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Cultural Background and Meaning of Ta Moko - Māori Tattoos

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Cultural Background and Meaning of Ta Moko - Māori Tattoos Masaryk University Faculty of Education Department of English Language and Literature Kate řina Spasi ć Cultural Background and Meaning of Ta Moko - Māori Tattoos Bachelor Thesis Supervisor: Mgr. Zden ěk Janík, M.A., Ph.D. Brno 2011 2 Acknowledgement I would like to thank Mgr. Zden ěk Janík, M.A., Ph.D. for his patience, help and valuable advice during the process of writing this thesis. 3 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the sources listed in the bibliography. ………………………………………………… Kate řina Spasi ć 4 Abstract The objective of this bachelor thesis is to study the origin and history of M āori tattoos and its influence on tattooing nowadays. The main aim is to discover the cultural meaning of tattoos called moko by exploring M āori legends and their spiritual life. It deals with questions such as: Why do M āori use them? How do these tattoos contribute to M āori personal identification with their own culture and traditions? And what significance and psychological meaning do they have? This work includes three parts. The first section approaches history and M āori legends and consequently the original significance of this art. The second part focuses on tattoos in the present era and their psychological meanings nowadays and it also takes into consideration modern wearers of this tattoo and artists. The conclusion summarizes and comments on possible explanations resulting from the study. Keywords: Tā Moko, M āori, tattoo, New Zealand 5 Content 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 6 2. Māori history, legends and traditions .................................................................................. 9 2.1 Historical approach ...................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Māori arrival to Aotearoa ............................................................................................ 9 2.1.2 Adaptation to the new conditions .............................................................................. 11 2.1.3 First contact with Europeans ..................................................................................... 11 2.1.4 Towards the present ................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Māori Mythology ....................................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 Creation ..................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.2 Legends of Maui ........................................................................................................ 16 2.3 Māori customs and traditions .................................................................................... 18 2.4 History of the Art of Tattooing .................................................................................. 19 2.4.1 Women and moko ...................................................................................................... 22 2.4.2 Man and moko ........................................................................................................... 22 3. Moko these days and its cultural background ................................................................... 24 3.1 Time of rebirth ........................................................................................................... 24 3.1.1 The development ....................................................................................................... 25 3.2 Features of moko ....................................................................................................... 25 3.2.1 Māori culture and cultural values in connection with t ā moko ................................. 26 3.2.2 Moko Patterns and symbols ....................................................................................... 27 3.2.3 Pākeh ā and Moko ...................................................................................................... 28 3.2.4 Psychological background of Moko and of wearers’ points of view ........................ 30 4. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 33 6 1. Introduction New Zealand lies in south western Pacific Ocean and it has been the homeland of Māori for centuries – more precisely since around AD 1300 when first of their canoes landed at the shore of this country. Their population experienced rises and overcome falls. Generally it is possible to say that the era of their growth belongs to the period prior the arrival of Europeans when the population expanded all over the country, they adapted to the Aotearoa (M āori name for New Zealand) climate and conditions and established their tribal structures, religion and traditions. After the arrival of the white man they had to deal with the impact of the clash of two utterly distinctive cultures, religion, unknown diseases or their land being taken by the newcomers and so their population decreased dramatically. Yet they did not surrender and kept fighting for their rights, which resulted in Māori rebirth in all aspects of life – the population increased again, traditions were revived and they have been participating in all spheres of life and this trend is still being in process. Compared to Australian Aborigines who have also been struggling for their place in today’s society and facing severe social problems, M āori are few steps ahead. M āori language (te reo) has been established as an official language besides English; their population is about 15% of all New Zealand population while there are only around 2% of Aborigines left – many of them live in reservations; M āori are active in politics, culture and they have not yielded their fight for better future. Nevertheless they still face a number of social problems ranging from unemployment, drug abuse to housing problems. I assume that the difference between M āori and Aborigines “life story” derives from the different nature of both ethnic groups. While Māori were warriors who had been fighting over their land for centuries even before the white man arrival, Aborigines were nomads who did not understand the land ownership. They moved from place to place without any need to 7 protect themselves against invaders as the land was everybody’s property. When considering this fact Māori had the advantage in dealing with western civilization. I have chosen this topic since my relationship to New Zealand is very personal by means of the time spent there, experiences gained and also friendly bonds I established there. The issue of M āori tattoos is fascinating and appealing to me as I myself was strongly considering to get tattooed there. The reason for my decision not to do so was that I was not sure if it was appropriate for me as a “white European” to do so and the possible insult of Māori culture and traditions was something I wished to avoid. That was the initial impulse for my decision – to find out where “the truth lies” by studying the background of this issue and what M āori’s (and not only their) opinion is about it in general despite all that is said in literature. What is culture? According to the dictionary it is complex of material and spiritual values created by human kind characterizing achieved degree in the society development; where spiritual culture includes science, art or social life in general and material culture includes products of manufacture or technologies. (Klimeš, 1995, p. 411) M āori art, where traditional tattooing belongs, is tightly connected with their spiritual life. Everything that they believe in and respect including their past, present and future is depicted in each one of these tattoos. It is some kind of their signature; personal identification which tells the others the life story, the status or abilities; no words necessary. New Zealand is a “western” country in “eastern” part of the world with unique fauna and flora and people as well. Its isolation provides a certain protection against possible negative influences from “western” countries even tough with today’s globalization, which slowly erases the differences among countries all over the world, the so-called protection is not so effective, but still – New Zealand and its inhabitants keep their unmistakable charm. 8 Several Māori terms are used. To avoid misunderstanding in the text the most used ones are described in detail as follows: Moko is the term for traditional M āori tattoo in general. It also includes a very distinctive facial tattoo called taonga , which can be translated as “treasure”. Tā moko is the process of tattooing accompanied with severe but purifying pain, which plays the most important role in the whole ritual. Pākeh ā stands for the name of non- Māori of European descend same as the first settlers who came to New Zealand from Europe. Aotearoa means New Zealand; and it is commonly translated as “the land of the long white cloud”. Other terms used are explained either instantly or in the footnotes. 9 2. Māori history, legends and traditions 2.1 Historical approach This theoretical chapter deals with historical facts and it is divided into sections consecutively following each other according to the historical eras. 2.1.1 Māori arrival to Aotearoa Three thousand years ago settlers from Fiji began to migrate from the west to the Samoa and Tonga islands
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