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Luxembourg Resistance to the German Occupation of the Second World War, 1940-1945
LUXEMBOURG RESISTANCE TO THE GERMAN OCCUPATION OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1940-1945 by Maureen Hubbart A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS Major Subject: History West Texas A&M University Canyon, TX December 2015 ABSTRACT The history of Luxembourg’s resistance against the German occupation of World War II has rarely been addressed in English-language scholarship. Perhaps because of the country’s small size, it is often overlooked in accounts of Western European History. However, Luxembourgers experienced the German occupation in a unique manner, in large part because the Germans considered Luxembourgers to be ethnically and culturally German. The Germans sought to completely Germanize and Nazify the Luxembourg population, giving Luxembourgers many opportunities to resist their oppressors. A study of French, German, and Luxembourgian sources about this topic reveals a people that resisted in active and passive, private and public ways. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Elizabeth Clark for her guidance in helping me write my thesis and for sharing my passion about the topic of underground resistance. My gratitude also goes to Dr. Brasington for all of his encouragement and his suggestions to improve my writing process. My thanks to the entire faculty in the History Department for their support and encouragement. This thesis is dedicated to my family: Pete and Linda Hubbart who played with and took care of my children for countless hours so that I could finish my degree; my husband who encouraged me and always had a joke ready to help me relax; and my parents and those members of my family living in Europe, whose history kindled my interest in the Luxembourgian resistance. -
The London School of Economics and Political Science the New
The London School of Economics and Political Science The New Industrial Order: Vichy, Steel, and the Origins of the Monnet Plan, 1940-1946 Luc-André Brunet A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, July 2014 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 87,402 words. 2 Abstract Following the Fall of France in 1940, the nation’s industry was fundamentally reorganised under the Vichy regime. This thesis traces the history of the keystones of this New Industrial Order, the Organisation Committees, by focusing on the organisation of the French steel industry between the end of the Third Republic in 1940 and the establishment of the Fourth Republic in 1946. It challenges traditional views by showing that the Committees were created largely to facilitate economic collaboration with Nazi Germany. -
The Demarcation Line
No.7 “Remembrance and Citizenship” series THE DEMARCATION LINE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE General Secretariat for Administration DIRECTORATE OF MEMORY, HERITAGE AND ARCHIVES Musée de la Résistance Nationale - Champigny The demarcation line in Chalon. The line was marked out in a variety of ways, from sentry boxes… In compliance with the terms of the Franco-German Armistice Convention signed in Rethondes on 22 June 1940, Metropolitan France was divided up on 25 June to create two main zones on either side of an arbitrary abstract line that cut across départements, municipalities, fields and woods. The line was to undergo various modifications over time, dictated by the occupying power’s whims and requirements. Starting from the Spanish border near the municipality of Arnéguy in the département of Basses-Pyrénées (present-day Pyrénées-Atlantiques), the demarcation line continued via Mont-de-Marsan, Libourne, Confolens and Loches, making its way to the north of the département of Indre before turning east and crossing Vierzon, Saint-Amand- Montrond, Moulins, Charolles and Dole to end at the Swiss border near the municipality of Gex. The division created a German-occupied northern zone covering just over half the territory and a free zone to the south, commonly referred to as “zone nono” (for “non- occupied”), with Vichy as its “capital”. The Germans kept the entire Atlantic coast for themselves along with the main industrial regions. In addition, by enacting a whole series of measures designed to restrict movement of people, goods and postal traffic between the two zones, they provided themselves with a means of pressure they could exert at will. -
Synarchy Movement of Empire Book Ii
SYNARCHY MOVEMENT OF EMPIRE BOOK II THE MODERN SYNARCHY INTERNATIONAL by Pierre Beaudry LAVAL BEASTMAN OF VICHY LEESBURG, Va. June 20, 2005 1 DEDICATION This book is dedicated to the LaRouche Youth Movement (LYM) worldwide, and particularly to the French LYM, who deserve to know the truth about French history and world affairs. Previous generations of French citizens had settled their accounts with their immediate past history by either going to war, or by getting involved into absurd coups d'Etat, however, they never knew why they were doing so. My generation of Bohemian Bourgeois (BoBos) has not done that; it didn't care to do anything for history, nor for the future generations. It was only interested in lying and in taking care of "Me, Me, Me!" The problem that the youth of today are face with is that the truth about the French Revolution, about Napoleon Bonaparte, about the Synarchy, about the destruction of the Third Republic, or about Vichy has never been told. So, either the truth comes out now, and finally exorcises the French population as a whole, once and forever, or else the French nation is doomed to repeat the same mistakes of the past, again and again. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS BOOK II THE MODERN SYNARCHY INTERNATIONAL 1.1 SAINT YVES D'ALVEYDRE: THE SYNARCHY OF A ONE-WORLD EMPIRE …………… 8 ***** 1.2 INTRODUCTION 2.2 AGAINST THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA AND AMERICA 3.2 A SYNARCHIST CONSTITUTION FOR EUROPE 4.2 SYNARCHIST ALLIANCE AGAINST ISLAM AND THE "TARTARS" 5.2 THE EXCLUSION OF ISLAM 6.2 SAINT-YVES D'ALVEYDRE, A VICTIM OF BIPOLARITY 7.2 THE HATRED OF PLATO AND OF {AGAPE} 8.2 THE CREATION OF THE {ORDRE MARTINISTE ET SYNARCHIQUE} 9.2 THE MYSTICAL ORIGINS OF THE SYNARCHY DOCTRINE 10.2 EISENHOWER INVITED TO HEAD THE AMERICAN SYNARCHY . -
Personalities and Perceptions: Churchill, De Gaulle, and British-Free French Relations 1940-1941" (2019)
University of Vermont ScholarWorks @ UVM UVM Honors College Senior Theses Undergraduate Theses 2019 Personalities and Perceptions: Churchill, De Gaulle, and British- Free French Relations 1940-1941 Samantha Sullivan Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/hcoltheses Recommended Citation Sullivan, Samantha, "Personalities and Perceptions: Churchill, De Gaulle, and British-Free French Relations 1940-1941" (2019). UVM Honors College Senior Theses. 324. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/hcoltheses/324 This Honors College Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Theses at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in UVM Honors College Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Personalities and Perceptions: Churchill, De Gaulle, and British-Free French Relations 1940-1941 By: Samantha Sullivan Advised by: Drs. Steven Zdatny, Andrew Buchanan, and Meaghan Emery University of Vermont History Department Honors College Thesis April 17, 2019 Acknowledgements: Nearly half of my time at UVM was spent working on this project. Beginning as a seminar paper for Professor Zdatny’s class in Fall 2018, my research on Churchill and De Gaulle slowly grew into the thesis that follows. It was a collaborative effort that allowed me to combine all of my fields of study from my entire university experience. This project took me to London and Cambridge to conduct archival research and made for many late nights on the second floor of the Howe Library. I feel an overwhelming sense of pride and accomplishment for this thesis that is reflective of the work I have done at UVM. -
Albert Camus and the Clandestine Press
FROM RESISTANCE TO REVOLUTION: ALBERT CAMUS AND THE CLANDESTINE PRESS IN THE FRENCH RESISTANCE HONORS THESIS Presented to the Honors Committee of Texas State University-San Marcos in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation in the Honors College by Christian Penichet-Paul San Marcos, Texas May 2013 FROM RESISTANCE TO REVOLUTION: ALBERT CAMUS AND THE CLANDESTINE PRESS IN THE FRENCH RESISTANCE Thesis Supervisor: ________________________________ Kenneth H. Margerison, Ph.D. Department of History Approved: ____________________________________ Heather C. Galloway, Ph.D. Dean, Honors College COPYRIGHT by Christian Penichet-Paul May 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the process of writing this work, I benefited greatly from the encouragement and advice of my family, professors, and friends. I recognize that, without their support, I would not have succeeded in completing the task at hand. First, I must recognize and thank my parents, Alberto Penichet and Martha Paul, for the strong love and support they have always shown me. Their journey to provide me and my siblings with a better future and education is, in my opinion, the greatest testament to the tenacity of the human heart. I also thank Alan and Stephanie, my brother and sister, for their care and support. I know they have great futures with boundless opportunities ahead of them. I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Kenneth Margerison, for his superb advice and assistance in the writing of this piece. The task of supervising a thesis is not easy, and I truly appreciate the fact he gladly accepted this challenge from the beginning, during a very busy semester. I would also like to thank Dr. -
The Germans in France During World War II: Defeat, Occupation, Liberation, and Memory UCB-OLLI Bert Gordon [email protected] Winter 2020
The Germans in France During World War II: Defeat, Occupation, Liberation, and Memory UCB-OLLI Bert Gordon [email protected] Winter 2020 Introduction Collaboration, Resistance, Survival: The Germans in France During World War II - Defeat, Occupation, Liberation, and Memory Shortly before being executed for having collaborated with Nazi Germany during the German occupation of France in the Second World War, the French writer Robert Brasillach wrote that “Frenchmen given to reflection, during these years, will have more or less slept with Germany—not without quarrels—and the memory of it will remain sweet for them.” Brasillach’s statement shines a light on a highly charged and complex period: the four-year occupation of France by Nazi Germany from 1940 through 1944. In the years since the war, the French have continued to discuss and debate the experiences of those who lived through the war and their meanings for identity and memory in France. On 25 August 2019, a new museum, actually a transfer and extension of a previously existing museum in Paris, was opened to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the liberation of the French capital. Above: German Servicewomen in Occupied Paris Gordon, The Germans in France During World War II: Defeat, Occupation, Liberation, and Memory Our course examines the Occupation in six two-hour meetings. Each class session will have a theme, subdivided into two halves with a ten-minute break in between. Class Schedule: 1. From Victory to Defeat: France emerges victorious after the First World War but fails to maintain its supremacy. 1-A. The Interwar Years: We focus on France’s path from victory in the First World War through their failure to successfully resist the rise of Nazi Germany during the interwar years and their overwhelming defeat in the Second. -
German Jews in the Resistance 1933 – 1945 the Facts and the Problems © Beim Autor Und Bei Der Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand
Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand German Resistance Memorial Center German Resistance 1933 – 1945 Arnold Paucker German Jews in the Resistance 1933 – 1945 The Facts and the Problems © beim Autor und bei der Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand Redaktion Dr. Johannes Tuchel Taina Sivonen Mitarbeit Ute Stiepani Translated from the German by Deborah Cohen, with the exception of the words to the songs: ‘Song of the International Brigades’ and ‘The Thaelmann Column’, which appear in their official English-language versions, and the excerpt from Johann Wolfgang Goethe’s poem ‘Beherzigung’, which was translated into English by Arnold Paucker. Grundlayout Atelier Prof. Hans Peter Hoch Baltmannsweiler Layout Karl-Heinz Lehmann Birkenwerder Herstellung allprintmedia GmbH Berlin Titelbild Gruppe Walter Sacks im „Ring“, dreißiger Jahre. V. l. n. r.: Herbert Budzislawski, Jacques Littmann, Regine Gänzel, Horst Heidemann, Gerd Meyer. Privatbesitz. This English text is based on the enlarged and amended German edition of 2003 which was published under the same title. Alle Rechte vorbehalten Printed in Germany 2005 ISSN 0935 - 9702 ISBN 3-926082-20-8 Arnold Paucker German Jews in the Resistance 1933 – 1945 The Facts and the Problems Introduction The present narrative first appeared fifteen years ago, in a much-abbreviated form and under a slightly different title.1 It was based on a lecture I had given in 1988, on the occasion of the opening of a section devoted to ‘Jews in the Resistance’ at the Berlin Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, an event that coincided with the fiftieth anniversary of the Kristallnacht pogrom. As the Leo Baeck Institute in London had for many years been occupied with the problem, representation and analysis of Jewish self-defence and Jewish resistance, I had been invited to speak at this ceremony. -
Blurring the Lines Between Collaboration and Resistance: Women in Nazi Germany and Vichy and Nazi-Occupied France
W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects Summer 2016 Blurring The Lines between Collaboration and Resistance: Women in Nazi Germany and Vichy and Nazi-Occupied France Katherine Michelle Thurlow College of William and Mary - Arts & Sciences, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Thurlow, Katherine Michelle, "Blurring The Lines between Collaboration and Resistance: Women in Nazi Germany and Vichy and Nazi-Occupied France" (2016). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1499449836. http://doi.org/10.21220/S2908W This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Blurring the Lines between Resistance and Collaboration: Women in Nazi Germany and Vichy and Nazi-Occupied France during World War II Katherine Michelle Thurlow Aurora, Colorado Bachelor of Arts, University of Central Florida, 2013 A Thesis presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts Lyon G. Gardner Department of History The College of William and Mary January, 2017 © Copyright by Katherine Thurlow 2016 ii iii ABSTRACT PAGE In Nazi Germany and Vichy and Nazi-Occupied France during World War II, women were involved in numerous activities that fell upon a spectrum of resistance and collaboration. Although these two categories appear at first glance to be complete opposites, women were able to maneuver their society by going back and forth along the spectrum. -
The European Union and Memory of World War II Resistance Kara
Resistance to Memory: The European Union and Memory of World War II Resistance Kara Kupferberg Undergraduate Senior Thesis Department of History Columbia University April 4, 2018 Seminar Adviser: Marwa Elshakry Second Reader: Victoria de Grazia 1 Introduction The European memory project could be said to arise from the way in which the ‘New Europe’ of the European Union developed over the course of the 1990s. While the process of integration began in 1951 and progressed through 1987, in the 1990s the endeavor accelerated by expanding its objectives and expanding to Eastern Europe. As the economic and regulatory institutions developed into the robust bureaucracy of the European Union, there had been no proportionate growth of citizens’ capacity to identity with a pan-European culture nor an outlet for its activities to form a new European culture. The fall of the Soviet Union and the opportunity to expand the European project to the East necessitated the effort to promote a European identity through cultural initiatives. Narratives based on a shared collective memory that had been agreed upon in Western Europe over the prior four decades were challenged by Eastern narratives and became insufficient for building a broader Europe Union. The European Union’s engagement with questions of history and memory politics, reflects the understanding that citizens of its member states rarely see membership as more than an economic matter. European Union citizens are not individually empowered politically, and the European Union’s political decisions have been seen as damaging to national and personal interests. Therefore, European Union leadership has seen promoting a European identity as a way to compensate for the lack of direct political connection. -
Rural France, War, Commemoration and Memory the Relationship
Candidate number: 13049 Rural France, War, Commemoration and Memory The Relationship between the Past and Present A Microhistory Villecroze Aups 1 Candidate number: 13049 Contents: Chapter one: Introduction and Methodology……………………………………..pp. 3-12 Chapter two: The Experience of War in the Villages of Villecroze and Aups…..pp.13-28 Chapter three: The Legacies of War, Myths and Memory……………………….pp.29-42 Chapter four: Conclusion……………………………………………………….......pp.42-6 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………...pp.47-51 Appendix 1. Maps……………………………………………………………………p.52 Appendix 2. Photos…………………………………………………………………..pp.53-8 Appendix 3. Copy of questionnaire sent out……………………………………….pp.59-60 2 Candidate number: 13049 Chapter 1: Introduction and Methodology By the summer of 1940 the Vichy government had become the political authority in Southern France within which the Var region is situated. The presence of both Italian and German soldiers varied between villages as did the level of resistance. The Var remained under the control of Vichy until allied bombardments on 11th August 1944 and the arrival of Allied troops along the coast between le Dramont and Cavalaire on 15th August. Throughout the subsequent weeks the liberation of the region occurred village by village. 1 This dissertation provides a micro historical analysis of Villecroze and Aups, two villages in the Var. These two rural villages of Haute-Provence are approximately eight kilometres from each other with very little but dense forest in between. This dissertation carries out primary research into the social and cultural history of these villages and explores the relationship between the past and present, experience and memory. On the one hand this dissertation compares and contrasts everyday life within these two villages during World War Two (WWII). -
Historical Dictionary of World War II France Historical Dictionaries of French History
Historical Dictionary of World War II France Historical Dictionaries of French History Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution, 1789–1799 Samuel F. Scott and Barry Rothaus, editors Historical Dictionary of Napoleonic France, 1799–1815 Owen Connelly, editor Historical Dictionary of France from the 1815 Restoration to the Second Empire Edgar Leon Newman, editor Historical Dictionary of the French Second Empire, 1852–1870 William E. Echard, editor Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870–1940 Patrick H. Hutton, editor-in-chief Historical Dictionary of the French Fourth and Fifth Republics, 1946–1991 Wayne Northcutt, editor-in-chief Historical Dictionary of World War II France The Occupation, Vichy, and the Resistance, 1938–1946 Edited by BERTRAM M. GORDON Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Historical dictionary of World War II France : the Occupation, Vichy, and the Resistance, 1938–1946 / edited by Bertram M. Gordon. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–313–29421–6 (alk. paper) 1. France—History—German occupation, 1940–1945—Dictionaries. 2. World War, 1939–1945—Underground movements—France— Dictionaries. 3. World War, 1939–1945—France—Colonies— Dictionaries. I. Gordon, Bertram M., 1943– . DC397.H58 1998 940.53'44—dc21 97–18190 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright ᭧ 1998 by Bertram M. Gordon All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97–18190 ISBN: 0–313–29421–6 First published in 1998 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.