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Physical and Chemical Oceanographic Data from the West Coast of Vancouver Island and the Northern British Columbia Coast, 1957-1967

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Physical and Chemical Oceanographic Data from the West Coast of Vancouver Island and the Northern British Columbia Coast, 1957-1967 This series includes unpublished preliminary reports and data records not intended for general distribution. They should not be referred to in publications with- out clearance from the issuing Board establishment and without clear indication of their manuscript status. FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD Libra y / MPO B bliotheque DFO OF CANADA II I Ili II 1111 II I II 12015259 MANUSCRIPT REPORT SERIES No. 990 Physical and Chemical Oceanographic Data from the West Coast of Vancouver Island and the Northern British Columbia Coast, 1957-1967 Volume I, Nootka Sound - Muchalat Inlet and Quatsino Sound - Neroutsos Inlet by M.NValdichuk, J. R. Markert and J. H. Meikle Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C. Pacific Oceanographic Group dab November, 1968 F5-5— 961° Programmed by The Canadian Committee on Oceanography This sorles Includes unpublished preliminary reports and data records not Intended for general distribution. They should not be referred to In publications with­ out cleatance from the Issuing Board establishment and without clear Indication of their manuscript status. FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA MANUSCRIPT REPORT SERIES No. 990 Physical and Chemical Oceanographic Data from the West Coast of Vancouver Island and the Northern British Columbia Coast, 1957-1967 Volume I, Nootka Sound- Muchalat Inlet and Quatsino Sound - Neroutsos Inlet by M. Waldichuk, J. R. Markert and J. H. Meikle Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C. Pacific Oceanographic Group November, 1968 Programmed by The Canadian Committee on Oceanography ( i) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page no. INTRODU~TION 1 SURVEY PLANS 3 STATION PROCEDURE AND METHODS OF OBSERVATION 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 REFERENCES 4-6 TABLE I - SURVEYS 7-8 OBSERVATIONS AND METHODS, WITH EXPLANATIONS OF THE DATA RECORD HEADINGS, SYMBOLS AND UNITS 9-12 STATION DATA TABLES NOOTKA SOUND - MUCHALAT INLET 13-70 QUATSINO SOUND - NEROUTSOS INLET 71-124 BATHYTHERMOGRAMS 125-161 (ii) LIST OF FIGURES Page no. Fig. 1. Track chart of stations occupied in Nootka Sound- Muchalat Inlet, 12-13 August 1959. 15 Fig. 2. Track chart of stations occupied in Nootka Sound- Muchalat Inlet, 6-8 October 1961. 21 Fig. 3. Track chart of stations occupied in Nootka Sound- Muchalat Inlet, 1-3 November 1962. 39 Fig. 4. Track chart of stations occupied in Nootka Sound- Muchalat Inlet, 19-21 August 1966. 55 Fig. 5. Track chart of stations occupied in Quatsino Sound, 15-19 August 1957. 73 Fig. 6. Track chart of stations occupied in Quatsino Sound- Neroutsos Inlet, 9-11 October 1961. 91 Fig. 7. Track chart of stations occuped in Quatsino Sound, 4-5 November 1962. 101 Fig. 8. Track chart of stations occupied in Quatsino Sound, 22-23 August 1966. 113 Physical and chemical oceanographic data from the West Coast of Vancouver Island and the northern British Columbia coast, 1957-1967 by M. Waldichuk, J.R. Markert and J.H. Meikle INTRODUCTION Oceanographic surveys were conducted from 1957 to 1967 in a number of the inlets along the west coast of Vancouver Island, and on the north coast of British Columbia, in order to study the effects of existing pulp mills and to predict the pollutional effects from proposed pulp mills. The objectives in all these surveys were to examine the physical and chemical properties of the water and to determine the water movements from current measurements. Biological observations were not formally carried out, but unusual conditions were generally noted, and any samples obtained in either water sampling or bottom sampling gear were returned to the base laboratory for identification locally or elsewhere by experts. These studies formed part of the inventory of polluted waters on theBritish Columbia coast (Waldichuk, 1957). Surveys in Muchalat Inlet reported here were commenced in 1959. Tully (1937) was the first to carry out a study of Nootka Sound, including Muchalat Inlet. The recent surveys were initiated to give oceanographic information on conditions in that inlet, which might have some bearing on the dispersal of pulp-mill effluent proposed to be discharged into the inlet from a planned pulp mill at Gold River. In cooperation with the Department of Fisheries, a·n appraisal of the system was made on the basis of survey work, and· from a comparison with similar inlets on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Further comparative data were available from surveys of conditions prevailing in ex.ist~ng pulp-mill areas on the coast. Recommendations were made f9r a submarine diffuser to take advantage of the dilution afforded by a fairly deer column of water adjacent to the site of the Gold River pulp mill. Because of a steep rock bluff bordering Neroutsos Inlet, a tunnel had to be drilled for the pipe-line to carry effluent to a diffuser at the pre­ scribed point and depth. This mill has been in operation since early 1967, and the diffuser system has been apparently operating quite satisfactorily. A survey was conducted during August 1968, to investigate dispersal of the effluent, but these data are not reported here. The present study in Quatsino Sound was commenced in 1956 (Waldichuk, MS, 1956a, MS, 1956b) with the first survey in August 1957, following announced plans of the company to expand its sulphite pulp-mill production at Port Alice on Neroutsos Inlet. An earlier investigation of the area (Hutchinson and Lucas, MS, 1927) had found no significant changes in the chemical characteristics of the water or in the plankton following 10 years of production of the mill and ~isposal-of wastes into Neroutsos Inlet. - However, evidence of oxygen depletion from the surface waters in Neroutsos - 2 - Inlet by the sulphite mill wastes was noted in the August 1957 survey and was subsequently reported (Waldichuk, 1958). Parts of this study have been reported in other publications, comparing the polluted conditions in various types of oceanographic environments along the British Columbia coast (Waldichuk, 1957, 1960, 1962a, 1962b, 1962c). Further surveys have continued in Neroutsos Inlet, during the later years, to observe any deterioration in the water quality with expanded production of the pulp mip. Surveys in Fisher Channel and Cous~ns Inlet have been conducted from time to time, in order to determine theieffects of over half a century of pulp-mill waste disposal into an inlet with substantial fresh water inflow. The pulp mill at Ocean Falls has had a diversified pulp and paper production since about 1905, and the vast accumulation of particulate materials in the bottom has had a marked effect on the bottom conditions and on the benthic flora and fauna. However, because the fresh water inflow is quite substantial the year round, being controlled by a dam for power requirements in the pulp mill, the surface waters are relatively unpolluted. Data from the surveys in Cousins Inlet have only been used in descriptive comparisons of different conditions arising in divergent geographical locations, where pulp mills discharge their wastes, along the British Columbia coast (Waldichuk, 1962a, 1962b, 1962c, 1962d). Oceanographic surveys were commenced in Kitimat Arm in the spring of 1962, in order to study the effects of the al~inum smelter at Kitimat. However, it was subsequently announced that a pulp mill was planned for this inlet, and the surv~y information became valuable for a study to determine the effects of its wastes on oceanographic conditions in the area. In cooperation with the Pacific Area Director, Department of Fisheries, studies have been continued to examine oceanographic conditions and to determine possible effects from wastes to be discharged into the head of Kitimat Arm from a pulp mill proposed for Kitimat. No reports on these studies have been released to date. The first examination of the waters adjacent to the pulp mill on Watson Island near Prince Rupert was conducted by Stokes (MS, 1953). He found the fish, plankton and other marine life in the vicinity of the pulp mill relatively unimpaired, at that time, although dissolved oxygen concentrations at low tide were already less than 5 mg/1 at some stations. During the first oceanographic survey in September 1961, Porpoise Harbour and Wainwright Basin were found to be the most heavily polluted coastal area observed to that time in British Columbia. In spite of the large tidal range and turbulence of the northern coastal waters, there was oxygen depletion that in some cases resulted in zero dissolved oxygen con­ centrations at various depths in Porpoise Harbour and Wainwright Basin. Almost immediately following the first survey, a report was prepared for the Department of Fisheries recommending corrective measures in this pulp mill to improve water quality of these important fishery waters (Waldichuk, MS, 1962). A survey was conducted again in April 1962 and the technical staff of the pulp mill cooperated in an important study of the waters during a we~k's closure of the pulp mill in July 1962. The 1961 - 3 - observations and these further studies on the low-oxygen conditions in Porpoise Harbour and Wainwright Basin have been reported in scientific journals (Waldichuk and Bousfield, 1962; Waldichuk, 1966). Inlets of the B.C. Mainland and Vancouver Island have.been studied by the Institute of Oceanography of the! University of British Columbia and reported by Pickard ( 1961, 1962). Some, of those inlets are included here. The data reported here have been cbllected by standard oceanographic procedures, with essentially the same instruments and same degree of precision as applied in ordinary inshore oceanographic surveys. The data have been processed and tabulated according to procedures and·format established for · the early oceanographic-pollution surveys. This scheme has been followed to provide consistency and uniformity of presentation from one set of data to another for ease of analysis. It is hoped that the format, however, will allow future transcription onto cards and tape for computer analysis.
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