120 Heritable jurisdictions gave near unassailable protection to metejustice asthey out to protection gavenearunassailable jurisdictions Heritable Other anti-feudalist lamented pamphleteers that livingthose under Scottish (Cambridge: Belknap Press,2005), 396. Subverting Scotland’s Past. Jealousy ofTrade: International Trade and the Nation-State in Historical Political Essays. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 158. 118 This system increasingly came under attack increasingly came This system Knud Haakonssen ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge th century”, The Economic History Review. History Economic The 119 Past and 121 56 CEU eTD Collection 123 1990),Press, 253. 122 in miredpast. the became ideologies whose totheir predecessors in contrast independent Scottish kingdom. They studied andused history with an eye towards futurethe an of memory direct no had and Scotland in British born been had others and figures these aidedby improveda century of and roads abetter communication Fornetwork. the most part was spread by Scottish literati the andmoved throughout society. amicable naturally being as man of view This sociably. act to in humanity belief optimistic figures Hume,(Hutcheson, Smith, and Robertson, Ferguson) weredistinguished by their andmaking were critical improvements systemto that Theof thought. leading Enlightenment By for 1740sScottishthemost the part,hadaccepted intellectuals, Anglo-whigthe ideology participatingpropagated inthisbecause those interpretation. Enlightenment Scottish the past and violent mainly rationalism embraces Thisisand progress. accepted interpretation primitive, its escapes finally asociety in which epoch intellectual an world; modern the into Waszek, Norbert. David Spadafora. The Scottish Enlightenment is generally characterized as Scotland’s glorious entrance glorious asScotland’s is characterized generally TheScottish Enlightenment The Idea of Progress in 18 Man’s Social Nature. (Frankfurt: Verlag PeterLang, 1986), 172. th Century Britain. (New Haven: Yale University 123 This spread of ideas was 122 57 CEU eTD Collection 124 Scottish nationalism, if it can be called as such, in the early 18 structure even that beliefswell-established must crumble before nationalisms onslaught. of 20 the the tragedies Scotland. Mostcontemporary envision scholars nationalism inexorablylinked with many of 4.1 Ethnicand Civic Nationalism and its conception of self. Scotland define to strove which Scottishness of strands different three the between debates the and the extension of individual liberty throughout Great Britain. This chapter will focus on some success to create a new British national identity in the form of parliamentary supremacy the form of the king. Progressive figures within both Scotland and England attempted with by nobility.a virtuous Jacobites placed the emphasis of Scotland’s identity as symbolized in antiquity centering the Scottish national identity liberty on and personal freedoms protected Buchanan Europe. had andhis created a whig backsuccessors which into tradition stretched compares favorably with any of the romantic nationalists found in 19 Chapter 4: Scotland’s Identities conception of identity identity and patriotism. of conception by a British itchallenged materialize however; was immediately nationalism to Scottish of 1690s the coupled with failure,Darien’s compounded by Union the all served toallow and foundfor battling itself hearts andthe of minds The ideologies. competing catastrophes Anthony Smith. Anthony Nationalism as something resembling a coherent ideology somethingideology Nationalism a inas resembling coherent emerged 18 that identity national of mythology a composed had Scots century Eighteenth Theories of Nationalism. th century. Furthermore, it is seen as containing a powerful internal (New York: Holmes &Meier,1983), 27. th century lacks this cohesion th century Continental th century 124 58 CEU eTD Collection 1991), 18. 126 125 Scottishrepresenting ‘true’ the voicea meldedinto cacophony of rhetoric. empty forging an organic ethnic identity was challenged from the beginning as the various claims of where Scottish i.e. ethnic group the from originated from Pictisha Gaelic Thus, or progenitor. the boundaries of ethnic categories in this way. It is further complicated in Scotland as to problems of definition this should be readily asitapparent, is nearly impossible determine to thatclearly onegroup feature distinguishing separates of cultural peoplefrom another. sought todefine anddefend nation. the Ethnic groupsaregenerally believed have to some void. filled that ideology and nationalist of implementation a newsocial the structure necessitated urban wherecenters traditional didstructures social notexist. All these of components system in the Highlands were breaking down. Increasing numbers of people were moving to Episcopacy and eventually Catholicism. Feudal structures in the Lowlands and the Clan Presbyterianismexpanding strict first moderating undermined; tothe was toleration of deal with the new environment. Religion’s place in Scottish society was slowly being Scottish society 18 the throughout company whichof others nationalism provides. belongsome to There group. is anear universal for solidarity craving and security within the Paul Brass. Ibid., 29. The composition of this ideology was notunified as both ethnic and civic nationalists The appeal of nationalism is easy understandto as mankind has an inherent desire to Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison. th century men to create a group pushed more preparedto 125 The seismic shifts which occurred in (London: Sage Publications, 126 The 59 CEU eTD Collection 129 1999), 123-133. 128 Michael Lynch eds. (Edinburgh: John Donald 1998), Publishers, 144. Identity: TheMaking and Remaking of Scotland Through theAges. 127 themes: andbeit changed. cannot In general whonationalists promote this view will fiveespouse sight. or speech with equivalent being, human view of nations. At its extreme primordialists will view national identity as a natural part of dimension. Saxon or Norman a held Scotland of parts southern the that claims English were matters complicating or perhaps from a Gothicline originating innorthern Germany Scandinavia.or Highland kingdom of Dalriada orhe could believe himself the successor of a Pictish society ancient in the home their made had who Scots Gaelic the of descendant the himself believe ethnic identity clearly was not understood. Withindefined or man Scotland an educated could still likely defineto themselves along regional and religious lines. were people of society, its homogenization with attendant of events interpretation uniform nature fractured of 18 Umut Ozkirimli. Umut Colin Kidd. Colin Richard Finlay, “Caledonia or North Britain? Scottish Identity in the 18 1) as the descendants of Gaythelos and Scota who were contemporaries of Moses. The antiquity of the nation must be asserted; the mythic emergence of the Scots people Ethnic with associations nationality linkinvariably will themselves toaprimordialist The multitude of Scottish ethnic identities should come as no surprise as it reflects the British Identities Before Nationalism. Theories of Nationalism. th century Scottish society. Lacking a national media to disseminate a (London: Palgrave, 2000),66. 129 People are born into their national identity national their into born are People (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Dauvit Broun, R.J. Finlay, and 127 Similarly, Scotland’s th Century” in 128 Further Image and 60 CEU eTD Collection 131 130 culture. Christianizing of Scotland andsubsequently in ascendancy the Gaelicof language and the 8 born out of the incorporation of the Pictish kingdom with the Gaelic Dalriada counterpart in Scotland Modern was medieval past. of Scotland’s abrief examination necessitates century antiquity for single ethnic strain the whichScotlandwasbased. in wereHowever, Scottish nationalists unenviablethe of situation backwardstracing to included Britons, Northumbrians as well as Anglo-Norman and Flemish immigrants. This Ibid.,123. Umut Ozkirimli. Umut 5) 4) 3) 2) th and 9 Attemptingfilter to ethnic the soupwhich comprised Scottish society in 18 the play wereoccasionally Stuarts the invoked to role. this Finally the national hero emerges to cleanse the land and restore it to its former glory; commentator. the of leanings political the on kingdom as or resultthe of God’s displeasurefor accepting William kingas depending Scottish the destabilize to conspiracy international as bean could rationalized Periods of recess must be explained; the failure of Darien and the famines of the 1690s by foreign domination. commonlywere assumed to be abilities vastly superiormartial to the the English whoseexplicit; historymade is was punctuated culture national of superiority The society. Scottish of idealized representations asthe are identified Arbroath of Declaration The golden age must be outlined; the coronation of Robert the Bruce and the 131 Over the course of the next three centuries the kingdom expanded and eventually and expanded kingdom the centuries three next the of course the Over th centuries. The Gaelic Columban church played aleading role in the Theories of Nationalism. (London: Palgrave, 2000),66. 130 th 61 CEU eTD Collection 134 1999), 123-128. mysticism. Catholic undermining it and Gaelic culture towards as naturally castigating predisposed uncivilized in acritical role The Kirkplayed enacted. was legislation pastanti-Gaelic Daldriac Gaelic mythology and grafted the ancient Gaelic society onto his resistance whiggism. 133 132 the Lowlands and Highlands and ensure a sense of ‘otherness’ was embedded on their Catholicismleaned towards Episcopacy or activitiesthe of Kirkthe further served to divide was used to inculcate Protestantism,loyalty, and respect for the law. The crown supported such initiatives andmade anannual donation Kirk.to the This grant was created in 1709 and wasintended tospread English and Presbyterianism in Highlands. the Irish tongue. language; giving the Lowland vernacular the title of Scots and relegating Gaelic as an alien, with a strong antipathy for Highlanders. the Furthermore, the Lowlanders the appropriated Lowlanders werethought holdto aunique consciousness based uponintegrity and honesty claiming suzerainty over the whole island and also the Highlanders for their savageness. The Lowland divide. John (1320-1384)criticizedFordun the English for their obstinacy in Warsthe of Independence (1296-1357). ethnic medley was generally acclimated to a Gaelic cultural identity which was cemented by Ibid.,138. Colin Kidd. Colin Ibid.,125. While the political nation of the 17 This ethnic homogeneity was immediately challenged on the basis of a Highland and a Highland of basis the on challenged immediately was homogeneity ethnic This 132 British Identities Before Nationalism. Despite this the 16 133 The Society in Scotland for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge th century historian George Buchanan latched onto the onto latched Buchanan George historian century th century used the mythology of Scotland’s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 134 As the Highlands 62 CEU eTD Collection 135 whiggism. resistance of basis entire the undermining mythology, hehis family used connections tounearth whicharchival resources theBuchananite exposed of Scottish history. Not todelve deeply too intoInnes scholarshipis it important note to that FatherJacobite historian Thomas Innes did much to deconstruct Oldthe Whiginterpretation or Jacobitism were often closely related to the supposed ethnic composition of Scotland. The century. the18 confronted ‘ethnic’ groups culturally Scottish two so that distinct society penetrated and Despite sharingneighbors. contexts acommon ideological past, preconceptions 137 136 105. be equal. commitments of individuals may be very different but, their commitment to the state should by confronted of advocates nationalism.civic From viewpoint personal lives the this and fallacies. historical his as well as Jacobitism, Catholicism, state, through which values, desires and demands are articulated and which often serves to “ensemble of institutions,social associations and organizations, distinctfrom andthe kinship monarchy.” Fergusian mythology with an equally bogus ancient Jacobite constitution of the Pictish supplant the Gaelic history of Scotland but as Colin Kidd points out, “He replaced the Colin Kidd. Colin David Miller. Ibid.,107. Ethnicity was tobe closely toideology related and thearguments infavor of whiggism Ethnic nationalism facedwhich a multitude ofinternal problems was simultaneously 137 This process is aided bya civil society defined by Jonathan Hearn as an, 136 The Gaelic tradition was able towithstand the attacks of Innes because of his Subverting Scotland’s Past. Citizenship and National Identity. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 102- (Cambridge: Polity 2000), Press, 42. 135 Innes attempted to th 63 CEU eTD Collection 140 139 138 and interests; dynastic continental above interests British placing for need the Britishness; asense helped of military naval heroes cultivate and British contemporary context; strands. Anti-Catholicism and fears of universal monarchy were easily placed into a British dedication service the to higher of than nationalindividual something or interest. gain culminating in a sense of progress and assurance. Furthermore, the potential lay for a andhis ability reason; to blended with a sense of fedacquisitiveness, into the capitalist drive of this civic duty. This liberalism appropriated from the English brought anew faith in manlight the in energy their for outlets and trade for search their and wealth, of accumulation their new social forces infused with new emotions and loyalties. This class saw their activities, commonwealth. conscious of commonthe root of religious and political liberty as thefoundation of a true individuals felt asense of responsibility for the betterment of conditions in this world; the human community beyond the national divisions. Social activism was expected in which focusthe of civicthis nationalism. A emphasisgreat is placed upon individualthe and upon integration complete and necessarily subjugation of the individual nationthe the into is not state. of the frame territorial and institutional to the in relation conceived nationalism civicoccurs particular state.” the towards demands channel these Ibid.,179. Hans Kohn. Hans Hearn. Jonathan A British national identity grew in the 18 Many figures Enlightenment propounded ideathe of a British civic nationalism. The The Idea of Nationalism. 139 The civic nationalism advocated by those in the Enlightenment reflected by in Enlightenment advocated the nationalism those The civic Rethinking Nationalism: a Critical Introduction. (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1961),178. 138 Through the efforts of the civil society a th century and was composed of different (London: Palgrave, 2006), 87. 140 64 CEU eTD Collection that Scotland was never governed by the Romans and Great Britain had never been a single of foreigners.of GeorgeRidpath (d. 1726)in yoke the under constantly been had English the Normans the to Romans the from domination was the supposed military inferiority of the English. England’s history was one of foreign their southern neighbors. argued The Scots they community aseparate occupied liberty values,from beliefs, and of some whig made historians a clear between history Scotland’s differentiation and Britain’s. nation. the forge king to of the abilities the Scots Nation Achievements of 141 the18 throughout definitive pieces of Scottish pride. Yet, military ability as the basis forliberty lost favor 4.2 Scotland’sHistorical National Identity incorporated into a solely national British identity. history and the Scottish sense of distinctiveness proved too robust to be effectively superficial as itwas unable into to tap deeper roots nationalof consciousness. finally the monarchy as symbol of British unity. 143 142 (Nov. 1986),99. Linda Colley, “Whose Nation? Class and national Consciousness”, national and Class Nation? “Whose Colley, Linda Patrick Abercromby. Kidd. Colin Related to the notion of prideScottish inmartial andaffairs alonglineage liberty of The martial spirit and abilities of the Scots was never questioned and was one of the Subverting Scotland’s Past. th century. The Jacobite PatrickAbercromby in (1656-1716) Martial Achievements of the Scots Nation. linked the creation of the Scottish nation to the military the to nation Scottish the of creation the linked 143 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 206. Pamphlets such as andthis others published by Scotland’s GrievancesScotland’s Related to Darien 141 However, this sense of Britishness was (Edinburgh, 1711),112. Past andPresent. 142 Martial Scotland’s No. 113 argued 65 CEU eTD Collection 144 in raised forces 90 percentof but, were the Britain by be across supported people was to between James and the leaders of the rising condemned the rebellion to failure. The rising ministry. In response the Earl of Mar led an ill-fated rising. A lack of communication in Scotland callingfor a repeal of Union;the itwas subsequently down by put Whig the expression in the wake of the Union. After Queen Anne’s death in 1714 a petition was raised mercurial that concept. a closerthrough union with England liberty their could bemelded into the Scottish notion of upon good laws which her Parliament had advanced. It was hoped by many Scots that sharp contrast to liberty the many feltScots Englishthe enjoyed because of liberty their based Scotland increasingly became a mark of shame as opposed to a badge of honor. This was in undermined the ability modernof Scottish national identity to emerge. The feudal liberty of backwardness. and political liberties enjoyed by Englishthe were aconstantcommercial reminder of Scotland’s the while identity national trumped Factionalism Scotland. for identity able they not craft asingleRidpath’s theircharacter were to overcome to partisanship national there was common ground on some points by Jacobites such as Abercromby and whigs of While province. a waywardas of conquest notthe states equal sovereign of two on basis the entity. political George Ridpath. George Murray arguesMurray Pittock Jacobitism that became the only viable sourceof nationalist The inferiority complex with regards to English prosperity and power severely 144 Furthermore, any political union between the two states needed to be made Scotland’s Grievances Related to Darien. (1700), 3. 66 CEU eTD Collection 145 both because it baggagelackedIt becameattractive historical whigs resistance which the the BritishnessScottish national as identity emerged North an increasingly alternative. attractive lawlessness. resistance whigs proclaimed andre-imaginingit as a history violentof struggle and Altering the lens of Scotland’s past from one of primordial liberty as the Jacobites and nationalists. and Jacobitism between links emotional disentangle to ideology Anglo-whig Arnall’s William feelings. aspirations. nationalist with especially concerned ideology andtheJacobite wasnot Jacobites Scotland. 147 146 then more ease, fewer taxes, or greater liberty?” greater or taxes, morethen ease,fewer are nowHadthey whoout? those even in when others were place, better everthey were that personal advancement. He continues with reference to the Stuart regime,“Can they recollect suddenly became Jacobites and soughttofermentnationalist feelings as ameans towards bestthe interests of country.the people Those whodidnot gain favors patronagethrough halls of power are merely playing upon emotionsthe of peoplethe anddirecting them against guisethe through of Jacobitism. James. further Pittock arguesin periodthis nationalist aspirations could onlybe expressed party-writings. Murray Pittock. Murray William Arnall. William Ibid., 65. In the face of the bitter struggle between Jacobite and resistance whig definitions of whigdefinitions and resistance between Jacobite struggle faceof In the bitter the nationalist and Jacobitism between connection the disentangle to attempted Whigs 145 An end to the Union was at least as attractive to the rebels as the restoration of (London: 1735), 6. Scottish Nationality. Opposition no proof of patriotism: With some observations and advice concerning Opposition No Proofof Patriotism… 146 This may assertion be toofar sweepingmany because (New York: Palgrave,2001), 64. 147 It became paramount for the ascendant the for paramount became It argued that those outside the 67 CEU eTD Collection University 1964), Press, 58. 149 Historical Journal. 148 state.” unitary mixed multi-national multi-cultural, a as Britain argued, “North Britishness has also been conceptualized in terms of a pluralist vision of in compartmentalized a new and less ideologically way.antagonistic As David Daiches the Scots forgot or completely abandoned theirindependent past it was just values. English of emulation and admiration genuine a towards interest Scottish attachment to the Union had moved from one of justifications on the basis of self- ideals. mid-18 By certain forthe andacquisition of aspiration 4.3 TheRiseand Fall North of Britain its apopulation appeal to exhausted by struggles. ideology had notbeen able to shed its commitment to violent resistance and thus lost much of 17 in thelate of whiggery resistance attractive most aspects the progress and prosperity. Thisyearning toleave behind Scotland’s feudal had beenpast one of and Jacobites were committed to carrying around. North Britishness also elicited a sense of North Britain North theidea for main of the became torchbearers The Scottisharticles of Union. intelligentsia the assimilation was always tempered by the degree of autonomy Scotland retained under the was overcome as the new state was not perceived as particularly oppressive. And this political nation intoBritain was tempered by serious reservations. However, this resistance David Daiches. Colin Kidd, “North Britishness and the Nature of 18 North Britishness was not a primordial ethnic identification instead it was the The Paradox of Scottish Culture: the 18 Vol. 39No. 2(June 1996), 363. th Century British Patriotisms”, in Patriotisms”, British Century th Century Experience. Century th 149 th century in certain sectors century that however, century Assimilation of the Scottish 148 This did not mean (London: Oxford The 68 CEU eTD Collection 153 (Cambridge: Cambridge University 1997),Press, 54-57. 151 150 of enlightened social management. of 17 the and He political arrangements further backwardness cultural Scotland’s self-image. ascribed elitist ascribing educated tothe elite the position definingof legitimizing and nation’s the gentry and professional groups of both Scotland and England. At his core Robertson was an Robertson championed an elite, cosmopolitan Britain encapsulating the aristocracy,lesser equal of Voltaire, Gibbon, and Hume with a narrative style reminiscent of Tacitus. in the advancement of the British national project. As a historian he was regarded as the and whigs many desperately clung. resistance Jacobites play the more villainous role of deconstructing those sacred cows of Scottish history that so espoused the history of England as the triumphant rise of liberty. William Robertson would dose required aserious of improvement. Anglicizing Scotland that recommendation their and English, the by enjoyed liberties the for expressed they admiration the Union, the to commitment their upon based is viewpoint latter The consciouslyturncoats adaggerof plunging intodishonor backthe of their countrymen. comprising some of mostthe distinguishedminds of earlythe modern period; and as national Expansion of Empire. William Robertson”, 152 122. and theExpansion of Empire. Karen O’Brien, “Robertson and 18 The latter view is held primarily by contemporary Scots and do not reflect the views of the author. the of Colin Kidd, views “The Ideological Significancethe of Robertson’s reflect not do and Scots contemporary by primarily held is view latter The Nicholas Phillipson, “Providence and Progress: an Introduction to the Historical Thought of Thought Historical the to Introduction an Progress: and “Providence Phillipson, Nicholas William Robertson was William Robertson a leadingfigureinand Enlightenment akey Scottish the figure estimable men Those arecurrently of as Scottishthe Enlightenment regarded th century on the failure of the political elite and the church elite toform a partnership William Robertson and the Expansion of Empire. Stewart Brown ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 82. Stewart Stewart Brown ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), th 153 century Narrative History”, The Union 1707andof continuing the Anglicization of 151 David Hume and John Millar History ofScotland William Robertson and the Stewart Brown ed. Brown Stewart ”, William Robertson 152 150 69 CEU eTD Collection 156 Ideas. 125. and theExpansion of Empire. 154 The Union had served as from a deliverance oppression. aristocratic impoverishedhad thedisseminationinterest the nation both of and retarded liberty.civil self- nobles’ The interests. own their expand and protect to favoring instead hearts their received his scorn. The nobility had notheld the interests of the Scottish people closest to in such high esteem by resistance whigs as the traditional protectors of the people’s liberties introduction newof evidence notby changing contemporary attitudes. with the be andof only readjusted evidence can acareful examination be through discovered can truth where the viewofhistory to anobjective was committed Robertson that comments view of Scotland’s history without succumbing to factional interests. D.J. Womersley Historia Scotland’s reinvigorate in which place something sincehad not Europe; occurred Buchanan’s a voice. Colin Kidd argues that Robertson along with his enlightened cohorts served to policies. enlightened British society allowed for such a partnership to emerge and begin the implementation of 155 124. and theExpansion of Empire. Colin Kidd, “The Ideological Significance of Robertson’s Colin Kidd, “The Ideological Significance of Robertson’s D.J. Womersley, “The Historical Writings of William Robertson”, Vol. 47No. 3(July-Sept.1986), 497. Robertson was particularly critical of Scotland’s nobility. That caste which was held Despite Robertson’s criticisms of Scotland’s mythic past he did serve to give Scotland . 154 Robertson’s particular form of patriotism was concerned in giving an objective Stewart Stewart Brown ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), Stewart Stewart Brown ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), History ofScotland History ofScotland The Journal of the History of 155 ”, ”, William Robertson William Robertson 156 70 CEU eTD Collection Michael Lynch eds. (Edinburgh: John Donald 1998), Publishers, 148. Identity: TheMaking and Remaking of Scotland Through theAges. like a wolf fold appreciate. like awolf waseasyto the on polite society in London but, the image of a kilt-clad Highlander descending from the north those fears. The nuances between Lowlander and Highlander were not easily understood by These fearswereeasilyfannedby andthe Uprisingdemagogues of little1745 did allay to resistant to shedding theirnational identity in favor of a more inclusive identity.British subsequently were Englishmen and history English with break integral an signified not not erase theirfeelings of anti-Scottishness. In Michael Finlay’s view the Union of 1707 had neighbors. While the Scots were able to take on the British identity many Englishmen could Britain and Scotsman. This feeling of duality was not reciprocated by their southern political reality and to a certain extent simultaneously wore the costume of both a North present.” era andthe a compelling modern Whig synthesis of course the of history Scottish between medieval the Scotland’s history incorporated viewsthe of factionsdifferent andin Kidd’s “…intoopinion, 159 158 157 around. be organized national identity; with progress, civic liberty, and politeness as the core values for society to constitution based liberty upon was notunique toGaeldom. Scotland’s ancient the agesand lastedhad that through that continuity lacked anethnic be destroyed for amore sure-footed Scottish emerge. identity to Herecognized thatScotland Richard Finlay, “Caledonia or North Britain? Scottish Identity in the 18 Ibid.,131. Ibid.,130. By the middle of the 18 Robertson took the position that the resistance whig romanticism of the pastneeded to 158 Scottish national identity was to be incorporated into a British th century most Scots had become acclimated to the British 157 Robertson’s vision of Dauvit Broun, R.J. Finlay, and th Century” in Image and 159 71 CEU eTD Collection 1992), 110. 163 (April 1995), 166. 162 Michael Lynch eds. (Edinburgh: John Donald 1998), Publishers, 149. Identity: TheMaking and Remaking of Scotland Through theAges. Britain. across experienced being successes in the involved being not were who those explained this phenomenon Wilkesof and his as supporters merely disgruntledthe outcry of were financially successful but, also they were the ‘other’ within Britain. Linda Colley has Britain; they were simultaneously prominentin public life, in the growth of the empire, and society. partisan signified anti-Scottish outbursts the base prejudices heldby sectors of English attempted to shed their national identity and replace it with a British one. The concentric contradiction. This was not necessarily by design; many within the Scottish intelligentsia identity. Scottish conversely incubated the of Britishnational the English the non-committal attitude to project upon industry lessonselocution centered emergedin 18 the necessary shedto their Scotticisms toadvance in England and afairly well cottage developed 161 160 prospect which a Scotchman ever sees,is the high road to London.” noblest “The comment, Johnson’s in Samuel contained is Englishmen many of sentiment after the ’45 and allowed a clear division between the two nations to remain. The disdainful Linda Colley. Linda John Sainsbury, “John Wilkes, Debt, and Patriotism”, Richard Finlay, “Caledonia or North Britain? Scottish Identity in the 18 Samuel Johnson. A Scottish national identity stood next to a British identity and formost this posed no The scorn held by many Englishmen towards their North British neighbors continued neighbors British North their towards Englishmen many by held scorn The 162 The anti-Scottishness present in England presented a paradox for Scotsmen in Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837. The Journal of British Studies. (New Haven: Yale University Press, th century. Dauvit Broun, R.J. Finlay, and 160 th 161 Century” in Scots foundit John Wilkes’ Vol. 34 No. 2 Image and 163 The 72 CEU eTD Collection 164 Scottish civic nationalism as those values which the of creation a distinctly impeded the society Scottish of splintered nature the Similarly, form as a rallying cry for Scots disaffected with Unionthe and anypresumed Anglicization. fashioning an ethnic nationalist position prohibited asingle ethnic identity to coalesce and acted as a complementary piece within either the whig orJacobite cause. The difficulty of Bannockburn.” another them give might responded, “I hated the English; I wished from my soul that the Union was broke and we As Boswell innoted 1762 asthe mob in Londonacted out against Scots two Scottish soldiers senseScottishness. tothe of bowed identity novel British andthe conflict cameinto the two succumbingand without British cultural to schizophrenia. there were However, times when rejection of Britishness. In the main Scotsmen could easily identify himself as both Scottish in emerged 18 the loyalties that narrow victory in the recent Scottish Parliamentary election though it does provide a topical in Party’s Scottish wakeof topicthe National the particular this in researching prescience Union has again the peoplegalvanized of island.Unfortunately,the claim Icannot any in England. Britishness inclusive an of rejection the and identity solution for Scotland’s wereundercutproblems, by continuedthe strengthof Scottishthe question. Those who imagined a British national identity, if not a British nationalism, as a Press, 1970),Press, 47. of Improvement James Boswell in Janet Adam Smith, “Eighteenth Century Ideas of Scotland” Ideas Century “Eighteenth Smith, Adam Janet in Boswell James Nationalism asa ideologyvirulent didnotappear in 18 Great Britain has now been in existence as a political entity for 300 years and the . N.T. Phillopson and Rosalind Mitchinson eds.(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University th century were the unintended consequence of the English the of consequence unintended the were century 164 civitas should aspire were constantly in constantly were aspire should th century Scotland. Instead it Scotland in the Age 73 CEU eTD Collection conversely conversely of liberty place within confines squarely the Union and progress. as Jacobites, OldWhigs, and NewWhigs link attempted liberty to with nationhood or liberties of a commercial society. These debates would continue on for the rest of the century the with them replacing accustomed been had they liberties those lose would Scotsmen aloss sensethe of liberty.one In feared necessitated union that andthose by Fletcher union values and the Defoeembodied. it emergedon take Daniel challenge represented the to headedgroup byAndrew Fletcheremergedtochallenge very basisthe incorporating this of of the Scottish Kirk many patriotic Scotsmen supported an incorporating union. Yet, a vocal relegatedfurther Scotland to impoverishment andthe periphery of Europe. in many acommercial out attempt tocarve its ill-fated respects and empire realization protection of the national interest and well-being of society. Scotland came late to this for the success wereseen as necessary commercial increasingly and activity Commercial material to moral doomed and dens necessarily decay. iniquity seen as of strictly opulent Scotsmen saw themselves falling further and behind. further Commercial societies were not Traditional values were beingchallenged by by instituted those international and competitors 1707 and subsequent the discussions regarding Scotland’s withinplace Union. the of in involveddebates Union the those emergewhendiscussing quickly crucial differences national identity; perhaps the more things change the more they stay the same. However, backdrop to this thesis. Asin 1707 the debates currently rage over economics, liberty, and Union was envisioned as panacea for Scotland’s economic ills and with the protection Scotland at the turn of the 18 th century was broaching a new intellectual epoch. intellectual a new broaching was century 74 CEU eTD Collection was of virtue. paramount fanaticism of the Kirk’s violent past was perceptibly out of place in a society where politeness Presbyterianism place took overthe course of 18 the mythologies which stood in the way of society’s progress. A similar mellowing of by past andwerecriticallyintellectuals whopaidEnlightenmentlittle deconstructed heedto Oldthought. of Whigs feudal wereanachronisticScotland’s andJacobites representations Whiggism baseduponBuchanan were similarly tothe fringespushed of intellectual Scottish or win a sustainable military victory proscribed Jacobitism to the periphery. The resistance Scotland andtheirinability penetrate to many consciousnessthe of outside of Highlandsthe Scottish acceptance of the Union. Jacobitism was inherently unattractive tomany within The transformation of Whiggism in the 18 th century Scotland was the keystone for th century. The religiously fueled 75 CEU eTD Collection those trying toplace the Stuarts back on the throne were forced to be cognizant of the shifting Those seeking toconsolidate the political legitimacy of the Hanover succession as well as periphery Europe. of empirein many relegatedrespects Scotland further to impoverishment andinto further the a commercial carve out attemptto its ill-fated and late tothis realization came Scotland seen as necessary for the protection of the national interest and well-being of society. were success commercial increasingly and activity Commercial decay. material and moral Commercial societies were not strictly seen as opulent dens of iniquity necessarily doomed to compared wealth Scotland, and power ideals. forcing to to critically Scotsmen reexamine their and values increasedTraditional werebeingchallenged asinternational competitors both their 1707 and subsequent the discussions regarding Scotland’s withinplace Union. the of in involveddebates Union the those emergewhendiscussing quickly crucial differences national identity; perhaps the more things change the more they stay the same. However, backdrop to this thesis. Asin 1707 the debates currently rage over economics, liberty, and narrow victory in the recent Scottish Parliamentary election though it does provide a topical in Party’s Scottish wakeof topicthe National the particular this in researching prescience Union has again thepeoplegalvanized of island.Unfortunately,the claim Icannot any Conclusion Through intenseThrough debates new conceptualizations ofliberty, success,andnation grew. Scotland at the turn of the 18 Great Britain has now been in existence as a political entity for 300 years and the th century was broaching a new intellectual epoch. intellectual a new broaching was century 76 CEU eTD Collection Carlyle proclaimed in “the Carlyle of luster genius never1760, proclaimed Scotch than the with shone greater atScots timethe wereproud of impacttheir andimportance on within Britain asAlexander ironic most of that energy was used to propagate the idea and ideals of Britain. However, Enlightenmentalso the solidified position of progressive whigs. the during process Anglicization the and Union the defended who intellectuals brilliant of glut expanding economy and apopulace increasingly exhausted by bloody partisan struggles. The These whigs were of course aided by incorporation into the English empire with its rapidly could castthemselves asleading figures spreading liberty and prosperity Scotland. throughout whigs progressive laws good of implementation the and liberty individual of tradition English incivility. imagined theBuchananitethem mythology andto which incorporated backwardness relegated The inability these of whigs toshed their violentpastandillustrate aprogressive program occupied. whiggism Resistance wasamore surprisingin victim field of the ideas.evocative they in which milieu intellectual of the ignorant woefully were Jacobites primacy. held to advance Bonnie Prince Charlie’s claim an environment where rationalism and skepticism lost resonance in the face of James flight from England towards highly romantic mythologies struggle for setting the rules of gamethe asitwere. Movingfrom judicial arguments which subsumed under a wave of ink and rhetoric. Jacobites were the most obvious losers in this ideas were spread their noteffectively factions could them. which Those around realities The Scottish Enlightenment was the pinnacle The Scottish Enlightenment of isScottish culture andit somewhat Progressive whigs carried the dayin the 18 th century. Borrowing heavily from the 77 CEU eTD Collection pre-modern world. committed to theories which of progress encouraged skepticism high of civilizations in the forge a national consciousness. This was not possible in 18 Scottish nationalismemerge. nationalismsto Most requirehistorical and blinderrors spots to which more than any other was still thought to qualify a man for leadership.” they now had an unequalled claim possession conspicuous to the moral of virtue,quality that with special characteristics. As David Allan states, “Scotland’s scholars could believe that publicobligations of generous the benefactor. leaders of the community. Their position as pedagogues allowed them actto out the binding took it as their duty to replace the orators, politicians, and rabble-rousing preachers as the 165 failed to form the basis of a thorough Scottish nationalism. The 18 from England. used tocounter the consensus thatmuch of Scotland’s civilizing hadbeen process imported be could civilization Scottish ancient no thus phenomenon modern be a to politeness believed an intelligentsia committed to a rigorous examination of the facts. Scotsmen for the most part now.” 169 168 167 1993),Press, 232. 166 Edinburgh University Press, 1993),231. Alexander Carlyle in David Allan. David in Carlyle Alexander Ibid.,279. Kidd. Colin Ibid.,233. Allan. David 165 Linked closely to the triumph of the progressive whigs is the qualified failure of Those institutions which maintained their autonomy under articles in the Union also Union in the articles under autonomy their maintained which institutions Those The social learningutility of wasimmersed in agethis andits main protagonists 169 Subverting Scotland’s Past. Virtue, Learning, and the Scottish Enlightenment. 168 Scottish attempts at myth-making were immediately stricken down by Virtue, Learning, and theScottish Enlightenment. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 279. 166 Their attachment torationality imbibed them th century Scotland as they became they as Scotland century (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University th century saw the Kirk 167 (Edinburgh: 78 CEU eTD Collection these these feelingsnationalist history Scotland’s has been influenced by unalterably its British past. the Scottish consciousness; now through the medium film.of Regardless of the outcome of to returned legends and heroes Scottish in England? Exchequer the than interests economic themselves where theirliberty lies? Perhaps Scots were better suited to determine their Scottishness again became fashionable; perhaps were Scots in a betterposition decideto for allowing Scots to again question their role within Britain. Questions about Scotland and Empire’s ran sense of purpose dry. Scotland suffered heavily Britain’sthrough decline under the economic burden of two world wars and an intellectual bankruptcy where the lawThe Empire theruleof crumbled vastareas. over martialandenforcing of excellence leaving behind structures of liberal capitalism. Others joined themilitary continuing alegacy world tospread the word of liberty and the Lord. Countless others wentin search of riches inthe mission acivilizing Scots many given had institution singular This collapsed. Empire aBritish within context. Scotland placing to committed were intellectuals Scotland’s legends national reinforced which elite intellectual intelligentsia that critically questioned Scotland’s past and its notions of liberty. Instead of an could Scots feel confident in their chances at progress. The educational system produced an reachinto ablelaws recesses to the Highlands enforcethe of of and comingWestminster out privileges. Notuntil heritable jurisdictions had been abolished and the central authority was judiciary was similarly criticized as an institution protecting the worstabuses of noble Kirkincrementally anddiminished itresponded by moderating its more extreme views. The of the importance intolerance. central The backwardnessand for asbeingacenter chastised Scotland’s nationalist movement lay dormant for the next 250 years until the British the until years 250 next the for lay dormant movement nationalist Scotland’s 79 CEU eTD Collection NLS Wodrow NLS Wodrow MS Q102 Right” Hereditary Jameson, William “The Judgment of the Albion Scots Nation Against the Indefeasible NLS Wodrow MSQ97 (ii) Nation” Scottish Jameson, William “The History of the Wisdom, Valor, and Liberty of the Ancient Albion- NLS Saltoun MS 16650, 17501,17537 Papers Saltoun NLS MS 5201 Highlands” (1748) Crosse, William “Some consideration by way of essay upon the means of civilizing the NLS MS 3532 “Letter from SirAlexander Murray to His Grace John, Duke of Argyll” MSS 27501-27619 andcommissions. charters personaldocuments: papers, estate Lee andCarnwath of Lockhart National Library of Scotland GB 237Collection 169 Papers of (1649-1715) William Carstares GB 237Collection 385 Papers Relating William to Augustus, Dukeof Cumberland GB 237Collection 40 Papers of James Murray, 2 GB 237Collection 379 toJacobites Relating of Collection Materials University of Edinburgh Archives Sources Primary Bibliography nd Dukeof Atholl (1690-1764) 80 CEU eTD Collection Belhaven, Lord John Hamilton. John. Barrington, A dialogue betwixt Whig andTory,aliàsWilliamite andJacobite. Wherein theprinciples Abercromby, Patrick. Published Primary Sources NLS ADV MS 81.1.5 of Highlands” the thepresentstate concerning “Memorial NLS ADV MS 15.1.3 Historians” (1685) Sibbald, Robert “A Defense orVindication of the Scottish History and of the Scottish Advocates Library, NationalLibrary of Scotland Brown, Andrew. Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount. Defoe, Daniel. Defoe, Charles. Davenant, Davenant, Charles. Davenant, James. Clark, 1693. choose and fit proper instruments forourpreservation inthese times of danger. liberty, andprotestant religion,toFrench slavery andpopery,maybeinform’d how to and prejudices mayberemoved fromamongstus, andallthosewho preferEnglish and practiceseach of party are fairly andimpartially stated;that thereby mistakes De .. intended union: founded on the revolution-principles publish’d byMr.Daniel Scotland. London, 1749. a patriotking:andon the stateof parties,at the accessionKing George of the first. of Caledonia. by theLordBelhaven, ontheaffair of the Company,Indian andAfrican andits colony peace, and alliances. III. Universalpeace, and monarchy. Edinburgh, 1706. union betwixt ScotlandandEngland;especially, as to its Scotland. fitness for .[n.p.], 1706..[n.p.], Scotland’s SpeechtoHer Scotland’s Sons. An Essay at Removingthe National Prejudices against aUnionwith A scheme,proposing atrue touch-stonefor the duetrial a ofproper Edinburgh, 1706. A Dissuasive Jacobitism. from Essays The ballance ofupon I. power. II.Theright making war,of Tom Double Return’d Outofthe Country… The advantagesoftheact of security, compar’dwith theseofthe Edinburgh, 1701. A speechinParliament onthe10 Letters, onthe spiritpatriotism: of onthe idea of Edinburgh, 1706? London, 1713. London, 1701. London, 1702. th dayof January 1701, [n.p.], 81 CEU eTD Collection Whillison, John. To alltrue-hearted Scotsmen,whether soldiersorothers. Superiorities display’d:or,Scotland’sgrievance, byreason oftheslavish dependence of Seton, William, Sir. Ferguson, Robert. Ridpath, George. William Bath. of Earl Pulteney, SpiritualLords and Temporal. Fletcher, Andrew. Fletcher, Hume, David. Fletcher, Andrew. Fletcher, Andrew? Fletcher, Foyer, Archibald. Andrew. Fletcher, Edinburgh, 1721. Scotland, concerning theslavish dependencies,which agreat partof thatnation ... the and ofmany andthe hereditary jurisdictions overthem. the peopleupontheirgreat men; upon account of holdingsortenures oftheirlands, church-government.Scotland and... and indifferencyof II. Oftheunion of Parliament. London, 1734. 1699. Spiritual andTemporalin Parliament Assembled, PresentedtoHis Majesty. University Press, 1994. 1699. interest, toapplythemselves to trade,and particularly tothatwhich isforeign. established acolonyatDarien. With abrief display, how much itisin their [n.p.],1706. Governments forthe Common Goodof Mankind. University Press, 1997. 1699. Colony’s Coming Away From InaLetter Darien. to aPerson ofQuality. Political Essays. Political A letter toan English member of a Parliament, from gentleman in Scotland’s Scotland’s Grievances toDarien&c.Related HumblyPresented to A Defense the ScotsColonyof at Darien. A just and modest vindication of theScotsdesign, for thehaving An Accountof aConversation Concerning theRightRegulationsof A Short andImpartial View the MannerandOccasionof ofthe Scots Political Works. The consequencesanincorporating of unioninrelation totrade. The interest ofScotlandinthree essays, viz.I.Of thetrueoriginal Edinburgh, 1700. The Humble the Address Right Honorableof Lords An enquiry into the conductofour domestick affairs… Edited by Knud Haakonssen. Cambridge: Cambridge Edited by Cambridge:John Robertson. Cambridge Edinburgh, 1703. Perth, 1715. Edinburgh, 1699. Edinburgh, 1746. [n.p.], 1700. Edinburgh, London, [n.p.], 82 CEU eTD Collection Devine, T.M.. Hearn, Jonathan. Hearn, Harding, Alan. “Political Liberty in the Middle Ages.” Hampsher-Monk, Iain. “Speech Acts, Languages or Conceptual History?” Cruishanks, Eveline ed. Colley, Linda. “Whose Nation? Class and national Consciousness.” Colley, Linda. Dodghson, R.A. “The Nature of Scottish Clans.” Devine, “Temporary T.M. Migration and the Scottish Highlands in 19 the Buchan, James. Brass, Paul. Brass, Birnie, Arthur. “Some Aberdeenshire Leasesin 18 the Allan, David. Aitken, George ed. George Aitken, Secondary Sources Wright, William. Wright, 2006. Edinburgh University 1982. Press, 1980. Concepts: Comparative Perspectives. R.A. Houston and I.D. Whyte. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. No. 113Nov.No. 1986. Press, 1992. Economic HistoryReview.Economic Publications, 1991. Review. University Press, 1993. Heptarchus. Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison. Virtue, LearningandtheScottish Enlightenment. The Scottish Nation, 1700-2000. Britons: Forging theNation,1707-1837. Vol. 4No.Apr.1934. Capital of theMind. Rethinking Nationalism: a Critical Introduction. The ComicalHistory ofthe Marriage Betwixt Fergusiaand The LifeandWorks of Dr.Abuthnot. [n.p.],1706. Ideology andConspiracy: Aspects ofJacobitism. Vol. 32No.3Aug. 1979. London: John Murray, 2003. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Amsterdam: Amsterdam University 1998. Press, London: Penguin 2000. Books, Scottish Society,1500-1800. th Speculum. century.” Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1892. New Haven: University Yale Edinburgh: Edinburgh The EconomicHistory London: Sage Vol. 55No.3July London: Palgrave, Past andPresent. th Edinburgh: Century.” History of Edited by The 83 CEU eTD Collection Herman, Arthur. Kidd, Colin. Istvan. Hont, Ozkirimli, Umut. Ozkirimli, O’Brien, Patrick.“The Political Economy of British Taxation, 1660-1815.” Miller, David. andLaCapra,Dominick. Intellectual “Rethinking History Reading Texts.” Thomas. Kuhn, Kohn, Hans. Kidd, Colin. Kellner, Hans. Johns, Adrian. “Identity, Practice, and Trust in Early Modern Natural Philosophy.” Houston, R.A. and Knox, W.W.J.eds. Pearce, Roy Harvie. “A Note on Method in the History of Ideas.” Koselleck, Reinhart. Phillipson, Nicholas and Skinner, Quentin eds. Press, 2001. Economic HistoryReview.Economic CornellIthaca: University 1982. Press, European IntellectualHistory. of Press, 1962.Chicago Keith Tribe. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985. Press, 1999. Madison: University Wisconsinof Press, 1989. Historical Journal. Earliest Timestothe Present Day. 2005. Historical Pspective. of Ideas. Britain. British Identities Nationalism.Before Subverting Scotland’sPast. The IdeaofNationalism. Jealousy ofTrade: International Competition andthe Nation-State in Citizenship andNational Identity. Language and Historical Representation: Getting the Story Crooked. Cambrisdge: Cambridge University 1993. Press, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The StructureofScientific Vol.No. 3.1948. 9 How the ScotsInventedModern World. Theories Nationalism.of Futures Past: OntheSemantics ofHistorical Time. Vol. 42 No. 2 Dec. 1999. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Vol. 41No.1Feb. 1998. The New History of Scotland:FromPenguin the Edited by LaCapraDominick and Steven Kaplan. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1961. London:Penguin 2002. Books, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. London: Palgrave, 2000. Political Discourse inEarly Modern Cambridge: Polity 2000. Press, Cambridge: Cambridge University 2 nd edition. Chicago: University Chicago: edition. New York: Three Rivers Three New York: Journal ofthe History Translated by Translated Modern The The 84 CEU eTD Collection Wormald, Jeremy. “Bloodfeud, Kindred, and inGovernment Early Modern Scotland.” Williamson, Arthur “Scots, Indians, and Empire.” Weiner, Phillip. “Some Problems and Methods in the History of Ideas.” Waszek, Norbert. Voegelin, Eric. Voegelin, Szechi, Daniel.“Constructing a Jacobite: The Social and Intellectual Origins of George Stana Nenadic. “The Highlands of Scotland: Consuming at a Distance.” Pocock, J.G.A. Murray.Pittock, Murray.Pittock, Smith, Anthony. Smith, Quentin. Skinner, Sainsbury, John. “John Wilkes, Debt, and Patriotism.” John ed. Robertson, Spiegel, Henry William. Henry Spiegel, Spadafora, David. Spadafora, Anthony. Smith, Past andPresent. Ideas, History of of Missouri Press, 1997. Lockhart of Carnwath.” in of Carnwath.” Lockhart Studies. Eighteenth-Century Journal for University Press, 1992. 1638 tothe Present. Cambridge University 1978. Press, Vol.2 34No. April 1995. 1707. 1985. University Press, 1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University 1995. Press, Virtue, Commece, andHistory. The Collected WorksEricVoegelin. of Scottish Nationality. and theScottish The InventionofScotland:Stuart Myth Identity, Nationalism. Theories of Nationalism. Theories of The Foundationsof ModernPoliticalThought. Man’s Social Nature. The Idea ofProgress in 18 A Union for Empire: British Political ThoughtandtheUnion of Vol. 22, No. 4 Oct. – Dec., 1961. The Growth Thought. ofEconomic No. 87May 1980. London: Routledge, 1991. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001. The Historical Journal. New York: Palgrave, 2001. Frankfurt: Verlag Lang, Peter 1986. New York: Holmes & 1983. Meier, th Century Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Vol. 2Autumn, 28No. 2005. Past andPresent. The Journal of BritishStudies. Vol. 19 Vol. 40No.4Dec. 1997. 3 rd edition. Durham: Duke . Columbia: University New Haven: Yale Vol. 1. Cambridge: No. 150Feb. 1996. Journal ofthe British 85