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A Kirindy Cnferef, Morondava UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES MENTION ZOOLOGIE ET BIODIVERSITE ANIMALE Latimeria chalumnae MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme de MASTER Parcours : Biologie de la Conservation Animale BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE DE Oplurus cuvieri (Gray, 1831) A KIRINDY CNFEREF, MORONDAVA Présenté par : Mr RAJAONARIVONY SITRAKAHARIJAO Tsiry Lalaina Devant le jury composé de : Président : Monsieur RASELIMANANA Achille Philippe, Professeur titulaire Rapporteur : Madame RATSOAVINA Fanomezana Mihaja, Maître de Conférences Examinateurs : Monsieur RAKOTOMALALA Zafimahery, Maître de Conférences Monsieur RASOLOARISON Morasata Rodin, Docteur Soutenu publiquement le : 12 octobre 2017 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES MENTION ZOOLOGIE ET BIODIVERSITE ANIMALE Latimeria chalumnae MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme de MASTER Parcours : Biologie de la Conservation Animale BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE DE Oplurus cuvieri (Gray, 1831) A KIRINDY CNFEREF, MORONDAVA Présenté par : Mr RAJAONARIVONY SITRAKAHARIJAO Tsiry Lalaina Devant le jury composé de : Président : Monsieur RASELIMANANA Achille Philippe, Professeur titulaire Rapporteur : Madame RATSOAVINA Fanomezana Mihaja, Maître de Conférences Examinateurs : Monsieur RAKOTOMALALA Zafimahery, Maître de Conférences Monsieur RASOLOARISON Morasata Rodin, Docteur Soutenu publiquement le : 12 octobre 2017 2 3 REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à adresser mes sincères reconnaissances à tous ceux qui m’ont aidé dans la réalisation de ce travail. Mes premiers mots de reconnaissance vont vers Dieu pour sa bénédiction et tout ce qu’Il fait à mon égard. Mes vifs remerciements s’adressent à : Monsieur Marson RAHERIMANDIMBY, Professeur Titulaire, et à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, pour avoir autorisé cette soutenance de Master II. Monsieur Zafimahery RAKOTOMALALA, Maître de Conférences, Responsable de la Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo pour son accord et pour avoir accepté de siéger parmi les membres de jury en tant que examinateur. Monsieur Achille Philippe RASELIMANANA, Professeur titulaire au sein de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, pour avoir accepté de siéger en tant que président du jury. Monsieur Rodin Morasata RASOLOARISON, Docteur, pour son appui et ses conseils pendant l’exécution de ce travail, et en tant que examinateur parmi les membres de jury. Madame Fanomezana Mihaja RATSOAVINA, Maître de Conférences au sein de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, encadrant et rapporteur, pour ses conseils avisés et ses critiques constructives, et pour m’avoir dispensé de son temps précieux dans le but de parfaire ce travail. Monsieur Peter KAPPELER, Professeur, Madame Claudia FICHTEL, Docteur, Monsieur Léonard RAZAFIMANANTSOA et toute l’équipe du DPZ, pour la permission et l’aide à la réalisation de mes travaux de recherche au sein de la forêt de Kirindy, et pour leur collaboration ainsi que leur assistance. Et je tiens aussi à remercier les personnes suivantes : Monsieur Aristide ANDRIANARIMISA, Professeur d’ESR au sein de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, et Monsieur Eric Marcel TEMBA, enseignant vacataire au sein de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, pour leurs conseils pendant les analyses statistiques. Monsieur Tsilavo RAFELIARISOA, enseignant vacataire au sein de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, pour son aide dans l’utilisation du logiciel ArcGIS. i Madame Balsama RAJEMISON, ainsi que tous les staffs de California Academy of Sciences (CAS) Tsimbazaza, qui m’ont chaleureusement accueilli au sein de leur laboratoire pour les analyses de fèces et les identifications des insectes collectés. Tous les enseignants et les personnels administratifs au sein de la Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, pour la mise à disposition des formations académiques et de leurs services. Enfin, je suis infiniment reconnaissant envers mes parents, ma famille et tous mes amis pour leur appui et leur patience à mon égard. Veuillez trouver dans cet achèvement un symbole de ma profonde reconnaissance. ii RESUME La présente étude effectuée dans la forêt sèche de Kirindy Morondava concerne Oplurus cuvieri, qui est l’un des représentants de la famille des OPLURIDAE à Madagascar. L’étude s’est déroulée du 12 janvier au 7 avril 2016 et a pour but d’estimer la densité de la population et d’évaluer le régime alimentaire. La méthode de distance sampling a été utilisée pour estimer la densité de O. cuvieri dans les deux sites d’études CS7 et N5. Au total, 37 individus ont été recensés dans les deux sites. Des séances de capture-marquage-recapture ont permis de calculer le taux de croissance en masse chez six femelles et huit mâles. L’aire du territoire pour 27 individus a été estimée par Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP). L’analyse des fèces a permis d’obtenir des informations sur le régime alimentaire de O. cuvieri. Les résultats obtenus donnent une densité de 105,6 ind / ha et de 222,6 ind / ha respectivement pour les sites CS7 et N5. Pendant la période d’étude, la majorité des femelles ne présente aucun gain en masse corporelle, tandis que chez les mâles une diminution est notée. Une moyenne de 121 m² est calculée pour la taille du territoire des mâles, celle des femelles est largement supérieure avec une moyenne de 348 m². Le tri et l’analyse des fèces ont permis de classer O. cuvieri parmi les iguanes généralistes en termes de régime alimentaire malgré sa préférence pour les coléoptères (COLEOPTERA) et les fourmis (FORMICIDAE). Si la population de O. cuvieri d’Ankarafantsika est la plus observée, lors de cette étude, il est confirmé que O. cuvieri préfère les endroits clairs et ouverts. L’occupation des territoires chez les deux sexes ainsi que son régime alimentaire opportuniste et généraliste ont été aussi mis en exergue. Ce travail a apporté plus de connaissance sur le mode de vie de O. cuvieri ainsi que son territoire, ces éléments sont essentiels pour garantir sa conservation. Mots-clés : Oplurus cuvieri, OPLURIDAE, densité, taux de croissance, taille de territoire, régime alimentaire, Kirindy, Madagascar iii ABSTRACT This study conducted in the dry forest of Kirindy Morondava, concerns Oplurus cuvieri, that is member of the OPLURIDAE family in Madagascar. The study was implemented from 12th January to 7th April 2016, in order to estimate the population density and to evaluate the diet. Distance sampling method was used to estimate the density within the two study sites CS7 and N5. A number of 37 individuals was recorded from both sites. Capture-mark-recapture sessions were used to calculate mass growth rate in six females and eight males. The territory size for 27 individuals was estimated by Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP). Fecal samples were analysed to provide information on the diet of O. cuvieri. The results show a density of 105.6 ind / ha and 222.6 ind / ha for CS7 and N5 sites, respectively. During the study period, the body mass of most females remains the same, whereas in males a decrease is noticed. An average of 121 m2 is calculated for the territory size of males, within females it is much higher with an average of 348 m². Sorting and analysis of fecal materials has classified O. cuvieri among generalized iguanas in terms of diet despite its preference for beetles (COLEOPTERA) and ants (FORMICIDAE). If the population of O. cuvieri of Ankarafantsika is the most observed, in this study it is confirmed that O. cuvieri prefers clear and open places. The occupation of the territories of both sexes as well as its opportunistic and generalist diet were also highlighted. This following work on O. cuvieri has brought more knowledge about its biology and its territory, these elements are essential to ensure its conservation. Keywords : Oplurus cuvieri, OPLURIDAE, density, growth rate, size of territory, diet, Kirindy, Madagascar iv TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 I. GENERALITES ................................................................................................................... 4 II. METHODOLOGIE ............................................................................................................ 8 II.1 MILIEU ET SITES D’ETUDES ................................................................................. 8 II.1.1 Situation géographique ......................................................................................... 8 II.1.2 Climat ................................................................................................................... 9 II.1.3 Faune .................................................................................................................... 9 II.1.4 Flore ................................................................................................................... 10 II.1.5 Site d’étude ......................................................................................................... 10 II.2 MATERIELS ET METHODES ................................................................................ 12 II.2.1 Matériel biologique ............................................................................................ 12 II.2.2 Collecte des données sur terrain ......................................................................... 13 III. RESULTATS ET INTERPRETATIONS ...................................................................
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