DOCSLIB.ORG

JICA Data Collection Survey on Water Environment Improvement Through Low-Cost Wastewater Treatment System in Jakarta

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
JICA Data Collection Survey on Water Environment Improvement Through Low-Cost Wastewater Treatment System in Jakarta City of Jakarta (DKI JAKARTA) Ministry of Public Works (PU) Wastewater Management Enterprize (PD PAL JAYA) JICA Data Collection Survey on Water Environment Improvement through Low-Cost Wastewater Treatment System in Jakarta Final Report October 2010 Japan International Cooperation Agency Hiroshima University Currency rate (monthly from 2006 to present) Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar 2006 USD1＝JPY 116.47 114.58 112.17 116.32 114.66 116.94 117.63 117.45 116.07 118.8 121.77 119.78 IDR1＝JPY 0.01235 0.01307 0.01219 0.01247 0.01272 0.01289 0.01279 0.0129 0.01265 0.01314 0.01338 0.01324 2007 USD1＝JPY 117.38 119.03 121.59 123 118.53 115.73 115.55 114.67 109.98 114.21 106.98 106.18 IDR1＝JPY 0.01286 0.01312 0.01381 0.01357 0.01299 0.0123 0.01266 0.01261 0.01172 0.01213 0.01159 0.01174 2008 USD1＝JPY 99.29 104.05 105.1 106.17 108.05 109.33 105.9 98.23 95.37 90.44 90.02 97.95 IDR1＝JPY 0.01079 0.01119 0.01126 0.01157 0.01185 0.01196 0.01116 0.00923 0.0076 0.00812 0.00789 0.00819 2009 USD1＝JPY 97.29 96.87 96.47 95.55 95.25 93.13 89.98 90.87 86.66 91.45 90.14 89.25 IDR1＝JPY 0.00842 0.00905 0.00914 0.0093 0.00959 0.00928 0.00925 0.00946 0.00922 0.00969 0.00969 0.00952 2010 USD1＝JPY 92.7 94.06 91.1 88.66 87.05 IDR1＝JPY 0.01022 0.01044 0.00986 0.00975 0.00969 (Source: JICA rate table) Jakarta Bay Area : 661.52 km2 32 km Located at Low lying area Crossed by 13 rivers Population 12 million South China Sea Jabodetabek Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Jakarta Bay Jakarta Ciliwung river Cisadane river Depok Jatilihur dam Bogor Cirata dam Bandung Saguling dam Map of the Citarum, Ciliwung, and Cisadane Rivers System and Major Dams Member List of the Survey Team and Survey Schedule FY 2009 FY 2010 man-month Assined AreaName Affiliation grade FY2009 FY2010 total 345678 Indonesia Japan Indonesia Japan Indonesia Japan Survey team leader/ YAMASHITA Graduate School for International Comprehensive Developnment and Cooperation, 2 11days 15days 7days 11 22 33 environmental Takao Hiroshima University Assessment of LEE Hansoo Graduate School for International effectiveness of sewage Developnment and Cooperation, 4 12days 15days 14days 12 29 41 treatment Hiroshima University Water quality analysis TANAKA Graduate School for International Developnment and Cooperation, 3 10days 7days 7days 10 14 24 Kazuhiko Hiroshima University Environmental ONODERA Graduate School of Integrated Arts monitoring and data and Sciences, Hiroshima 3 17days 13days 10days 12 28 40 transfer technology Shin-ichi University Sewage treatment OHASHI Dept. of Social and system Environmental Engineeering, 3 7days 8days 7ays 71522 Akiyoshi Hiroshima University Low cost sewage UCHIDA Graduate School for International treatment supporting Developnment and Cooperation, 3 11days 15days 7days 11 22 33 system Katsumi Hiroshima University Sub-total 63 130 193 Survey team leader/ YAMASHITA Graduate School for International □ □ □ □ □ Developnment and Cooperation, Comprehensive 2 2days 2days 2days 2days 2days 2810 environmental Takao Hiroshima University □ □ □ □ 4 3days 6days 6days 6days 31821 □ □ □ □ □ 3 2days 5days 5days 5days 2days 21719 □ □ □ □ □ □ 3 3days 4days 4days 4days 4days 3days 22022 □ □ □ □ □ 3 2days 5days 5days 5days 2days 31821 □ □ □ □ □ 3 2days 2days 2days 2days 2days 2810 Sub-total 14 89 103 △ △ △ △ Timing of Submission Inception Progress Draft Final Final Report report Report Report Report Domestic Work 14 24 15 13 24 11 14 89 （Total MM ） 0.47 0.8 0.5 0.43 0.8 0.37 0.45 2.97 3.35 Survey in Indonesia 63 14 130 89 193 103 □ Domestic Work 2.57 7.3 9.87 Table of Contents 1. Preface 1 2. Social, Natural and Technological Backgrounds of Water Environment 8 2.1 Sewerage and Water Environmental Issues in Indonesia 8 2.2 Water Quality Issues in Jakarta 12 2.3 Japan’s Comprehensive Basin-wide Planning of Sewerage Systems 19 2.4 Water Environment of the Ciliwung River 22 2.5 Citarum River Basin Management with Large Scale Dam System 29 2.6 Water Environment Management Technology 35 3. Outline of the Survey 61 3.1 Background of the Survey 61 3.2 Objective of the Survey 62 3.3 Location of the Survey 63 3.4 Main Organizations Surveyed 65 3.5 Technical Policy of the Survey 65 3.6 Operational Policy of the Survey 66 3.7 Scope of the Survey 68 4. Findings and Results of the Survey 70 4.1 Design and Implementation Tests of Water Environmental Assessment System 70 4.2 Water Environmental Changes in Ciliwung River Basin 92 4.3 Water Quality Monitoring 123 4.4 Sewage Treatment System 168 4.5 Solid Waste Management at the Surface Water Area 190 5. Water Environment Improvement Plan 214 5.1 Proposal of Low Cost Sewage Treatment System 214 5.2 Comprehensive Environmental Assessment 220 5.3 Costal Revitalization and Its Environmental Impact Assessment 222 5.4 Land Subsidence and Groundwater Control 224 5.5 Water Environment Improvement System by the Administrative Authorities, 233 Industries and Citizens 6. Conclusions 240 6.1 Survey Framework 241 6.2 Regional Environment Simulator 242 6.3 Water Quality Monitoring 244 6.4 Comprehensive Water Environmental Assessment System 247 6.5 Sewage Treatment System 249 6.6 Solid Waste Management at the Surface Water Area 253 Acknowledgements 255 Appendix A Supplement Material CD-ROM 256 Appendix B Setup Procedure 258 References 261 i List of Figures Fig. 1.1.1 Map of JABODETABEK 2 Fig. 1.1.2 Citarum, Ciliwung, Cisadane Rivers and three major dams 5 Fig. 1.1.3 Aerial photos of the pond of PD PAL JAYA 7 Fig. 2.3.1 Japanese case of sewerage-based wastewater treatment system 19 Fig. 2.4.1 Ciliwung and Cisadane River watersheds 22 Fig. 2.4.2 DO concentration along the Ciliwung River 26 Fig. 2.4.3 BOD concentration along the Ciliwung River 26 Fig. 2.5.1 Longitudinal profile of the Citarum River showing dam locations 31 Fig. 2.5.2 Locations of the four dams in the Citarum River basin 31 Fig. 2.6.1 Migration of turbid floodwaters down the Chesapeake Bay 44 Fig. 2.6.2 Schematic diagram showing an activated sludge process 50 Fig. 2.6.3 A typical surface-aerated basin (using motor-driven floating aerators) 51 Fig. 2.6.4 A schematic cross-section of the contact face of the bed media in a trickling filter (left) and a typical complete trickling filter system (right) 52 Fig. 2.6.5 Schematic diagram of a typical rotating biological contactor (RBC) 55 Fig. 2.6.6 Schematic of conventional activated sludge process (top) and membrane bioreactor (bottom) 56 Fig. 2.6.7 A sandy lake shore colonized by reeds forming a reed bed 58 Fig. 3.6.1 Survey flowchart 67 Fig. 4.1.1 System configuration of the RES 71 Fig. 4.1.2 Reclamation plan in the Jakarta Bay (from Appendix A) 75 Fig. 4.1.3 Photos showing parallel system in ITB 77 Fig. 4.1.4 Schematic diagram of the present computing environment of ITB 80 Fig. 4.1.5 Cover page of the user’s manual for ITB RES 80 Fig. 4.1.6 Domain set-up for MM5, SWAN, and POM simulations with bathymetry 88 Fig. 4.1.7 Snapshots of atmospheric fields around the 2007 Jakarta flooding period 89 Fig. 4.1.8 Accumulated rainfall during 2007 Jakarta flood (01:00 1 to 01:00 3 Feb 2007) 91 Fig. 4.1.9 Spatial distributions of the maximum significant wave height (Hsig) in domains 1, 2, and 3 91 Fig. 4.2.1 Green area reduction by city development and land use change 93 Fig. 4.2.2 Inundation map in the DKI Jakarta caused by flood in 2002 94 Fig. 4.2.3 Major 13 rivers flowing into the Jakarta Bay 95 Fig. 4.2.4 Houses built on the river (from Appendix A) 96 Fig. 4.2.5 Sedimentation at river outlet 96 Fig. 4.2.6 Dumping of solid waste into the rivers 97 Fig. 4.2.7 Clogging of city main drain (from Appendix A) 98 Fig. 4.2.8 Contour map of land subsidence using satellite imagery and GPS data 99 Fig. 4.2.9 West Canal and East Canal for flood control and drainage plan 100 Fig. 4.2.10 Jakarta West Canal construction for flood control (Kompas Papers) 102 Fig. 4.2.11 Jakarta East Canal construction for flood control (Kompas Papers) 103 Fig. 4.2.12 Muara Angke (March 28, 2010) 104 Fig. 4.2.13 Jakarta Fishing Port Improvement Project 105 Fig. 4.2.14 Pluit Polder (Community Forum of Pluit Environment Care (FMPLP)) 106 Fig. 4.2.15 South entrance barrage (weir) of the Pluit Lake (top) and the pump station in northern mouth of the lake (bottom-left) 106 Fig. 4.2.16 Sources of pollution sources along the Jakarta Bay 107 Fig. 4.2.17 Sea level rise in Tanjung Priok port 108 Fig. 4.2.18 Projection of inundation area in DKI Jakarta (80 cm sea level rise) 109 ii Fig. 4.2.19 Land use in the projected inundation area in DKI Jakarta 109 Fig. 4.2.20 Reclamation plan in the Jakarta Bay 110 Fig. 4.2.21 Waterfront development plan by DKI Jakarta 111 Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Algal Blooms Observation Using Stellite Imageries and Massive Fish
    Monitoring of Algal Blooms and Massive Fish Kill in the Jakarta Bay, Indonesia using Satellite Imageries Sam Wouthuyzen 1), C.K. Tan 2), J. Ishizaka 3)) Tong Phuoe Hoang Son 4) and Varis Ransi5), Salam Tarigan 1), and Agus Sediadi 6), 1) Research Center for Oceanography, Jakarta, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected] 2) United Nations University, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] 3) Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan. E-mail: ishizaka@net,nagasaki-u.ac.jp 4) Institute of Oceanography, Nha Trang, Vietnam. E-mail: [email protected] 5) National Ocean Service, NOAA, USA. E-mail : [email protected] 6) Agency for the Assessment and Aplication of Technology, Jakarta, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT main threads to the water quality of the bay. Any material discharged into the sea causes some changes. The water environment in the Jakarta Bay gets more Such changes may be great or small, long-lasting or and more stress due to heavy eutrophication and transient, wide spread or extremely localized. If the pollution. In this study, we monitored the change can be detected and is regarded as damaging, concentration of chlorophyll-a as an indicator of it is constitutes pollution (Perez, at al., 2003). eutrophication using Terra and Aqua MODIS Literature review on water quality of the Jakarta Bay (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer) from 1970’s to present indicated that the Jakarta Bay satellites data from 2004 to 2007. During those get continuous pressures due to eutrophication and periods, there were seven occurrences of massive fish heavy pollutions (Arifin et al., 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • (Pb) Pollution in the River Estuaries of Jakarta Bay
    The Sustainable City IX, Vol. 2 1555 Analysis of lead (Pb) pollution in the river estuaries of Jakarta Bay M. Rumanta Universitas Terbuka, Indonesia Abstract The purpose of this study is to obtain information about the level of Pb in the sediment of the estuaries surrounding Jakarta Bay and to compare them. Samples were taken from 9 estuaries by using a grab sampler at three different location points – the left, right and the middle sides of the river. Then, samples were collected in one bottle sample and received drops of concentrated HNO3. The taking of samples was repeated three times. In addition, an in situ measurement of pH and temperature of samples was taken as proponent data. The Pb concentration of the river sediment was measured using an AAS flame in the laboratory of Balai Penelitian Tanah Bogor. Data was analyzed statistically (one way ANOVA and t-test student) by using SPSS-11.5 software. The results show that Pb concentration in the sediment of the estuaries surrounding Jakarta was quite high (20–336 µg/g). The sediment of Ciliwung River in the rainy season was the highest (336 µg/g). Pb concentration of sediment in the dry season was higher than that in the rainy season, except in Ciliwung River. It was concluded that all rivers flowing into Jakarta Bay make a significant contribution to the Pb pollution in Jakarta Bay, and the one with the largest contribution was Ciliwung River. Keywords: Pb, sediment, estuaries, dry season, rainy season, AAS flame. 1 Introduction Jakarta Bay (89 km of length) is formed as a result of the extension of Karawang Cape in the eastern region and Kait Cape in the western region into the Java Sea (Rositasari [1]).
    [Show full text]
  • Community Flood Resilience
    Stories from Ciliwung, Citarum & Bengawan Solo River Banks in Indonesia Community Flood Resilience Stories from Ciliwung, Citarum & Bengawan Solo River Banks in Indonesia Community Flood Resilience Stories from Ciliwung, Citarum & Bengawan Solo River Banks Publisher Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) in partnership with Stories from Ciliwung, Citarum & Bengawan Solo River Banks in Indonesia International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) Zurich Insurance Indonesia (ZII) Palang Merah Indonesia National Headquarter Disaster Management Division Jl. Jend Gatot Subroto Kav. 96 - Jakarta 12790 Phone: +62 21 7992325 ext 303 Fax: +62 21 799 5188 www.pmi.or.id First edition March 2018 CFR Book Team Teguh Wibowo (PMI) Surendra Kumar Regmi (IFRC) Arfik Triwahyudi (ZII) Editor & Book Designer Gamalel W. Budiharga Writer & Translator Budi N.D. Dharmawan English Proofreader Daniel Owen Photographer Suryo Wibowo Infographic Dhika Indriana Photo Credit Suryo Wibowo, Budi N.D. Dharmawan, Gamaliel W. Budiharga & PMI, IFRC & ZII archives © 2018. PMI, IFRC & ZII PRINTED IN INDONESIA Community Flood Resilience Preface resilience/rɪˈzɪlɪəns/ n 1 The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness;2 The ability of a substance or object to spring back into shape; elasticity. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com iv v Preface hard work of all the parties involved. also heads of villages and urban Assalammu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh, The program’s innovations have been villages in all pilot program areas for proven and tested, providing real their technical guidance and direction Praise for Allah, that has blessed us so that this solution, which has been replicated for the program implementors as well Community Flood Resilience (CFR) program success story in other villages and urban villages, as SIBAT teams, so the program can book is finally finished.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Indonesia
    Research Report August 2008 Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Indonesia A five-country study conducted in Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, the Philippines, and Vietnam under the Economics of Sanitation Initiative (ESI) Water and Sanitation Program East Asia and the Pacifi c (WSP-EAP) World Bank Offi ce Jakarta Indonesia Stock Exchange Building Tower II/13th Fl. Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 52-53 Jakarta 12190 Indonesia Tel: (62-21) 5299-3003 Fax: (62-21) 5299-3004 Printed in 2008. The volume is a product of World Bank staff and consultants. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement of acceptance of such boundaries. Research Report August 2008 Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Indonesia A fi ve-country study conducted in Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, the Philippines, and Vietnam under the Economics of Sanitation Initiative (ESI) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summary At 55% in 2004, sanitation coverage in Indonesia is below the regional average for Southeast Asian countries of 67%. Nationwide, sanitation coverage has increased by 9 percentage points since 1990, representing signifi cant progress towards the target of 73% set by the Millennium Development Goal joint water supply and sanitation target.
    [Show full text]
  • Updating the Seabird Fauna of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia
    Tirtaningtyas & Yordan: Seabirds of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia, update 11 UPDATING THE SEABIRD FAUNA OF JAKARTA BAY, INDONESIA FRANSISCA N. TIRTANINGTYAS¹ & KHALEB YORDAN² ¹ Burung Laut Indonesia, Depok, East Java 16421, Indonesia ([email protected]) ² Jakarta Birder, Jl. Betung 1/161, Pondok Bambu, East Jakarta 13430, Indonesia Received 17 August 2016, accepted 20 October 2016 ABSTRACT TIRTANINGTYAS, F.N. & YORDAN, K. 2017. Updating the seabird fauna of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Marine Ornithology 45: 11–16. Jakarta Bay, with an area of about 490 km2, is located at the edge of the Sunda Straits between Java and Sumatra, positioned on the Java coast between the capes of Tanjung Pasir in the west and Tanjung Karawang in the east. Its marine avifauna has been little studied. The ecology of the area is under threat owing to 1) Jakarta’s Governor Regulation No. 121/2012 zoning the northern coastal area of Jakarta for development through the creation of new islands or reclamation; 2) the condition of Jakarta’s rivers, which are becoming more heavily polluted from increasing domestic and industrial waste flowing into the bay; and 3) other factors such as incidental take. Because of these factors, it is useful to update knowledge of the seabird fauna of Jakarta Bay, part of the East Asian–Australasian Flyway. In 2011–2014 we conducted surveys to quantify seabird occurrence in the area. We identified 18 seabird species, 13 of which were new records for Jakarta Bay; more detailed information is presented for Christmas Island Frigatebird Fregata andrewsi. To better protect Jakarta Bay and its wildlife, regular monitoring is strongly recommended, and such monitoring is best conducted in cooperation with the staff of local government, local people, local non-governmental organization personnel and birdwatchers.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconnaissance Study Of
    NO. RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF THE INSTITUTIONAL REVITALIZATION PROJECT FOR MANAGEMENT OF FLOOD, EROSION AND INNER WATER CONTROL IN JABOTABEK WATERSHED FINAL REPORT JANUARY 2006 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD GE JR 05-060 RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF THE INSTITUTIONAL REVITALIZATION PROJECT FOR MANAGEMENT OF FLOOD, EROSION AND INNER WATER CONTROL IN JABOTABEK WATERSHED FINAL REPORT JANUARY 2006 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF THE INSTITUTIONAL REVITALIZATION PROJECT FOR MANAGEMENT OF FLOOD, EROSION AND INNER WATER CONTROL IN JABOTABEK WATERSHED FINAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ................................................................ 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES....................................................................... 1 1.3 STUDY AREA..................................................................... 2 2. PRESENT CONDITIONS................................................. 3 2.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS.................................. 3 2.1.1 Administration........................................................ 3 2.1.2 Population and Households.................................... 6 2.2 NATURAL CONDITIONS.................................................. 7 2.2.1 Topography and Geology ....................................... 7 2.2.2 Climate ................................................................... 7 2.2.3 River Systems........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Using Nemerow's Pollution Index Method for Water Quality
    Using Nemerow’s Pollution Index Method for Water Quality Assessment of Cimanuk River in West Java Ihya Sulthonuddin1, Djoko Mulyo Hartono2, Chairil Abdini Abidin Said1 {[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]} 1Environmental Science Study Program, School of Environmental Science, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10340 2Environmental Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia, 16424 Abstract. The river water is one of the water resources that important in managing environmental sustainability, increasing economic growth, and realizing the social welfare of communities. This study aims to assess and analyze water quality of the Cimanuk river. The analyze of water quality in the Cimanuk river based on the Regulation of Governor of West Java (GWJ) Class 1, United Kingdom Technical Advisory Group (UKTAG), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Ministry of Environmental Government Japan (MOEG), and Departement of Environmental Malaysia (DOE). Nemerow’s pollution index (NPI) method used to assess the water in the Cimanuk river from the years 2013 to 2018. River water sampling stations of the Cimanuk river are Boyongbong, Sukaregang, Tomo, and Jatibarang. Base on seven physicochemical parameters, this research found that the Cimanuk river is not meet the water quality standards with the value of TSS (81.57132.69 mg/L), BOD (8.416.53 mg/L), COD (33.9226.51 mg/L), DO (5.541.67 mg/L), and Ammonia (0.210.31 mg/L). The degradation of river water quality in the Cimanuk river indicated by increasing NPI value. NPI value of the Cimanuk river ranging from 1.04 to 7.51.
    [Show full text]
  • Asian Green Mussels Perna Viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) Detected in Eastern Indonesia
    BioInvasions Records (2015) Volume 4, Issue 1: 23–29 Open Access doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/bir.2015.4.1.04 © 2015 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2015 REABIC Rapid Communication A ferry line facilitates dispersal: Asian green mussels Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) detected in eastern Indonesia Mareike Huhn1,2*, Neviaty P. Zamani1 and Mark Lenz2 1Marine Centre, Department of Marine Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Lingkar Akademi, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia 2GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany E-mail: [email protected] (MH), [email protected] (NZ), [email protected] (ML) *Corresponding author Received: 6 June 2014 / Accepted: 30 October 2014 / Published online: 8 December 2014 Handling editor: Demetrio Boltovskoy Abstract While part of a single country, the Indonesian archipelago covers several biogeographic regions, and the high levels of national shipping likely facilitate transfer of non-native organisms between the different regions. Two vessels of a domestic shipping line appear to have served as a transport vector for the Asian green mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) between regions. This species is indigenous in the western but not in the eastern part of the archipelago, separated historically by the Sunda Shelf. The green mussels collected from the hulls of the ferries when in eastern Indonesia showed a significantly lower body condition index than similar-sized individuals from three different western-Indonesian mussel populations. This was presumably due to reduced food supply during the ships’ voyages. Although this transport- induced food shortage may initially limit the invasive potential (through reduced reproductive rates) of the translocated individuals, the risk that the species will extend its distributional range further into eastern Indonesia is high.
    [Show full text]
  • Heavy Metal Concentration in Water, Sediment, and Pterygoplichthys Pardalis in the Ciliwung River, Indonesia 1Dewi Elfidasari, 1Laksmi N
    Heavy metal concentration in water, sediment, and Pterygoplichthys pardalis in the Ciliwung River, Indonesia 1Dewi Elfidasari, 1Laksmi N. Ismi, 2Irawan Sugoro 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology University Al Azhar Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; 2 The Center of Isotope and Radiation Application (PAIR), The National Agency of Nuclear Energy (BATAN), Jakarta, Indonesia. Corresponding author: D. Elfidasari, [email protected] Abstract. Ciliwung River is one of the most polluted freshwaters in Indonesia, shown by its color, smell, and the wastes. Generally, the presence of heavy metals is an indicator of pollution in any river. Furthermore, the survival of waters biota is determined by the pollution levels of the water and sediment, including the Pterygoplichthys pardalis fish dominating the river. The purpose of this study therefore was to record the concentration of heavy metals in water, sediment, and P. pardalis in the Ciliwung River from upstream in Bogor to its downstream in Jakarta. The X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer was used to analyze the metals. The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals such as Cd, Hg, and Pb were relatively high in the water and sediment of the river, exceeding the threshold of Indonesian Government Regulation. The highest concentration of these metals was found in the samples from Ciliwung River Jakarta area. The concentrations of these metals were quite high in the P. pardalis flesh exceeding the threshold set through the provisions of National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) and Indonesia National Standard (SNI). On analysis, there was a strong correlation between the metal content of fish flesh and sediment.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Water Security Issues in Jakarta City, Indonesia Destinee Penney & Mandie Yantha
    A Megacity’s Hydrological Risk: An analysis of water security issues in Jakarta City, Indonesia Destinee Penney & Mandie Yantha [email protected] (corresponding author) MDP Student, University of Waterloo Abstract Water is the most important and arguably the most crucial resource on the planet. As it is the necessity for life, the need to improve sustainability and reduce the scarcity of water around the globe, while ensuring equal access and quality is imperative for the survival of millions of individuals. Overpopulation, overconsumption, and globalization continues to increase the demand for the resource. Efforts to achieve global water sustainability and security will fail if appropriate sustainable management methods and practices are not addressed and implemented. This paper examines water security in the megacity of Jakarta, Indonesia. Research outcomes indicate that water security in Jakarta City is impacted by inadequate infrastructure, unequal use by a growing population, and inadequate governance structures. It is important to identify water security issues to achieve sustainable, safe, and affordable access for all current and future users. To address the water security issues in Jakarta, it is being recommended that effective and good governance strategies be implemented within Jakarta’s social, political, and economic structures with the investment of adequate infrastructure and management systems, the improvement of integrated water resource management (IWRM), the adoption, alignment and enactment of the New Agenda and National Action Plan principles, in addition to the improvement of education, public awareness, and collaboration of all stakeholders. These recommendations are both essential and vital if Jakarta wishes to meet growing water security demands. Key Words Water security, informal settlements, wastewater, Indonesia, Jakarta, climate change, inequality, adaptation, vulnerability, flooding, groundwater, precipitation, contamination.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Sources and Monthly Variations in the Release of Land-Derived
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Major sources and monthly variations in the release of land- derived marine debris from the Greater Jakarta area, Indonesia Muhammad Reza Cordova * & Intan Suci Nurhati As marine debris becomes increasingly prevalent and induces cascading impacts on marine ecosystems, monitoring of land-derived debris is key for identifying efective mitigation strategies. Indonesia plays a pivotal role in reducing land-derived debris into the oceans considering its extensive coastline, large population and high waste production. We present the frst marine debris monitoring data from Indonesia’s capital, the Greater Jakarta area, by characterizing major sources and monthly variations of debris release at nine river outlets into Jakarta Bay between June 2015-June 2016. Our data show plastics as the most common debris entering Jakarta Bay representing 59% (abundance) or 37% (weight) of the total collected debris. Styrofoam was dominating among plastic debris, highlighting the urgency of reducing plastic and styrofoam uses. Higher debris releases during the rainy season (December-February) highlight the need to intensify river clean-up activities. We estimated an average daily debris release of 97,098 ± 28,932 items or 23 ± 7.10 tons into Jakarta Bay with considerably lower inputs from the capital compared to its neighboring municipalities. Within the plastics category, feld monitoring data yield a daily plastic debris release of 8.32 ± 2.44 tons from the Greater Jakarta area, which is 8–16 times less than global-scale model estimates. Te presence of marine debris − a persistent, solid discarded waste in the marine environment, is pervasive in beaches, coastal waters and open oceans mainly due to land-based human activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Quality in Three Reservoirs on the Citarum River, Indonesia
    WATER QUALITY IN THREE RESERVOIRS ON THE CITARUM RIVER, INDONESIA Simon Sembiring * *Reseacher, Research Institute for Water Resources Development Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 193 Bandung – 40135, Indonesia Fax : + 62-22-2500163 ABSTRACT Three large reservoirs have been built on the Citarum River in West Java over the last two decades. Saguling (completed 1985), Cirata (1988) and Jatiluhur (1967) are the first, second and third reservoirs respectively downstream from Bandung city. Saguling and Cirata were built primarily for hydroelectric power and Jatiluhur primarily for rice irrigation. Subsequently all three are used for industrial, domestic, fisheries, recreation and transportation purposes. Jakarta city, about 130km from Jatiluhur, plans to use the water from this reservoir as its main water supply. It has been known for more than a decade that the water of all three reservoirs is polluted by inflows of domestic sewage, industrial and agricultural wastes. In addition, considerable organic pollution comes from fish farming in the reservoirs. In year 1998 Saguling had 2500 floating cage nets, Cirata 2700, Jatiluhur 720 . A number of pollutants exceed the limits of the official water quality regulation standards of the government of Indonesia, particularly dissolved oxygen, zinc and iron. This paper give some updated information about the level of pollution. Unless the sources of pollution are controlled the effects of it presently seen in macrophyte plant infestation, algal blooms, fish kills and degradation of potable and industrial water will increase. KEYWORDS: Citarum , reservoir ,Cirata, Jatiluhur,Saguling, pollution, water quality. INTRODUCTION The Citarum is one of the main rivers in Indonesia, with a length of about 315km.
    [Show full text]