712 Int. J Sup. Chain. Mgt Vol. 9, No. 3, June 2020 Elucidating Flood Disaster Problems in the World Capital Cities: Analyzing the Role of Humantrain Supply Chain Muzani' ' Geography Study Program, Faculty of Social Sciences, Jakarta State University Jl. Rawamangun Muka, RT.11/RW.14, Rawamangun, Kec. Pulo Gadung, Kota Jakarta Timur, DKI Jakarta 13220 [email protected] Abstract-Jakarta is one of the cities that is often hit by Dutch government built 3 dams. Jago Dam and Udik floods. The problem of flooding in Jakarta is actually not a Dam, both of which are located at the top of the river and new thing. Many factors make Jakarta city vulnerable to Bendungan Hilir which are located downstream of the flooding. These factors are natural and anthropogenic Ciliwung river (Jakarta) [10]. As a result of a massive factors. These natural factors are: (1) Jakarta is located in flood in 1876, the Dutch government rebuilt the Flood the lowlands near the coast, (2) there are 13 rivers flowing Canal which stretched from the Manggarai area in the through Jakarta, and (3) the high annual rainfall in the center of the city to the Muara Angke area in the coastal Ciliwung watershed (> 3000 mm). While anthropogenic factors are: (1) landscape changes due to high competition area of Jakarta. The existence of this canal is intended to in land-based economic activities, (2) poor urban and rural prevent flooding in Jakarta. It is hoped that through this spatial planning, and (3) lack of integrated institutional canal, flood water will flow faster to the Java Sea on the capacity and arrangements, especially in cross-border coast of Jakarta. Nevertheless, in 1996, 2002, 2007, 2013 administration (especially Jakarta and West Java and 2014, Jakarta continued to be hit by floods and provinces). Lastly, our study has highlighted the need and suffered many losses [25;23]. In the 2013 flood disaster, significance of humantrain supply chain during the flood and 40 people died, 45,000 people were displaced, and similar other disasters. It is believed that humantrain supply economic damage [12]. The 2007 floods caused huge chain is entirely different from commerical supply chain and economic losses of between Rp 4.1 and 7.3 trillion [22]. may play a big role while addressing the issue of flood risk as faced by the community members. The flood disaster in 2013 caused a loss of Rp 15 billion, and the flood disaster in 2014, losses due to flooding Keywords: flood, anthropogenic, Ciliwung watershed, reached 100 million rupiah per day [19]. During the integrated, humantrain supply chain, Jakarta floods in early 2020, losses due to flooding were estimated at up to Rp. 5.2 trillion. Although various efforts to reduce flooding have been carried out since the Dutch era until now, Jakarta is still not free from flooding. 1. INTRODUCTION To examine the problem of flooding in Jakarta, it is Indonesia is one of the most disaster-prone countries in necessary to pay attention to many things, including the the world, one of which is the danger of flooding [11]. morphological conditions, rainfall, the rivers that flow Indonesia is a tropical country on the equator with around through the city of Jakarta, land level reduction, 17,000 islands. Tropical climate with high rainfall causes development in the upstream area (Bogor Area), weathering in the soil. Unstable soil conditions cause population growth, and urban planning rural. So, this opportunities for various disasters such as landslides and paper will discuss the problem of floods in the city of floods to increase. In the past decade, Indonesian regions Jakarta. have often faced repeated flooding [6; 26]. Compared to other countries, Indonesia is indeed far more vulnerable to Condition of Jakarta (Morphology and River) flooding [7]. Jakarta is located at coordinates -6⁰15 '(south latitude) and + 106⁰ 50' (east longitude). For the terrain level, Floods in Jakarta have been recorded since 1621, where Jakarta is located in a flat area with a height of 0-20 massive floods occurred in Jakarta with flood water meters above sea level. The city is located on the alluvial depths of more than one meter. In 1876, the downstream plains of North West Java (Figure 2). Some areas in area of the Ciliwung river had experienced severe Jakarta are 1-1.5 m below sea level. This is due to land flooding [14]. The Ciliwung watershed is about 347 km² subsidence 1–15 cm / year both spatially and temporally wide, while the length of the Ciliwung main river is [13]. Jakarta is also in a typical flood-prone area, which is around 117 km [2]. To control the flow of the river, the located in a large river delta area. In addition, Jakarta is ______________________________________________________________ also traversed by 13 rivers that bring rainwater into 40% International Journal of Supply Chain Management IJSCM, ISSN: 2050-7399 (Online), 2051-3771 (Print) Copyright © ExcelingTech Pub, UK (http://excelingtech.co.uk/) 713 Int. J Sup. Chain. Mgt Vol. 9, No. 3, June 2020 of Jakarta city area. The 13 rivers that flow through Sunter, Bekasi, Cakung, Karawang, Cikarang, Cirarang, Jakarta are: Cisadane, Citarum, Ciliwung, Angke, Krukut, Cimancuri, and Cidurian. (Figure 1) Figure 1. Map showing rivers flowing through the city of Jakarta [18]. Topographically, the Jakarta area is relatively flat, with Jakarta has a height of about 50 m above average sea level slopes ranging between 0⁰ and 2⁰ in the north and center, [1]. and between 0⁰ and 5⁰ in the south. The southern area of Jakarta Figure 2. Location of the city of Jakarta on the North West Java Alluvial Plain The city of Jakarta is located in a low-lying area that has incredible need for the better mechanim in emergceny five main landscapes, namely: (a) Volcanic alluvial fan operations. Meanwhile, the role of humantrain supply landscape, which is located in the southern part; (b) chain is significantly required in order lower the losses Landscape originating from the sea, which is found in the through any type of disasters. Emergency relief involves north and close to the coastline; (c) coastal ridges, which various types of activities as performed by the huamns are located in the northwest and northeast; (d) Swamps along with some operatonal tools to increase the and mangrove swamps, which are found on the coast; and operational efficiency during any type of natural disaster. (e) The previous channel, which runs perpendicular to the To provide the relief to disaster victims, there are mainly coastline [20; 21]. six dimensions/components which are observed under the title of humantrain supply chain. HUMANTRAIN SUPPLY CHAIN In recent time, different disasters like floods are The first one is entitled as logistic centre which targeting different corners of the world and even in the specifies an effective logistic system along with supply region of Indonsia. Due to these disasters, human loss chain which are the key principles to humantrain aid along with unnecessary destruction to the infrascture has during the provision aid at the time of natural disasters. been occurred both in developed and developing Meanwhile, the production and distrubribution schelduing economies. However, inadequate response towards these along with the inventory tool along with the amount and disasters have provided the evidence that there is an location of every raw material as needed during the time 714 Int. J Sup. Chain. Mgt Vol. 9, No. 3, June 2020 of natural disaster is quite necessary. Besides, disaster analyzed to find out the real problem about the flood relief commodities like meal and water, ready to eats or disaster in Jakarta that happens every year. MREs, cots, blanekts, emergency eqipments like generators etc. are very much necessary to provide the 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION humantrain aid through effective supply chain Water and Flood Management Issues management. Based on the genealogy, as identified by the NCICD Meanwhile, private storage sites are accepted as second Master Plan (Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs component in humantrain supply chain during natural of the Republic of Indonesia), there are three types of disasters. Such storage sites are mainly owned and control floods in Jakarta. First, floods that come from the sea or by private industry. In the meantime, vendors sites or VS tidal floods. Second, floods that occur due to rain in the are observed as thrid component in humantrain supply Puncak Bogor area then the water flows into Jakarta, or chain which indictes those vendors whom commodities often referred to as "shipment floods". Third, floods that are being purchased and managed during disaster period. occur due to rain in the city and the capacity of the furthermore, the fourth component is mobliztion vehicles hydrological system are exceeded. This third type of flood which carry the non-perishable items and work under the is often also referred to as a flood that occurs because of control of the governmental agencies in any region. The "local rain". If examined further, then the occurrence of fourth component in humantrain supply chain is entitled these three types of flooding cannot be separated from the as temporary storage sites where new shipments for spatial development that occurred in the Jakarta area and helping those who are in need during a disaster are stored its surroundings. and new stock is than directed to temporary storage sites. Finally, the six component for humantrain supply chain is For the first type of flood or tidal flood, the equilibrium reflected through regional distribution sites where goods balance whether or not a flood will occur depends on two and other materials are directly distributed among the things, namely sea level rise and land subsidence.