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History of India HISTORY OF INDIA VOLUME - 9 A Typical Indian Idol History of India Edited by A. V. Williams Jackson, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages in Columbia University Volume 9 – Historic Accounts of India by Foreign Travelers Classic, Oriental, and Occidental Collected and Arranged by A. V. Williams Jackson 1907 Reproduced by Sani H. Panhwar (2018) Introduction by the Editor In this volume I have endeavored to present a picture of India as it appeared to foreign travelers who visited it at different periods in its history. Greek, Latin, Chinese, Arabic, Persian, Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, French, and English sources have been drawn upon, since these are the historic nations which have come into direct or indirect contact with India. Among classical writers Strabo was given a preference, both for particular merits of his own and because his description of India includes the reports of his countrymen, Megasthenes, Onesikritos, and others, who accompanied Alexander the Great on his invading march into the land of the Indus. In the second chapter, in which the story of the practice of widow-burning, from the earliest ages to the time of its abolition, is told, space has been found for several Latin allusions, besides the Greek, Moslem, and European references to this ancient custom. The third chapter will be found to prove that the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, Hivan Tsang, was not only a pious devotee of India’s broader creed, but also a keen observer and careful recorder of what he saw in the land of the faith that he loved. For the earlier Moslem period I have chosen a selection from the famous al-Biruni and have added an excerpt from the Persian geographer Mustaufi, better known to us as al-Kazvini. The accounts by the Europeans give a good picture of the manner in which India presented itself to Occidental eyes from the end of the fifteenth century onward. The selections taken from Strabo are from the standard translation by Hamilton and Falconer, but I have carefully revised the version with the help of my pupil Mr. Charles J. Ogden. The chapter from Hivan Tsang is based upon the translation by Beal (“Buddhist Records”), but has been thoroughly remodeled and likewise compared with the version by Waters, this task being done for me by one of my students, Mr. Kentok Hori, a Buddhist priest of Japan. The selections from Roger’s early Dutch account of India have been translated for the first time into English by my friend and former pupil Dr. Louis H. Gray. Grateful acknowledgment is here made for the privilege of quoting at length several passages from the Hakluyt Society’s publications, Sachau’s al-Biruni, and Beauchamp’s translation of an account of suttee by the Abbe Dubois, the latter passage being among the citations in the second chapter. In all cases the sources to which I have been indebted are indicated in their proper places, and the text in general has been treated as in the preceding volumes. The illustrations are taken largely from original photographs or old prints, but useful aid, as in the preceding volumes, has been received from such well-known works on India as those of Rousselet, Beveridge, and Caine. It has been an advantage likewise to have the use of certain excellent photographs taken by the Rev. W. M. Zumbro, of Madura, Southern India. As I close this volume, the last of the series, it is with thanks again to Mr. Haas and Dr. Gray, who have given me such material assistance; my special thanks likewise are due to several members connected with the publishing staff, to whose ready help I am much indebted. This prefatory note is written on the eve of my departure for the third time to the Orient, and as I look back over the long ages of India’s history and its position in Asia, I can but be struck by the thought of the ever-increasing interest in the East felt by the West, and the growing importance of a knowledge of the great historic nations of the Land of the Dawn. A. V. Williams Jackson CONTENTS 1. ACCOUNT OF INDIA BY THE GREEK WRITER STRABO .. 1 2. THE PRACTICE OF SUTTEE, OR WIDOW BURNING, IN INDIA, ACCORDING TO GREEK, LATIN, ARABIC, PERSIAN, ITALIAN, DUTCH, FRENCH, AND ENGLISH ACCOUNTS .. .. .. 39 3. A DESCRIPTION OF INDIA IN GENERAL BY THE CHINESE BUDDHIST PILGRIM HIUAN TSANG .. .. .. 69 4. AL-BIRUNI'S ARABIC ACCOUNT OF THE HINDU RELIGION .. 88 5. AN ACCOUNT OF THE TEMPLE OF SOMNATH BY THE PERSIAN GEOGRAPHER KAZVINI .. .. .. .. .. 113 6. THE PORTUGUESE NAVIGATOR VASCO DA GAMA AT CALICUT AND HIS RECEPTION BY THE ZAMORIN .. .. 116 7. THE PORTUGUESE COMMANDER ALBUQUERQUE'S ENTRANCE INTO GOA AND DESCRIPTION OF MALABAR .. 128 8. HINDU MANNERS AND CUSTOMS AS DESCRIBED BY THE DUTCH MISSIONARY ABRAHAM ROGER .. .. .. 134 9. A DESCRIPTION OF BENGAL BY THE FRENCH VOYAGER FRANCOIS PYRARD DE LAVAL .. .. .. .. .. 159 10. THE ITALIAN TRAVELLER PIETRO DELLA VALLE'S DESCRIPTION OF AHMADABAD .. .. .. .. .. 166 11. SIR THOMAS ROE'S FIRST AUDIENCE WITH THE GREAT MOGUL .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 171 12. FRANCKLIN'S NOTES ON CEYLON AND ON SOUTHERN AND WESTERN INDIA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 176 Chapter 1 – Account of India by the Greek Writer Strabo First Century B.C. An Indian decorative design Among the interesting early accounts of India is one by the Greek geographer Strabo, who wrote in the first century before the Christian era. Strabo was an extensive traveler, and although he had not visited India itself, he had journeyed sufficiently in distant lands to be able to judge of the general characteristics of countries described by others, even if he himself had not seen them. His account of Hindustan he draws chiefly from Greek records of Alexander’s campaigns and of the historians of Seleukos. He frequently cites Megasthenes and Onesikritos, who accompanied the Macedonian conqueror on his victorious march through the East, but he places more confidence in Aristoboulos, who was likewise with Alexander on the expedition, and in Nearchos, the chief commander of Alexander’s fleet. Strabo’s account of India is found in the first portion of the fifteenth book of his Geography, and I have reproduced it here with a few unimportant omissions. He opens his description as follows:– The reader must receive this account of India with indulgence, for the country lies at a very great distance, and few persons of our nation have seen it; and those who have visited it have seen only some portions of it; the greater part of what they relate is from hearsay, and even what they saw, they observed during their passage through the country with an army, and in great haste. For this reason they do not agree in their accounts of the same things, although they write about them as if they had examined them with the greatest care and attention. Some of these writers were fellow soldiers and fellow travelers, for example, those who belonged to the army which, under the command of Alexander, conquered Asia; yet they frequently contradict each other. If, then, they differ so much respecting things which they had seen, what must we think of what they relate from hearsay? History of India, Volume 9; Copyright © www.sanipanhwar.com 1 Nor do the writers who, many ages since Alexander’s time, have given an account of these countries, nor even those who at the present time make voyages thither, afford any precise information. Apollodoros, for instance, author of the “History of Parthia,” when he mentions the Greeks who occasioned the revolt of Baktriane from the Syrian kings, who were the successors of Seleukos Nikator, says that when they became powerful they invaded India. He adds no new information to what was previously known, and even asserts, in contradiction to others, that the Baktrians had subjected to their dominion a larger portion of India than had the Macedonians; for Eukratidas (one of these kings) had a thousand cities subject to his authority. But other writers affirm 7, that the Macedonians conquered the nine nations situated between the Hydaspes (Jihlam) and the Hypanis (Bias), and obtained possession of five hundred cities, not one of which was less than Kos in Meropis (an island in the Aegean Sea), and that Alexander, after having conquered all this country, delivered it up to Poros. Coin of Alexander the Great Very few of the merchants who now sail from Egypt by the Nile and the Arabian Gulf to India have sailed around as far as the Ganges; and, being ignorant persons, are not qualified to give an account of places they have visited. From one place in India, and from one king, namely, Pandion, or, according to others, Poros, presents and embassies were sent to Augustus Caesar. With the ambassadors came the Indian sophist (or ascetic), who committed himself to the flames at Athens, like Kalanos, who exhibited the same spectacle in the presence of Alexander. If we set these stories aside and direct our attention to accounts of the country prior to the expedition of Alexander, we shall find them even more obscure. It is probable that Alexander, elated by his extraordinary good fortune, believed these accounts. According to Nearchos, he was ambitious of conducting his army through Gedrosia (Mekran) when he heard that Semiramis and Cyrus (Kyros) had undertaken expeditions against India (through this country), although both had abandoned the enterprise, the former escaping with twenty, and Cyrus with seven men only. For that History of India, Volume 9; Copyright © www.sanipanhwar.com 2 reason Alexander considered that it would be a glorious achievement for him to lead a conquering army safe through the same nations and countries where Semiramis and Cyrus had suffered such disasters; and he therefore gave credence to the stories.
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