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Biological Oceanography of Larval Fish Diversity and Growth Off Eastern Australia

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Biological Oceanography of Larval Fish Diversity and Growth Off Eastern Australia Biological oceanography of larval fish diversity and growth off eastern Australia by Augy Syahailatua A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of New South Wales, AUSTRALIA August 2005 ii ABSTRACT Fish larvae in Australian waters have been studied progressively in the last 2-3 decades including the distribution and abundance of taxa, growth and age, their prey and predators. However, the effect of nutrient limitation on ichthyoplankton is unstudied, particularly in the oligotrophic Australian waters. My study was aimed to examine the effect of natural or anthropogenic nutrients on the abundance, distribution, growth and condition of fish larvae along-shore of the NSW coast (latitude 30-34ºS), where the East Australian Current departs the NSW coast and generates local upwelling of cool nutrient-rich water. This study shows no significant difference in the total abundance or diversity of either larval fishes amongst the 112 taxa (111 families and 1 order), among regions within or upstream of the upwelling. However in both months, there were distinctive ichthyoplankton assemblages at the family level. The Carangidae, Labridae, Lutjanidae, Microcanthidae, Myctophidae and Scombridae were more abundant in the EAC or oceanic water masses, while the Callionymidae, Clupeidae, Platycephalidae, Sillaginidae and Terapontidae were mostly found in the surface or deep upwelled/uplifted water masses. This pattern is observed in other ichthyoplankton studies and may be a general and useful method to determine mixing of water masses. Larvae of silver trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex) and yellowtail scad (Trachurus novaezelandiae) were generally larger and less abundant in the topographically induced upwelling region, than north of the region in pre-upwelled conditions of the East Australian Current. Both species were mostly at the preflexion stage (<4.3 mm in body length and <10 days old) in the pre-upwelled conditions, particularly during November, and proportionally more larger and older larvae in the upwelled waters (mostly post- flexion, >4.3 mm in body length and ≥10 days old). Ages from sagittal otoliths ranged from 2-25 increments (~days) and exhibited linear growth for both species and months over the size range (3-15 mm standard length). The otolith radius-length relationship and the growth rates were similar between species and months, despite the 3-4ºC difference between months. Overall growth rates of the younger larvae were uniform throughout the entire sampling area (0.5-0.6 mm.d-1), while older larvae grew significantly faster in the upwelled water (0.41±0.12 mm.d-1) compared to the non- upwelled conditions (0.34±0.11 mm.d-1). Both species tended to be depleted in δ13C in the upwelling region (from –18.5 to –19.0‰), consistent with expected ratios from iii deeper water, whereas the δ15N composition tended to increase in Pseudocaranx, but decrease in Trachurus indicating different diets and possibly trophic level. The early life history of both species indicates spawning in pre-upwelled waters, but larval transport into upwelled waters is necessary for faster growth in the post-flexion stage. The assemblage of larval fishes did differ between the upwelled region and a region south of Sydney’s deepwater outfalls, but the difference was ascribed to a latitudinal effect and the EAC. Both larval carangids were enriched in 15N, possibly due to the enriched dissolved organic matter of primary treated sewage. In summary, this study found that the larval fish community can provide a biological means to trace water masses, and estimate their degree of mixing. Remarkably there was no significant effect of upwelling or sewage addition to the abundance or diversity of larval fish, in the nutrient poor waters of the East Australian Current. Larval carangids and pilchards were abundant in late spring off northern NSW, and their early life histories were inferred. Both larval carangid species seem to be spawned in the EAC waters, but as post-flexion larvae grew faster in the upwelled zone. Pre-flexion (<10 day old) larval carangids of both genera indicated spawning in the EAC, and the rarer post-flexion (>10 days old) carangids grew faster in the upwelled waters. Here, both genera had stable isotope signatures characteristic of upwelled waters for carbon, but had different nitrogen signatures, indicative of different diets and trophic level status. Larval pilchards actually grew more slowly in the upwelling region, as observed in coastal waters off Japan, and their nursery grounds may be further offshore in the Tasman Front, analogous to their early life history in the Kuroshio Extension. iv Acknowledgment I would like to thank and really appreciate my supervisor A/Prof. Iain Suthers for his time, great advice, guidance and encouragement throughout my study period. I also would like to acknowledge my co-supervisor Dr Jeff Leis (Australian Museum) for his suggestions and comments on my research proposal and the drafts of my thesis and manuscripts. Special thanks are directed to the Australian Development Scholarship of the Australian Agency for International Development and to the Research Centre for Oceanography of Indonesian Institute of Sciences for the trust to assign me to undertake a PhD program in Australia. I especially wish to thank Dr Tony Miskiewicz and Dr Kim Smith for their valuable guidance and assistance on larval fish identification and comments on the drafts of the manuscripts. I wish to acknowledge the Australian Research Council for funding this research, and I am most grateful to the Captain and crew of the RV ‘Franklin’, and particularly the CSIRO personal for maintaining the electronics, the nutrient analyses, and providing oceanographic data. I also thank the support of Prof. Jason Middleton, Mr Greg Nipard, Dr Moninya Roughan, Dr Jocelyn Dela-Cruz and Mr. Richard Piola during the field and laboratory works, and data analyses. Assistance of Dr Troy Gaston on stable isotope analyses is much appreciated. I also extend my appreciation to all former and current students at Suthers’ lab for their huge assistance, discussion and friendship, and always making me felling at home. My thanks are due to all friends and colleagues (specially Mr. Adisyahmeta) for their valuable support, cooperation and friendships throughout my life, particularly during my study in Australia. My truthful appreciation and thanks go also to the Moentaco and Pesik families for their knowledgeable and kind hospitality given to me during completing my thesis. I would like to express my sincere thanks to my mum and dad for their great love, prayers and strong encouragement. You both are incredible parents making my life is so brightly and beautifully. Last but not least, I would like to thanks my wife, Ella, for her endless love, patient, and kindness during my absence from home. v Table of contents Page Abstract i Acknowledgments iii List of Tables vii List of Figures x Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Recruitment of fishes 1 1.2 Starvation and predation 2 1.3 Growth and condition of larvae 4 1.4 Stable isotope signatures 6 1.5 Biological oceanography of eastern Australia 8 1.6 Ichthyoplankton research in Australia 10 1.7 Aims of this study 16 Chapter 2: Is upwelling marked by signature ichthyoplankton? Larval assemblages as tracers of mixing Abstract 19 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Methods 21 Study area 21 Ichthyoplankton sampling 22 Analysis 26 2.3 Results 27 Oceanographic features 27 Larval fish taxonomy and composition 32 Comparisons of the assemblages 40 Wind-induced upwelling event, 16 November 43 2.4 Discussion 46 vi Ichthyoplankton assemblage structure 46 Chapter 3: A regional and stage-specific response of two larval carangids in an upwelling region of the East Australian Current Abstract 51 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Methods 53 Study area 53 Sampling techniques 54 Laboratory procedure 57 Growth calculation 57 Stable Isotope Analysis (SIA) 59 Statistical analysis 59 3.3 Results 61 Abundance and size 61 Growth and age 66 Stable isotope signatures 75 3.4 Discussion 78 Early life history of two carangid larvae 78 Chapter 4: Larval fish diversity and growth in an upwelling and sewage impacted zones in spring 1998 Abstract 82 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Methods 84 Study area 84 vii Sampling procedure 85 Laboratory procedure 86 4.3 Results 88 Oceanographic feature 88 Ichthyoplankton assemblage 93 Larval carangids 95 4.4 Discussion 104 Chapter 5: General Conclusion 5.1 Ichthyoplankton variability and dynamic in NSW coastal zone 108 5.2 Size structures, growth and condition 109 5.3 Upwelled water impacted versus sewage impacted zones in NSW coast 110 5.4 Further study and recommendation 110 Literature cited 111 Appendix 1. The recent growth rate of larval pilchards, Sardinops sagax in relation to their stable isotope composition, in an upwelling zone of the East Australian Current 131 viii List of tables Page Table 1.1. Relative stable isotopes abundance (%) in marine and sewage particulate organic matter (after Spies et al. 1989). 8 Table 1.2. Summary of major finding on larval fish studies of species specific in Australian waters. 11 Table 2.1. Summary of sampling regions numbered from north to south, location name, stations (inshore, 50 m isobath; offshore, 100 m isobath), latitude, longitude and sampling date in November 1998 and January 1999. n-Nov and n-Jan are the numbers of samples in November and January respectively (surface, sub-surface). Sampling was conducted during the hours of darkness from 20:00-05:30. 25 Table 2.2. List of ichthyoplankton taxa (in alphabetical order), the total number of larvae caught over both cruises, their contribution (%) and rank based on individual number caught at surface and sub-surface in November 1998 and January 1999. 0, refers to <0.1%; -, refers to no larvae caught, numbers and families in bold refers to >1%, and were analysed for assemblage structure.
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