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Development of a Management Plan for Lake Attitash, Amesbury and Merrimac, Massachusetts

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Development of a Management Plan for Lake Attitash, Amesbury and Merrimac, Massachusetts Development of a Management Plan for Lake Attitash, Amesbury and Merrimac, Massachusetts Prepared by Water Resource Services, Inc. May 2016 Contents Introduction and Background ......................................................................................................... 1 Methods and Approach ................................................................................................................... 3 Review of Nutrient Budgets............................................................................................................ 6 Oxygen Demand Assessment ....................................................................................................... 13 Internal Load Assessment ............................................................................................................. 18 Modeling of Watershed and Lake ................................................................................................. 21 Target Phosphorus Concentration ................................................................................................. 25 Management Options Review ....................................................................................................... 26 Oxygenation Potential ................................................................................................................... 43 Phosphorus Inactivation Potential................................................................................................. 45 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 51 References ..................................................................................................................................... 52 Figures Figure 1. Lake Attitash and General Vicinity ................................................................................. 2 Figure 2. Lake Attitash Watershed ................................................................................................. 2 Figure 3. Lake Attitash Sediment Sampling Locations .................................................................. 5 Figure 4. Lake Attitash Secchi Transparency from 1977 to 1998 (from CDM 1999) .................... 7 Figure 5. Lake Attitash Secchi Transparency Summary (from USEPA 2014) .............................. 7 Figure 6. Lake Attitash Land Use Map (from CDM 1999) ............................................................ 8 Figure 7. Hypolimnetic Phosphorus Concentration Change (ug/L) in Lake Attitash in 2011 ..... 11 Figure 8. Epilimnetic Phosphorus Concentration Change (ug/L) in Lake Attitash in 2011 ......... 11 Figure 9. Dissolved Oxygen Profiles from 1998 (From CDM 1999) ........................................... 14 Figure 10. Extent of Anoxia from 2011 (From USEPA 2014) ..................................................... 15 Figure 11. Development of Anoxia in Lake Attitash in 2015....................................................... 17 Figure 12. Development of Anoxia in Lake Attitash in 2015....................................................... 17 Figure 13. Phosphorus in Lake Attitash in 2011 (From USEPA 2014)........................................ 19 Figure 14. Land Based (left) and Underwater (right) Elements of a Diffused Oxygen System ... 44 Figure 15. Schematic of a Sidestream Supersaturation Oxygenation System .............................. 44 Figure 16. Application of Aluminum............................................................................................ 46 Figure 17. Aluminum Assay Results for Lake Attitash Sediment ................................................ 48 Tables Table 1. Phosphorus Budget from 2011 Data (from USEPA 2014) ............................................. 10 Table 2. Calculation of Oxygen Demand ..................................................................................... 18 Table 3. Calculation of Phosphorus Release from Sediment in Lake Attitash ............................. 19 Table 4. Lake Attitash Sediment Features in 2015 ....................................................................... 20 Table 5. Land Use Data for the Watershed of Lake Attitash ........................................................ 22 Table 6. Loading Features for the Three Drainage Areas of Lake Attitash .................................. 22 Table 7. Total Phosphorus (ug/L) Based on 2001-2011 Data for the Lake Attitash System ....... 22 Table 8. Loading Summary for Current Conditions in Lake Attitash .......................................... 23 Table 9. Loading Comparison for Lake Attitash Management Scenarios .................................... 23 Table 10. Options for Control of Algae and Floating Plants (Adapted from Wagner 2001) ....... 27 Introduction and Background Lake Attitash covers 360 acres (145 hectares) in Amesbury and Merrimac, Massachusetts, not far from the New Hampshire border (Figure 1). The lake has a maximum depth of 32 feet (9 meters) and an average depth of just under 12 feet (3.6 meters). The watershed covers almost 2500 acres (just over 1000 hectares) and extends into New Hampshire. The main tributary is the Back River, entering from the west-northwest, with a much smaller secondary tributary entering from the southwest and additional direct drainage around the lake (Figure 2). The lake is used primarily for recreation, but is also a secondary water supply for the Town of Amesbury, and there are nearby wellfields. It has a public boat ramp and is heavily used by shoreline residents as well as day trippers. An excellent historical timeline has been provided by the USEPA (2014). Historically, Lake Attitash was used for water power for downstream mills, with its level raised by 3 feet in 1712 and water level issues continuing into the 1970s. Lake Attitash was a popular destination going back 100 years, and had many shoreline summer cottages with wells and on-site waste disposal systems. There were camps, dance halls, private beaches, and a host of supporting services. Popularity for day trips and development increased in the 1960s with the completion of Route 495. Until the Wetlands Protection Act was passed, considerable wetland area was impacted. The hydropower rights were sold to the Town of Amesbury in the mid-1960s and the lake became a back-up water supply, with the potential to release flows that reached the town intake downstream on the Powwow River. Conversion of summer places to year round dwellings progressed through the 1970s, with additional development in the 1980s, and public water and sewer were provided to most residences by the early 1990s. There has been some development since then, mostly as camps or other larger properties were sold and redeveloped, but additional building space is limited. Agricultural use has been substantial in the watershed, mainly in the drainage area of the Back River. The installation of tile drainage at the Sargent farm in the 1960s is believed to have greatly increased loading to the river, especially after the farm started accepting waste for composting. The addition of gelatin waste from Kraft Foods by permit in 2005 and possibly as early as 1989 less formallywas viewed as particularly problematic and was ceased in 2010. A number of farm drainage improvements have been made since the mid-1990s. There is single report of algae problems from 1944, but rooted plants were more of a problem through most of the twentieth century, suggesting limited algae blooms. The lake was considered to be moderately fertile in the 1970s, with reported blooms only late in that decade. Conditions have deteriorated since then, and Lake Attitash has experienced algae blooms for at least three decades, but with increasing frequency, severity and dominance by cyanobacteria. Algae blooms over the last decade have included the cyanobacteria Dolichospermum (formerly Anabaena), Aphanizomenon and Microcystis, with less abundant Aphanocapsa, Woronichinia, Pseudanabaena, Oscillatoria (probably actually Planktothrix), Gomphosphaeria, Anabaenopsis, Cylindrospermum and Synecchococcus or Cyanobium. Additionally, chorococcalean green algae, euglenoids and some dinoflagellates have been abundant at times. Summer algae biomass has typically been in the range of 3-8 mg/L, an elevated range. Taste and odor events have occurred, and toxicity (microcystin) has been detected. Page 1 Figure 1. Lake Attitash and General Vicinity Figure 2. Lake Attitash Watershed Page 2 Rooted plants include invasive Eurasian water milfoil and water chestnut as well as a range of native species, and nuisance densities are achieved in shallow water in many summers. However, the low clarity limits the extent of rooted plant coverage and density in deeper water. Water clarity is typically between 3 and 7 feet (1-2 meters) for most of the summer. Lake Attitash has been the subject of multiple investigations over several decades. Massachusetts state agencies studied the lake in the 1970s, and CDM conducted a major evaluation in the late 1990s. The USEPA performed a substantial study and review of available data in 2011, with a report in 2014. Additional data have been generated by the Lake Attitash Association (LAA) through summer monitoring and by the University of New Hampshire as part of spring and fall class activities and independent thesis research. The 1999 CDM report suggested management needs and options, and the LAA has followed up on many needs with the aid of Amesbury, Merrimac and various state agencies. Grants have
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