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Distributed Energy Production in the North-West Region of Russia

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Distributed Energy Production in the North-West Region of Russia Department of Electrical Engineering MASTER’S THESIS Distributed Energy Production in the North-West Region of Russia The supervisors and examiners of the thesis are Professors D.Sc. (Tech.) Juha Pyrhönen and D.Sc. (Tech.) Jarmo Partanen Thesis advisors: project coordinator Julia Vauterin and M.Sc. Philipp Fedorov Lappeenranta, 8 September 2007 Alexander Efimov Karankokatu 4 C 16 53810 Lappeenranta Finland [email protected] 050 9385 215 ABSTRACT Author: Alexander Efimov Title: Distributed Energy Production in the North-West Region of Russia Department: Electrical Engineering Year: 2007 Place: Lappeenranta Master’s Thesis. Lappeenranta University of Technology. 220 pages, 130 figures, 72 tables and 1 appendix. Supervisors: Professors, D.Sc. (Tech.) Juha Pyrhönen, D.Sc. ( Tech.) Jarmo Partanen Keywords: Energy production, north-west Russia, renewable, distributed The energy system of Russia is the world’s fourth largest measured by installed power. The largest are that of the the United States of America, China and Japan. After 1990, the electricity consumption decreased as a result of the Russian industry crisis. The vivid economic growth during the latest few years explains the new increase in the demand for energy resources within the State. In 2005 the consumption of electricity achieved the maximum level of 1990 and continues to growth. In the 1980's, the renewal of power facilities was already very slow and practically stopped in the 1990's. At present, the energy system can be very much characterized as outdated, inefficient and uneconomic because of the old equipment, non-effective structure and large losses in the transmission lines. The aim of Russia’s energy reform, which was started in 2001, is to achieve a market based energy policy by 2011. This would thus remove the significantly state-controlled monopoly in Russia’s energy policy. The reform will stimulate to decrease losses, improve the energy system and employ energy-saving technologies. The Russian energy system today is still based on the use of fossil fuels, and it almost totally ignores the efficient use of renewable sources such as wind, solar, small hydro and biomass, despite of their significant resources in Russia. The main target of this project is to consider opportunities to apply renewable energy production in the North-West Federal Region of Russia to partly solve the above mentioned problems in the energy system. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Master’s Thesis has been written in cooperation with Lappeenranta Innovation Oy and the Department of Electrical Engineering, Lappeenranta University of Technology. I would like to thank Professors D.Sc. (Tech.) Juha Pyrhönen and D.Sc. (Tech.) Jarmo Partanen and Project Coordinator Julia Vauterin for the opportunity to complete this project and also for their valuable guidance and assistance during my studies. Special thanks are due to Professor D.Sc. (Tech) Elistratov V.V., Head of the Department of Renewable Sources of Energy and Hydropower at St. Petersburg State Politechnical University for his advice, suggestions and material to Chapters 4 and 5. I wish also to thank D.Sc. Irina Ivanova, Professor in Electrical Machines of the Department of Electrical Machines at St. Petersburg State Politechnical University for her valuable suggestions to the material in Chapter 4. I wish to express my gratitude to M. Sc. (Tech.) Philipp Fedorov, who participated in this work and greatly supported me in completing this Master’s Thesis. I owe my gratitude also to Saint-Petersburg Public Centre for Environmental Information for giving me the opportunity to use its library materials in my work. I would like also to express my deepest thanks to PhD Hanna Niemelä at Lappeenranta University of Technology for the language revision and helping me to improve my English skills. I wish to thank all the professors, especially Professors Mikerov and Vtorov at Saint- Petersburg State Electrotechnical University (LETI) for my knowledge in electrical engineering. Also, I would like to thank Julia Vauterin here for giving me the opportunity to continue my studies at Lappeenranta University of Technology. I wish to thank all the staff of Lappeenranta University of Technology for the nice environment in the university and their contribution to me. I am also grateful to all students and people I have met and befriended for the pleasant atmosphere and time during my studies. And of course, my very special thanks go to my parents, who supported me all these years. Lappeenranta, September 2007 Alexander Efimov 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 9 1.1 Objective of the work 9 1.2 Introduction to the Russian energy market 9 1.3 Introduction to the North-West Federal Region of Russia 12 1.4 Energy production structure in the North-West Region 18 1.4.1 JSC TGC-1 24 1.4.2 JSC TGC-2 27 2 PRESENT STATE OF THE ENERGY MARKET IN THE NORTH-WEST REGION 30 2.1 Saint-Petersburg and Leningrad region 30 2.1.1 Background 30 2.1.2 Energy system 32 2.1.3 Heat supply in Saint-Petersburg 38 2.1.4 Heat supply in the Leningrad region 40 2.1.5 Summary 40 2.2 Murmansk region 41 2.2.1 Background 41 2.2.2 Energy system 43 2.2.3 Electricity supply 46 2.2.4 Heat supply 50 2.2.5 Summary 51 2.3 Arkhangelsk region 52 2.3.1 Background 52 2.3.2 Energy system 55 2.3.3 Electricity supply 59 2.3.4 Heat supply 61 2.3.5 Summary 62 2.4 Novgorod region 63 2.4.1 Background 63 2.4.2 Energy system 64 5 2.4.3 Electricity supply 67 2.4.4 Heat supply 69 2.4.5 Summary 70 2.5 Pskov region 71 2.5.1 Background 71 2.5.2 Energy system 73 2.5.3 Electricity supply 74 2.5.4 Heat supply 76 2.5.5 Summary 77 2.6 Kaliningrad region 78 2.6.1 Background 78 2.6.2 Energy system 79 2.6.3 Electricity supply 81 2.6.4 Summary 82 2.7 Vologda region 84 2.7.1 Background 84 2.7.2 Energy system 85 2.7.3 Electricity supply 86 2.7.4 Heat supply 88 2.7.5 Summary 89 2.8 Republic of Komi 90 2.8.1 Background 90 2.8.2 Energy system 91 2.8.3 Electricity supply 92 2.8.4 Heat supply 97 2.8.5 Summary 99 2.9 Republic of Karelia 102 2.9.1 Background 102 2.9.2 Energy system 103 2.9.3 Electric supply 105 2.9.4 Heat supply 108 2.9.5 Summary 109 6 3 ENERGY STRATEGY OF RUSSIA FOR THE PERIOD UP TO 2020 110 3.1 Purposes and priorities of the energy strategy for the period up to 2020 110 3.2 Problems and major development factors of the fuel and energy sector 111 3.3 Energy efficiency in Russia 113 3.4 Power industry 114 3.5 Heat supply 116 3.6 Renewable energy sources 118 3.7 Expected investments 119 3.8 Regional features of the developed of the energy sector; North-West Region 119 3.9 Short review of the energy strategy 120 4 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE NORTH-WEST REGION 121 4.1 Wind energy sources 123 4.2 Hydro energy resources 145 4.3 Biomass energy resources 157 4.4 Solar energy resources 167 4.5 Geothermal energy resources 174 4.6 Conclusion 178 5 PROJECTS RELATED TO RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE NORTH-WEST REGION 186 5.1 Existing projects 186 5.1.1 Experimental wind power for a hotel in the Murmansk region 186 5.1.2 Wind park in the Kaliningrad region 187 5.1.3 Wind power plant in the Saint-Petersburg region 188 5.1.4 Wind power plant in the Pskov region 189 5.1.5 Reconstruction of the CHPPs for renewable resource-based generation in the Leningrad region 190 7 5.1.6 CHPP reconstruction project for renewable resource-based generation in the Republic of Karelia 191 5.1.7 Boiler plant by the Finnish Sermet Oy based on renewable resources 191 5.2 Conclusion 192 5.2.1 Wind projects 194 5.2.2 Biomass projects/CHPP 202 5.2.3 Small hydro-electric power plants projects 203 5.2.4 Manufacturers of renewable technology equipment in Russia 205 6 CONCLUSION 206 REFERENCES 210 APPENDIX 8 ABBREVIATIONS CHP Combined Heat and Power CHPP Combined Heat and Power Plant CJSC Closed Joint Stock Company DPP Diesel Power Plant GC Generating Company HEPP Hydro Electric Power Plant JSC Joint Stock Company NPP Nuclear Power Plant PP Power Plant TGC Territorial Generating Company TPP Tidal Power Plant WGC Wholesale Generating Company 9 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objective of the work The objective of this project is to study the present state, resources, systems and development capacity of distributed energy production in North-West Russia. The work focuses on renewable energy sources such as a wind, biomass, micro-hydro and solar energy. The present state and development capacity of distributed energy production are considered from the fuels' technical and economical viewpoint. The study will also deal with the organization of distributed energy production, the technical and society directions and possible financial supports related to the production of local energy. 1.2 Introduction to the Russian energy market Russia is a country with immense present and potential energy and fuel resources. Of the total global reserves explored so far, nearly 26.6% of natural gas, 6.2% of crude oil, 17.3% of coal and 23% of wood (Akimov, 2006; Fuel and energy complex of the world countries: Russia in G8, 2006) are located in Russia, Figure 1.1.
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