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Palestine Exploration Fund, 9, Pall Mall East, Where They Have Been Sent by the Rev 176 ON TB. BKLATIONB OF CANAAli'ITB EXPLOIlA.TION These inscriptions. and the bas.reliefs on the monument ca.lled Xamua Hurmlll. in Cmlo-Syria. near the souree of the Orontes. snd poaaibly of the aa.me period. are an enigma, as yet. to the moat learned Orienta.iiatll. It ill to be hoped. however. now that attention is again called to the subject, that the clue may be found that Ihall unlock their meaning, &Dd that Northern fi:lyria will be no longer overlooked by tho explorer. DISCOVERY AT THE MOSQUE EL AKSA, JERUSALEM.- A DISCOVERY of considerable interest has been made in thil Mosque by the Rev. J. Neil, who has only recently gone to Jeruwem for the Society for the Conversion of the Jews. .. In the Mosque of El Akaa," he "rites, "you will remember that there is a long plain room opening out at the lOuth-east angle, called the Mosque of Omar, in which the only object of interest whatever is a recess IUpported by two twisted pillars, &Dd called the Mihrab, or Pra.ying.place of Omar. You may, perhaps, remember tbat the pillars on each aide of thia receaa, of 8010monic twiated pas.ttcrn and polished marble, appear to have been turned upside down, and to have their capita.is of greyish stone in broken leaf·like patterns below. 011 visiting this the day before yesterday. July 5th, I discovered tbat a great part of the yellowish plastel' hacl been remond from the top of theae pillars, &Dd that rich grotesquely ca"ed capitals were exposed to view in an admirable state of preaerva­ tion. These capitals, though pressing behind against the wall, are carved OD all the four sides, The Sheikh of the temple told me this was first aeen about two da.ys befol'c my visit., while cleaning the wall. • , The sketches I lend are shamefully rough, but I have no idea of draw­ ing: they were made by myself from still rougher sketches." These drawings are at the office of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 9, Pall Mall East, where they have been sent by the Rev. F. Smith, to whom Ml', Neil was writing. ON THE RELATIONS OF OANAANITE EXPLORATION TO PRE-HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCHlEOLOGY, BY IIYDE CLARKE. IN' a late paper in the Journal of the Palestine Exploration Fund. I showed, on the evidence of the liver names of Palestine, what was the connection of the Canaanite population with general history, and I called the attention of investigators to the probability of discovering pre.Israelite monuments and relics, As an effort is now being made • Reprinted, by kind penniasion of the editor, from the .. lAmalum. Digitized by Google TO paB-HISTORIC CLASSIC ARCHA!:OLOOY. 17; Oft t.he part. of the Fund to extend t.he r.l.nge of exploration by another oxpedit.ion, it has appeared to me deairablo to show more fully how, beyond the special IlIraelitic and local investigation. such an expedi­ tion may extend the domain of Biblical inquiry into earlier epochs of .research. and aaaist pl"C.historic studiel in their widest relations. Thus, independent of the particular interest which gives the expedi. tion so strong a claim to support. it must. if pl"Ovided with adequate funds, and if the explorations be carried deep enough, throw light on tlaose very departments of Weatern arcluBOlogy which are now the moat obscure. including Lycian, Lydian, Pbrlgian. Proto-Hellenic. and Etruscan. On the other aide, it may render VAry valuable ae"ice to Aaayrian and Indian researches. The l"e&80n of thia lies in the peculiar poait.ion of Canaan in relation to the atudy of the ancient world. which gives it exceptional importance as a means of defining unaettled quea­ tiona of archmology elaewhere. The facta that were given in the previous paper .. to river nam. were few, but they were conclusive in showing that Canaan belonsec1 to the general aystem of ancient geographi~al nomcnclature, prior to the Semitic and Aryan terminology. Thoy poiuted out thu there was one great empire of the world, which W&8 Caucaaian. that empire haYing ita capital in' the plaiDa of Shimar. and it ('nabled us to ucertain the unsuspected extent of that empire, which reached to the Egyptia. border, included the North African coast. all Europe 80Uth of the Baltic, the countries between the ClloSpian and the Aral, and then paaaing along the Himalayas, embraced Further and Hither India. The river namea did not aapply tho whole of the evidence, but they afforded for a popular purpoae sufficient material. of a well-defined character, and which can be more easily dealt wit.h. There is another claaa of local names much more numerous, and thOle are tho ancient town names. Theso are scattered over many authors, and transliterated by Greeks of several dialects and by Romans. There i., howeyer, one great group. the town namea of Canaan, tranaliterated by laraelites. Rnd to be found in one moat ancient record, the historical book. of t.he lliMe. Of theae more in detail. Another claaa, but one more difticult to deal with in the present state of our knowledge, conaiata of the 10yt.hological, heroic, and kingly namea. Theae are constitnted 011 conformable principlea, and chiefly on certain recognisable l"oots. Here again the Bible is onr great treasnry of knowledge. These mat.eriala will throw a light on tho germs of history in Greece generally rcfelTed to a. PhCBnician explana­ tion, for which, after all, we have not tbe materials. The 8Ouroea already referred to illuat-mte the language of the epoch. ~hich was Caucaaian. I have laMy pointed out tbat it is by Caucaaian we are to eXp'lain some remarkable names in the dynasty of Saul, Mephi Boshetb., lah Boaheth, Eah Baal, Merab, Merib Baal, Malchi Shua. To theae may be added Ishbi Beuob, Samachonitia (referred to Digitized by Google 178 ON THE RELATIONS 01' CANAANITE BXPLORATION in the river names), and poRSibly GomoM'II.h (Chirurero. of Lycia). The results of a comparison oC the scanty vocabulary of Lycian, Lydiun. Phrygian, Thracian, and Etruscan, all tend in one direction to the rela­ tionship of these .. barbarous" languages oC the ancient world, other than Hispano-1berian, to the Caucasian. For the modern Caucasian vocabulary we have copious materials in the several languages DOW spoken, besides the old MSS. of Caucasian. A p08sible BOurce of further supplies is in cuneifol·m. The field of Caucasian explol'll.tion includes within it, therefore, as already stated, thQIId moat interesting regions of Asia Minor, Greece. and Etruria, and there muat be comparison of populatioDB. of monu­ ments, and of antiquitica. With regard to populll.tion, the relationship of that of Etruna with the East must have been palpable in the features of the people, as indeed we are able to recognise them in their sculp­ ture and in their paintings. but au uncertain indication of Herodotus has baftled the identification. There is a resemblance of features between the Etruacans and the Armenians, but there is none in language, and fOl· this reason, that the ancient language of the Anneniaus was not as now lndo-European, or Aryan. but Caucasian. It is Canaan, if pl·operly explored, which will yield \\8 the means of" defining the Etruscan and all the archa.i.c monuments and relica of" Hellaa. oC the islea, and oC the Asiatic peninsula. It is with a view oC strengthening the chain of evidence that attention i. DOW dil·ected to the town names of Palestine. These, do\YD to tho end of Chronicles, are about four hundl'ed in number. It is poaaiblo that some Hebrew na.mes may be embraced in the list, but exact identification is not. yet poaaible, and a casual error is of DO immediate importance. The first step is to al·range these namea, as fal· as may be, acool·ding to their roots, and it will be seen that they thus fall into a smaller number of classC8 than might be supposed, and into diatinct clasaes. For the purpose of comparison with the nrchmological regions referred to, the corresponding names are claaaified in four groups :-1. Asia Minor, including Armenia, and with Caucasia, CI·ete, Cyprus, and the Asiatie islanda; 2nd. Greece, with the northel"ll regiona, including Thrace and lUyria, and with the Gl·eek ialanda; 31"d. Italy, with Istl·ia. Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica; 4th. Spain, with the Balearic 1slea. The names here gifen do not constitute the full list, but they are given cf)pioully, beca.use the CD.8t'S of identity are numerous and atriking, and if a few only were given they might be IUSpected to be lJl8I"ely casual coincidence. or freaks of language, such as may be pick<.'Ci out from the most discol·dant languages. Here it ia not BO, and care­ ful examination will show that the results must be true and what they ought to be. Digitized by Google TO PRE-HI~~~~I~ ARCIl.£OLOGY. PALEllTINE. ASIA ~IIIIOR, kC. GRBP.cK, doe. ITALY, .tC. SPAIN. KM Mosern ...... MlIsora, Cnpp. Arm. ~Illzam, Sicily Moscroth ... ltln.'II·lu .. f1el"118ium, .. Seramann, Pont"" ... Seramu8&, Paph. 'Kl"imisa, Brut. SormBllll, Pisiuia ' .. Zim&ra, Capp. Shimron ... lsmara " Zemarain ... Sismara, Ann. Min. Samaria ... EII8emara ,: Azaml1l10, Capp. KRD Rithmeh ... Rithlllnna, Crew ... Kardamnll", Lace. Eretma, Sab. ... Kertima, Tar. ~~th ...... Harlllathlls, Troad. ... .1 .... Myrtilis, LlIsit. M=".th ....larathlls, Crete Amwha Marnvmm, Sub, Marath"~ium, Imds Edom Amad ...... Amiua. Armcn. .. Amathia, Maceu. Amantin. Brllt. Hamath ... Amlltl,us. Cyprus Amathus. LacOD. " Jladia, Colchis HDN Temani ... imlma, Paph.
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