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Investigating the Effects of Winter Drawdowns on the Ecological Character of Littoral Zones in Massachusetts Lakes

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Investigating the Effects of Winter Drawdowns on the Ecological Character of Littoral Zones in Massachusetts Lakes University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses March 2020 INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF WINTER DRAWDOWNS ON THE ECOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF LITTORAL ZONES IN MASSACHUSETTS LAKES Jason R. Carmignani University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Carmignani, Jason R., "INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF WINTER DRAWDOWNS ON THE ECOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF LITTORAL ZONES IN MASSACHUSETTS LAKES" (2020). Doctoral Dissertations. 1816. https://doi.org/10.7275/j5k1-fz29 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/1816 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF WINTER DRAWDOWNS ON THE ECOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF LITTORAL ZONES IN MASSACHUSETTS LAKES A Dissertation Presented by JASON R. CARMIGNANI Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY February 2020 Organismic and Evolutionary Biology © Copyright by Jason R. Carmignani 2020 All Rights Reserved INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF WINTER DRAWDOWNS ON THE ECOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF LITTORAL ZONES IN MASSACHUSETTS LAKES A Dissertation Presented by JASON R. CARMIGNANI Approved as to style and content by: ___________________________________ Allison H. Roy, Chair ___________________________________ Andy J. Danylchuk, Member ___________________________________ Cristina Cox Fernandes, Member ___________________________________ Peter D. Hazelton, Member ___________________________________ Jason T. Stolarksi, Member ___________________________________ Paige S. Warren, Department Head Organismic and Evolutionary Biology DEDICATION To my parents, the scuds, and the exploration of freshwater ecosystems ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank my partner, Brittany, for her endless emotional and intellectual support throughout this project. Without her humor and care, I would not have made it up to this point. Thank you for your absurdity. Secondly, I deeply thank my advisor, Dr. Allison Roy. By example and direct training, she has developed me into a better ecologist, writer, and project manager. Her care, diligence, and direction made this project more than I could have imagined. I’m excited to work with you in the future! Thanks to Dr. Jason Stolarksi for all his critical fieldwork assistance, numerical insight, and grounded scientific ideas. His comradery on the water and rallying of field help made this work possible and enjoyable. I want to thank Dr. Peter Hazelton. His expansive breadth of knowledge of freshwater mussels, freshwater ecology in general, and conservation science substantially improved this project. Thanks for your commitment in protecting and restoring Massachusetts’ freshwater species. I also want to thank Dr. Andy Danylchuk and Dr. Cristina Fernandes for providing key perspective and insight to this project. Your dedication as committee members greatly improved this dissertation and expanded my thinking. I want to give special thanks to Todd Richards for his continued encouragement and essential perspective on this project. His dedication to protect and continuously improve management of freshwater resources and ecosystems in Massachusetts is an inspiration. v To all the former and current Roy lab members including: Julianne Rossett, Steven Mattocks, Kate Bentsen, Meghna Marjadi, Allyson Scud Yarra Emily Argo, Peter Zaidel, Matt Devine, Bob Smith, Rachel Katz, Sean Sterrett, Ayla Skorupa, Virginia Martell, Joy Trahan-Liptak, Jenn Ryan, Kate Abbott, and Alec Baker. Thank you for your critique, insights, generosity, and absurdity! You are truly an inspirational crew and this ride would have been dull and hollow without you. I want to sincerely thank all the field and lab technicians and volunteers who helped to collect data over long hot and cold days on the water and in the lab to process seemingly endless fish and bugs. Specifically, I want to thank Gillian Gundersen, Kate Stankiewicz, Tansy Remiszewski, Alex Groblewski, Renee Bouldin, Alex Ahlquist, and Holly Giard for their hard work and integrity. I also want to thank Jeff Salacup and Brian Yellen for their geochemical assistance. I want to give a special thanks to my graduate student cohorts in OEB and ECo. Their friendship helped through the years, more than they know. I also want to thank the USGS-UMass Coop Unit for providing logistical support and equipment to facilitate this research. Specifically, I want to thank Dr. Stephen DeStefano, Jill Prosciak, and Deb Wright for making the Coop Unit a conducive environment for research. I give special thanks to all the lake and pond associations, the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, and other environmental state agencies of the Northeast region who provided sustained encouragement of this research to better understand and manage our lake ecosystems. vi Lastly, I want to thank the funders that supported me and insured the quality of this project over the years including the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, the Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Program at UMass, and the Water Resources Research Center. Without MassWildlife’s devotion to conserve and understand our freshwater ecosystems, this project would have been impossible. vii ABSTRACT INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF WINTER DRAWDOWNS ON THE ECOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF LITTORAL ZONES IN MASSACHUSETTS LAKES FEBRUARY 2020 JASON R. CARMIGNANI, B.A., CLARK UNIVERISTY M.A., CLARK UNIVERSITY Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Allison H. Roy Anthropogenic alteration of water levels in lakes is a major stressor to the ecological integrity of littoral zones, which provide critical heterogenous resources that support diverse biological communities. Annual winter drawdowns have been practiced in Massachusetts (MA) for several decades; however, few studies have estimated impacts to littoral zone habitat and biological communities, particularly at relatively mild magnitudes (i.e., <2 m) and in lakes that co-occur with other anthropogenic pressures (e.g., lakeshore development) as seen in MA lakes. My dissertation reviewed the winter drawdown literature and collected empirical data in MA lakes to characterize winter drawdown hydrological regimes and estimate responses of physical habitat (macrophytes, sediment texture, coarse wood), macroinvertebrate assemblages, and mussel assemblages to variable levels of drawdown magnitude. Through a stratified random selection approach, I selected 21 MA lakes (18 drawdown, 3 non-drawdown) based on drawdown information from an email survey to local conservation commissions and lake and pond associations. I continuously monitored water levels for 3–4 years within these lakes that represented a drawdown magnitude gradient. Drawdown regimes displayed considerable viii inter- and intra-lake variability in the timing and duration of annual drawdown events. The majority of winter drawdown events were incongruous to MA state issued timing guidelines, particularly for April 1st refill dates. In the same set of lakes, I found increased drawdown magnitude was correlated with coarser substrates and reduced silt, reductions in macrophyte biomass and biovolume, and proportional increases of macrophyte taxa with annual longevity strategy and amphibious growth form. During normal water levels, I found markedly lower freshwater mussel densities at drawdown-exposed depths compared to the same depths in non-drawdown lakes. I also found drawdown magnitude significantly structured macroinvertebrate taxonomic and functional composition with evidence that suggests several drawdown-sensitive taxa (e.g., Amnicola) and traits (e.g., semivoltinism). To minimize losses to lake ecological integrity, winter drawdown management should consider the extent of lakebed and littoral zone area exposed during drawdowns, incorporate depth-specific monitoring efforts for susceptible biota (e.g., mussels), and anticipate water level responses to climate change. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ v ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xv LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 References ............................................................................................................... 7 2. ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF WINTER WATER LEVEL DRAWDOWNS ON LAKE LITTORAL ZONES: A REVIEW .............................................................. 9 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 9 Physicochemical Changes ....................................................................................
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