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Kondisi Kualitas Air Sungai Ciliwung Di Wilayah Dki Jakarta Ditinjau Dari Paramater Organik, Amoniak, Fosfat, Deterjen Dan Bakteri Coli

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Kondisi Kualitas Air Sungai Ciliwung Di Wilayah Dki Jakarta Ditinjau Dari Paramater Organik, Amoniak, Fosfat, Deterjen Dan Bakteri Coli Satmoko Yudo : Kondisi Kualitas Air Sungai Ciliwung di Wilayah DKI .. .. JAI Vol 6. No. 1. 2010 KONDISI KUALITAS AIR SUNGAI CILIWUNG DI WILAYAH DKI JAKARTA DITINJAU DARI PARAMATER ORGANIK, AMONIAK, FOSFAT, DETERJEN DAN BAKTERI COLI Satmoko Yudo Pusat Teknologi Lingkungan, Badan pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT) Jl. MH. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta Abstract Jakarta city has 13 rivers one of which is Ciliwung river. It flows across the city amid a lot of dense housing, slums and villages. As a result the river is experiencing the most severe pollution compared to other rivers that flow in Jakarta. To find out how much pollution in the Ciliwung river, this paper will discuss several pollutant parameters such as, BOD, COD, ammonia, phosphates, detergent and coli bacteria. Overall, that the concentrations of these parameters continue to increase annually, this causing pollution in the Ciliwung river higher. Keywords : Ciliwung rivers, water pollution from domestic wastewater, river water quality, organic parameters, ammonia, phosphates, detergent and coli bacteria. I. PENDAHULUAN dengan baku mutu peruntukkannya yaitu untuk air minum, perikanan, pertanian dan usaha Sungai sebagai salah satu komponen perkotaan lainnya (2). lingkungan yang memiliki fungsi penting bagi Diantara 13 sungai yang mengalir di kehidupan manusia termasuk untuk menunjang Jakarta, sungai Ciliwung memiliki dampak yang pembangunan perekonomian. Akan tetapi paling luas karena ia mengalir melalui tengah sebagai akibat adanya peningkatan kegiatan kota Jakarta dan melintasi banyak pembangunan di berbagai bidang maka baik perkampungan, perumahan padat, dan secara langsung ataupun tidak langsung akan pemukiman-pemukiman kumuh. Sungai ini juga mempunyai dampak terhadap kerusakan dianggap sungai yang paling parah mengalami lingkungan termasuk didalamnya pencemaran perusakan dan pencemaran limbah domestik sungai. Pencemaran sungai umumnya berasal dibandingkan sungai-sungai lain yang mengalir di dari limbah domestik maupun limbah non Jakarta (3). domestik seperti limbah dari perumahan, Keterangan di atas menunjukkan bahwa perkantoran, pabrik dan industri. Oleh karena itu secara umum kondisi perairan di wilayah Jakarta pencemaran air sungai dan lingkungan sudah waktunya perlu perhatian yang sangat sekitarnya perlu dikendalikan seiring dengan laju serius untuk dibenahi pemerintah bersama pembangunan agar fungsi sungai dapat masyarakat. Usaha pemantauan kualitas air dipertahankan kelestariannya. sungai secara berkala perlu terus dilakukan dan 13 (tiga belas) sistem aliran sungai yang usaha-usaha pemerintah bersama masyarakat mengalir di wilayah DKI Jakarta sebagian besar baik itu usaha penegakan hukum ataupun usaha berhulu di daerah Jawa Barat dan bermuara di sosialisasi untuk meningkatkan kualitas Teluk Jakarta. Dengan demikian sungai di DKI lingkungan perairan harus terus dilakukan. Jakarta merupakan tempat limpahan akhir dari Sehingga diharapkan sungai sebagai sumber air pada buangan-buangan tersebut. Padahal sungai bersih untuk kebutuhan hidup manusia yang itu sendiri mempunyai banyak fungsi yang sangat utama tetap terjaga kualitasnya dan tidak penting, antara lain sebagai sumber air baku air semakin tercemar. minum, perikanan, peternakan, pertanian, dan usaha perkotaan (1). 2. TUJUAN DAN SASARAN Kualitas air di wilayah DKI Jakarta sudah sangat mengkhawatirkan, hal ini berdasarkan Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah melakukan pemantauan yang dilakukan Badan analisa dan evaluasi terhadap kondisi Pengendalian Lingkungan Hidup Daerah pencemaran air limbah domestik di sepanjang (BPLHD) DKI Jakarta di 13 sungai yang melintasi sungai Ciliwung wilayah Jakarta serta wilayah Jakarta menunjukkan, baik air sungai memberikan suatu alternatif teknologi yang maupun air tanah memiliki kandungan pencemar diharapkan dapat mengurangi beban organik dan anorganik tinggi. Akibatnya, air pencemaran tersebut. sungai diwilayah DKI Jakarta tidak sesuai lagi 34 Satmoko Yudo : Kondisi Kualitas Air Sungai Ciliwung di Wilayah DKI .. .. JAI Vol 6. No. 1. 2010 Sasaran yang akan dicapai adalah menguraikan bahan pencemar organik dalam air. memberikan gambaran kondisi pencemaran air Makin besar konsentrasi BOD suatu perairan, limbah domestik di Jakarta dan membantu dalam menunjukkan konsentrasi bahan organik di perencanaan untuk memperbaiki kualitas air dalam air yang juga tinggi. yang masuk ke badan sungai di Jakarta. b. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) 3. PENCEMARAN AIR LIMBAH DOMESTIK COD adalah banyaknya oksigen yang di Berdasarkan Peraturan Gubernur Propinsi butuhkan untuk mengoksidasi bahan-bahan DKI Jakarta Nomor 112 Tahun 2005 yang organik secara kimia. Pengukuran COD dimaksud air limbah domestik adalah air limbah dilakukan, karena dalam bahan organik sering yang berasal dari kegiatan rumah tangga, ditemukan bahan-bahan yang tidak dapat terurai perumahan, rumah susun, apartemen, secara biologis dan hanya dapat diuraikan perkantoran, rumah dan kantor rumah dan toko, secara kimiawi. Secara umum, angka BOD yang rumah sakit, mall, pasar swalayan, balai tinggi, mengindikasikan semakin besar tingkat pertemuan, hotel, industri, sekolah, baik berupa pencemaran yang terjadi (6). grey water (air bekas) ataupun black water (air c. Amonia (NH3) itu termasuk gas alkalin yang kotor/tinja) (4). tidak berwarna, lebih ringan dari udara dan Menurut Lembaga Kajian Ekologi dan punya aroma khas yang menyengat. Biasanya Konservasi Lahan Basah, limbah domestik senyawa ini didapati berupa gas dengan bau terbagi dalam dua kategori yaitu pertama, air tajam yang khas. Amonia sendiri adalah senyawa limbah domestik yang berasal dari air cucian kaustik dan dapat merusak kesehatan. Kontak seperti sabun, deterjen, minyak dan pestisida. dengan gas amonia berkonsentrasi tinggi dapat Kedua adalah air limbah yang berasal dari kakus menyebabkan kerusakan paru-paru dan bahkan seperti sabun, shampo, tinja dan air seni.(5) kematian(7). Air limbah domestik menghasilkan senyawa organik berupa protein, karbohidrat, d. Fosfat lemak dan asam nukleat. Pada musim kemarau saat debit air sungai turun hingga 300% maka Fosfat terdapat dalam jumlah yang masukan bahan organik kedalam badan air akan signifikan pada efluen pengolahan air buangan mengakibatkan penurunan kualitas air. Beberapa domestik(8). Fosfat yang terdapat bebas di alam, kondisi badan sungai saat musim kemarau terutama di air, dominan berada di dalam bentuk antara lain: senyawa PO4-3 (phosphate). Komposisi dari input 1. Badan air memerlukan oksigen ekstra guna fosfat terdiri dari industri 7,3%, mengurai ikatan dalam senyawa organik derivasi deterjen 40%, buangan manusia 44% (dekomposisi), akibatnya akan membuat dan pembersih rumah 6,7%(9). Hal ini sungai miskin oksigen, membuat jatah menunjukkan bagaimana berbagai aktivitas oksigen bagi biota air lainnya berkurang masyarakat di era modern dan semakin besarnya jumlahnya. Pengurangan kadar Oksigen jumlah populasi manusia menjadi penyumbang dalam air ini sering mengakibatkan peristiwa yang sangat besar bagi lepasnya fosfat ke ikan mati masal akibat kekurangan Oksigen. lingkungan air. 2. Limbah organik mengandung padatan terlarut yang tinggi sehingga menimbulkan e. Deterjen kekeruhan dan mengurangi penetrasi cahaya matahari bagi biota fotosintetik. Deterjen sangat berbahaya bagi 3. puluhan ton padatan terlarut yang dibuang lingkungan karena dari beberapa kajian hampir lebih dari 3 juta orang akan menyebutkan bahwa deterjen memiliki mengendap dan merubah karakteristik dasar kemampuan untuk melarutkan bahan bersifat sungai, akibatnya beberapa biota yang karsinogen, misalnya Benzonpyrene, selain menetap didasar sungai akan tereleminasi gangguan terhadap masalah kesehatan, atau bahkan punah(5). kandungan deterjen dalam air minum akan menimbulkan bau dan rasa tidak enak. Deterjen Pencemaran limbah domestik umumnya umumnya tersusun atas lima jenis bahan mengandung beberapa bahan pencemar antara penyusun (10). Antara lain : lain BOD-COD, amonia, fosfat, deterjen dan tinja. 1. Surfaktan yang merupakan senyawa Alkyl Bensen Sulfonat (ABS) yang berfungsi untuk a. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) mengangkat kotoran pakaian. ABS memiliki sifat tahan terhadap penguraian oleh BOD adalah jumlah oksigen terlarut yang mikroorganisme (non biodegradab). dibutuhkan oleh bakteri pengurai untuk 35 Satmoko Yudo : Kondisi Kualitas Air Sungai Ciliwung di Wilayah DKI .. .. JAI Vol 6. No. 1. 2010 2. Senyawa fosfat, (bahan pengisi) yang 4. USAHA PENCEGAHAN PENCEMARAN AIR mencegah menempelnya kembali kotoran LIMBAH DOMESTIK pada bahan yang sedang dicuci. Senyawa fosfat digunakan oleh semua merk deterjen Kondisi pencemaran air limbah domestik memberikan andil yang cukup besar terhadap yang ada saat ini sebenarnya sudah lama terjadinya proses eutrofikasi yang diketahui oleh pemerintah baik dari pusat menyebabkan Booming Alga (meledaknya maupun daerah, dengan diterbitkannya populasi tanaman air) Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) Nomor 20 tahun 3. Pemutih dan pewangi (bahan pembantu) zat 1990 dan PP Nomor 82 Tahun 2001 tentang pemutih umumnya terdiri dari zat natrium Pengelolaan Air dan Pengendalian Pencemaran karbonat. Menurut hasil riset organisasi Air, dimana diwajibkan semua air limbah konsumen Malaysia (CAP), pemutih dapat domestik harus diolah terlebih dahulu sebelum menimbulkan kanker pada manusia. dibuang ke saluran umum. sedangkan untuk pewangi lebih banyak Begitupun Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan merugikan konsumen karena bahan ini Hidup Nomor 112 Tahun 2003 tentang Baku Mutu membuat makin tingginya biaya produksi, Air Limbah Domestik, dimana setiap penanggung sehingga
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