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Traditional Society in Transition: the Yemeni Jewish Experience the Brill Reference Library of Judaism Traditional Society in Transition: The Yemeni Jewish Experience The Brill Reference Library of Judaism Editors Alan J. Avery-Peck (College of the Holy Cross) William Scott Green (University of Rochester) Editorial Board David Aaron, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinnati Herbert Basser, Queen’s University Bruce D. Chilton, Bard College José Faur, Netanya College Neil Gillman, Jewish Theological Seminary of America Mayer I. Gruber, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Ithamar Gruenweld, Tel Aviv University Maurice-Ruben Hayoun, University of Geneva Arkady Kovelman, Moscow State University David Kraemer, Jewish Theological Seminary of America Baruch A. Levine, New York University Alan Nadler, Drew University Jacob Neusner, Bard College Maren Niehoff, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Gary G. Porton, University of Illinois Aviezer Ravitzky, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Dov Schwartz, Bar Ilan University Günter Stemberger, University of Vienna Michael E. Stone, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Elliot Wolfson, New York University VOLUME 39 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/brlj Traditional Society in Transition: The Yemeni Jewish Experience By Bat-Zion Eraqi Klorman LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Yemeni Jewish Family in Rishon le-Zion (1920s). Courtesy of Rishon Le-Zion Museum. Klorman, Bat-Zion Eraqi, author. Traditional society in transition : the Yemeni Jewish experience / by Bat-Zion Eraqi Klorman. pages ; cm. — (The Brill reference library of Judaism) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-27290-3 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-27291-0 (e-book) 1. Jews—Yemen (Republic)—History—19th century. 2. Jews—Yemen (Republic)—History—20th century. 3. Jews—Yemen (Republic)—Social life and customs. 4. Jews—Religious life—Yemen (Republic) 5. Jews, Yemeni—Israel— History—20th century. 6. Jews, Yemeni—Israel—Social life and customs. 7. Yemen (Republic)—Ethnic relations. I. Title. DS135.Y4K468 2014 305.892’405330904—dc23 2014005544 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1571-5000 isbn 978 90 04 27290 3 (hardback) isbn 978 90 04 27291 0 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents Acknowledgements vi 1 Introduction 1 2 Jewish Enlightenment and the Kabbala Dispute 20 3 Jewish Immigration to East Africa 70 4 Jewish Immigration to Palestine 87 5 Challenging the Zionist Enterprise and Ethos 117 6 Family Values in Transition: Inheritance, Polygamy 144 7 Traditional Education and Secular Studies 172 8 Conclusions 186 Bibliography 193 Index 215 Acknowledgements This book presents a comprehensive view of my research on the history of the Yemeni Jewish community while in Yemen and following emigration. Part of the work relies on previous studies which have been updated and incorporated into new research, presenting aspects of my under- standing of this community. The book covers a period of approximately one hundred years (from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century) thus rendering the historical framework for portraying the dynamic of transformations the Yemeni Jews underwent, from a traditional community to a modern society, and from life in the diaspora to an immigrant exis- tence in Mandatory Palestine and then Israel. There are many people and institutions to which I am indebted for completing this volume. Firstly, to the librarians of the Central Zionist Archives (CZA), to Miri Branitski and Adi Rubin at the Museum of Rishon Le-Zion Archives, and to Malka Libbi at Bet Nehama ve-Yair Archives, for her important assistance. I am also grateful to the Tabib family for generously opening the Avraham Tabib Archives for me. I owe much also to the kindness of the people who shared with me their knowledge and experiences in a number of enlightening interviews. Their names appear in the bibliography section of this book. The publication of this book was supported by the Open University of Israel (OUI) Research Fund. The Department of History, Philosophy and Judaic studies at the OUI provided me with an enriching and challenging research atmosphere. During the research for this volume and its writing I enjoyed the intellectual support and friendship of colleagues and friends, among them Avishai Ben-Dror, Deborah S. Bernstein, Haggai Erlich, Sylvie Fogiel-Bijaoui, Israel Gershoni, Aviva Halamish, Meir Hatina, Horit Herman-Peled, Amir Horowitz, Mustafa Kabha, Ishay Landa, Ester Muchawsky-Schnapper, Ophir Münz-Manor, Yoav Peled, Haim Saadoun, Rachel Sharabi, Tal Shuval, Ehud Toledano and Henry Wassermann. I am grateful for their encouragement and sound advice. My thanks go also to David Engel who invited me to spend Spring Semester 2012 as a visiting scholar at the Department of Hebrew and Jewish Studies in NYU, where parts of the book were written. I am also indebted to Norman (Noam) Stillman for his encouragement and assistance at various stages of my work. Many thanks also to Ilana Goldberg, my copy-editor, for her professionalism and pleasant cooperation in working on this project. And thanks to Jean Vermel for her careful proofreading and kind help in preparing the index. Last but not least, I am grateful for my companion and friend Alex for his love and endless support, without which the completion of this book would not be possible, and for the encour- agement of our children Haggai and Naʿama. Chapters of this book include revised and updated versions of material from some of my previously published articles. Chapter 2 is a revised English version of “Enlightenment, Judaism, Islam and the Kabbala Dispute in Yemen: Social and Cultural Considerations,” in Meir Litvak acknowledgements vii and Ora Limor, ed., Religious Radicalism, (Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center 2007) 133–180 (in Hebrew); Chapter 3 is a revised version of “Yemen, Aden and Ethiopia: Jewish Emigration and Italian Colonialism,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (JRAS), Series 3, 19 no. 4 (October 2009): 415–426; Portions of Chapter 5 is a revised English version of “Yemeni Jewish Historiography and the Formation of National Identity,” [in Hebrew] in Henry Wassermann and Yossi Dahan, ed., To Invent a Nation, (Raanana: Open University Press 2006), 299–330 (in Hebrew); Part of Chapter 6 appeared in “Women Resisting Men: Inheritance and Disinheritance in the Yemenite Jewish Community in Mandatory Palestine,” Nashim 11 (2006): 126–141. chapter 1 Introduction This book examines the Yemeni Jewish community from the late nineteenth century until the middle of the twentieth century. It first looks at this com- munity when it was still a traditional, patriarchal society that lived its life according to religious law and in adherence to the codes of a society which was largely untouched by the changes of the industrial world. This mostly rural society lived among the Yemeni tribes, whose urban centers were small in rela- tion to the concentrations in agricultural areas, and it accepted much of the ethos of the host society. Most Jews were small-scale, self-employed entrepre- neurs without a major urban industrial center of their own. The book follows the bearing of nineteenth-century worldwide events on the Jewish commu- nity, and discusses the impact of the initial trends of modernity that arrived in Yemen. It then continues to trace the transformations that followed in the process of the Jews’ adapting to modernity after immigrating to Palestine. In its effort to understand the Jewish community in Yemen, this book’s research cultivates a threefold approach: studying developments unique to this community’s history; exploring the links of these processes to developments in the Jewish Diaspora; and examining the Jewish community’s response to the cultural values of Yemen’s Muslim community and to political and economic changes in the latter. Since earlier studies of Yemen’s Jews paid little atten- tion to the surrounding Muslim community, this work contributes to a better understanding of Jewish life in Muslim Yemen on the eve of great transfor- mations. In addition, in contrast to earlier research, which focused mainly on the Jews of Sanʿa, this volume devotes special attention to Jews living in the rural-tribal districts of Yemen who became major protagonists in the process of transition toward modernity. In analyzing the transition
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