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Patterns of Ecological Performance and Aquatic Insect Diversity in High University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2012 Patterns of Ecological Performance and Aquatic Insect Diversity in High Quality Protected Area Networks Jason Lesley Robinson University of Tennessee Knoxville, [email protected] Recommended Citation Robinson, Jason Lesley, "Patterns of Ecological Performance and Aquatic Insect Diversity in High Quality Protected Area Networks. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2012. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1342 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Jason Lesley Robinson entitled "Patterns of Ecological Performance and Aquatic Insect Diversity in High Quality Protected Area Networks." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. James A. Fordyce, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: J. Kevin Moulton, Nathan J. Sanders, Daniel Simberloff, Charles R. Parker Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) Patterns of Ecological Performance and Aquatic Insect Diversity in High Quality Protected Area Networks A Dissertation Presented for The Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Jason Lesley Robinson May 2012 Copyright © 2012 by Jason Lesley Robinson All rights reserved. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Any dissertation is a fruit of the joint efforts of many people and I will never be able to fully list those persons here. But above all others, I would like to thank my loving wife Jill for the support, patience, tolerance, encouragement and clarity of focus that was absolutely necessary for me to complete this project. Next, I would like to mention my committee members. First, mentor, advisor, and friend Chuck Parker. Chuck hired me to work on the project that eventually became the basis of much of this research, patiently taught me to how to extend my taxonomic skills to adult aquatic insects and taught me to enjoy opera. Nate Sanders has been a supreme example of how to mentor graduate students and maturing ecologists. In many independent ways this dissertation could not have proceeded without Nate’s generous and magnanimous support and advice. Jim Fordyce took me on as a graduate student knowing full well that I was interested in the far more interesting branch of Amphiesmenoptera than is his usual focus, and has been an exemplar of how to encourage without advocating. Whenever I have been stuck, needed someone to discuss ideas or found myself drowning in a sea of R code Jim has been there to throw me a rope and toss me back in the pool. Dan Simberloff has shaped the development of my ideas about what ecology is and does in ways that cannot be learned from literature or books, as well as my personal growth as a musician and a human being and not just as an ecologist. Kevin Moulton has dedicated his time, specimens and lab space to my early attempts to settle on a dissertation topic, taught me more about insects than I had ever imagined I might know. iii Many other people have been instrumental along this path, providing discussion, assistance or encouragement: Andy Bartley, Bruce Bauer, Steve Beaty, Greg Crutsinger, Dylan Dietrich-Reed, Corey Dugan, David A. Etnier, Ben Fitzpatrick, Matt Fitzpatrick, Steve Furches, CJ Geraci, Melissa Geraghty, Stan Guffey, Steve Harris, Lauren Harvey, Darrin Hulsey, Phillip Hollingsworth, Jonathan Hulvey, Jennifer Joice, Dan Jones, Jennifer Krauel, JP Lessard, Zach Marion, Gary McCracken, John Morse, Matt Niemiller, Dave Penrose, Greg Pond, Johnathan Pruitt, Graham Reynolds, Dave Ruiter, Frank Spilker, Ian Stocks, Beth Summers, Tony VanWinkle, John Weaver, Xin Zhou and others I have certainly omitted. The Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Tennessee has supported me in many vital ways, from funding my participation in a species distribution modeling workshop in Arizona to providing me an opportunity to further my research and teaching skills as I worked to complete my degree. The National Park Service and United States Geological Survey funded and permitted much of the work that I used in this dissertation. The Highlands Biological Station has played an integral role in my development as a scientist and has funded summer research efforts that have proven valuable in many ways professional, academic and personal. iv ABSTRACT Protected areas are at the heart of plans for biodiversity conservation. Networks of protected areas may provide opportunities to protect conservation targets or objectives not attainable for single parcels of land. The landscape of potential decisions available to conservation planners is constrained by uncertainty about the form of future climate states. New methods are available that can provide objective assessments of the direction and magnitude of shifts in climate regimes that are not first filtered through theoretical responses of biodiversity. Successful predictions of where, in protected area networks, climates are most likely to change, or most likely to remain in situ, would be valuable information for planners and conservationists. As climate change influences the potential distribution of plants and animals on the landscape, the realized effects of these changes will be determined in part by the capacity for dispersal among habitats, including protected areas. Understanding the processes that generate species diversity first requires describing the patterns; for aquatic insect species in the southeastern United States these patterns are not fully known. I describe the composition of aquatic insect assemblages in national parks as a function of the size and distance between parks, composition of regional source pools, position along environmental gradients and assessments of the perceived imperilment of individual aquatic insect species. I compare turnover among habitats and parks to test hypotheses about the partitioning of species diversity among sites, including general comparisons of headwater and mid-order streams and more explicit hypotheses on the structure of turnover along spatial and environmental gradients. Benthic data on family or genera level identifications cannot adequately test these hypotheses because the lack of taxonomic resolution obscures the sources of compositional dissimilarity between sites. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS….............................................................................iii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………v CHAPTER I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….1 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………..2 Background.…………………………………………………………………………………….3 Motivations for protected area conservation………………………………….4 Chapter II………………………………………………………………………………………...6 Chapter III………………………………………………………………………………………..9 Chapter IV….……………………….………………………………………………………….13 Future directions…………………………………………………………………………….16 References…….……………………………………………………………………………….17 Appendix I Figures and Tables……………………………………………………….21 CHAPTER II. A METHOD FOR PREDICTING IN SITU CLIMATE REFUGIA AND FUTURE CONNECTIVITY IN PROTECTED AREA NETWORKS………………………23 Abstract….……………………………………………………………………………………...24 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………...26 Methods………………………………………………………………………………………...31 Results…………………………………………………………………………………………...33 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………36 References……………………………………………………………………………………..41 Appendix II. Figures and Tables…………………………………………………..…46 CHAPTER III. PREVALENCE OF IMPERILED AQUATIC INSECT SPECIES IN A HIGH QUALITY PROTECTED AREA NETWORK…………………………………………..63 Abstract….………………………………………………………………………………………64 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………66 vi Methods…………………………………………………………………………………………68 Results……………………………………………………………………………………………72 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………75 References……………………………………………………………………………………..84 Appendix III. Figures and Tables…………………………………………………….88 CHAPTER IV. CADDISFLY SPECIES TURNOVER ALONG HYDROLOGICAL GRADIENTS AND ACROSS VARYING SOURCE POOLS................................102 Abstract….…………………………………………………………………………………….103 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….105 Methods….…………………………………………………………………………..……….110 Results….…………………………………………………………………………..………….115 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………..….…….118 References……………………………………………………………………..….…………126 Appendix IV. Figures and Tables………………………………………..….…….131 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………………..150 Chapter II………………………………………………………………………………………150 Chapter III………………………………………………………………….…………………151 Chapter IV…………………………………………………………………………………….152 VITA…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………155 vii LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION No Tables CHAPTER II. A METHOD FOR PREDICTING IN SITU CLIMATE REFUGIA AND FUTURE CONNECTIVITY IN PROTECTED AREA NETWORKS Table II-1. Climate footprint dynamics for 163 national parks in two future climate scenarios………………………………………………………………………47 Table
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