City of Jakarta (DKI JAKARTA) Ministry of Public Works (PU) Wastewater Management Enterprize (PD PAL JAYA) JICA Data Collection Survey on Water Environment Improvement through Low-Cost Wastewater Treatment System in Jakarta Final Report October 2010 Japan International Cooperation Agency Hiroshima University Currency rate (monthly from 2006 to present) Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar 2006 USD1＝JPY 116.47 114.58 112.17 116.32 114.66 116.94 117.63 117.45 116.07 118.8 121.77 119.78 IDR1＝JPY 0.01235 0.01307 0.01219 0.01247 0.01272 0.01289 0.01279 0.0129 0.01265 0.01314 0.01338 0.01324 2007 USD1＝JPY 117.38 119.03 121.59 123 118.53 115.73 115.55 114.67 109.98 114.21 106.98 106.18 IDR1＝JPY 0.01286 0.01312 0.01381 0.01357 0.01299 0.0123 0.01266 0.01261 0.01172 0.01213 0.01159 0.01174 2008 USD1＝JPY 99.29 104.05 105.1 106.17 108.05 109.33 105.9 98.23 95.37 90.44 90.02 97.95 IDR1＝JPY 0.01079 0.01119 0.01126 0.01157 0.01185 0.01196 0.01116 0.00923 0.0076 0.00812 0.00789 0.00819 2009 USD1＝JPY 97.29 96.87 96.47 95.55 95.25 93.13 89.98 90.87 86.66 91.45 90.14 89.25 IDR1＝JPY 0.00842 0.00905 0.00914 0.0093 0.00959 0.00928 0.00925 0.00946 0.00922 0.00969 0.00969 0.00952 2010 USD1＝JPY 92.7 94.06 91.1 88.66 87.05 IDR1＝JPY 0.01022 0.01044 0.00986 0.00975 0.00969 (Source: JICA rate table) Jakarta Bay Area : 661.52 km2 32 km Located at Low lying area Crossed by 13 rivers Population 12 million South China Sea Jabodetabek Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Jakarta Bay Jakarta Ciliwung river Cisadane river Depok Jatilihur dam Bogor Cirata dam Bandung Saguling dam Map of the Citarum, Ciliwung, and Cisadane Rivers System and Major Dams Member List of the Survey Team and Survey Schedule FY 2009 FY 2010 man-month Assined AreaName Affiliation grade FY2009 FY2010 total 345678 Indonesia Japan Indonesia Japan Indonesia Japan Survey team leader/ YAMASHITA Graduate School for International Comprehensive Developnment and Cooperation, 2 11days 15days 7days 11 22 33 environmental Takao Hiroshima University Assessment of LEE Hansoo Graduate School for International effectiveness of sewage Developnment and Cooperation, 4 12days 15days 14days 12 29 41 treatment Hiroshima University Water quality analysis TANAKA Graduate School for International Developnment and Cooperation, 3 10days 7days 7days 10 14 24 Kazuhiko Hiroshima University Environmental ONODERA Graduate School of Integrated Arts monitoring and data and Sciences, Hiroshima 3 17days 13days 10days 12 28 40 transfer technology Shin-ichi University Sewage treatment OHASHI Dept. of Social and system Environmental Engineeering, 3 7days 8days 7ays 71522 Akiyoshi Hiroshima University Low cost sewage UCHIDA Graduate School for International treatment supporting Developnment and Cooperation, 3 11days 15days 7days 11 22 33 system Katsumi Hiroshima University Sub-total 63 130 193 Survey team leader/ YAMASHITA Graduate School for International □ □ □ □ □ Developnment and Cooperation, Comprehensive 2 2days 2days 2days 2days 2days 2810 environmental Takao Hiroshima University □ □ □ □ 4 3days 6days 6days 6days 31821 □ □ □ □ □ 3 2days 5days 5days 5days 2days 21719 □ □ □ □ □ □ 3 3days 4days 4days 4days 4days 3days 22022 □ □ □ □ □ 3 2days 5days 5days 5days 2days 31821 □ □ □ □ □ 3 2days 2days 2days 2days 2days 2810 Sub-total 14 89 103 △ △ △ △ Timing of Submission Inception Progress Draft Final Final Report report Report Report Report Domestic Work 14 24 15 13 24 11 14 89 （Total MM ） 0.47 0.8 0.5 0.43 0.8 0.37 0.45 2.97 3.35 Survey in Indonesia 63 14 130 89 193 103 □ Domestic Work 2.57 7.3 9.87 Table of Contents 1. Preface 1 2. Social, Natural and Technological Backgrounds of Water Environment 8 2.1 Sewerage and Water Environmental Issues in Indonesia 8 2.2 Water Quality Issues in Jakarta 12 2.3 Japan’s Comprehensive Basin-wide Planning of Sewerage Systems 19 2.4 Water Environment of the Ciliwung River 22 2.5 Citarum River Basin Management with Large Scale Dam System 29 2.6 Water Environment Management Technology 35 3. Outline of the Survey 61 3.1 Background of the Survey 61 3.2 Objective of the Survey 62 3.3 Location of the Survey 63 3.4 Main Organizations Surveyed 65 3.5 Technical Policy of the Survey 65 3.6 Operational Policy of the Survey 66 3.7 Scope of the Survey 68 4. Findings and Results of the Survey 70 4.1 Design and Implementation Tests of Water Environmental Assessment System 70 4.2 Water Environmental Changes in Ciliwung River Basin 92 4.3 Water Quality Monitoring 123 4.4 Sewage Treatment System 168 4.5 Solid Waste Management at the Surface Water Area 190 5. Water Environment Improvement Plan 214 5.1 Proposal of Low Cost Sewage Treatment System 214 5.2 Comprehensive Environmental Assessment 220 5.3 Costal Revitalization and Its Environmental Impact Assessment 222 5.4 Land Subsidence and Groundwater Control 224 5.5 Water Environment Improvement System by the Administrative Authorities, 233 Industries and Citizens 6. Conclusions 240 6.1 Survey Framework 241 6.2 Regional Environment Simulator 242 6.3 Water Quality Monitoring 244 6.4 Comprehensive Water Environmental Assessment System 247 6.5 Sewage Treatment System 249 6.6 Solid Waste Management at the Surface Water Area 253 Acknowledgements 255 Appendix A Supplement Material CD-ROM 256 Appendix B Setup Procedure 258 References 261 i List of Figures Fig. 1.1.1 Map of JABODETABEK 2 Fig. 1.1.2 Citarum, Ciliwung, Cisadane Rivers and three major dams 5 Fig. 1.1.3 Aerial photos of the pond of PD PAL JAYA 7 Fig. 2.3.1 Japanese case of sewerage-based wastewater treatment system 19 Fig. 2.4.1 Ciliwung and Cisadane River watersheds 22 Fig. 2.4.2 DO concentration along the Ciliwung River 26 Fig. 2.4.3 BOD concentration along the Ciliwung River 26 Fig. 2.5.1 Longitudinal profile of the Citarum River showing dam locations 31 Fig. 2.5.2 Locations of the four dams in the Citarum River basin 31 Fig. 2.6.1 Migration of turbid floodwaters down the Chesapeake Bay 44 Fig. 2.6.2 Schematic diagram showing an activated sludge process 50 Fig. 2.6.3 A typical surface-aerated basin (using motor-driven floating aerators) 51 Fig. 2.6.4 A schematic cross-section of the contact face of the bed media in a trickling filter (left) and a typical complete trickling filter system (right) 52 Fig. 2.6.5 Schematic diagram of a typical rotating biological contactor (RBC) 55 Fig. 2.6.6 Schematic of conventional activated sludge process (top) and membrane bioreactor (bottom) 56 Fig. 2.6.7 A sandy lake shore colonized by reeds forming a reed bed 58 Fig. 3.6.1 Survey flowchart 67 Fig. 4.1.1 System configuration of the RES 71 Fig. 4.1.2 Reclamation plan in the Jakarta Bay (from Appendix A) 75 Fig. 4.1.3 Photos showing parallel system in ITB 77 Fig. 4.1.4 Schematic diagram of the present computing environment of ITB 80 Fig. 4.1.5 Cover page of the user’s manual for ITB RES 80 Fig. 4.1.6 Domain set-up for MM5, SWAN, and POM simulations with bathymetry 88 Fig. 4.1.7 Snapshots of atmospheric fields around the 2007 Jakarta flooding period 89 Fig. 4.1.8 Accumulated rainfall during 2007 Jakarta flood (01:00 1 to 01:00 3 Feb 2007) 91 Fig. 4.1.9 Spatial distributions of the maximum significant wave height (Hsig) in domains 1, 2, and 3 91 Fig. 4.2.1 Green area reduction by city development and land use change 93 Fig. 4.2.2 Inundation map in the DKI Jakarta caused by flood in 2002 94 Fig. 4.2.3 Major 13 rivers flowing into the Jakarta Bay 95 Fig. 4.2.4 Houses built on the river (from Appendix A) 96 Fig. 4.2.5 Sedimentation at river outlet 96 Fig. 4.2.6 Dumping of solid waste into the rivers 97 Fig. 4.2.7 Clogging of city main drain (from Appendix A) 98 Fig. 4.2.8 Contour map of land subsidence using satellite imagery and GPS data 99 Fig. 4.2.9 West Canal and East Canal for flood control and drainage plan 100 Fig. 4.2.10 Jakarta West Canal construction for flood control (Kompas Papers) 102 Fig. 4.2.11 Jakarta East Canal construction for flood control (Kompas Papers) 103 Fig. 4.2.12 Muara Angke (March 28, 2010) 104 Fig. 4.2.13 Jakarta Fishing Port Improvement Project 105 Fig. 4.2.14 Pluit Polder (Community Forum of Pluit Environment Care (FMPLP)) 106 Fig. 4.2.15 South entrance barrage (weir) of the Pluit Lake (top) and the pump station in northern mouth of the lake (bottom-left) 106 Fig. 4.2.16 Sources of pollution sources along the Jakarta Bay 107 Fig. 4.2.17 Sea level rise in Tanjung Priok port 108 Fig. 4.2.18 Projection of inundation area in DKI Jakarta (80 cm sea level rise) 109 ii Fig. 4.2.19 Land use in the projected inundation area in DKI Jakarta 109 Fig. 4.2.20 Reclamation plan in the Jakarta Bay 110 Fig. 4.2.21 Waterfront development plan by DKI Jakarta 111 Fig.