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Master's Thesis Technical Wind Energy Potential In LAPPEENRANTA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY BIOENERGY TECHNOLOGY MASTER’S THESIS TECHNICAL WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN RUSSIA Supervisors and examiners: Professor, D.Sc. (Tech.) Dr. Jari Backman M.Sc. (Tech.) Aki-Pekka Grönman Lappeenranta Alena Minina ABSTRACT Lappeenranta University of Technology Faculty of Technology Degree Programme in Environmental Technology Alena Minina Technical Wind Energy Potential in Russia Master’s thesis 2009 65 pages, 18 figures, 3 tables and 2 appendixes. Examiners: Professor Jari Backman, Assistant Aki-Pekka Grönman. Keywords: Wind, wind energy, wind energy potential, wind energy resources, Russian Federation, windmill, wind power plant The goal of the master's thesis is a detailed research of the technical wind energy potential in Russian Federation: the distribution of the potential all over the territory of the country and the possibility of the application of the potential for power supply of various objects. The main attention of the thesis is devoted to the assessment of wind energy resources (potential) of Russian Federation, both for the territory of country in whole and for every region. Theoretical basic wind energy concepts and the scheme of transformation of kinetic energy of a wind into electric energy by modern wind turbines are given in the work. Also the costs of energy, stimuli of development of wind- engineering and obstacles which impact the industry development are analyzed. The review of existent and projected wind power plants in Russia is carried out. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Master’s Thesis was carried out in the Lapeenranta University of Technology. I want to express my gratitude to Professor Jari Backman and M.Sc. (Tech.) Aki-Pekka Grönman for assistance during this thesis writing. I would like to thank Project Coordinator Julia Vauterin for giving me the opportunity to study at Lappeenranta University of Technology. Special thanks are due to D.Sc. (Tech) Elistratov V.V., Head of the Department of Renewable Sources of Energy and Hydropower at St. Petersburg State Politechnical University, Professor Kubyshkin L. I., Deputy Head of the Department of Renewable Sources of Energy and Hydropower on study at St. Petersburg State Politechnical University and Kuznetsov M.V. the senior scientific employee of the Department of Renewable Sources of Energy and Hydropower on study at St. Petersburg State Politechnical University for their advices, suggestions and material. I wish to express my gratitude to M. Sc. (Tech.) Alexey Sanko, my husband, who participated in this work and greatly supported me in completing this Master’s Thesis. And of course, my very special thanks go to my parents, who supported me all these years. Lappeenranta, May 2009 Alena Minina 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 5 2. KEY CONCEPTS ......................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Wind ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.2 Wind parameters ..................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Speed of wind ................................................................................................... 7 3. METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING THE WIND RESOURCE ..................... 10 3.1. A design procedure of total resources .................................................................. 10 3.2. Design procedure of technical resources.............................................................. 14 3.3. Definitions of economic resources ....................................................................... 17 4. WIND TURBINES ..................................................................................................... 19 4.1. Types of wind turbines ......................................................................................... 19 4.1.1. Horizontal-axis rotors.................................................................................... 19 4.1.2. Vertical-axis rotors ........................................................................................ 20 4.1.3. Crosswind horizontal-axis rotor .................................................................... 22 4.1.4. Advantages and disadvantages of different wind turbine types .................... 22 4.2. Wind Energy Conversion ..................................................................................... 23 4.2.1. Scheme of conversion of kinetic energy of a wind into electric energy ....... 23 4.2.3 Power conversion and power coefficient ....................................................... 26 4.3. The approximate calculation of annual generation of electricity by windmill .... 29 4.4. Commercial use of wind turbines ........................................................................ 31 4.5. Costs of energy ..................................................................................................... 32 5. THE CURRENT USAGE OF WIND ENERGY IN RUSSIA ................................... 36 5.1. The Russian Energy System ................................................................................ 36 5.2. Economic development of Russia and renewable energy .................................... 37 5.3. Development history of wind-power engineering in Russia ................................ 39 5.4. The current usage of wind energy in Russia ........................................................ 41 5.5. Existent and projected wind power plants in Russia ............................................ 44 5.6. Stimuli and barriers .............................................................................................. 54 6. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 56 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 58 2 Abbreviations DVAWT – Darrieus Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine HAWT – Horizontal-axis wind turbine SVAWT – Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine TsAGI – is a transliteration of the Russian abbreviation (ЦАГИ) or "Tsentralniy Aerogidrodinamicheskiy Institut", the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute. UPS – Unified Power System VAWT – Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine WPP – Wind Power Plant 3 LIST OF SYMBOLS A swept area [m2] a, b length [m] cp power coefficient cT torque coefficient D diameter [m] E energy [Wh] EG gross energy potential [Wh/year] ET technical energy potential [Wh/year] h hub height [m] H layer [m] n number [unit] P power [W] q part of total area S area [m2] T work time [h/year] t time [h] ti part of use time v velocity [m/s] λ tip-speed ratio η efficiency density [kg/m3] Ω angular speed [s-1] 4 Subscripts aa average annual avg average c covered el electric G gross i mode i max maximum mech mechanic O outer T technical w wind wm windmill 5 1. INTRODUCTION The goal of the master's thesis is a detailed research of the technical wind energy potential in Russian Federation: the distribution of the potential all over the territory of the country and the possibility of the application of the potential for power supply of various objects. The major component of the development of any power industry is the determination of its resource potential, detection of the zones of greatest values of the potential and determination of possible volumes of using the energy source. The statement is especially topical for wind-power engineering because this industry has a considerable stochastic component of energy supply. The main attention of the thesis is devoted to the assessment of wind energy resources (potential) of Russian Federation, both for the territory of country in whole and for every region, with the aim of determination of the most suitable place for windmills and wind power plants. The work gives the estimation of wind energy resources of Russia with definite results for each region. The description of the basic characteristics of wind is given in the beginning of the work for the complex review of the issue. The characteristics allow presenting a full picture of a wind conditions for the certain region. The stated design procedure of technical wind energy potential is based on the concept that the technical wind energy potential is a part of natural wind energy resources which possible to realize by modern engineering tools in the territory. Therefore the review of modern windmills used on territory of Russia, a domestic production and import, is given in the work. Also the scheme of conversion of kinetic energy of a wind into electric energy is described and the cost of the electric power is analyzed. Wind-power engineering is the developing industry. And it requires considerable economic investments, scientific and technical progress and the governmental support. Therefore the major stimuli of the development of wind-power engineering in Russia and obstacles which impact the industry development are analyzed in the work. 6 2. KEY CONCEPTS 2.1 Wind Wind is movement of air masses concerning an earth surface. This movement or circulation arises and is formed in atmosphere under the influence of a difference of pressure in its various areas (or a pressure gradient), generated by heterogeneity of their heating and cooling under the influence of radiating, phase, turbulent and a convective inflow and heat transformations.
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