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Dear Reader, This book was referenced in one of the 185 issues of 'The Builder' Magazine which was published between January 1915 and May 1930. To celebrate the centennial of this publication, the Pictoumasons website presents a complete set of indexed issues of the magazine. As far as the editor was able to, books which were suggested to the reader have been searched for on the internet and included in 'The Builder' library.' This is a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by one of several organizations as part of a project to make the world's books discoverable online. Wherever possible, the source and original scanner identification has been retained. Only blank pages have been removed and this header- page added. The original book has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books belong to the public and 'pictoumasons' makes no claim of ownership to any of the books in this library; we are merely their custodians. Often, marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in these files – a reminder of this book's long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you. Since you are reading this book now, you can probably also keep a copy of it on your computer, so we ask you to Keep it legal. Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just because we believe a book to be in the public domain for users in Canada, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in 'The Builder' library means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe. The Webmaster Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2011 witii funding from - University of Toronto Iittp://wvyw.arcliive.org/details/liistoryofgreece05grot : EISTOEY OF GREECE. BY GEORGE GROTE, Esq. VOL. V. KEPRINTED FROM THE LONDON EPITIOK. NEW YORK HAKPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS 329 AND 331 PEARL STREET. 1857. \SS>7 ^ -» PREFACE TO VOL. V. VOLUMES V AND VI. PBOM THE BATTLE OF IVIAEATHON TO THE PEACE OF NIKIAS. B.C. 490-421. I HAD reckoned upon carrying my readers in these two volumes down to the commencement of the great Athenian expedition against Syracuse. But the narration of events, now that we are under the positive guidance of Thucydides, — coupled with the exposi- tion of some points on which I differ from the views generally taken by my predecessors, — have occupied greater space than I had foreseen : and I have been obliged to enlarge my Sixth Volume beyond the usual size, in order to arrive even at the Peace of Nikias. The interval of disturbance and partial hostility, which ensued between that peace and the Athenian expedition, will therefore be reserved for the beginning of my S^enth Vol- ume, the publication of which wiU not be long delayed. G. G. Dec. 1848. CONTENTS. VOL. V. PART II. CONTINUATION OP HISTORICAL GREECE. CHAPTER XXXVIII. FROM THE BATTLE OF MAEATHON TO THE 5IAECH OF XEEXES AGAINST GREECE. Kesolutions of Darius to invade Greece a second time. His death. — Suc- ceeded by his son Xerxes. — Eevolt and reconquest of Egypt by the Per- sians. — Indifference of Xerxes to the invasion of Greece — persons who advised and instigated him — persuasions -which they employed — proph- ecies produced by Onomakritus. — Xerxes resolves to invade Greece. — Historical manner and conception of Herodotus. — Xerxes announces his project to an assembly of Persian counsellors — Mardonius and Arta- banus, the evil and good genius. — Xerxes is induced by Artabanus to re- nounce his project — his repeated dreams — divine command to invade Greece. — Religious conception of the sequences of histoiy — common both to Persians and Greeks. — Vast preparations of Xerxes. — March of Xerxes from the interior of Asia — collection of the invading army at Sardis — his numerous fleet and large magazines of pro\'ision before- hand. — He throws a bridge of boats across the Hellespont. — The bridge is destroyed by a storm — wi-ath of Xerxes — he puts to death the engi- neers and punishes the Hellespont. — Remarks on this stoiy of the pun- ishment inflicted on the Hellespont : there is no suiScient reason for dis- believing its reality. — Reconstruction of the bridge — description of it in detail. — Xerxes cuts a ship-canal across the isthmus of Mount Athos. — Superior intelligence of the Phenicians. — Employment of the lash over the workmen engaged on the canal — impression made thereby on the Greeks. — Bridge of boats thrown across the Stiymon. — March of Xerxes from Sardis — disposition of his army. — Stoiy of the rich Kap- padokian Pythius — his son put to death by order of Xerxes. — March to Abydos — respect shown to Hium by Xerxes. — Xerxes and his army cross over the Hellespontine bridges. — March to Doriskus in Thrace, near the mouth of the Hebrus — his fleet joins him here. — Review and muster on the plain of Doriskus — immense variety of the nations brought together. — Numbering of the army — method employed. — Im- mense and incredible totals brought out by Herodotus. — Comments A* — n CONTENTS. upon the evidence of Herodotus and upon himself as witness and judge. — Other testimonies about the number of the Persians. — Xerxes passes in review the land-force and the fleet at Doriskus — his conversation with the Spartan king Demaratus. — March of Xerxes from Doriskus west- ward along Thrace. — Contributions levied on the Grecian towns on the coast of Thrace — particularly Thasus and Abdera. — Xerxes crosses the Stiymon — marches to Akanthus — zeal of the Akanthians in regard to the canal of Athos. — March of Xerxes to Therma — his fleet join him in the Thci-maic Gulf — Favorable prospects of the invasion — zeal of the Macedonian prince to assist Xerxes 1-44 CHAPTEE XXXIX. PEOCEEDtSGS IN GEEECE FKOM THE BATTLE OF MARATHON TO THE TIME OF THE BATTLE OF THEEMOPTLffi. Violent proceedings and death of Kleomenes king of Sparta. — Complaint of the JEginetans at Sparta against Kleomenes and Leotychides, on the subject of the hostages which those two kings had taken from ^gina. — The Spartans deliver Leotychides to the iEginetans, who require him to go with them to Athens, to get back the hostages. — Eefusal of the Athenians to give up the hostages — reprisals of the ^ginetans. — The ^ginetan Kikodromus lays a scheme for a democratical revolution in ^gina, in concert with Athens — the movement fails. — Treatment of the defeated conspirators — sacrilege. — The Athenians land a force in JEgina — war Avhich ensues. — Effect of this war in inducing the Athe- nians to enlarge their military force. — Themistokles and Aiisteides, the chief men at Athens — intense rivalry between them. — Banishment of the latter by ostracism. — Conversion of Athens from a land power into a naval power proposed and urged by Themistokles. — Views and long- sighted calculations of Themistokles — he was at this time more essen- tial to his country than Aristeides. — Fleet of Athens — the salvation of Greece as well as of herself. — Valuable fund now first available to Athens from the silver mines of Lauriiim in Attica. — Themistokles pre- vails upon the Athenian people to forego the distribution of this fund, and employ it in building an increased number of ships. — Preparations of Xerxes — known beforehand in Greece. — Heralds from Persia to de- mand earth and water from the Grecian cities — many of them comply and submit. — Pan-Hellenic congress convened jointly by Athens and Sparta at the Isthmus of Corinth. — Important effect on Grecian mind. — Efi'ects of the congress in healing fends among the different Greeks — especially between Athens and ^gina. — Alarm and mistrust prevalent throughout Greece. — TeiTor conveyed in the reply of the Delphian oracle to the Athenian envoys. — Sentence of the oracle frightful, yet obscure : efforts of the Athenians to interpret it : ingenuity and success of Themistokles. — Great and genuine Pan-Hellenic patriotism of the Athenians — strongly attested by Herodotus, as his own judgment. Unwillingness, or inability, on the part of a large proportion of Greeks, to resist the Persians. — Ambiguous neutrality of Argog. — Different stories current in Greece about Argos — opinion of Herodotas. — Refusal or equivocation of tlie Kretans and Korkyi-ceans. — jMission to Gelon at Syracuse — hi^ i'fl''y- Grecian army sent into Thessaly, to defend CONTENTS. yu the defile of Temp6 against Xerxes. — On arriving, they find that it cannot be successfully held against him. and retire. — Consequences of this retreat — the Thessalians, and nearly all Hellas north of Ivithteron, cither submit to Xerxes or waver 45-70 CHAPTER XL. BATTLES OF THERilOPTL^ AXD AUTESIISIUM. Engagement taken by the Confederate Greeks against snch Greeks as joined the Persians. — Resolution taken to defend Thermopylae as well as the adjoining strait of Eubaa. — Pass of Thermopylaj and its neighborhood. The Greeks take post at Thermopylte — Leonidas, king of Sparta, con- ducts the force thither — the combined fleet under Eurybiades occupy the Euboean strait. — Xumbers and composition of the force of Leonidas. — Phocians andLokiians. — Olympian and Kameian festivals — the Greeks could not bring themselves to postpone these, even under such imminent danger. — Path over Mount CEta by which Thermopyl£e might be evaded — Leonidas first informed of it on reaching the spot — the Phocians engage to defend it.
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  • Redeeming Realism: Alternate Historicities in Spanish Literature and Film

    Redeeming Realism: Alternate Historicities in Spanish Literature and Film

    REDEEMING REALISM: ALTERNATE HISTORICITIES IN SPANISH LITERATURE AND FILM by Diógenes Costa Currás A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Romance Languages and Literatures: Spanish) in The University of Michigan 2014 Doctoral Committee: Professor Cristina Moreiras-Menor, Chair Assistant Professor Eric Calderwood Associate Professor Giorgio Bertellini Professor Juli A. Highfill To Ela, my wife, and my son, Cem, for being there and helping me through. ii Acknowledgements I could not have gotten this far, or even embarked on this journey, without the friendship and support of many people. First, I would like to thank the members of my doctoral committee. Their trust and support throughout the writing process has eased the struggle with the blank page. Thank you, Cristina Moreiras-Menor, for being such an exceptional adviser and mentor and being always there—through time and space, nudging me in the right direction, going above and beyond the expected. I can simply not express in words my gratitude for inspiring me to be the scholar I am. Giorgio Bertellini, thank you for the openness and collegiality with which you embarked onto this project, to help me wade the murky waters of Neorealism in Spain, and to hearten my fondness for the archive. Thanks also to Juli Highfill for the sharpness of her feedback, and her relentless tachado, removing from my writing the unnecessary, and to Eric Calderwood, for his keen contributions, and his valuable insights into my writings. I have been very fortunate to share the last few years with my friends and colleagues at the University of Michigan, who have become part of my life, and my extended family in the US.