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Marine Palynological Records in the Southern South China Sea Over the Last 44 Kyr

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Marine Palynological Records in the Southern South China Sea Over the Last 44 Kyr Marine palynological records in the southern South China Sea over the last 44 kyr Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen-Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Hiroshi Kawamura Kiel 2002 Referent: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kuhnt Koreferent: Dr. habil. Wolfram Brenner Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 11.12.2002 Zum Druck genehmigt: Kiel, ................................................................... Der Dekan: Prof. Dr. Wulf Depmeier ABSTRACT Dinoflagellate cysts and pollen from the South China Sea (SCS) are investigated to test their applicability as paleoceanographic/paleoclimatic indicators. Modern distribution patterns and species composition of dinoflagellate cysts are determined in 86 surface sediment samples, collected during the R/V Sonne cruises 95, 115 and 140a. A total of 45 dinoflagellate cyst species are identified. The highest concentrations are found in the shallow coastal areas (< 50 m water-depth) off middle Vietnam, where the highest surface water productivity is recorded. Similarly, the lowest surface water productivity recorded near the central SCS basin corresponds to the lowest cyst concentrations. Multivariate statistical analysis of the dinoflagellate cyst assemblage show that the distribution patterns and the species compositions are strongly related to the distance of a surface sample from the coast. This relationship may be the the result of offshore transport from the high productivty shallow coastal areas and/or of surface water productivity gradients in the SCS. The dinoflagellate cyst taxa can therefore be divided into three groups on the basis of surface water productivity, namely: eutrophic & coastal-slope, mesotrophic & shelf to slope, and oligotrophic & oceanic. The eutrophic & coastal-slope group is dominated by protoperidinioids such as Brigantedinium spp. Selenopemphix nephroids and Trinovantedinium capitatum. The mesotrophic & shelf to slope group is characterized by high proportion of variety of Spiniferites species and Protoceratium reticulatum. The oligotrophic & oceanic group is characterized by the occurrence of Impagidinium species and Nematosphaeropsis labyrinthus. To test if these groupings can be used to reconstruct past changes in surface water productivity, the dinoflagellate cyst and pollen content from the high resolution core GIK 18267-3 are investigated. This core was recovered fro m a winter upwelling area off the Sunda Shelf and contains a 44 kyr undisturbed pelagic record. The results indicate that the surface water productivity was moderately higher during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 than the present, and that the climate was slightly drier than the present. The highest surface water productivity during the last 44 kyr is recorded in MIS 2, corresponding to the coldest climate. From about 19 ka cal. BP until the early Holocene, the productivity gradually decreased as the climate rapidly became warm and wet. The general trend is for eutrophic surface water to correspond to a cold/dry climate with a strong winter monsoon and a weak summer monsoon, and for oligotrophic surface water conditions to correspond to a warm/humid climate with a strong summer monsoon and a weak winter monsoon. I KURZFASSUNG Um die Anwendbarkeit von Dinoflagellaten-Zysten für paläoozeangraphische/- klimatische Rekonstruktionen zu testen, wurden Dinoflagellaten-Zysten in Sedimenten aus dem Südchinesischen Meer untersucht. Die Artenzusammensetzung und die räumlichen Verteilungsmuster moderner Dinoflagellaten-Zysten wurden anhand von 86 Oberflächensedimentproben untersucht (RV SONNE Fahrten 95, 115, und 140a). Insgesamt konnten 45 Dinoflagellaten Arten bestimmt werden. Die Artendichte und Individuenzahl ist in den flachen Küstengewässern (< 50 m Wassertiefe) vor Mittel-Vietnam, in einem Gebiet mit hoher Oberflächenwasserproduktivität, am höchsten. Niedrigste Zysten- Konzentrationen treten im zentralen Beckenbereich des Südchinesichen Meeres auf, in denen die Oberflächenwasserproduktivität am niedrigsten ist. Eine multivariate statistische Auswertung der Artengemeinschaften ergab, dass Artenzusammensetzung und Verteilungsmuster der Dinoflagellaten-Zysten dabei stark abhängig von der Entfernung einer Probe zur Küste sind. Dies ist vermutlich auf Umlagerung von Zysten aus den hochproduktiven Küstengewässern in die Tiefsee und/oder auf Produktivitätsgradienten im Oberflächenwasser des Südchinesischen Meeres zurückzuführen. Es konnten somit drei Artengruppen von Dinoflagellaten-Zysten unterschieden werden: Die Artengruppe der eutrophen Küstengewässer (“Eutroph/Küstengewässer”), die durch die Arten Brigantedinium spp. Selenopemphix nephroids und Trinovantedinium capitatum dominiert wird, die Gruppe “Mesotroph/Schelf- Hang” mit den Arten Spiniferites species and Protoceratium reticulatum, sowie die Gruppe “Oligotroph/Ozean”, die durch die Arten Impagidinium species und Nematosphaeropsis labyrinthus dominiert wird. Um zu prüfen, ob diese Gruppierung für eine Rekonstruktion der Paläoproduktivität genutzt werden kann, wurden Dinoflagellaten-Zysten- und Pollengehalt im Kern GIK 18267 untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Produktivität im Oberflächenwasser und die klimatischen Verhältnisse im Vergleich zum heutigen Zustand während des Marinen Isotopenstadiums 3 leicht erhöht bzw. geringfügig trockener waren. Die höchsten Produktivitätswerte der letzten 44 ka vor heute werden im Marinen Isotopenstadium 2 erreicht, das gleichzeitig durch die kühlsten klimatischen Bedingungen gekennzeichnet ist. Zwischen ca. 19000 Jahre vor heute und dem frühen Holozän nahm Primärproduktion allmählich ab, und das Klima wurde feuchter und wärmer. Generell entsprechen eutrophe und kühl/trockene klimatische Bedingungen Phasen mit einem verstärkten Winter- bzw. abgeschwächten Sommer-Monsun. Oligotrophe Verhältnisse im Oberflächenwasser und warm/feuchte klimatische Bedingungen korrespondieren mit einem verstärkten Sommer- bzw. abgeschwächten-Winter-Monsun. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I sincerely thank Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kuhnt for the opportunity to come to Kiel, to pursue “Doktorarbeit” in Kiel, for the supervision of this thesis and countless invitations to his place for dinner, wine and other good food. I thank Dr. habil. Wolfram Brenner for allowing me to use his Palynology laboratory and his guest-friendliness at GEOMAR. I am also deeply indebted to Dr. Bernard K. Maloney who passed away in 2000 for his encouragement during the difficult time and for allowing me to sub-sample from his precious SE Asian pollen reference collections. I wish to thank Prof. Dr. Michael Sarnthein for his constructive critics on my age-model. I thank “Sunda Sister” Dr. Renata Szarek and “Sunda Brother” Dr. Stephan Steinke for the last minute help for proof reading and for the German translations of abstract. You guys were very helpful although you guys are so far away (Poland and Taiwan). Others equally worthy of note are “The Sunda Boys and Girls (Dr. Stephan Steinke, Dr. Renata Szarek, Dr. Till Hanebuth, Dr. Alex Schimanski and Dr. Charu “Honey” Sharma, Dr. Markus Kienast) and Dr. Christian “Chrispy” Buehring for the countless discussions. My good friend in Canada Kevin E. Gostlin has helped me with English language and made some valuable comments on Chapter 2-3. Dr. Derek Dreger corrected English of my abstract. Heartfelt thanks are extended to the current and former members of MIPA group (Dr. habili. Mara Weinelt, Dr. Ann Holbourn, Dr. Utta Wollenburg, Dr. Silvia Hess, Dr. Shirley van Kreveld, Prof. Dr. Zhimin Jian, Frau Brigitte Salomon, Frau Astrid Lueders, Dr. Uwe Pflaumann, Dr. Florian Luderer, Dr. Thorsten Kiefer, Dr. Thomas Pletsch, Dr. Mikael Gustafsson, Dr. Abder El Albani, Dr. habili. Holgar Gebhardt, Oran Costello, Harald Paulsen, Andrea Lorenz) for the helps here and there. A debt of gratitude is owed to our non-MIPA lunch crew (Dr. Elke Vogelsang, Dr. Thomas Papenfuss, Dr. Johannes Simstich, Prof. Baohua Lee, Daniela Crudeli, Christian Millo, Gretta Bartoli) for listening my complain and sharing their lunchtime with me. Other former and current colleagues in our institute (Prof. Dr. Michael Schulz, Dr. Hanno Kinkel, Dr. Derek Dreger, Luciano Henrique de Oliverira Caldas, Prof. Dr. Karl Stattegger, Frank Koesters, Maja Zuvela) for their help, colleagues from GEOMAR (Dr. Andre Kaiser, Arne Sturm, Anja Wolf, Silke Steph, Dr. Shungo Kawagata, Dr. Mari Sumita, Hans Jörg Meemkan, Natasja Brughmans, Reinhard Kozdon, Jeroen Groeneveld) for making me feel at home at GEOMAR. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Kazumi Matsuoka, Dr. Hyun-Jin Cho, Prof. Dr. Francine McCarthy and Dr. Annemiek Vink for stimulating discussions and comments on dinoflagellate cyst taxonomy. Professor Xiangjun Sun and Professor Quanhong Zhao provided valuable Chinese literature. I owe special thanks to Prof. Dr. Pieter M. Grootes and Dr. Helmut Erlenkeuser for carrying out the AMS 14C dating and the isotope measurements at the Leibniz Laboratory. I would like to thank the captains and the crew of the R/V SONNE cruise 115 and 140 for the wonderful cruises. I thank DAAD for six-months of German language course at the Goethe Institute Göttingen and 4 years of survival funding. At last but not least, I thank my family (Yukichi Kawamura, Tatsuko Kawamura, Yumiko Ogawa, Hiromi Satoh, Yoshimi Kawamura) for their supports. Well, that’s it!! I can now say “Ich bin ein Kieler” (modified from JFK). Ich habe fertig!! (Giovanni Trapattoni, 1998) This thesis is dedicated to Dr. Bernard K. Maloney, a pioneer of the SE Asian
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