176 ON TB. BKLATIONB OF CANAAli'ITB EXPLOIlA.TION
These inscriptions. and the bas.reliefs on the monument ca.lled Xamua Hurmlll. in Cmlo-Syria. near the souree of the Orontes. snd poaaibly of the aa.me period. are an enigma, as yet. to the moat learned Orienta.iiatll. It ill to be hoped. however. now that attention is again called to the subject, that the clue may be found that Ihall unlock their meaning, &Dd that Northern fi:lyria will be no longer overlooked by tho explorer.
DISCOVERY AT THE MOSQUE EL AKSA, JERUSALEM.-
A DISCOVERY of considerable interest has been made in thil Mosque by the Rev. J. Neil, who has only recently gone to Jeruwem for the Society for the Conversion of the Jews. .. In the Mosque of El Akaa," he "rites, "you will remember that there is a long plain room opening out at the lOuth-east angle, called the Mosque of Omar, in which the only object of interest whatever is a recess IUpported by two twisted pillars, &Dd called the Mihrab, or Pra.ying.place of Omar. You may, perhaps, remember tbat the pillars on each aide of thia receaa, of 8010monic twiated pas.ttcrn and polished marble, appear to have been turned upside down, and to have their capita.is of greyish stone in broken leaf·like patterns below. 011 visiting this the day before yesterday. July 5th, I discovered tbat a great part of the yellowish plastel' hacl been remond from the top of theae pillars, &Dd that rich grotesquely ca"ed capitals were exposed to view in an admirable state of preaerva tion. These capitals, though pressing behind against the wall, are carved OD all the four sides, The Sheikh of the temple told me this was first aeen about two da.ys befol'c my visit., while cleaning the wall. • , The sketches I lend are shamefully rough, but I have no idea of draw ing: they were made by myself from still rougher sketches." These drawings are at the office of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 9, Pall Mall East, where they have been sent by the Rev. F. Smith, to whom Ml', Neil was writing.
ON THE RELATIONS OF OANAANITE EXPLORATION TO PRE-HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCHlEOLOGY, BY IIYDE CLARKE. IN' a late paper in the Journal of the Palestine Exploration Fund. I showed, on the evidence of the liver names of Palestine, what was the connection of the Canaanite population with general history, and I called the attention of investigators to the probability of discovering pre.Israelite monuments and relics, As an effort is now being made • Reprinted, by kind penniasion of the editor, from the .. lAmalum.
Digitized by Google TO paB-HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCHA!:OLOOY. 17;
Oft t.he part. of the Fund to extend t.he r.l.nge of exploration by another oxpedit.ion, it has appeared to me deairablo to show more fully how, beyond the special IlIraelitic and local investigation. such an expedi tion may extend the domain of Biblical inquiry into earlier epochs of .research. and aaaist pl"C.historic studiel in their widest relations. Thus, independent of the particular interest which gives the expedi. tion so strong a claim to support. it must. if pl"Ovided with adequate funds, and if the explorations be carried deep enough, throw light on tlaose very departments of Weatern arcluBOlogy which are now the moat obscure. including Lycian, Lydian, Pbrlgian. Proto-Hellenic. and Etruscan. On the other aide, it may render VAry valuable ae"ice to Aaayrian and Indian researches. The l"e&80n of thia lies in the peculiar poait.ion of Canaan in relation to the atudy of the ancient world. which gives it exceptional importance as a means of defining unaettled quea tiona of archmology elaewhere. The facta that were given in the previous paper .. to river nam. were few, but they were conclusive in showing that Canaan belonsec1 to the general aystem of ancient geographi~al nomcnclature, prior to the Semitic and Aryan terminology. Thoy poiuted out thu there was one great empire of the world, which W&8 Caucaaian. that empire haYing ita capital in' the plaiDa of Shimar. and it ('nabled us to ucertain the unsuspected extent of that empire, which reached to the Egyptia. border, included the North African coast. all Europe 80Uth of the Baltic, the countries between the ClloSpian and the Aral, and then paaaing along the Himalayas, embraced Further and Hither India. The river namea did not aapply tho whole of the evidence, but they afforded for a popular purpoae sufficient material. of a well-defined character, and which can be more easily dealt wit.h. There is another claaa of local names much more numerous, and thOle are tho ancient town names. Theso are scattered over many authors, and transliterated by Greeks of several dialects and by Romans. There i., howeyer, one great group. the town namea of Canaan, tranaliterated by laraelites. Rnd to be found in one moat ancient record, the historical book. of t.he lliMe. Of theae more in detail. Another claaa, but one more difticult to deal with in the present state of our knowledge, conaiata of the 10yt.hological, heroic, and kingly namea. Theae are constitnted 011 conformable principlea, and chiefly on certain recognisable l"oots. Here again the Bible is onr great treasnry of knowledge. These mat.eriala will throw a light on tho germs of history in Greece generally rcfelTed to a. PhCBnician explana tion, for which, after all, we have not tbe materials. The 8Ouroea already referred to illuat-mte the language of the epoch. ~hich was Caucaaian. I have laMy pointed out tbat it is by Caucaaian we are to eXp'lain some remarkable names in the dynasty of Saul, Mephi Boshetb., lah Boaheth, Eah Baal, Merab, Merib Baal, Malchi Shua. To theae may be added Ishbi Beuob, Samachonitia (referred to
Digitized by Google 178 ON THE RELATIONS 01' CANAANITE BXPLORATION in the river names), and poRSibly GomoM'II.h (Chirurero. of Lycia). The results of a comparison oC the scanty vocabulary of Lycian, Lydiun. Phrygian, Thracian, and Etruscan, all tend in one direction to the rela tionship of these .. barbarous" languages oC the ancient world, other than Hispano-1berian, to the Caucasian. For the modern Caucasian vocabulary we have copious materials in the several languages DOW spoken, besides the old MSS. of Caucasian. A p08sible BOurce of further supplies is in cuneifol·m. The field of Caucasian explol'll.tion includes within it, therefore, as already stated, thQIId moat interesting regions of Asia Minor, Greece. and Etruria, and there muat be comparison of populatioDB. of monu ments, and of antiquitica. With regard to populll.tion, the relationship of that of Etruna with the East must have been palpable in the features of the people, as indeed we are able to recognise them in their sculp ture and in their paintings. but au uncertain indication of Herodotus has baftled the identification. There is a resemblance of features between the Etruacans and the Armenians, but there is none in language, and fOl· this reason, that the ancient language of the Anneniaus was not as now lndo-European, or Aryan. but Caucasian. It is Canaan, if pl·operly explored, which will yield \\8 the means of" defining the Etruscan and all the archa.i.c monuments and relica of" Hellaa. oC the islea, and oC the Asiatic peninsula. . It is with a view oC strengthening the chain of evidence that attention i. DOW dil·ected to the town names of Palestine. These, do\YD to tho end of Chronicles, are about four hundl'ed in number. It is poaaiblo that some Hebrew na.mes may be embraced in the list, but exact identification is not. yet poaaible, and a casual error is of DO immediate importance. The first step is to al·range these namea, as fal· as may be, acool·ding to their roots, and it will be seen that they thus fall into a smaller number of classC8 than might be supposed, and into diatinct clasaes. For the purpose of comparison with the nrchmological regions referred to, the corresponding names are claaaified in four groups :-1. Asia Minor, including Armenia, and with Caucasia, CI·ete, Cyprus, and the Asiatie islanda; 2nd. Greece, with the northel"ll regiona, including Thrace and lUyria, and with the Gl·eek ialanda; 31"d. Italy, with Istl·ia. Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica; 4th. Spain, with the Balearic 1slea. The names here gifen do not constitute the full list, but they are given cf)pioully, beca.use the CD.8t'S of identity are numerous and atriking, and if a few only were given they might be IUSpected to be lJl8I"ely casual coincidence. or freaks of language, such as may be pick<.'Ci out from the most discol·dant languages. Here it ia not BO, and care ful examination will show that the results must be true and what they ought to be.
Digitized by Google TO PRE-HI~~~~I~ ARCIl.£OLOGY.
PALEllTINE. ASIA ~IIIIOR, kC. GRBP.cK, doe. ITALY, .tC. SPAIN.
KM Mosern ...... MlIsora, Cnpp. Arm. ~Illzam, Sicily Moscroth ... ltln.'II·lu .. f1el"118ium, .. Seramann, Pont"" ... Seramu8&, Paph. 'Kl"imisa, Brut. SormBllll, Pisiuia ' .. Zim&ra, Capp. Shimron ... lsmara " Zemarain ... Sismara, Ann. Min. Samaria ... EII8emara ,: Azaml1l10, Capp. KRD Rithmeh ... Rithlllnna, Crew ... Kardamnll", Lace. Eretma, Sab. ... Kertima, Tar. ~~th ...... Harlllathlls, Troad. ... .1 .... Myrtilis, LlIsit. M=".th ....larathlls, Crete Amwha Marnvmm, Sub, Marath"~ium, Imds
Edom Amad ...... Amiua. Armcn. . .. Amathia, Maceu. Amantin. Brllt. Hamath ... Amlltl,us. Cyprus Amathus. LacOD. " Jladia, Colchis HDN Temani ... imlma, Paph. "'jTaminre. Euhrea Dimonah ... Timonitis ...... ·Iuomelle. Acsm. DomlUla, Pontu8" ,I llncecl. ... TUIIID''''' Carla i TurnlJa, Arm. !l1 ty, I Ternll"". Mysia i Thymrdllll, Carl&. I ... MetlrYIllIla, LesK"AiS/fuq,'Kfl" l2', ~l:,,'ed.IAlntinllm. It. " CreKl2 I IMutiuII. G&l. Middin ...... •liuaion. Phrygia ... ' " .M~ss. .. .. Argolis Mooeon, Acnl'D. " Phocis KKB Gebim IGabii. Lat. HKD Mithcah .. ltlcdokia. Capp. .Mot)·~n. Sicily Metheg ...... Modikia, Ligurin
;YUY/h<.kk "0' Tumia, Pontua
.. Sidyma, Lycia 180 ON THB ULA.TION8 01' CANAANJTB EXPLORATJON
I PALUrIllB. ASIA )lIIIOB, &0. GRBIC., .tc. ITALf, .le. I SPAIII. IIDBSodom IIDB Medoba ...... Metapa, JEtolia KDLAdullam ... Delemna, Capp. Telem ...... Telmiaaaa. Lycia ... ThalamIe, J:..c. Telamo, Etr. ••• Adellwu, Tar...... TalamiDa, Tar • Moladah ... Melitara, Phrygia Melita!a, Thessaly MeltaDum, Etr. .. Mile~ Caria ...... Melil&, myria ...... Crete .. Melil&, Arm. Min. Melitonos, Mace . .. Ameletus, PODtus Alamoth ... Kalamude, Crete IlNaRimmon ... Armone, Paph. ... Rhamnus, Attica Ariminium, Um. .. KamDOus, Crete ... Orminillm, Th.. .. Hermo..-, Pont. Armenium, Tha. .. Hermione, Arft . Nimrah ... Anemurium, Cilicia 8himron ... 8myrna, Lydia .. 8amorna, Ephesua IlNL Zalmoneh ... ~mia, CypJ'1l.l ... Salmon., Elia. ... Sulmo, 8abin. ... Salmantib, Lua. .. Salmalaaus, Arm. Salam.ia, I . Almon ...... Lemnoe, I...... Almine, Etrur. Luninium, Tar. Lahman ... Limena, CypJ'1l.l ... Leimone, Thea. -IlN Madmannah Medmasa, Caria. .. Methymna, Leaboa .. .. Crete MNsAamon ...... Somena, Lycia ...... Kaamena, Sicily Heahmon iXKa Masaah ...... Amasea, Pontus ... H_ ...... Maua, Etruria llozah ...... Mazaka, Caph. .. Mosega, Albania Makaz ...... Mok~, Caph. ... Mukos, Phocis .. ... Mago, B Digitized by Google TO PRE-lUSTORIC CLASSIC ARCH&OLOOY. 181 ASIA. - I : IlKI:Kal'cm ...... I~ar~ma, G,"1atill ... ;Krom~. Are.a~l. HO~~'~I\ ...... , ~onllm. Crete ..... : Hy~m~llC. Ehg HOpmm ... Genua, ... Hill m .., GomoTmh ~=::,::: !~I~:::::~·;·:·~~~~~1 :: g:::::iS, Cilici~': Coma~:'E(lCirusICamari mil1,Umb R.. kem ...... Arkhama, Capp.... orkhomC,I"IOS", ,Smol .. Rhcgma, Cilicia ... .. Areadia :::::.: !~~ ... !~Iegnlh Ol'hl"":~::~ lIKL Lakum ...... Lagine, Cal'ia ...... :Alngonia, Lncon. Luka ...... Leukiana, Lus. Gamala ...... Homelo, Thcaa. Lakonimurium, Etr. Gallim Halimon... Attic. Okolum. Lus.. Beet. ilLS Sal""L ... 'Salamis, ."'I~lam;.. •...... Sulmo. ::!: ilL ::-:;:~~~::-:::~ Salmuka, Tar. loIR E~~ ...... ~~:~.re. ·~;~~]Rham". ~:~~~.::: ... =:~ (' .. ,ia Rhom •• l'" Umb .. IArkhama, Capp. lolL Millo ..... , Mallos, Cilicia ...... illulai, Thessaly .. Mala, Colchis ...... IAmilos, Arcadia ... Mali&, Tar. i~[cl~: Hci"m Alamai, .... !tlulal..• Bm) Bered ...... Baratta, LYC80nia .! Beeroth ...... Pert&, l'luygia ... :Sl'orta. LuCOllia Rllrdemte, I.igur. P~ra~~~~.n ... Phreata, Caph. . .. il:"rai~::~.~~, ,~:-::~. Verctum, Apulia Spart&\"ia, Tar. ~:~;'~~:; h : I Bart&, . '.' ....., :!, ~;~~;;;; ...... lea Dei.;' . i Dabara. Roboretm". E~:.;::::::l~:~~ ;:;~~. ~;:iJphaitlri.\~·:\rCadiK Pithnro~:'Sicily LitabnlD1, Tar. . Capp. Aml.jAbdcl'ft. 'rhrace Piternum, Sabin. , P"tra• Pitha.ii...... 1 Hcrbit.. i. 182 ON THE RELATIONS OF CANAANITE EXPLORATION P ALI8'I'IB Eo AsiA }lIIIOR,.le. G REIICE, .lc. ITAL,., .lc. SPAllI. IURD Zarcphath ... Srart&, Pisidia ...... Sparta, Lacon. I [Ttlt)! ., Prirne, «:rria Pc«rrhlls, Three. T rron8, 4:r\. Ci:r.! .. Prion, Ephesus ... Aperantia, JEto\. Fcronia, Sardinial' " Briana, Phfygia JamI'horino.,Mac , " Prf«rvrinr" I'fysirv. Pr·;iern:m:. Sabir"[ Homea ...... Abarnis, Mysia ... Libama, Ligur. KRrronaRr .. Krhrrne, I'fysia Brnr::.ion. Plphrorv '" Ophtuneifm, Myr,:: Pihrium. fhu. Cirl .. Siberina. Brut. ! Y3I'baris, «:renn I'BRK Argob ...... Argos, Argolis , ltehoboth ... Archabia, Capp. n Acaman. . Orber.. .. Caimira, l"'rrtuH Chcphar ... Cibura, Pisidia ... Euphaira, Thes. Capm. Gal. Cisa\. !Capara, Lus. CErrYphimh... rrmCIA CY$rrft ..ia, frl'CL Crprrea. ! Cihroth ...... Krhrrme. I'iysia ... Kobru8. Th'iiC8 Crvprs. iL.rur. Akrabim ... Akraba ...... Akraiphiai. Bmo. CChrah Ph!";f".., EH" Bahuri ...... Begorra, Maced. Rabbah Rhurrvs, Arrhaia Tmbsh .. H"q:~ hifysi" . lArb"k," Tnr. Arab ...... Araphe, Attica. . 'Kars~is, Tnr. k"mah P"mphylhr Ph::.mgai, T·"ris Lntnm:[Bergmm. Trvr. kL~chnk ... ~~=us,'M~'~~" Perga, Maced. Herhromum ...... I~~::~~~a;~·:+r. 1 !BergiPlum, p':+r. IB n Birei ...... ~::~::. ~a;:a:·· .. · ~~:~ ;::ly Barinm. Apulir I Lll8n'~ Baro A" Past on" ir hr'f"'UI'U:r'. Umh.1 I,:r ;:er ...... :: pa:nl~,Capp.A;:: rm, ?Tirv . . I 11 krI'her Pihrium.Tnl. Cir. !Sibafir. Lur. kiphron ...... Pl:usipara, Arm. ... Hii.>erina. Brut. ',Subur, Tal'. Sibrsim ...... Sybaris. Lucau. Vesperios. Tar. " Crrfperuirr, Sub IKisimhrium. .. ., S~~n.um. Gal. Ci9'I·Con~bnlm,. :ar. Mirrephrth Senproe, ...... SrplUm. Sab. :Serpn, BretiCi•. BS Ephez ... i' ~;:!~~~9Capp ...... ~~:rrA~=· ... Firre. Ermria Ilbe9. T:+r. Fm ...... 5 Arm:+so9. k'hrygirL. Of Elis ! PwIe&h ...... Phoizoi. Arcad. Boza. Sardino,'. Sheba ...... Asiba, Pontus ...... Asopus, Lacon. Sabillm. Gal. Cis.Savia, Tar. FiI'h ...... SirrT CaY"Ir...... Siphrri, &"".,ia ... E4iphreum. Bm". 11&spir, Tar. Shebah ... 0 .. SabuB, Capp. Arm. !Aspavia, Bar. t • n..... rr Zr::~:, Piridia .... r. ... BSK A rresikrr. htria ... i,.Bakrrrirr. Tnr. I &;~~t"'::'::I~h;~:: Ca~:"::: Ph .. ~c.a,.~.ced. Bllxeta, Gal. eis. TO PRE-HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCII.EOLOGY. 183 IlSK Jcbusi ...... HlLbeSSUR, LyciR .. . Ebusl15. I. Chozcba ...... Casbia., Lycaonia .,. Cn.'lSOpc. Epcirus K1L~ibi, 'l'ar. Acbzib f ~~::!::~:fi I Rbaba.'lSU8. KUJl8IIis, Icom psa." Kaplmsa. IJ~O Zephat,h...... fE~ibeda., Lycia ...... ~;::~~~::: ,&ootc. cuuriiL Ishtob Rtoboi. Maced.... ~8tnbhc. Campan. Aatapll, Boot. .\.~tibon .. I .. . Smtnbis, Tar. Tipb",h f i'S:>; Bnshan IT'as.~anda: . E11 Fir,; l'hauaanirr, '" 1~:~~:'1II' ~ j .. Ihisollos,Capl" Zaphon ...... Siphn08. I...... jSWPinum. Shophan no Eboda ...... Abydos, AIyaiR '" Hippotai. BoootiRIAn~dia, ~~in. Badia, Luait. Oboth ,Beudoe, PisiPis ,Biatia, Tebbath I'Z'obata, I~~i:a'''''' IAdebn. ThebezjKotape. Tapp,,,,,Rb, I'rab&, Phryrfs IDiOO. Lnslt. .. Table, Caria. DON Padan ...... Pitane, Myaia ...... BithenlE. Thrace Pitinum, Picen. Bedllnia, Tarmc .. Sabin. Belles ..... ,f Petenissus, Pudna, Wid,·nre. ' ~~:1i';' ·IDitoana, C",1!! ~;~~~~. Ph,ClfSlSlLIPhintiRB, Ipinetus. L" .. Phamike.tpcirus' 'Pintia, 'ranllc DL Abel ...... Abala ...... Pella, Maced. Abella, C'ampania Aboula Abila ...... PiAla, 1'0lltus '" ... Pialia, Thcssnly Abolla, Sidly ... Belia Bela ... " .... Pyla, ...... Phelloc. Aclmia Pallia, Etruria . ".Dbila, Lusit. Baala ... ""IPhelles. Lp Boleoi. A'5~'" ·Palls. Co",1,,!! f Balah, ' '['t'la, Istn" f Eleph "'j Lapha, Crete 01" Heleph .. , A~m I) ~:~1~:' IOH~ Ta~ . .. . ". i EI~via. Sicil! Bealori, ... , .Ablata, Pontrrf Pllllullda" """,.' Palatlum. ••• h •• ; Velladis, Baalath ..;Amblada, Platrea, ;Val~tium,.il'!!HsIBhctisa, Palet f Bethel ... ,Jrfetalia, PiSllfl,A ... Pautalia, 'IPetclia, B-,f ... Bretllla, T· •. Bethul ...... Podalia I'etilian&. Sicily .. I'utcoli. Camp. Thophcl ... Tabala, Lydia ...... ,Tolophon. Locris·Tibula, Sardinia Lcbaoth . ,I~::~~:a, ,msssisl Lebadeia, '\".'I""t.'1, !Leptis, .. I " 'ILa~thus, DLN Lcbenah "·ILeben. Crete...... IAlbin~'Etruria i~:t!:: .. .ON §LELATlONS SI"AIII. ","--~ ~~. ~'::d:1 O.. ".~: !Coo'~::,:, Cllria ... '\ .. Luc. Pelon ...... Abliana, Albania ... Phalana, Thessal. PllllaDIlm, Sal. Pallantia, Tal'...... Pallene, Attica Abellinum, Sab. Ebellinum, Tar...... Lacou~a 1~lllnu~Ve~et. Belon, Baltica. """""H'~M~::. 1~::::~ ~4~:r; Tar. Bmotia i Penuel ...... iViniola, Sanlinia Yiniola, Tarrac DLI.: Cabul ...... Chabala, Albania...... ·Capula, Venet.. .. Gebala, Tar. .. Cubilia, Lydia...... I ... Cibilill, Lusit. HelboD ...... Colo4b~on,;" L~dia .. 'licllo~:~ EpeirllR K~lli~(IO...... Ba,,,,,~,11o., ",yala ...... = ""~,', TheM&!. 0 '" " '" Boat. 1 BLt:: :~;;-: ...... B11'~~ ':t::n...... Thrace IA11~"'" 11. "icily ... Tu~,:,'~, Tar. Riblah Harpleia,LaconiaITrebula, Sabin. Karbula, BaIt. " Tribola, Lusit. DLB Kabzeel...... Karpozelia, Cllpp. Kupeela, Thl'o.ce Hiaptllum, Umbo HiBpalil, Boat. T~'Hth ...... P':"""liT Pampb. P"L1""I"" Picen. P,,,,t. P;§iIPc P§ria ...... PtMlr. Dmt. ':hL1lhim ... Silhi"""", h'hrygia.. ::trur. .. SL11 §Pc h'icen • .. Silbe, latria DX Nebo ...... Nepea, Phrygia. ... Enope, LWlDia Enipa, Boat. Nobab ... { Niobe, Lydia. (a.} Nt::L1ium, Ta.r. atone) Digitized TO PRE-JIlSTORIC CLASIIIC ARCHMOLOGY. 185 hTfoLY, .tC. KkW Kifojath ..... Kkliliue. CartT , Kartan ...... Gortuna, Crete "'iGllrtona, Thl'ssal. Cortonn, Etnlria Kretina, L".ito KitroT KRmtri(kn, LyuiT ... !g~itYTT, hKneckL f~rotkHk, Brut. GeUer ...... Getam, Albania ... ILeuktl'a., Brootia EketrZL, Uitiu'T ~:;:~Trh"'" g:i::k.~·:ri~~i" ::::::1 NikZitera" BmL. .. Cytonls, Paph. . .. i Skidrus, Bnlt.... •, KTruokH. Plkliltufo ! Rakkath ... Perkote.· Mysia ... 1 Ergetium, Sicily Tarrnga, Tar. ~fo~ AK~~~ib'l"'" °r;:;nssa:, PC~'li)(pH" ·.. ··.I .. i.;raniR... '.::~.. ,~oai~... '~i~.·;.a Arretifom, Et"kr .•lifoitimn, L"ls. ~., ~...... >...... B...... Gerouium. Sabfin. hlirakdkuYYk. Tar. .. Karnalis, Capp.... ·IKoronon., !hcs: Gerunda, 'rar. " Gm'klClflili, Anmemu 1 ,. i·holiliYS Ekron ... .. Grynia, Myaia ...... IAkharna, Attica Aharllll, Etrllr. .. Korna, LYCiiOniu ···ILheronre&, Balot. Hlkronlkhn ... .Coritfthull. elkf. Hmtn ..... Arani.f~ Carf Ann. If Krann~~, Epr. " 1 Tt" 's:hcsmly Migron ...... IMurkinos. l[aced Murgantia, Sab. fu~,kmf ...... !::~R~::,cU\::: I~:rikinn~on, Ths. i:~:~: ::~:fia .. Rignon, Lycaonia i rt'arquillii, Etmr. Nlkhok' ...... AlklkyrA Phflkgilk ... 1Anagff.roy~ Att±ca Ank •.zff!L, S:ici\y Anaharoth .. Ancyra; ~tia ... ITullagra.,Boootia Nukeria, Umbo Klkfff G.::~i.Ufi...... Khasilf"f.. :Af'f."l. hYlaj.1 .. {liaI.Ais. ~or ...... K~ Capp. ······I~lIk08Our~ An;a- J.~.er ...... Gli.ZIOf"lili. P .... tu.., ... ik.fllZ"'fZS, "RC."·". Riasah ...... Rhizus,' Pontua ... IKhRri88ia. Aread. Carystus, Ligur. ~::~:~h::·1~::i.y~~:~uia :::I~=;:~z.~t:.R Awi. &nHllb ~:"'r!'m, A'r. Haresh SiZlih·... &zlikz.. Cokhis hyra..ffll9&, E';iciL hurokf?ia, Bu't. Charashim .. C!mIse;Ia, MLsia ... Cff.rs"ia, ir.kriz .. Gareakos, Maced. MnveL, ..h Mz-kl"lllili.Z.o&, Lyuh. ... . crikar. La, T,,!". Sahor ...... SacOl"lL, Capp...... SUkllriOll, Thess. Skhera, Sicily ... Sekerrre, TRr. Kn~(~:::f; :::. g=~~·~:'·~::I~:~ .!;.~~i~·:: Cremona,Ga!.CisYfffl T"L Kare~ ...... Ku~ma, Galatia. IHermlone. Argol. linrm!', Lnsit. Hr.-re." ... Kz-num, Clililltc ...... lH~ille. EHy Hormah ... Cormaaa ...... IHanna, BO!Otia GrmlOfll1h g~7~~~a, ~~~ii;~+~ .. Ig:~;;;.:~ i:~;~~: CMlgnnum,li f."." b Cameiru, Rhodes i .. en·te . [ itiz I b, w J\ ~ 86 THE REEATImfS rALIi>TINE. I AsiA MINOR, kc. GRllseB, kc. IT.t.L\", ""c. BrAIN. _1 ~----- '----'-~-~- 1K 10( Rekcm ...... 1Rhcgma. Cilicia " .IOrkhomenos. Bm.! , .. IOmk8Drnen"Sf.Rh •• J Orcalti Machir ., .. >"Iltlogara, Pontus ... IMegara, McgarislMegara, Sicily I 8K.chi .. th··,IF.'l\CrE'~", L8.}ia "IAmE'gos, ,IHim.;?E I I ~earah. ' . ··1 Magaraa, Cilicia I I I iK\l~ l;,beOH " .... 1 ...' ICap?"'a, E?,.,ria ICepif?Ki&, Lmit. i ~~"~,:n ·:::::IEnakbf?' C~Pb.".INikEi"" D".is IXiPhonius, SiCil.lEquabona, .. 'KeD G~bbeat~ '>"1" I"CaputioD, Sicily I" I, Glbbeth.,.n, • , , '.8 ~·;~I:k··::::::'Ebga'-..~D"tUS ... ';:~~~~iTh~;·1g:1~t r:~~'~!:U'1 ms-heb.. h >".!L"bok.? ... Ls-,liia IPhobi •.. n •••• ,IPaub)? Ci? ' ~ .. I ...' IPhegeus, Attica I ' ?L ¥i.,Hah " .... Ihaloe, E.ydis- ... , iKluxliia, P.ff'iltia IGela, hiciEs- .iKale. har. ,~ .. L, ...' IAigillll, ~nia ICel~ Apulia ··,IOkilia, .. s-idgal " .... Itff.lgm. Cypl"ll.... IChf?illla, H"OOl& IAqu ••" Satnn I !!~chilah ... IKekulion, lIysia ... IOicha.lia, ~~e88&I.IHBli.~~ai, .~!ci1): I ,n.gla, .... , ... ,,, ••~,oL., "Aqum,l&, •.• mn", ! .... I~,'" !AgyRIa, .. " . I. KLD Gllead ... " .. O",Gelda, Alb&n .... " , "Caltdon, A:tol. ,Galata, SIcily . n .. leed i iCh~?lldai 'tti·;~i.JaU."~ Sa.·in i (i:iloth :::::-1 IEch~l~ida!' ~~.. '~'ITiguii~ E~~ria I Giloh"" ... .J ... I ICIHii"·iium.b.binl Makheloth IMega1usus.Cap. Ar.I I' I i!,::::~ei" :::lbfUgdOa, Pil.,ph. ' IKutilia, Sabin. ' Oihdel " ... 1 ' IEkhilila, Hl"ny . , He~ath ... 1 'Laklliad~,AtticaIElkethi~~: SiCilYI~~e:: ::r. IKLS G,hisl~th ···IAkalillllOll. h~ycia ···1 ' I lIlrt . Che!ll .... ,.Gazelon. PO .. tIlS. .EgeL,a, Tar. , Chf:heseaalul'lio"th'" '1ICill~, Phrygia "IGliiln. B.""tia ' ' i 5i~.lchah " .. .Jh.leklms, y.i'i'iph, ISalff.neus, B,co . ,,~ulc ••••• " Sa •••• ,' 'nl&' r"ala"•.••••.•.••.••. '" '-"'...... T .' •• ,',' Tarl• .. ISagnlBssus, Pisidia I ... I' ISallakus, Lus. I i:~~~h:::::.I~~~~n~o~~~~us ... I~~I~!~~ A;~; ISkullleum. Bmt.1 I;Stoll •• CaNL ... iSkOi.i>., R'il>tlR i I l"iLN ~~;~: .::j~~~:,~!:\i~,.~u: I~~:: ~~aIAkeli,."u~, Sab.!Selia, Balotia {%?lan ...... IKelenOi, Phr!.gia ... 1 .. Ph~cis"'IKalioniana, SicilflunLa, Tn.i. A,alon " ..... Kalunda. C.. ,I& " .• Kullene, Elis ....Eculanum. Sab .. Kolenda, ~~:~n:::::-IskUlake. '~iysia ... ISalgane~~. Breot.I~;~;~~ 1h~::~1 ..' . ,.-\skinn ).;\ put I ~~~- -~~~~- l.)1~ ~u I TO PRE-HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCHAeOLOOY. 187 I'ALElo"TIIIE. AsiA )(IIIOa, kc. GaDCK. kc. J'I'ALY, &c. SPAIN. KLN Nahallal ... iNakoleia, Phrygia AlIkhiale, Tbracc K N Gain ...... Iaana, Mysia ...... Ganos, Tbrace ... Cannre, Apulia Kanah ...... 1 " Lesbos ...... Gonnos, Tbessaly Genua, Liguria Kunike, &1. Is. Janoah ...... Konne, Phrygia ... Khuniai, Thraco Khana, Sicily ... Konkana, Tat·. Kinah ...... KlIlna, Capp. •..... Aiginion, Thes. Kekilla, Etruria Kinna, .. Mekonah ... 'Ikonium, Lycaonia r.lykenos, I ...... Krenina, Lat. .. , Kinniani, " " .t'Egonne, Pontua ... Mykenai, Argas Aquinum " Neah ...•..... Niga, Albania ...... Nikaia, Doria ... Nibe, Liguria ... Noega, Tar. KD!! Kadesb ...... Kudisaos, Pbrygia ...... Gades, Bretica. " Godasa, Ann. Min. Succoth ...... Daskouaa, Capp. ... Skotussa, Tbes. Hadasbah .. , Hudissa, Caria KND Kenath ...... Gunduaa, Cap. Ann. Kunaitha, Arcad. Egnatio, Apulia Akontia, Tar. Hannathon Knidos, Caria...... PanakOOn, Attic. Daanah •..... Adana, Cllicia •..... Donakon, Bceot. Taanach ... Thiana, Capp...... •. Catana, Sicily KilN Mekonah .. Magnana, Pontua ... MigoDion, Lacen. Gannim ... Akmona, Phrygia Mykenai, Argas Engyum, Sicily Janum •..... IkoDium, Lycania MykoDos, I. " ... Mykunia, .-Eoot Comini CarnoD ... J Comma, Pontua ... Alkomenai, Thea. Kanama, Ba!tica JokDeam .. Armenia .. Mac. Jamna, BaI. Is. MaonT HaaJUonai ... ..• Haimoniai, Area. KII Gaza ...... I Assoa, lIysia ...... Casoa, I...... Aguus, Apulia Oeaaao, Tar. Auah ... S Ki-. Pontua ...... Ki-. Thrace Gaash ...... Kuasus, Lydia •.•... H-. Looria .. . Kaus, Tarrac Kezir ...... Kuzik08 ...... '" Kiaaoa, Maced. Hosah ...... Khuza, Capp...... Huaiai, Argas Jahaza Azekah ...... MOSPgR, Albania .. . Askia, SabiB. ... Ossigi, B Digitized by Google 188 ON THE RELATIONS OF CANAANITE EXPLORATION ±4f.lL4f, AkC. Si'AHL -, ----:----1'--'I '" I l4fnn ~rtanah ... 1:::::: i::n~ Maj. Zortalll" T111"8ce Saturnia, Etruri~ i Huef's>th .,[Hh4f"I"K4f AK4ff'[. M,,,!, [ Aahteroth ... IAadara,Cap~. . .. ~. Stil-ia, Attica ... 08~ra, U~llb~a I " is&tamH L¥",a ."". AS"i§ra, f's"glUm i " IA~tUra, MYllia ...... Sutrium, Etrurial ~~!4fmh · .. ~E: ~~4fr~~"::: ~::i~:~ ~~:~ i ¥±ores¥£'th .fltla,££"hUBB, {'re·i" Er,,£i l.)1~ ~u I 'l'U l'RE-HISTOIUC CLASSIC AIlCH... 'OLOG\". 189 )'.\LF.sTI:>L I .\SlA lJIXOR, .tC. CltJ;t:et:, .tC. IT.\I.L .tC. Sr.u:I". 'll~ (;11011 ..... "1~1t1(,1l " Lyciii ...... Sithotlin, ?l!iICCiL i l .. .. ~Iysia ...... Sosthenis. Thcs. :ScstiuIIUI. Umbo . .th SlInn;;;;;i. Plu'hS;iii i ISDL ... 1;%nol . iSntal.;. £'11n. r' :~~!~~'~"h~I~~diii I Th{'!n.~~.ll· .... ~~~~:~!~lnn. ... '. .. II1'd(,SSill' Sub. :SI. Zein ...... ' Zdn. rontlls...... Sellium, Lus. -"lnln, 1tI;;jiii. .. Les:z.i. Ar~:oi. ... Solii. hltet. l A'lish ...... IOZ7.nJIl, Cllpp...... ~:Ieusis, Attica. ,[.a ilK. 1.11"1111 .. Lcl!ll, Tor. LllZ .... 1rA'l~~ ... :.; .• ;:: ..... OIOO8.,on, TII~~"(' Als,i.~~~I. ~t~lria h;;zh.... F.lcOl.= •• (,die...... Gre...... Ull .. ~=.; SICI;. it;; hi liihn . . Lacon iti is'; Suzah ...... ISIIWn, Capp. ~IICssn, Latinm I i A"''K'Sniii. Carlti ...... SuaiiiiT Umh.-iii Ac.si'S§lc.m, " '1:)1 Hamnh (.4) .'!:'·gnlll, ('i1iCiA ...... Rlmmre, 'f1U'llCC RomR, Latium Uumah ... iAI'01I1n, Carla ...... Rhl1lDnos, Attica Arlminium, Umb .'Lmmah..\rcMnm, Capp. i 'llN' Irou ...... ,' .\.rna (Xallthus) ... Arnc, Thcssaly ... Aroa. Fmbria I ! Harall ...... Amnia. ~R.p~. Arm Aminos, Laconin .\renlin, Subin I~~I;~:. ~~!~~;: ... !:::~ ~~i;i:C !:\iunlTI, Sank,. I . i .. Umbria '" S::;'iE:~~T~~< ~~;'~';0:' IS:":::: Jt'thhlh. . .. Attalcin, I.ydit\ '" D~lIli!l, P!,?eis! ... Lod ..... ILadt'. raria Olii"i'. Eh,; Ifct,·fiiiTI. Gal Aloth ...... /.\Iud inl:l. ~~i~\~:~t1 ... Trall,",. (:~;;'A...... IEIlltria, '1::'llI'inls i:~,:;~~~:;:' ~~~ir I I llS Z<>., •. 111.1 .... ·Si·.le. I'amphyl. ... Side. h'll'ollia ... ,sf·till. Lnt ...... IAsit.i:r. R Di ~d by DC e 190 ON THE RELATION" OF CANAANITE EXPLORATION l'ALE8TIIIG. I ASIA Mlllon, &:c. I GIlIIECJ:, &;c. ITALV,l;c, SI'AIII. 'DD Hadattnh ...IAdatthai. Capp. '" Tlieutea. Sabill.! DR Doro ...... Donm. Cilicia ...... ThuriB, MeSSRII. Tiern, PicCII. I Adoraim ... 1 ••• J thorin, lEtoli'L ... ThanlL, Snrclill. Dor ...... Hydara, Capp.Arm. Derai. Sicyon ... 1 ... UJllrn, Tnr. Eder ...... , 1'eria, Myaia ...... Itholia, lEtolia .. .'Adrin, Gnl. Cis. Atnroth ...... IThuabeia, Lyuia ... Theudoria, Epeir.ITurrita, EtrllrilL Uttaria, TILl'. Ariath ...... IIRhOlteum, Myaia ... Erition. TheasalyjiArrctiun."... AritiU1U. Luait. Arad ...... Rhodos, I...... Erete. SIcily LII Xillo ...... I}lala. Colchia ...... Malaia. ArcB(liaMeles. Sabin. '''iMalia, Tar. L.'I' Allon ...... ~Olan('. ArmeuilL ... Oleuos. iEtolia ... 100ollna ...... Alolllll. •• : Elon ... '" ... 1 ••• Elone. The88Bly ILuna, Etruria I ! L Hall ...... :Ali. Cilicia ...... Eli .. Arcadia ... Elea, Lucania ... Alia, Tar. ! LL Halhul ······IHal~ Capp...... Hal~B8. A~os I . . I. 1 D Japho ...... Aphla. PhrygtlL ... Abai, Phocls ...... OphllL. Sabm..... Hlppo. Tm·. Japbia ...... IAipeia, Cyprus ...... Abia, M_ne ... !Euhlea, Sicily VD Avith ...... Pida, Pontu ...... Aphetai. Tbe88BL 1Veii, Etnlria x Ono ...... IAnnaia, Caria ...... Oinoe. Attica ... Noai, Sicily 1 DD Dothan ·.····1 ... Dodona The identification of these names does not depend on simple general reeemblance; they will be found to all'ord details of rela.tionship. which again become of great importance to pre-historic investigation. The prefixes are Ill. T (n). 8. B (p), K. L, Y. 0, &C •• being the ancient aeriea and extending beyond the Semitic. The words in the Hebrew transliteration are generally in a crude form. without a final vowel. They generally consist of three consonants. with or without a prefix. Many Bre dissyllables. which in Greek or Latin transliterations are triayllables. This latter seems to be the Ca.ucasian form for town names. but in Asia. Minor there are tetraayllables. The tetraayllablea in Italy are mostly caused by the addition of a Latin termination. The vowels conform to a great degree in the Hebrew and the other transliterations, though not always in the same order. Thus, to take a few cases from the e&l·liest. in the list :- Mosern }Iasorn 8bamir Zimarn hnum Maarath lIamtlllls llarntha Marathon Amad Amathia Amathus TCnJolli Timenl\ Dumoh Tumia Dumo Rimmon Annone Orminium Zalmoneh Salmone Rumoh Rama l'arnnh Phllll1gai V<'ITUgO Boskath l'huska iluxata Digitized by Google 191 Chozeba Casaope Baahan l'assandm Pasinulll Betonim Bit~:llma l~~l,hiol\ .Aphinit, Apidna Plllutills l~intia Abila PiaIa Punon Bom:nia Anahafnth AooUtnros Charashim Carasena Haamollni Hllimoniai Kinah Kimm 3iionisni Utekino Kanah K&na Ganos Gaunre Shamen Saruena Zaammim Saoiooa San.s&ilnah Saniseni ldala IdaIaea Dileall DeH(lAt A~Rl A~Hll Hadattah Adatthai WUtereo:lwels intttmlAthanged tra.lllsl;teraUt~:ltAt theH mltAtCOillillODly the middle TOwels (I, 11), and the female vowela (0, 11). The male Towels are usuaJ.ly represented by .A. The repreaentatiTe8 of the double vowela &DotHl'll'l marH::t point" Baa1a Piala Pialia Taan:::h Tbi!ll"!& Gaasffl O:lllt Naarath Nariandu8 Haamon&i Haimoniai TaanAttH Tllillmm Irpeel Harpleia Techoa Tegea Attegua Zoar I:"ltl£RAt Zanlf:£R &!mAt Goath Guthion Shameo &::ltll'lena Hltltion Birei Billl:: Hls:rium R'hene Dilean Delion Dolionis Tullonium Ariath Reate Of thAt Ut:rminlstiltDB. of thlt tA: nO::ltltltffl la in H. Thia. as lengthening the ayllable, is represented in sixty-aix caaea by nn ltllditiofllt! AtoweL A fem are;- Mitheah Medokia Modikia Nimrah Anemurium Aucmoria Mizt'fZl M:ls",""pia ]"l:essapinm ]>Iopsifm Berachah Ambrakill. Bergium Bozrah Peruaia Bruzcia BlU'!iI\O Sher::h Zl:,hia Ralah Ut tlleia Shiloh Saloc 8eli:l Di ~d by DC e 192 OY THE RELATIONS OF CANAAIUTE EXPLORA1'IOS 8umb Suissa Sueaa Doroa Tburiunl Tiora Hachiluh Akilium A1luileia Canah ehuuw Genua Hadashah DlI8eu Tisia It ia pol8lble that n represents the vowel in the ordinary form, 11.8 in Greek and Latin it is I, the vowel now used in Georgian. H changes to N, 18 Ummah (Homon ..), Mozab (Amuzon),Bocoh (Suc ceianum), Dimonab (Timonion), HOJ'mall (Hermionc, Hurm~e), Gomor rab (Camarinum), Ammah (Ariminium), and about twenty case8. H change8 also to 8, as Bozrah (Bruzu8), Tirzah (T&l'8U8), Babbah (Rhupea), and in about twelve caaea. H as a final changes to 11:, but it i8 then a radical,aa in Sirab (Sirika). Aa an intermediate letter and radical it al80 changes to x, as Hare8het.h (Kereuoa, KhariI8a). Sihor (Sakol'o.), Anaharoth (Anaguroe). Hazat' (Chaaira), Bilhab (Balkeia), and in about twenty-five caaea. H .. a final i. repreaentod as ot.her finals are by a plw-al. Thi8 tUea place. in lixteen cues, as Hosah (Huaiai), Zartanah (ZOrtanlll). Haaattab (Adatthai). Berachah (Pharugai), Hachilah (Mgilm), The termination TII follow8 the same general law. 18 tbat in 11. lt repreaenta a lengthening vowel but in a few caaea, 18 lloresheth (Me~uaium), Bazlith (P8IIula). TII also changes to N. 18 in Timnath (Tememon), Mephatb (Kevania), and in six caaes, 'rH cbange8 to I more freely in about twenty-three caaea, as Cbialoth (Acali8808), Mecbirath (Mo.craaa), Boskath (Abaskua, Phulkus). TB. preae"es ita form as a final and 18 a radical in many CaseI, 18- Amatha (Amathus), Kcnath (Kunait.ha), Maarath (Maratha); but it is represented also by D, DD, and T. It is possible thAt the D in Greek transliteration was sometimes a Dhelta (as in Romaic). and not 0. Delta. TII as a final ia reprcsented also by a plural in twenty cases, as -Gibbeath (Kaphuai), Avith (Veii), Moseroth (Mazurl), Gelloth (Khallidai), N i8 a terminal; its peculiarity is that in about twcnty examples it. is represented also by N, as-Shihon (Sicyon). Sharon (SelTion), Katian. (Kroton). Kit.. on (Khutlion). Pelon (Peleon, Belon). In most caaCR, howenl', it is represented with a vowel added. Occasionally the N is mute, 18 in Shimron (Simara). Panon (Peonia). Pu'athon (Piratheis). It ia also l'epresented by 11 plural form, a8-Dilean (Tcl.leDIll), Rakkon (EregCDlll). It ia to be noted that N is a terminal in other transliterations, as- Galeed (Calydon), Helkath (Elkethion), Maroth (Marathon). M is a terminal. M as a plural is not always represented as a plural in other trans literations, The best example8 are-Ak... bim (Akraiphai, Kekropai), Betonim (Bithcnro, Potniai). Znanilll (Azani), Gebim (Gabii), Bochiul (Baglll). Digitized by Google TO PilE-HISTORIC CL.\SSIC AR{,U.t:OLOO\", 193 The plural forms of the ancient town names of the scveral l'cgions is perhaps to be thus accounted for. A Ca.ucasian capital would cOO8ist of thl'ee parte, represcnt.ing the middle, male, "nd female, The middle town waa the citadel, with t.he residence of the king !lnd soldiery, with the fU"e-temple on the hill i the male town contained lhe residence of the govemor and the priests, of the artisans and tl'adesmen, with the t.emples and groves of worship; a.nd t.he f~male town was tbe seaport. or river suburb, with ita population of persons devoted to tbe water fishermen, boat.men, &ailon, aliens, slaves,.tc, In CIUIe of U lIummer town and a winter town, t.he winter town would be the middle town, on the hilla, and t.he summer town t.he town on the rivel' and plain&. To e:l[preaa all the towns, the plural of one forln-the middle town, for instance-would be used, and this practice, begun in Ca.llClUlian, would be adopted by lIebrews, Hellenes, Latins, Iberians. Looking to the terminatio~a in N, P, or V,8, TB. it ia moat likely t.hey represent. the two Caucasian plurala, and the locative and dative caaes, SR .. a radical and terminal is represented by 8 and z, It. ia found as z iD 8hebah (Zobia), Bashan (Bizana), Eaheu. (Azenia), .tc. Aa 8B haa no character in Hellenic and Latin, it appears to haV& been specially represf'lnted in Greek and Latin b, 88, or 8 with a vowel. iD about. twenty. five C&8ea, aa Kadeah (Kudi88Ol), Hadaahah ,Hudi.. , Edeua), Bashan (AbassoB), Hareah (Kerea908), LachiBh (Leugaaia), Gaaah (Kiaaa), Maahal (Musilia), Shaarim (Sia.rum), Ashen (OBiana). It is conceivable that 81 would be convertible into 8H, but. the 88 must have had a like propel-ty iD Bome Hellenic dialects. Another noticeable tl'ansliteration is thc repl'esentations of 8H by 8E, ES, of whicl?- we have about. twent, e:l[ampl~ such as Aahnah (Sa.koena), Skhoineus (Ai:l[one), Mareshah (Moroagi), Shalom (Aake. lum), Aahan (O:l[ynia), Shebal'im (Skarpha). Z is tranalitel'Bted by z in several c:umplcs, QS-Zela (Zela), Azem (Zama), Gizon (Gazene). In all the forms of transliteration, the first vowel is accaaioDall, transposed and made t.he initial letter, aa in Eahtaol (Astale). lahtob (Aatapa), Snub (AsBe&8os), Aznot.h (Sunnada), Nimrah (Anemurium). A peculiarit.y in Canaanite town names, that of allitel'BtioD, is to be found in the ot.her transliterations. Thus Madmenah and Sanaannah, neighbouring and assonan' names, are paralleled by Methymna, Sani. seni, Saniaera, Nazianzene, SUlonnia. So Hazazen. Hukkok, Gudgodah, Zaanim. Halhul, Elealah, are paralleled by .Aasissium, Sueasula, Sisll.· raka, Akkatuki, Perperina, Pompelon, Alala. It is worth while to regard Bome of the namell, which Bl'C common to Palestine and the other regions, aDd Bome of which al'e familial' enough. In Greece wc Bee _\thens Sicyon Cbald:t .£mathia Thebl's Phocis El('usi.! Ithomc .\rgos lIIarathon ll"ssaph\ Phal"!l.'1lu ... "(yeella Methone l'harsalns Pydlla Corinth Mantin('ia Lellctra P('llc Digitized by Google 194 ON THE RELATIONS OF CANAANITE EXPLOItATION Megara Salamill Cyllene Idomeno Sparta Tegea Dodona Rhaml1l1l1 Lacedemon Platea Calydoll Perga M_ne Pallene Nemea Cyparissa Elill (''heron:ea. Tanagra Abdel'a Pisa. l£gina Ambracill Hermiollc In Alia we find- Sanlis Trallcs Temn08 Amida Epheana Ancyra Methymllll Chimera Smyrna Ikoninm Ritbymna Cebrelle Miletua Priene Cnid08 Patara Phocea Abyd08 Cyzicns Mygdala Mytilene LebedU9 Gortyna Azani Rhodes Colophon Comana Adana Tanoa Amaaia Idahea Amathna We recognise in Italy~ Roma Gabii TuscnIum Camerinulu Pia Veii Telamo Croton Bena Tarquinii Cere Milenum Puma Catana Aquileia Arretia Verona Mazara Lavinium CanlUB Syracnsa hoona Genua Regillnm Capua Nuceria Ariminium Caudium Mantua Cremona Bergomnm Eugube Mutina Assisaium FidelllB Beate Bononia Patavium Nomentum (''luaium M.... Cortona Amitemum N&l'Dia Luna Sybaria Stabie Puteoli In Spain we may select- Gades Menteaa Equabona Vergilium Hispalis Ba.rcine Telobis Subur Hippo Carbula Egelaata Araceli Betulo Salamantikn Ossonoba Olcadea earthago Leminium Collippo Gebala Carteia Aatapa Talamina Sa1acia Tarraga Toletum Turbnla Spartavia Mago Myrtilis Roboretum OnobA Caatulo Ba.silippo Scalabis Bedunia Gerunda NardiniuDl ThUs the most ancient seats of civilisation, and many great cities of this day, are inclu,ded in our list. If the Canaanite serves as a teat for the other regions, it. enables us to ascertain what were radicals and what terminals, and to decide on the eBSentia! characteristics. It follows, on the converse, that the other transliterations give the like aid for Canaanite. Thus the names of Etruria, Armenia, or Hellas, become criteria for Palestine-to decide what is Caucasian and Canaanite, and what is Hebrew. Digitized by Google TO PRB-HISTORIO CLASSIC ARCH&OLOOY. 195 If the names of Et.rulia or Attica are taken, the Canaanite canon will aaaist in their decipherment, as they in return throw light on the names of Canaan. The proofs above given are purely philological, but they point to material results. If, for instance, there was at one time a population in Canaan, a population in Kholkis, one in Lydia, another in Bmotia, one in Etruria, and a population in Lusitania, using the same lan guage in the same way for naming their tOWDS, then there must in all these regions have been popnlations using not only the same language, but the same mythology and the same arts. Their rude stone monu menta, their castles, their citadels, their town walls, gates, foundations, Bewers, tombs, arms, utensil., would present points of resemblance and comparison as assured as those to be found in the communit.y of words. Thus the exploration of Palestine under the auspices of the Palestine Exploration Fund, if pushed far enough and deep enough, and if adequately mpported by contributions, must throw the greatest light on the archlBOlogy of Asia and Europe. The Bible tells us that the Iaraelites inn.ded a settled population haring walled cities, and, as it is here proved those cities were built by the same ruling race as that which raised the walled cities of Caria, Attica, and Latium, 80 will the exploration of Palestiue be effectually a classic exploration as well as sacred, and as much as if conducted •• lit. in Caria, Arcadia, Apulia, or Hiapania Tarraconensia. In the case of Hellenic exploration, we are confaaed as to what is Cyclopean, Pelaagim, or Hellenic. In Et.ruria we hardly mo'v what is indigenous and what is posterior. In megalithic monuments we look for the Druidic; but. in Palestine we are free fl-om these 80Urces of confusion. There we shall not be disturbed by Le1eges, Pelaagi, Hellenea, Sabini, Iberi, Celtiberi, or Druids. We have one danger that of distinguishing between what is Phmnician of the Caucasian period and what is Phmuician of the Semit.ic period; but altogether we have in Palestine the fairest field as yet open to us for testing the earliest and most important points in archmology and pre-historic atudies. . Although in thia paper comparisons have been made with the Weat, that is not their limit, they equally apply to the East. The same evidence of language here given is available for Mesopotamia, Pereia, and India. Thus exploration in Palestine will lay the foundation for a better investigation of sites in those regions, as yet imperfectly examined, or which have not been approached. Palestine is, too, a boundary land for that epoch of archlBOlogy. From Egypt there is a sharply. marked-out line, beyond which the Caucasian area does not advance. The influence of Egypt within the Caucasian limits ia likewise much leaa than t.he ignorance of Herodotus has led \lS to believe, 80 also is the in8uence of the Phmniciana. On all these points the BOil of Pales· tine promises to give us materials in aid and in elucidation of the ancient text, exhibiting that. text Dot merely as a local and personal Digitized by Google 196 O~ 1'HK t:l..... nO~1i 0.' ('A~AA!ilTt: BXPLOIlATIO!i' hiatory of the Israelites, but as (lur (lldest and best exponent for the histol'Y of the ancient wol"ld and the eal'ly dawn of civilisation. With the new light which we have acquired as to the relations of Palestine, it is impossible to tell what departments of history may b~· affected by the rosulta. Thus, with I'es;ard to Spain, it is all'ead.Y evident that the conclusions ot' Willillm von Humboldt with regard t..) the Iberians must bl! materially modified. The important discovery of that philosopher of the rellltion between ancient local names in Spain and modem Basque gavd 1111 a TU1'&llian population as &11 element in ancient Europe; but the "alae of that elellJent was exag gerated by himself and by othera, and. among these. by myself. in Diy paper on the lbel;ans iu Asia Minor. It. appeared to follow from Yon HUDlboldt's discovery, that all which was not. Ilpparently Celtic Ol' presumedly Pbamician or Carlhaginian in Spain, muat be Iberian. One acrious consequence of this assumption was that. names in Italy. Hell,.., &c., resembling those in Spain were held to be Iberian, &Dd evidence of &D Iberian population in those count.riea, It alao followed t.hat the &Dcient civiliaatiOD was considered to be lberiBoD. From tho Canaanit.e teat it appears that terms in Spain having Baaque aflinities are not Iberian, &Dd many othera supposed to be Iberian are not 10• ..fd"ra, a name found in Spain and Italy, is one of the strong voints ~f tbo system of Yon Humboldt (lee his" Reaearches on the Primitive Inhabitants of Spain "), &Dd yet his derivation of A,stura, from ada, rock, and flra, water, as signifying" rock water," ia nl08t luapieioul, Astura is, however, by all linguiat.ic evidence, the analogue of A.ah. teroth &Dd Del'shterah in Palestine, and consequently not only of Astura in Lat.ium, of AstUl'a in Mystra, but of a dozen names of allied form acattereci over thc ancient world. Altur&, too, as a rivel' name, is not dependent OD the Basque "ra, water, but is formed fl'om a radical D B 8, as the to\vn names are. Aata. anot.her key of his system, is not formed from a.la, a rock, but is a recognisable Caucasian town name. It is Palestine which affords t.he touchstone in these ca84.'s. We may pause as to Astura and Asta in the European peninsulas, but we have no Basque influence to disLul'b Ollr opiuillns in Palest.ine. It. follows. Ra a remote consequcnce, cven with regard to t.he population of Britain, that besides t.he Iberian element which has been l'ecognised in the Silures and in Western II'eland, there must have been an anterior population of the same alliance as the Canaanite. It. is thus the connection of al'chlllological acience, as of physical science, and of all aciences. extends to the remot.est. consequences, and the displacement of one atom will immediately and ultimately affect others. Indeed, so far as concerns oUl'selves, it is within the limits of pl'Oba.bility that the pl'esent cxpedition to Palestine may thl'OW a light on '.he megalithic monuments of Britain and on the gold omamcnta of Hibernia. Earlier inacl'iptions in characters as yet unrecognised may yet l'llward the explorer, and consolidate and hsrmonise the relics of ancient history. HYDE CLABKB. Digitized by Google