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ANATOMICAL STUDY FOR THE SKULL BONES IN THE TURKEY (Meleagris gallopavo)
Sawsan Gafoori Ahmed* Fawzi S.al-Asadi**
*Middle technicial University,Technicial Medical Institute,Baghdad,Iraq
**Department of Anatomy,College of Veterinary medicine,University of Basrah,Basrah,Iraq
(Received 10 October 2019 ,Accepted 1 December 2019)
Key words: Meleagris gallopavo, Skull anatomy, Turkey .
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is a large poultry, one of the two species in the sex Meleagris and the same as the wild turkey .The present study was conducted on heads of adult turkey (meleagris gallopoavo), The acquired skull were purchased from market in city. all skull were used to obsereved the osteological morphology of the turkey skull
INTRODUCTION
The domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is a large poultry, one of the two species in the sex Meleagris and the same as the wild turkey [1]. Domestic turkey is a popular form of poultry, and it is raised throughout moderate parts of the world, partly because industrialized farming has made it very cheap for the amount of meat it produces [2]. most characteristic feature of the bird skulls is that they have several shapes and variable dimensions [3]. Bird skull is structurally and functionally composed of the rostrum, the orbits and the braincase [4]. skull bones in birds are classically divided into neurocranium and splanchnocranium[5,6)].
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was load out on the heads of turkey. The acquired heads were purchased from market in Basrah. city . all heads were used to observe the osteological morphology of the turkey skull. Directly killing, removing soft tissues and brain from the heads, then putting in potassium hydroxide solution ( 5%) until one day until maceration and remnants of the soft tissue were removed. The skull were put in a solution of H2O2 (10% )for 30 minutes. After this time, the bones were washing in running water and the parts were dried in the sun light for two days depending on the method of [7,8]. The acquired skulls were observed by dissecting microscope and images were processed on the computer.
RESULTS The results showed that turkey skull has pyramidial shape with Semi stenosic rounded apex while the base was wide rounded. The skull consist of the craniul bones and the facial bones. the bones of the cranium are occipitall, sfenoid , ethmoide ,temporall ,pariettal and frontal. The bones of face are mandiblle, vomeer ,hyoid bones, quadrate, lacrimall, nasal bone, pramaxilla, maxilla, Zygomatice, palattine bone and ptterygoid bones(fig1,2). The occipital bone is consist of basioccipitale, paired exooccipitale and supraoccipital that surrounded a rounded Foramen magnum.there is single occipital condyle cranial to this foramen(fig-3) The sphenoid bone is occupy the major thickest of the floor of the cranium. It is divided into basisphenoid (body and wings)and presphenoid parts(body, two orbital wings and parashenoid wings)(fig-4). The ethmoidal bone has horizontal and verticaldelicate bony plates. The parietal bone is very simple. The frontal bone occupied the most part of the cranium and consist of frontal,orbital and nasal part(fig-5). The temporal bone forms of ear capsule which has rounded cavity and squamous part which has large zygomatic process(fig-5). The quadrate bone is quadrilateral in shape and has two process(mandibular and otic) and two condyle(lateral and medial)(fig-6).the lacrimal bone is very small.the nasal bone is connected with frontal process forming the upper beak. also the maxilla and the zygomatic bone are small(fig-7) .the palatine bone and pterygoid bone are
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quadrilateral in shape. The vomer bone is long. the mandible of the turkey is V curved shaped(fig-8). The orbital cavity bounded by frontal bone roofely,by pterygoid bone ventrally,by frontal bone and interorbital septum medially and by the frontal bone,temporal fossa, sguamous part of temporal bone caudally.
Fig-1- 1-Nasal process 2-Intermaxillary process 3-Frontal process 4-Nasal frontal hinge 5- Nasal part 6-Frontal part 7-Orbital part 8-Orbital Process9-Zygomatic process 10- Lateral process11-Maxillary process 12- Lacrimal process
Fig-2-1-Foramen magnum 2-Baci-occipital 3-Postsphenoid 4-Presphenoid 5- Vomer 6- Palatine 7- Distal end of palatine process 8- Pterygoid 9- Quadrate 5. Orbital cavity 6.Lacrimal bone 7.Maxilla 8.Premaxilla
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Fig-3-1-Foramen magnum 2-Raised area 3-Lateral occipital 4-Quadrate bone 5- Occipital condyle 6-Quadrato-temporal joint 7-Supra occipital part
Fig-4-Ventral view of turkey skull showing:1- premaxillare,2- Vomer ,3- sphenoidale ,4- basioccipitale ,5- maxillare ,6- Sinus frontalis ,7- pterygoideum, 8-exoccipitale ,9- Condylus occipital
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Fig-5- 1-Earcapsule 2-Quadratotemporal articulation3-Optic foramen 4- Ethmoid bone 5- Zygomatic process 6- Squamous part 7-Orbital cavity
Fig-6 -1-Orbital process2-Oticprocess 3-Lateral condyle 4-Articular fossa. 5-Sulcus intercondylaris 6- Medial condyle 7- Tubercle 8-Pneumatic foramen
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Fig-7- lateral view of turkey skull showing: 1-parietale ,2- frontale , 3-nasale ,4- lacrimale bone,5- Maxillaries ,6- Zygomatic bone 7- Foramen opticum
Fig-8- showing the mandible of the turkey is V curved shaped
DISCUSSION
The results showed that turkey skull has pyramidial shape with Semi stenotic, rounded apex and wide rounded base. The skull consist of the cranial bones and the the facial bones. this result convention with[9]. Skull of birds like that of mammals is consist of cranial and facial bones. the bones of the cranium are occipittal, sfenoid , 372
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ethmoide,temporall,parietall and frontall. The bones of face are mandiblle, vomere ,hyoid bones, quadratte, lacrimall, nasal bone, premaxilla, maxilla, Zygomatic, palatine bone and pterygoid bones The latter completely agreed with that reported by [10,11].
The occipital bone is consist of basioccipitalle, paired exooccipitalle and supraoccipitall that surrounded a rounded Foramen magnum. there is single occipitall condyle cranial to this foramen. this result agreement with [12,13] while studying avian skull morphology observed a possible relation between the positions of foramen magnum with the head posture. The sphenoid bone is occupy the most thickest of the floor of the cranium. It is divided into basisfenoid (body and wings)and presphenoid parts(body, two orbital wings and parasfenoid wings). this result agreement with. [14] added well developed mandibular processes were present at the junction of basisphenoid and presphenoid. except, [10] in goose and duck mentioned that basispenoid has distinct muscular processes and grooves .The ethmoidal bone has horizontal and verticaldelicate bony plates. The last completely agreed with that reported by [10,11]. The parietal bone is very simple. this result agreement with [15].Interparietal bone in birds is reported to be absent as observed in the current study. The frontal bone occupied the most part of the cranium and consist of frontal,orbital and nasal part. this result agreed with that shown by [11] in goose. The temporal bone forms of ear capsule which has rounded cavity and squamous part which has large zygomatic process. this result agreed with [10] introduce an orbital process of the squamous temporal bone above the temporal fossa which is stout and long in duck and geese, more slim in fowl and elementary in pigeons. The latter authors noticed that the orbital process in fowl fused with the zygomatice process of temporal bone. The quadratte bone is quadrilateral in shape and has two process(mandibular and otic) and two condele(lateral and medial). the lacrimall bone is very small. the nasal bone is connected with frontal process forming the upper beak. this result agreed with [16, 17] in ostrich and [18] in Baryphthenguse ruficapilluse. also the maxilla and the zygomatice bone are small. The present work conflicted with [10,11] that revealed a connection of maxilla with nasal bone. the palatine bone and pterygoid bone are quadrilateral in shape.The present work differed with [10,11] that shown a shape of 373
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palatine bone in fowl and pigeon is rod like that differs from the present research. The vomer bone is long. this result differ with the [10] The vomer is rudimentary in fowl and pigeon. the mandible of the turkey is V curved shaped. that is correlated with that revealed by [19] in the the rock pigeon. The orbital cavity bounded by frontal bone roofely,by pterygoid bone ventrally,by frontal bone and interorbital septum medially and by the frontal bone,temporal fossa, sguamous part of temporal bone caudally. this result agreed with [10] introduce an orbital process of the squamous temporal bone above the temporal fossa, which is stout and long in duck and geese.
دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﯾﺤﯿﺔ ﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪ ﺟﺎج اﻟﺮوﻣﻲ
ﺳﻮﺳﻦ ﻏﻔﻮري اﺣﻤﺪ * ﻓﻮزي ﺻﺪام ﻣﺤﺴﻦ **
اﻟﻜﻠﯿﮫ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﮫ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﮫ،ھﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﻲ ، ﺑﻐﺪاد ،اﻟﻌﺮاق.
ﻓﺮع اﻟﺘﺸﺮﯾﺢ ،ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺒﯿﻄﺮي ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺒﺼﺮه ،اﻟﺒﺼﺮه ،اﻟﻌﺮاق.
اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ
ﯾﻌﺪ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج اﻟﺮوﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻧﻮاع اﻟﺪﺟﺎج اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ.ﺻﻤﻤﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺸﺮة رؤؤس ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج اﻟﺮوﻣﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻠﺒﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺼﺮة.ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﻠﻚ اﻟﺮؤؤس ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﯾﺤﯿﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻔﯿﺔ. اوﺿﺤﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺑﺎن ﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج اﻟﺮوﻣﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﺼﻔﺎت ﺗﻤﯿﺰھﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻏﯿﺮھﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻧﻮاع اﻟﺪﺟﺎج اﻻﺧﺮى.
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