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Evolution of the Iguanine Lizards (Sauria, Iguanidae) As Determined by Osteological and Myological Characters

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Evolution of the Iguanine Lizards (Sauria, Iguanidae) As Determined by Osteological and Myological Characters Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 1970-08-01 Evolution of the iguanine lizards (Sauria, Iguanidae) as determined by osteological and myological characters David F. Avery Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Life Sciences Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Avery, David F., "Evolution of the iguanine lizards (Sauria, Iguanidae) as determined by osteological and myological characters" (1970). Theses and Dissertations. 7618. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7618 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. EVOLUTIONOF THE IGUA.NINELI'ZiUIDS (SAUR:U1., IGUANIDAE) .s.S DETEH.MTNEDBY OSTEOLOGICJJJAND MYOLOGIC.ALCHARA.C'l'Efi..S A Dissertation Presented to the Department of Zoology Brigham Yeung Uni ver·si ty Jn Pa.rtial Fillf.LLlment of the Eequ:Lr-ements fer the Dz~gree Doctor of Philosophy by David F. Avery August 197U This dissertation, by David F. Avery, is accepted in its present form by the Department of Zoology of Brigham Young University as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 30 l'/_70 ()k ate Typed by Kathleen R. Steed A CKNOWLEDGEHENTS I wish to extend my deepest gratitude to the members of m:r advisory committee, Dr. Wilmer W. Tanner> Dr. Harold J. Bissell, I)r. Glen Moore, and Dr. Joseph R. Murphy, for the, advice and guidance they gave during the course cf this study. To Dr. Tanner I am e::pecfa.1- ly indebted for his help :in procuring specim'jns and [seneral support. I would also like to thank the Department of Zoology o::.' Brigha.m You1;.g University for the financial assistance provided rne during part of this study. I wish also to express my thanks to Sou::.he?n CorE\ect:Lcl't State College for providing sone financi.a1 a:i.d and the use of equipEent c:1..1.rinr:thf. stud~;. I also ac.:knoi,dedge the kindness and coul'teGy of Drs. Edwir1 TJr, • Colbert and Bobb Schaeffer of the Departrr:er,i·. o{ Vertebra,te Paleon- tology and Dr. C. W. Y.iyers of the Department of Herpetology who allowed !'!i-2-t,11e use of many speci1ns11s fro:r:-1the col].ectivr1s of t~e P,__YJ18ricc1,n E;.;.seuJn of Natural History. Dr. ,Tohn H. O.strrnn and Mr. Jaues Hcp.:oon of the Peabody J.Iuseum, Yale University were ye,ry helpfu1 to me du:d.YJg ,Ly visit to that ir1stitution, and were in13tr1.mtcnta1 in rny borrov,:ing spec.:i-• mens fro,,t the rr,u.t,ewn cullection:~', Dr. Hi chard Est et, vJas 1':ir..d ir._ loa.ni~1g 1,1e an extensive sed es ot· osteological materi:i.l from tb,i Mvseum cf Cc;mpara.t:i.ve Looloey at !12.:rvard Uni versit~,. Dr. ,Jam'.,s Pet.ers lent two Withod, the 1n,-'.lnygiftc; of i:,eecimcw > tbi~c:. ::,t,udy couJ.rl not have iv of J',mbJvrh;:.'.22£h:S.~ from the Ca1ifornia, Aca.derrzy-of Sciences, two specimens each 0£' A:r.t1~1,yr'h"vrcr1 u::, c:.nd Conolor;hus from the Awerican Musm;_mof Natural History_; four spec:Lmens of Chalarodon rnadagasearier,sis, one of Op1urus gn8dr-i ..,,::icuJE~!,_::,~, one Or,lurus sebae, one incomplete specimen of B.ra,chy- lophus f,:1sciatus_, and 1,wo specimens of Cvclura nuchalis from the Muse'Jm of Comr...arative Zoolog,1,, at Harvard University; several specimens of Dipsosaurus dorsaJi,o and Saurorr::::l.us obesus donated by Hr. William Ingram. I am especi""lly er:.dc:bted to Mr. Bert Ni.xon oi' Liahona CollegE: ,, 1'-Iukualofa, Tor:ga, for sending rr_e several specimer.,s cf BracrrrJ.ophns fasciatus from that localitv. ·------ u To those w}10 have loaned rne books or have been so ki:1d as to read and criticize this p:3,per_. I arr-1a.lso grateful and express rny thanks. V TABLEOF CONTENTS Page ACKNO'WLEDGF,}IBNTSI> • • 0 • • 0 r, 0 0 • e 0 • 0 0 0 0 iii LIST OF TABLES • 0 • • ~ w • ~ e o • ~ $ • ~ ~ o o o • • o n vi LIST OF ILLU[:;TRA'l'IOl{S o c • • • ~ o & o o e e • o o o • • • • • viii INTRODUCTION• 0 e 0 G 0 0 0 0 l .. " • • " " LITERATURE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • • • • • • " " 3 MATERJJIJ...SAl'.JD M:E:THODS 0 • e ♦ 0 0 0 ,r, • • 1-'- 0 O eoo•e• 2i.,. 03TEOLC'..GY • • • o • C ~ ~ • • o & o o • • o o • o o o • e ~ o o 2'7I Skl1ll and Jaws • 0 0 0 • 0 0 • " • 27 Teeth 0 0 0 • .. 0 0 Ct • 5 0 51+ Hyoid Elements~ 0 0 0 • 0 0 G C ~ • 57 Sterna and R:i.bs • • 0 '.> 0 0 .• 58 .. " • • HYOLOGY e O C ft • • e • • • 0 Cl • o • 95 Thro2,t Nnsculature 0 C 0 • " " 95 Neck 1-.{usc·uJat ure a o. ,. 0 0 101 • • " " 'l'e:npur·al l-1u.scu.12-ture • 0 0 0 • • 0 • 106 ., ., OTUER CE.lRAC'J.'ERS 0 .. 0 0 .. • 0 0 ll.3 'l'ongues 113 Herr1iper1es 4 • • e • n O O O C e O • & ~ Q ~ G ~ • ~ a 114 DISCUSSION o C e 0 0 0 0 117 " " • " .. Ot::teoJcgy " C, • 0 • • .. e 118 J"1,yoloc;Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I) • • 123 ~ ~ 0 ., Tongues • • • 0 0 • • • e 125 Hemi.pr.:n-~s o .. 0 • 0 125 It.;ua.ni:;e D:i.stribution ., .. • 0 0 126 ccnc.r.usmNs o • · ~ o 9 ~ o • ~ e o ~ • • ~ o o o 3UMlvlARY C" 0 C, ti • 0 LITERATURE CI'IED • ,. " 1.35 PLATES I·-XXXVI:f vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Skull Length and Width . 61 2. Skull Length and Height 62 3. Basisphenoid Bones 63 4. Basioccipital Bones 64 5. Ex.occipital Bones 65 6. Supraoccipital Bones 66 '/. Pterygoid Bones 67 8. Ectopterygoid Bones 68 9. Varner Bones 69 10. Palatine Bones 70 11. Premaxillary Bones 71 l2. Maxillary Bones 72 13. Nasal Bones 73 l4. Prefrontal Bones 74 15. Lacrimal Bones 75 16. Frontal Bones 76 17. Postfrontal Bones 77 18. Jugal Bones 78 19. Parietal Bones 79 20. Parietal Wings 80 21. Postorbital Bones 81 22. Squamosal Bones 82 vii Table Page 2.30 Quadrate Bones " • • • • • • a O O a • • 0 e e e O ♦ 0 • • 83 24. Supratem:r::oral Fossa • a C e O • • a • • • e O O • 0 e O • 84 25. Orbits o 0 • • " 0 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 O O • 0 • • • 0 • • 85 260 Fenestra Exonarina •• • • • er, O C O O O • • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 86 27. Dentary Bones 0 • • 0 • 0 e O e O O O e O O 6 e O O • 0 0 87 280 Articular Bones 0 O e 8 0 • e O • e 6 • 0 ♦ 0 0 0 0 ♦ e • 88 29a Angular Process 0 • • • • e O e O O O O e O O O • e O e 0 89 .30o Surangular Bones •••• a o e o • o o o o o o •• o o •• 90 310 Splenial Bones o • 0 • • • O • 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 e . • 0 • 0 91 32. Angular Bones • • • D e • ♦ ♦ 0 ■ O • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 92 33. Coronoid Bones. 0 • • 0 ■ 0 e O O • 0 • 0 • • • • • • • • 93 .34o Teeth o • 0 0 • 0 0 • • e O O • e • O O O • O O ■ 0 • 0 • 94 .350 Summary o.f J.mporLant, Hyologieal Differences ♦ e • 0 • 0 ~ 112 360 Tongue Measurements O e • • e a e ♦ 8 0 0 0 • O 8 0 0 ♦ 0 ll6 37. The Number of Osteologic~ Similarities Between Genera 0 • 132 viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Plate Page I. Ventral view of skull . 150 II. Ventral view of skull . 152 III. Dorsal view of skull . 154 IV. Dorsal view of skull . 156 v. Lateral view of skull . 158 VI. Lateral view of skull . 160 VII. Medial view of mandibles . 162 VIII. Ventral view of hyoid bones . 164 IX. Ventral VlGV-l of sterrlum . 166 x. Ventral vie.-, of sternum . 168 XI. Ventral view of throat musculature; superficial layer shm,rn at left and first depth at right . 170 XII. Ventral view of throat musculature; superficial layer shown at left and first depth at right • • • 172 XIII. Ventral view of throat musculature; second depth at left and third depth at right ••••••••• 174 Y..IV. Ventral view of throat musculature; second depth at left and third depth at right •••••••.• 176 xv. Ventral view of throat musculature; fourth depth at left and fifth depth at right • • • . • • . • • 178 XVI. Ventral view of throat musculature; fourth depth at left and fifth depth at right ••••••••• 180 XVII. Do:rsal vi.et of throat and neck musculature; super- ficial depth at left and first depth at right 182 XVIII. Dorsal view of throat and neck musculature; super- ficial depth at left and first depth at right 184 ix Plate Page XIX. Dorsal view oi' head and neck musculature; second depth at left and third depth at right •••• 186 xx. Dorsal view of head and neck musculature; second dept:,h at left and third depth at right . 188 XXI. Dorsal view of head and neck musculature; fourth depth at left and fifth depth at right .
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