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Water Environment Issues in : Challenges and Opportunities

Prof. Tjandra Setiadi Centre for Environmental Studies Institut Teknologi (ITB) Bandung, Indonesia [email protected] 2

Presentation Outline Water Challenges and Examples of Opportunities Colalboration in Indonesia

Case Studies

Water Environment In Indonesia 3

Water Environment in Indonesia 4

Introduction

Indonesia water resource: . 6 % of world water resource . 21% of asia pasific water resource 5 6 7

Four Water Classes (Quality) (Government Regulation No 82 Year 2001 • Class I : Best Quality designated for raw water for water supply; and include Class II till IV (BOD < 2 mg/L) • Class II : designated for water sport activities (not a direct contact) and include Class III and IV (BOD < 3 mg/L) • Class III: designated for fishery (aquaculture) and include Class IV (BOD < 6 mg/L) • Class IV : designated for irrigation (BOD < 12 mg/L) • For most of the rivers in Indonesia: intended to be Class II. 8

River Quality Monitoring 2009 (based on class II designated, MoE lab. data)

Province River Name Province River Name Province River Name NAD Krueng Aceh Sulut Tondano Province River Name Province River Name Batu Gajah Deli Gorontalo Bone Kali Angke Kalbar Kapuas Maluku Sumut Batu Merah Percut Sulteng Kalteng Kahayan Mal-Utara Tabobo Riau Kampar Tallo Jabar Citarum Kalsel Martapura Sulsel Papua Anafre Sumbar Batang Agam Kaltim Mahakam Jeneberang Jateng Progo Province River Name Batang Hari Sultra Konaweha DIY Progo Bali T. Badung A. Bengkulu Jatim Brantas NTT Dendeng Sumsel Musi NTB Jangkok Lampung W.Sekampung Babel Rangkui

Light Medium pollution Heavy pollution Light to medium pollution Medium to heavy pollution Light to heavy pollution 9

River Quality Monitoring 2009 (based on class II designated, MoE lab. data)

Sumatera Maluku

Sulawesi Papua Kalimantan

Java

Bali & Nusa Tenggara

Light pollution Medium pollution Heavy pollution Light to medium pollution Medium to heavy pollution Light to heavy pollution 10

River Quality Monitoring 2013 (based on class II designated, MoE lab. data)

Sumatera Maluku

Sulawesi Papua Kalimantan

Java

Bali & Nusa Tenggara

Light pollution Medium pollution Heavy pollution Light to medium pollution Medium to heavy pollution Light to heavy pollution 11 River Quality Monitoring (percentage of heavy-polluted river in Indonesia 2009 - 2013) 12

Water Resources Degradation

. Domestic activites . Industry activities either small and big scale . Agriculture and mining . Deforestration in the upper part of the river stream 13

Case Study Banten Province 14

Map of Banten Province

Cilegon City Serang Tanggerang City Tanggerang City

Pandeglang Regency 15 BANTEN HAS 13 WATERSHEDS

CIBANTEN

CIDANAU

CIUJUNG CIDURIAN

CIBALIUNG DAS BAYAH

Banten Province 16 Problems on CIBANTEN CIDURIAN Domestic & industrial waste Domestic & industrial waste Watershed Agricultural waste Agricultural waste Fluctuation of river flowrate in Banten Erosion & sedimentation

CIDANAU Domestic & industrial waste Agricultural waste Mining activities

CILEMER/CIBUNGUR Domestic & industrial waste Agricultural waste Fluctuation of river flowrate Erosion & sedimentation

CISADANE Domestic & industrial waste Agricultural waste Fluctuation of river flowrate Erosion & sedimentation

CIUJUNG CILIMAN Domestic & industrial waste Domestic & industrial waste Agricultural waste Agricultural waste Fluctuation of river flowrate Fluctuation of river flowrate Erosion & sedimentation Erosion & sedimentation Mining activities 17

Case Study – Province 18

BOD Load from Industry: source : Data Team Leader ICWRMIP Sub.Comp..1 Pollution level • Discharge Load of TN and TP

TN DischargeTP Load

source : Data Team Leader ICWRMIP Sub.Comp..1 What has happened can be explained by the following diagram:

Source: ISTAT, C. Costantino, F. Falcitelli, A. Femia, A. Tuolini, OECD-Workshop, Paris, May 14–16, 2003) 21 Water Risks or Challanges: In Indonesia

• Decreasing Water Availability and Reliability of Supply. • Declining Water Quality • Failure to Meet Basic Water Needs. 22

Opportunities

• At the same time, these risks present possible opportunities for the water industries that produce technologies and provides services for meeting water needs. • Careful analysis of opportunities and needs may prove valuable to corporations and investors who are seeking to capitalize on smart and effective solutions to water problems. 23

Example of Collaboration ITB with Japanese Companies:

- Low Cost Membrane – Asahi Kasei - MBR – Toray Membrane -MBR – Industrial Scale 24

Low-cost water treatment system using submerged membrane filtration in developing countries

Taro Miyoshia,*, Tjandra Setiadib, Agus Jatnika Effendic, Hiroyuki Maedad, Takashi Tsukarahad, Hosang Yid, Hyoyong Jund, Masao Saitoe, Hideto Matsuyamaa,** a Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan b Centre for Environmental Studies, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia c Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia d Microza & Water Processing Division, Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation, Tokyo, Japan e Center for Collaborative Research and Technology Development, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

Journal: Desalination and Water Treatment, 1-8, 2015. 25

Pilot Study in Bandung 26 Conclusions of the study

• The applicability of submerged membrane filtration without any chemical dosing to the treatment of river water containing high turbidity was investigated. • The operation of the pilot-scale submerged membrane filtration unit was very stable and can be continued for three months without any irregular membrane cleanings. • Increase in membrane flux and decrease in frequency of regular maintenance cleaning did not affect the rate of membrane fouling development. • Owing to its higher membrane flux and less frequent maintenance cleaning, operating expenditure of the membrane based water treatment system was equal or even lower in comparison to the conventional water treatment system based on coagulation, sedimentation, and sand-filtration. 27

Application of MBR for treating Produced Water from an oil and gas company 28

Characteristics of the Produced Water • High TDS • Fluctuated COD (300 – 4000 mg/l, including data from pilot test) • High oil and grease

No. Parameter Unit Max. Value 1 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 4000 2 Temperature ° C 40 3 pH pH Units 6 - 9

4 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) mg/L 0.5 Regulation 5 Ammonium (NH3-N) mg/L 5 6 COD mg/L 200 7 Phenol mg/L 2 8 Oil and Grease mg/L 25 29

Pilot Test Performance Schematic Diagram: Flat-Sheet Toray membrane 30

Pilot Test Performance MLSS Profile (Until 1 July 2015)

10000

8000

6000 • Acclimatized well • Remain stable until MLSS (ppm) 4000 level-control break

2000

0 0 20 40 60 80 Day

MLSS Acclimatization Finished Level Control Break 31

Pilot Test Performance COD Profile

5000

Feed Effluent • Stable after 4000 COD standard API Separator Feed acclimatization, although input was 3000 fluctuated • Could reach below 2000 COD (mg/L) COD effluent standard

1000

0 80 100 120 140 160 Day 32

Pilot Test Performance Oil Content Profile

• Oil is totally removed by membrane • Could be a problem, therefore use DAF in real plant • Not problem in this test if performs membrane cleaning 33

Pilot Test Performance Fouling rate

0.0

• No fouling detected after -0.1

) daily cleaning

2 • Fouling in the first 5 days

-0.2 probably were caused of microorganism

Pressure (kg/cm attachment to membrane -0.3 Before wash surface After wash Daily Cleaning Start

-0.4 25 30 35 40 45 50 Days 34

Application of MBR Treating 1 ton COD per day from an Oleochemical Industry 35

MBR during construction 36

MBR after 6 months operation 37 West Hall INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG