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2010, Nr. 2: Myter religionspædagogisk forum redaktion: keld skovmand, lene therkelsen, søren holst, michael riis, john rydahl, allan friis clausen Myter foru Om myten – en indkredsning jens hestbech M Mytologi i Det nye Testamente Geert hallbäck Ude af øje, ude af sind – hvad gør man, når myten skal under huden? katrine frøkjær baUnviG Guder, Grundtvig og grønne skove – receptionen af nordisk mytologi i Danmark vinni bøGelUnD Det skrøbelige menneske – myten i Paul ricoeurs fortolkningsteori inGrid Ank Modernitetens religion og myter – et religionspædagogisk grundlag? jørn Bjerre Myter i historien – eller er historien myter? jens aaGe poulsen Myter i faget kristendomskundskab – hvorfor og hvordan? Preben Meldom Hansen religionspædagogisk 2 2 RPFReligionspædagogisk Forlag 2010 2010 E-bøger fra Eksistensen På www.Eksistensen.dk finder du over 250 e-bogstitler, der spænder over emnerne filosofi, religion, undervisning, teologi og eksistens Du kan også finde studie- og undervisningsrettede e-bøger fra Eksistensen på Lix.com ůŝdž INDHOLD Introduktion / 3 Jens HestbecH Om myten – en indkredsning / 7 Geert Hallbäck Mytologi i Det Nye Testamente / 17 katrine FrøkJær baunviG Ude af øje, ude af sind – hvad gør man, når myten skal under huden? / 30 vinni bøGelund Guder, Grundtvig og grønne skove – receptionen af nordisk mytologi i Danmark / 40 inGrid ank Det skrøbelige menneske – Myten i Paul Ricoeurs fortolkningsteori / 50 Jørn bJerre Modernitetens religion og myter – et religionspædagogisk grundlag? / 65 Jens aaGe Poulsen Myter i historien – eller er historien myter? / 84 Preben MedoM Hansen Myter i faget Kristendomskundskab – hvorfor og hvordan? / 103 Religionspædagogisk FoRum 2010: 2 1 INTRODUKTION Myter hører hjemme i religionernes verden. Men jo også i en række andre områder i tilværelsen: politik, historie, sport, kultur… – overalt hvor man bruger og har brug for forestillinger og fortællinger, der er 'bigger than life' eller måske netop på højde med livet – og dermed nok så virkelige som blot og bar sande i faktuel forstand. Myter er måder at forstå og håndtere virkeligheden på. Men om myter er farlige eller frugtbare måder at forstå og håndtere på, vil der måske opstå uenighed om – fra historiefag til religionsfag, fra situation til situation, fra tid til anden - og måske fra myte til myte? Er der forskelle på myter i religionernes verden, deres art og funktion – og i de øvrige verdener? Er der forskelle på religiøse myter – og andre typer myter? Ordet ”myte” indgår i praktisk sprogbrug i to meget forskellige betydninger. Religionsvidenskabeligheden læner sig op ad Platon og den græske tradition: En myte er en fortælling, der skaber virkelighed ved at fortælle meningen med den erfarede verden frem. Dagligsproget, journalistikken – (og måske også dele af historiefaget?) er derimod på linje med Det Nye Testamente (2 Pet 1,16): En myte er en løgnehistorie – den skjuler sandheden, snarere end at lade den komme til syne. Frem for at svinge den religionsfaglige hammer og insistere på, at en myte er en gudefortælling, har vi valgt at lade flere betydninger af ordet spille med i tilrettelæggelsen af dette nummer. Tvetydigheden består og er med til at sætte emnet i relief – og eventuelt på spidsen: Myter er ikke et ord, religionerne bruger om deres egne forestil- linger og tekster. I dag kommer ordet udefra, fra religionsvidenskaben, når den skelner mellem religiøse fænomener, myte og ritual, forstået som hhv. forestillinger og handlinger – eller mellem religiøse fortæl- legenrer, myte, sagn og legende, med stigende grad af genkendeligt virkelighedsindhold. Der er en distance, et kritisk moment, i betegnelsen 'myte'. Kristne er ikke helt trygge ved betegnelsen Kristusmyten, fx. Men måske er det en utryghed, der burde være passé i kraft af, at den erkendelse breder sig i de fleste videnskaber, at fortolkning er et uundslippeligt vilkår for virkelighedsforståelse – og at den objektive virkelige virkelighed ikke Religionspædagogisk FoRum 2010: 2 3 lader sig isolere, dernede under det mytiske røgslør. Det betyder ikke, at kritik af myter er umulig – men at fokus for kritikken må være den brug af myter, der faktisk finder sted, snarere end et fokus på ’løgnagtige myter’ contra ’skinbarlig virkelighed’. For er mytebrug ikke ‘the only game in town’ ? Det tyder mange bidrag i dette nummer på. Men så er det vel undervisningens – og religionsundervisningens – opgave at gøre eleverne/de studerende ikke kun til iagttagere og kvalificerede kritikere af myterne, men også til kvalificerede brugere af dem? Som når det i det nu tidligere formål for folkeskolens historiefag hed, at undervisningen skulle fremme elevernes indsigt i, at mennesker er historieskabte såvel som historieskabende. – Tør vi sige: myteskabte, såvel som myteskabende? Myter handler om at fortolke sin virkelighed – og andres opfattelse af virkeligheden. Myter indgår således, både i form af religiøse og andre myter, i nutidens identitetspolitik: Hvem er vi – og hvem er de? Myten om 'mennesket', som det afspejles i menneskerettighedstænkningen, kunne være et andet eksempel. Nationalistiske myter over for universalistiske myter. Således forstået er det nærliggende at overveje, om begrebet myte ligefrem kunne blive et højaktuelt fælles indholdsområde for tværfagligt samarbejde, fx et projektopgavetema i skolens sammenhæng – eller et AT-område i gymnasiets sammenhæng. Myter er måder at håndtere virkelighed på. Men de skal også selv håndteres. Og religionsfaget skal yde sit bidrag til en kvalificeret omgang med myter – i samspil med andre fagligheder. Dette nummer af RPForum ønsker at være et bidrag til netop det. RPForum 2010/2 lægger ud med nogle helt grundlæggende religionsvidenskabelige definitioner af og karakteristika ved ’myte’ (Hestbech). De nuancerende karakteristikker af myte og mytologi fortsættes i bidraget om den forudsatte myte i Det Nye Testamente (Hallbäck). Grundtvigs fælleskabs- og identitetsstiftende mytearbejde ved hjælp af salmer og sange fremstår fra en ny vinkel set gennem Durkheims sociologiske briller (Frøkjær Baunvig), mens en anden form for aktualisering af den nordiske mytologi fremgår af Bøgelunds artikel. Derefter følger to artikler om forholdet mellem myten og det moderne, den ene med symbolisering og Ricouer (Ank), den anden med selve 4 intRoduktion modernitetens normativitet og Durkheim, igen, som omdrejningspunkt (Bjerre). Nummeret slutter helt tæt på skolens virkelighed med to artikler om myter og brug af myter i såvel historien som i historiefaget (Poulsen) – og om undervisning både i og med myter i faget kristendomskundskab (Medom Hansen). Et bud på et muligt fællestræk mellem de fleste af artiklerne kunne være, at forholdet mellem myte og modernitet i hvert fald ikke lader sig dækkende beskrive som et enten-eller forhold. Men døm selv! God læselyst. Redaktionen Religionspædagogisk FoRum 2010: 2 5 6 Om myten – en indkredsning Af Jens Hestbech, lektor, Christianshavns Gymnasium, København Det er nyttigt at overveje mytebegrebets afgrænsning og historie. Men sammen med afklaringen vil man erfare, at en entydig og stabil afgrænsning ikke er helt let. Dermed skærpes opmærksomheden på at identificere den specifikke betydning af begrebet myte, når dette begreb dukker op i faglige og offentlige sammenhænge. Myte – betydning og funktion Der findes næppe religion uden myter. At religionens sprog adskiller sig fra videnskabens, er en trivialitet. Religionernes sprog er involverende og deltagende, de religiøse systemer begrundes altid i autoritative beretninger om de grundlæggende magter, der skaber og styrer verden. Set indefra (emic) er disse fortællinger ikke blot poetiske spekulationer om verden, men hellige ord og modeller af afgørende betydning for deltagernes liv. Fortællingerne er ”verdensskabende og verdensopretholdende”. De er kulturernes og religionernes ”sande” fortællinger om ”guder” og magter. Begrebet og ordet myte er blevet betegnelsen for disse fortællinger. Udefra set (etic) er myterne ”de troendes privilegium, de vantros spott og vitenskapens undersøkelsesobjekt” (Gilhus og Mikaelsson 2001, 104). Ordet myte er jo græsk og havde fra starten både positive og negative konnotationer. Mythos betød det, der ytredes med munden: en erklæring, en ordre, en tale, en historie. Homer bruger modsætningen mythos (ord-tale) contra ergon (gerning-handling). Efterhånden bliver ordet betegnelsen for traditionens ældste og hellige fortællinger om verdens oprindelse, om guder og halvguder. Modsætningen hertil bliver Religionspædagogisk FoRum 2010: 2 7 først epos (ordet forstået som den menneskelige/profane fortælling) og dernæst med sofisternelogo s (ordet som rationel konstruktion, fornuften). Dermed lader filosoffernemythos betegne en poetisk, fantastisk fortælling i modsætning til det sande diskursive sprog; men andre bruger mythos som betegnelse for tingenes oprindelige tilstand i modsætning til de blot menneskelige, overfladiske ord. Også i dag bruges ordet ofte negativt, det betegner illusion, fordom, falsk eller uverificeret forestilling om et eller andet; myter er noget der skal afsløres. I grunden er denne negative myteforståelse en afspejling af en bibelsk tradition, der overtages af rationalismen: Det Nye Testamente kontrasterer myternes forfængelighed med evangeliets sandhed (fx 1 Tim 1,4; 4,7; 2 Tim 4,4 og 2 Pet 1,16). Heller ikke i dag kalder religionernes egne repræsentanter deres egne ”hellige” fortællinger for myter. De kristne teologer taler om Frelseshistorien, sjældent om Kristusmyten. Men i kristendommen er der en lang tradition for at tolke myterne eksistentielt,
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