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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has bean reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9 " black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Com pany 300 North Z eeb Road^ Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313 751-4700 800,521-0600 Order Number 9120663 Convergence and divergence in the “Islamic” republics of the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire: 1913-1988. (Volumes I and n) Gross, Robert Douglas, Ph.D. Thi Ohio State University, 1991 UMI 300 N.ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 NOTE TO USERS THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENT RECEIVED BY U.M.I. CONTAINED PAGES WITH SLANTED PRINT. PAGES WERE FILMED AS RECEIVED. THIS REPRODUCTION IS THE BEST AVAILABLE COPY, CONUERGENCE AND DIUERGENCE IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLICS OF THE SOUIET UNION AND THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: 1913 - 1900 Uolume I DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School of the Ohio State Uniuerslty 3y Robert D. Gross, O R., C.S.T.R.S.S., M R. The Ohio State Uniuerslty 1991 Dissertation Committee: Rpproued by Emilio Casetti S. Earl Oroiun _____ _____________ Emilio Casetti Yuri U. Meduedkou Department of Geography HCKNOIULEDGEMENTS There are several people who have provided assistance directly or indirectly in the completion of this dissertation and the PhD. program. The people cited below are by no means all the persons involved, but those who have played the most important roles. First and foremost i would like lo thank the members of the dissertation committee. Professor Emilio Casetti, Professor S. Earl Brown, and Professor Yuri Medvedkov have all played key roles in the creation, the analysis, and the polishing of this dissertation into its final form. From Professor Casetti I received the original inspiration for this topic and the push to carry it through. Professor Brown has played a leading role in the organization and coherency of this work. Professor Medvedkov provided a great deal of information for the data, the Soviet materials, and how to use them. I would like to thank Professor Philip Stewart of the Political Science Department for his participation in the PhD. general enaminations and Professor Gene Mumy of the Economics Department for his participation in the dissertation oral enamination. Doctor Predrag Matejic has given considerable assistance by providing the word processor used for producing this dissertation, offering assistance on how to use It most efficiently, as well as valuable advice based on his own dissertation work here at the Ohio State University. I also would like to thank Professor Uera Herman of the Ohio State University, Sister Camilla Mullay of the Ohio Dominican College, and Doctor Philip Heath of Ohio State - Lima Campus for their encouragement and assistance in my teaching ewperience during my Ph.D. program. I should once again thank Professor Casetti and Professor Brown, for their recommendations after the defense of the Master's Research Paper made It possible for me to receive my teaching position at Ohio State and to enter the Ph.D. program. uiTn December 50,1955 ...................Bom - Roanoke, Uirginia June 1976 ................................... B.R., German, Ohio State Uniuerslty March 1977 - Rugust 1978 . Indener-Translator, Current Digest of the Souiet Press, Columbus, Ohio June 1980 ................................... Certificate for Specialist in Trans lating from the Russian Social Sciences, Ohio State Uniuerslty June 1980 - February 1981 . Es^glish Language instructor, Huazhong Institute of Technology, Wuhan, PRC July 1981 - July 1987 .... Translator, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio June 1985 .........................M R., Geography, Ohio State Uniuersity Sept. 1986 - March 1990 . Geography instructor, Ohio State Uniuersity (Columbus and Marlon), Ohio Dominican College September 1990 - .................. Geography Instructor, Ohio State Uniuersity - Lima Campus FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Geography III TABLE OF CONTENTS flCKNOUJLEOGEMENTS ........................................................................... ii Ü IT fl............................................................................................................... iii L!ST OF TABLES.................................................................................................. uii L8ST OF FIGURES ....................................................... HiU CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION............................................................. 1 A. Background ................................................................. 1 B. Goal üf the Dissertation .................................... 4 CHAPTER II. ECONOMIC QUALITY AND EQUALITY................................... 0 A. Standard of Liuing ...................................................... 0 B. Regional Inequality .................................................. 11 CHAPTER III. ISLAMIC SOUIET UNION....................................................... 16 A. Definition of a M u s lin ; ............................................... 16 B. Reasons for Moscoui's Concern .............................. 19 C. Policies for Islamic Regions and Peoples . 25 0. Recent Trends and E u e n ts ........................................ 27 CHAPTER lU. METHODS OF STUDY.............................................................. 54 A. Republic-Leuel Data .................................................. 54 B. Time Periods C hosen .................................................. 56 C. Conuergence/Diuergence ......................................... 59 lU CHAPTER U. üflRIRBLES STUDIED............................................................. 42 fi. Enuironmental ............................................................. 42 B. Enuironmental-Behauioral ..................................... 55 C. Behauiorai .................................................................... 63 5. rëîridië~Naî6 Ratios .................................................. 71 E. Data Origin ............................ 81 CHfiPTER Ul. DflILV ENÜIRONMENT.......................................................... 82 fi. Introduction ................................................................ 82 B. Ethnie Balance and Urbanization ........................... 83 C. Employment ................................................................ 98 D. Domestic ............................................................ 150 E. Medical Gare and H e a l t h ............................................ 162 F. Summary of Results ................................................... 191 CHAPTER un. ENUIRONMENT-BEHfiUIOR................................................... 194 fi. Introduction ................................................................ 194 B. Education ....................................................................... 195 C. Prestige and Politics ................................................... 216 D. Goods and S eru ices ...................................................... 229 E. Summary of Results .................................................. 251 CHfiPTER UIII.BEHfiUIOR .......................................................................... 255 fl. Introduction ................................................................ 255 B. Migration ................................................................... 255 C. Marriage and Diuorce ............................................... 260 D. Children .......................................... 277 E. Summary of Results ................................................... 29C CHAPTER IH. FEMfiLE-MflLE RfiTIOS ...................................................... 302 fi. Introduction .............................................. 302 6. Residency and Employment ..................................... 303 C. Education ................................................................... 317 D. Prestige and Politics ................................................... 328 E. Summary of Results .................................................. 335 u CHAPTER H. CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 341 A. Purpose and G oals ...................................................... 341 B. Findings of D isse rta tio n ............................................ 344 C. Further Study .......................................................