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The Work of FRANZ Baron NOPCSA (1877-1933): Dinosaurs, Evolution and Theoretical Tectonics

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The Work of FRANZ Baron NOPCSA (1877-1933): Dinosaurs, Evolution and Theoretical Tectonics ©Geol. Bundesanstalt, Wien; download unter www.geologie.ac.at L Jb. Geol. B.-A. ISSN 0016-7800 Band 127 Heft 2 S.187-203 Wien, August 1984 The Work of FRANZ Baron NOPCSA (1877-1933): Dinosaurs, Evolution and Theoretical Tectonics By DAVID B. WEISHAMPEL & WOLF-ERNST REIF*) With 2 figures and 1 table Dinosaurier Kiefermechanik Systematik Histologie Paläobiologie Archaeopteryx Evolution Orthogenese Neolamarckismus Biogeographie Vulkanismus Orogenese Kontinentalverschiebung Table of Contents Summary, Zusammenfassung 187 1. Introduction . .. 188 2. Dinosaur Systematics and Paleobiology : : : : : : . '. : : '. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 189 3. Biogeography of the Cretaceous Siebenbürgen Island 190 4. Dinosaur Jaw Mechanics 190 5. Sexual Dimorphism , 191 6. Paleohistology , . .. 191 7. Origin of Flight , , : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 192 8. Kerunia 192 9. Evolution 193 10. Theoretical Tectonics 195 11. Conclusions , 198 Literature , 199 Summary lieh untersucht. NOPCSAist im Wesentlichen bis heute als Di- The scientific studies of FRANZBaron NOPCSAhave received nosaurierspezialist bekannt. Es zeigt sich jedoch, daß NOPCSA only minor modern analysis, despite their relevance to early sich mit seinen Publikationen und Vorträgen entschieden ge- works in dinosaur paleobiology, neo-Lamarckian evolution, gen einseitiges Spezialistentum wandte. NOPCSAwar viel mehr theoretical tectonics and paleobiogeography. NOPCSA'Scon- ein sehr vielseitiger Theoretiker, der seine eigentliche Leistung temporary impact in these areas varies from progressive and in der Synthese getrennter Arbeitsgebiete, im Übertragen von insightful to eccentric and wrong. We analyse NOPCSA'Sstu- Konzepten auf neue Anwendungsgebiete und im Auffinden und dies in terms of their contell1Porary impact on the natural Lösen von Anomalien und Paradoxien sah. Wir untersuchten /' sciences and their relevance to modern research. Several in- NOPCSASIdeen zu einzelnen Problemen, ihre Rezeption durch teresting facets of his papers emerge: The mere existence of Zeitgenossen und ihr Nachwirken bis in die heutige Zeit. NOPCSA'Svolcanological hypotheses, including rifting and sub- NOPCSASkühne Konzeptionen haben in den meisten Fällen zu duction, his extensions and corrections to neo-Lamarckian fruchtbaren Diskussionen angeregt, auch wenn sich einige sei- evolution, functional morphology of the origin of avian flight, ner Lösungen sehr bald als unhaltbar erwiesen haben. and his advocacy of broad eclectic research programmes. Als Reptilpaläontologe beschrieb und revidierte NOPCSA nicht nur zahlreiche Dinosaurier-Taxa, er führte auch zahlrei- Zusammenfassung che neue Gesichtspunkte ein (Sexualdimorphismus, Biogeo- graphie, Schädelkinetik) und führte andere erfolgreich fort Aus dem umfangreichen Werk von FRANZ Baron NOPCSA (Biomechanik, Knochenhistologie). NOPCSAsetzte sich vehe- werden die Arbeiten und Bücher über fossile Reptilien, Inver- ment für das Modell der Vogel-Entstehung aus biped laufen- tebraten (Kerunia), Evolutionstheorie und theoretische Tektonik den (nicht arborikolen) Reptilien ein. analysiert. NOPCSASLeben und Werk wurde in kurzen Nachru- Bei der Interpretation von Kerunia (einer Hydrozoe aus dem fen (LAMBRECHT,1933; EDINGER, 1934, 1955; F. E. SUESS, Eozän) entwickelte NOPCSAein elegantes (wenn auch fal- 1933; WOODWARD,1934), in einer Biographie (KUBACSKA, sches) Modell einer Symbiose zwischen einem schalen losen 1945) und in Handbuchartikeln (LAMBRECHTet aI., 1938; ZAP. Cephalopoden und einer Hydrozoe. FE, 1978) beschrieben, aber noch nie wissenschaftsgeschicht- In einer Zeit, wo der Neolamarckismus von den meisten Bio- logen und Paläontologen unkritisch akzeptiert wurde, erkannte *) Authors' addresses: Prof. Dr. DAVIDB. WEISHAMPEL,Depart- NOPCSAdie Schwierigkeiten dieser Evolutionstheorie. Er ent- ment of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, wickelte eine Korrektur des Neolamarckismus, ohne in die Tamiami Campus, Miami, Florida 33199, USA; Dr. habil. dogmatische Einseitigkeit der Orthogenese-Theorie zu verfal- WOLF-ERNSTREIF, Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie, Uni- len, mit der einzelne andere Autoren den Neolamarckismus zu versität Tübingen, D-7400 Tübingen, BRD. überwinden versuchten. Er fand den Mechanismus, der die LA. 187 ©Geol. Bundesanstalt, Wien; download unter www.geologie.ac.at MARCKschenThesen (Gebrauch und Nichtgebrauch der Orga- ne; Vererbung erworbener Eigenschaften) nicht in Frage steil- te, aber gleichzeitig das Aussterben von Taxa verständlich machte, in der "Arrostie". Arrostie ist die lang anhaltende Stö- rung des Hormonsystems, die zunächst zu (adaptiven) Verän- derungen in Körpergröße und Körperbau, aber letziich zum Aussterben führt. Nach NOPCSASTod überwogen zunächst die Einflüsse der Orthogenese-Theorien bis sich die Synthetische Theorie durchsetzte. NOPCSASKorrektur des Neolamarckismus blieb daher weitgehend unbekannt. Trotz seiner umfangreichen Erfahrungen in der Geologie Al- baniens blieb NOPCSAein Außenseiter in der Diskussion theo- i .. ~' . retischer tektonischer Probleme. Er demonstrierte die Frucht- ."-" 'to barkeit des Deckenmodelles und wandte die WEGENERSehe Ia Kontinentalverschiebungstheorie auf Probleme der Biogeogra- '~'7, -r phie an. In einer weitgehend unbekannt gebliebenen Arbeit I (1927a) erklärte er Orogenesen als gigantische Überschiebun- gen von Sialplatten und zeigte, daß Magmatismus vom atlanti- schen, vom pazifischen und vom gemischten Typ an verschie- dene Regionen und Entwicklungsumstände eines Orogens und an Spalten, die beim Auseinanderdriften von Kontinentalblök- ken entstehen, gebunden ist. NOPCSA hat damit wichtige Aspekte der Plattentektonik vorweg genommen. NOPCSASletzte Arbeit ist ein Schema vom Ablauf der Erdge- schichte, das auf der Vorstellung orogenetischer Zyklen und auf der Kontinentalverschiebungstheorie basierte. ~- ,., 1. Introduction "Personalia: Died: Dr. FRANZBaron NOPCSAin Vien- na on the 25th of April at the age of 56. For a long time he directed the Hungarian Geological Survey and made merit for himself as an unusually manysided and spiri- ted scholar, especially in the investigation of Albanian geology and the paleontology of reptiles." This anony- mous obituary, published in 1933 in the Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, summarizes all that is commonly known about FRANZBaron NOPCSA VON FElSÖ-SZllVAs, a familiar figure in vertebrate pale- ontology (Fig. 1). However, even allowing for a few obi- tuaries and memorials, NOPCSAis very poorly known to- day. Indeed his work has never been studied from a Fig. 1: FRANZ Baron NOPCSA(Drawing by F. MARTON,1926 [from KUBACSKA,1945]). theoretical point of view and it is our purpose to outline the highlights of his work as a progenitor to today's concept of paleobiology and continental drift. NOPCSAcontinued to acknowledge DOllO'S contribution Born 3 May, 1877, near Hatszeg, Hungary (now part to paleontology in numerous subsequent papers. of western Roumania), NOPCSAattended and received NOPCSApublished a total of 158 papers (101 of them his Abitur from the Theresianum in Vienna and went on in paleontology) before his death in 1933. These works to the University of Vienna in 1898. NOPCSA'Sfirst con- span such topics as paleobiology and taxonomy of lo- tact with vertebrate paleontology was rather coinciden- wer tetrapods (particularly dinosaurs, but also including tal; in 1895 fossil reptile bones were discovered by his turtles, squamates and pterosaurs), bird flight, evolutio- sister on the family estate near Szentpeterfalva and nary theory, paleophysiology, paleohistology, archaeo- these NOPCSAshowed to Prof. Dr. E. SUESSat the Uni- logy, ethnology, geology and Albanian geography. versity of Vienna. SUESSapparently planned formal ex- NOPCSA'Sprimary research areas were dinosaur paleo- cavations but they were never undertaken. On his se- biology and systematics (42 papers), although he also cond visit with SUESS, NOPCSAwas told to conduct a discussed other archosaurs (5 papers on crocodilians, study of the Szentpeterfalva material by himself. This 4 on pterosaurs), lepidosaurs (11 papers), therapsids (4 work culminated in NOPCSA'Sfirst paleontological con- papers), turtles (7 papers), ichthyosaurs (1 paper) and tribution, on a new hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Sie- amphibians (1 paper). benbürgen region of Hungary, at the Vienna Academy NOPCSAseems to have had a good understandig of of Science on 21 June, 1899. Also in 1899, NOPCSA his international audience. He published primarily in made his first journey to Albania, a country which fasci- German (114 papers) including the bulk of his tectonic nated him for the rest of his life. work and in part reflecting his close personal ties with While still at the Theresianum, NOPCSAmet OTHENIO Vienna and its academy early in his career. However, ABEL. ABEL, then a graduate assistant to E. SUESS,be- important papers which strike an international pose came well known along with NOPCSAas one of Eur- (e. g. 1905e, 1907, 1923e, 1926b, 1928c, 1929a, 1934) ope's earliest paleobiologists (EHRENBERG,1975; REIF, were commonly written in English for both English- 1980). NOPCSAgraduated from the University of Vienna language and German-language journals (31 papers). in 1904 and in the same year met LouIS DOllO in Brus- He published 9 papers (primarily on geology but also sels. Influenced by DOllO even before this meeting, on paleontology) in Hungarian, his native tongue, and 188 ©Geol. Bundesanstalt, Wien; download unter www.geologie.ac.at additionally 5 papers in
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